Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

Most of these fine particles are a by-product of... burning... coal, gasoline, diesel, wood, trash...


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

For example, the majority of soot emissions in South Asia are due to biofuel cooking, whereas in East Asia, coal combustion for residential and industrial uses plays a larger role.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

Ramanathan estimates that “providing alternative energy-efficient and smoke-free cookers and introducing transferring technology for reducing soot emissions from coal combustion in small industries could have major impacts on the radiative forcing due to soot.” Specifically, the impact of replacing biofuel cooking with black carbon-free cookers (solar, bio, and natural gas) in South and East Asia is dramatic: over South Asia, a 70 to 80% reduction in black carbon heating; and in East Asia, a 20 to 40% reduction.”


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

Black carbon sources vary by region.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

Damage to health from particulates, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide occurs mainly in Asia and is often due to burning low quality coal, such as lignite, in plants lacking modern flue gas treatment.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

Smoke from traditional household solid fuel combustion commonly contains a range of incomplete combustion products, including both fine and coarse particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and a variety of organic air pollutants (e.g., formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, phenols, pyrene, benzopyrene, benzo (a) pyrene, dibenzopyrenes, dibenzocarbazoles, and cresols).


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

The largest sources of black carbon are Asia, Latin America, and Africa.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.


Question: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.

The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere, owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting, for instance about climatic cycles such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

The range in temperature projections partly reflects different projections of future greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

is absorbed and emitted naturally as part of the carbon cycle, through animal and plant respiration, volcanic eruptions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

These natural sources are nearly balanced by natural sinks, physical and biological processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Trees : Protecting forests and planting new trees contributes to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air.


Question: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Climate change is projected to affect water availability.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Climate change, such as altered weather-patterns (including droughts or floods), deforestation, increased pollution, green house gases, and wasteful use of water can cause insufficient supply.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that "global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities".


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

To some extent moisture in the atmosphere accelerates the probability of a global warming event.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

By increasing the amount of moisture available to fall as precipitation, severe weather events are more likely to occur.


Question: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

With very high or high confidence, IPCC (2007d:11) made a number of projections related to future changes in glaciers:


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were


Question: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

In 2008, Spencer and William Braswell published a paper in the Journal of Climate which suggests that natural variations in how clouds form could actually be causing temperature changes, rather than the other way around, and could also lead to overestimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

There are a number of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.


Question: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

The effect of this warm water propagates through the ocean, and reduces the amount of CO 2 that the oceans can hold in solution, which makes the oceans release large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere in a geologically short time (tens or thousands of years).


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

The BBC fought to overturn a ruling by the Information Tribunal that the BBC was wrong to refuse to release to a member of the public under the Freedom of Information Act of 2000 (FOI) the Balen report on its Middle East coverage.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

A 2008 FOI request by David Holland for emails discussing work on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was refused by the university.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

David Holland, an electrical engineer from Northampton, made a 2008 FOI request for all emails to and from Keith Briffa about the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report; the university's information policy and compliance manager refused the request.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

Two FOIA requests for data shared with another researcher were refused by the university, and the requestors appealed this to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO).


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

The committee's report was largely ignored.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as ``right to know''.


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored


Question: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

Additional information is incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

In 1995 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report reflecting the scientific consensus that the balance of evidence suggests there is a discernible human influence on global climate.


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.


Question: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Plants convert carbon dioxide into biomass and emit oxygen into the atmosphere.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Plants that survive solely on fixation ( plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and groundwater is plentiful.


Question: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within things such as rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

"Mike's Nature trick" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the ""hockey stick" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

More than two dozen reconstructions, using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records, have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph, with variations in how flat the pre-20th century "shaft" appears.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions, incorporating proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals which are found in different regions, and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.


Question: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

the conventional multi-proxy studies.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Finally, Earth Systems models project that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2047, the Earth's near surface temperature could depart from the range of variability in the last 150 years, affecting over 3 billion people and most places of great species diversity on Earth.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

(2008) also referred to projections over the same time period of the: US Climate Change Science Program (2.7% max, and 2.0% mean), International Monetary Fund's 2007 "World Economic Outlook" (2.5%), Energy Modelling Forum (2.4% max, 1.7% mean), US Energy Information Administration (2.2% high, 1.8% medium, and 1.4% low), IEA's "World Energy Outlook 2007" (2.1% high, 1.8 base case), and the base case from the Nordhaus model (1.3%).


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

"World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN".


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch Institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

could "spell the end of the human race".


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

... even with the most optimistic set of assumptions -- the ending of deforestation, a halving of emissions associated with food production, global emissions peaking in 2020 and then falling by 3 per cent a year for a few decades -- we have no chance of preventing emissions rising well above a number of critical tipping points that will spark uncontrollable climate change.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

The rapid increase in world population over the past three centuries has raised concerns that the planet may not be able to sustain the future or even present number of its inhabitants.


Question: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.


Question: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: "Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened".


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

The IPCC explains this as follows:


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.


Question: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the "water vapour feedback".


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.


Question: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

The world is in the grip of an idea: that burning fossil fuels to provide affordable, abundant energy is causing global warming that will be so dangerous that we must stop it by reducing our use of fossil fuels, no matter the cost.


Question: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations—the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

From 1989–1992, the European Greenland Ice Core Drilling Project drilled in central Greenland at coordinates 72° 35' N, 37° 38' W. The ices in that core were 3840 years old at a depth of 770 m, 40,000 years old at 2521 m, and 200,000 years old or more at 3029 m bedrock.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change".


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.


Question: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

Marine organisms are more sensitive to changes in (carbon dioxide) levels than terrestrial organisms are for a variety of reasons.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification".


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

(2013) "Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming".


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO emissions.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Bears is a 2014 nature documentary film about a family of brown bears living in the coastal mountain ranges of Alaska.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Vaccinium ovalifolium (commonly known as Alaska blueberry, early blueberry, oval-leaf bilberry, oval-leaf blueberry, and oval-leaf huckleberry) is a plant in the heath family having three varieties, all of which grow in northerly regions, including the subarctic.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Sambucus, botanical genus containing the elder and elderberry.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

It is found in Russia and Alaska in the United States.


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Ursus (genus), a genus of bears


Question: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.


Question: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.


Question: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

“The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

Around the world only a few have truly faced up to the facts about global warming...


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

A simplified definition of what global warming means for the planet is that colder regions would get warmer and warmer regions would get much warmer.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.


Question: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Biosequestration or carbon sequestration through biological processes affects the global carbon cycle.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

Atmospheric aerosols affect the climate of the earth by changing the amount of incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation retained in the earth's system.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

These changes can influence the planetary climate.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

In geology, continental drift, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, hail, snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations brought about by solar energy on the atmosphere of the planet Earth.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.


Question: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

A number of inputs can give rise to radiative forcing; the extra downwelling radiation due to the greenhouse effect, solar radiation variability due to orbital changes, changes in solar irradiance, direct aerosol effects – for example changes in albedo due to cloud cover – indirect aerosol effects, and changes in land use.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Climate change is projected to affect water availability.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Sea-level rise may also consequently be caused by a depletion of groundwater, as climate change can affect the hydrologic cycle in a number of ways.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Climate changes affected the locations of the settlements.


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

“Sea level rise will cause a change of state from freshwater to marine or estuarine ecosystems, radically altering the composition of biotic communities".


Question: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The polar bear population has been growing.

In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.