Question: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.


Question: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).


Question: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.


Question: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F).


Question: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

temperature and atmosphere.


Question: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

The temperatures sometimes exceed 131 degrees Fahrenheit (55 degrees Celsius) and is among the hottest places in the world from May to September.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes has been linked to a vanishing cryosphere.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

A link has been proposed between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Studies have linked rapidly warming Arctic temperatures, and thus a vanishing cryosphere, to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Record temperatures across Canadian Arctic and Greenland, a reduced summer sea ice cover, record snow cover decreases and links to some Northern Hemisphere weather support this conclusion.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.


Question: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

One geological symptom resulting from human activity is increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide () content.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.


Question: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Life on Earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since .


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of human activity.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Although they were disasters at the time, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on Earth.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Global extinction has so far been proven to be irreversible.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The shell is part of the body of the animal.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

Another line of evidence comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

An increase in water temperature can also affect ecosystems greatly because of a species' sensitivity to temperature, and also by inducing changes in a body of water's self-purification system from decreased amounts of dissolved oxygen in the water due to rises in temperature.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.


Question: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material ; much of it is believed to be ice deposited when the climate was different.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

He stated that warming on Mars was evidence that global warming on Earth was being caused by changes in the sun.


Question: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

Orbital forcing refers to the slow, cyclical changes in the tilt of Earth's axis and shape of its orbit.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

In particular, during the last 800,000 years, the dominant period of glacial–interglacial oscillation has been 100,000 years, which corresponds to changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

He attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earth's orbit.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit (see Milankovitch cycles).


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.


Question: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

The link between recent solar activity and climate has been quantified and is not a major driver of the warming that has occurred since early in the twentieth century.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

"Warming 'very likely' human-made".


Question: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: "Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

[[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded "it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.


Question: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

By the early 1980s, the slight cooling trend from 1945–1975 had stopped.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change]."


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Scientists have found that although there have been fewer cyclones than in the past, the intensity of each cyclone has increased.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Mortalities are not uncommon when it comes to floods.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Floods are among the most devastating of natural disasters.


Question: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

(2007) projected that climate change would increase the number of people suffering from death, disease and injury from heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

The temperature data was updated in 1999 to report that 1998 was the warmest year since the instrumental data began in 1880.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

Indeed, over that period, satellite-measured temperatures never again approached their 1998 peak.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".


Question: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Higher atmospheric CO concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

"Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film".


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

The film in part explicitly challenged Al Gore's 2006 Oscar-winning environmental awareness documentary, "An Inconvenient Truth", and was frequently presented by the media in that light, as in the "Wall Street Journal" headline, "Controversial 'Cool It' Documentary Takes on 'An Inconvenient Truth'.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

Based on Gore's lecture tour on the topic of global warming this book elaborates upon points offered in the film.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

The documentary "The Great Global Warming Swindle" received criticism from several experts.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

The film is based on a real life incident.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

An Inconvenient Sequel : Truth to Power is an upcoming 2017 American documentary film directed by Bonni Cohen and Jon Shenk about former United States Vice President Al Gore 's continuing mission to battle climate change.


Question: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

Global warming is also causing the amount of hazards on the ocean to increase.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

The question of the effect of global warming on storms and the difficulty reaching conclusions intensified the conflict.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

It said that "even if the data that CRU used were not publicly available—which they mostly are—or the methods not published—which they have been—its published results would still be credible: the results from CRU agree with those drawn from other international data sets; in other words, the analyses have been repeated and the conclusions have been verified.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

In 2011, a new analysis of temperature data by the independent Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature group, many of whom had stated publicly that they thought it was possible that the CRU had manipulated data, concluded that "these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change sceptics did not seriously affect their conclusions".


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

Data in "An Inconvenient Truth" have been questioned.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

Category : Hospitals with year of establishment missing


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

The custodians of the raw data are the that originated the data; CRU retains most but not all of the raw data, which continues to be held by the originating services.


Question: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.

Category : Educational institutions with year of establishment missing


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

The concept of ``meaning'' is thus used differently in different epistemological traditions in each field.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Occasionally other topics including science and culture are covered.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

There are multiple formal definitions of ``inherent bias'' which depend on the particular field of study.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Explanations have varied explanatory power.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

After a discussion of scientific uncertainties the statement concluded


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.


Question: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

There are multiple definitions of the term.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

In winter there may be as much as of snow.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

The winters could be very cold with snowfall.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

``Chicago'' is a poem by Carl Sandburg, about the U.S. city of Chicago.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

The name was an acronym of ``Spring Summer Autumn Winter Snow''.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Many areas reported blizzard-like conditions.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

is Japanese for ``Snow Wind'', or, idiomatically, snowstorm or blizzard.


Question: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Here is ` Let it Snow, Let it Snow, Let it Snow. '''


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

Marine Isotope Stage 11 or MIS 11 is a Marine Isotope Stage in the geologic temperature record, covering the interglacial period between 424,000 and 374,000 years ago.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.


Question: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

Magma temperatures have been estimated at higher than 1000 C.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

Surface-ocean pH has probably not been below 8.1 during the past 2 million years.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

The Azoic hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the Abyssus theory) is a superseded scientific theory proposed by Edward Forbes in 1843, stating that the abundance and variety of marine life decreased with increasing depth and, by extrapolation of his own measurements, Forbes calculated that marine life would cease to exist below 300 fathom.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining.


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).


Question: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

"Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System".


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

Other bodies in the Solar System undergo orbital fluctuations like the Milankovitch cycles.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The inclination of the Earth’s axis and the shape of its orbit around the Sun oscillate gently in cycles lasting tens of thousands of years.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

The Earth's rotation around its axis, and revolution around the Sun, evolve over time due to gravitational interactions with other bodies in the solar system.


Question: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

In astronomy, Kepler 's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

The heat wave broke a number of records for extended periods of heat.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.


Question: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

He added "The last 2000 years of proxy reconstructed temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere shows that the Modern Warm Period (today) is not significantly different from the Medieval Warm Period of ~1000 years ago, or the Roman Warm Period of ~2000 years ago.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.


Question: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

Radiometric dating uses the properties of radioactive elements in proxies.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F).


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

The temperature ranges from sub-zero in winters to more than 50 ° C in summers.


Question: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

The subtropics (latitudes from about 23.5° to 35°, north and south) have temperate climates that have the least seasonal change and the warmest in winter, while at the other end, Boreal climates located from 55 to 65 north latitude have the most seasonal changes and long and severe winters.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Birds are severely impacted by fossil fuel energy; examples include birds dying from exposure to oil spills, habitat loss from acid rain and mountaintop removal coal mining, and mercury poisoning.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines, as there are around other artificial structures.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Deforestation affects wind flows,


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

In 2019, research was published showing that insects are destroyed by human activities like habitat destruction, pesticide poisoning, invasive species and climate change at a rate that will cause the collapse of ecological systems in the next 50 years if it cannot be stopped.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Some species of land and sea birds were consumed into extinction.


Question: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidences of removal of forests to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise, and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the Earth's history.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

This was compared to a baseline climate in which no global warming had occurred.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Nevertheless, the gases which have been emitted so far are unlikely to cause global temperature to rise to 1.5°C alone, meaning a global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is avoidable, assuming net zero emissions are reached soon.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

Because of human overpopulation, coral reefs are dying around the world.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

When corals bleach it is because the coral loses 60–90% of their zooxanthellae due to various stressors, ocean temperature being one of them.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed "In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.


Question: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': "a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

When uncertainties in models and observations are properly accounted for, newer observational data sets (with better treatment of known problems) are in agreement with climate model results.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

Climate models include different external forcings for their models.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

These and other aspects of modelled climate change are in agreement with observations.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

Insertion of bugs into climate models?


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

The main effect is an increasing global average temperature.


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).


Question: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

The most direct effect of climate change on humans might be the impacts of hotter temperatures themselves.