Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Without a floating ice shelf to support them, continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

The event, which some have linked to global warming, is similar to the 2002 breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in Antarctica.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

Long-term radiometer drifts can be mistaken for irradiance variations that can be misinterpreted as affecting climate.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming".


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."


Question: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

Positive radiative forcing results in warming.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.


Question: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

The glacier is said to be receding in size.


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

Currently glacier retreat rates and mass balance losses have been increasing in the [[Andes]], [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], [[Himalayas]], [[Rocky Mountains]] and [[North Cascades]].


Question: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.

There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

One source of abrupt climate change effects is a feedback process, in which a warming event causes a change that ads to further warming.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Currently the increase in human population and the environmental impact of their activities, such as the multiplication of greenhouse gases may cause negative feedbacks in the environment to become positive feedback.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

A [[positive feedback]] intensifies the original process, and a negative feedback reduces it (IPCC, 2007d:78).


Question: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its "claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous" and that it still was valid.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: "I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Oreskes' 2004 "Beyond the Ivory Tower" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Media Watch" wrote "So how many of the 34 articles does Benny Peiser stand by?


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Nathan Rabin ([ˈneɪðᵻn_rɑːˈbiːn] born April 24, 1976) is an American film and music critic.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Benny Josef Peiser (born 1957) is a social anthropologist specialising in the environmental and socio-economic impact of physical activity on health.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

(Ad Hoc Committee on Global Climate Issues: Annual report, by Gerhard LC and Hanson BM, AAPG Bulletin 84 (4): 466-471 Apr 2000) Peiser says he withdrew his criticism in March this year.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Critics accuse him of being an antisemite.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Benny Peiser is director of the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) and has described the climate change debate as being "near hysteria".


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Israel Getzler, in Martov : A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge U.P., 1967, p. 74), says he was ``intensely disliked by all and sundry [with the exception of Lenin]... [Boris Nikolaevsky] sums him up as a drunken brawler... J. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommisar war (Munich, 1929), has devoted an entire chapter... to Krasikov 's misdeeds as co-chairman (together with the notorious M. Iu.


Question: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and Boston Globe spawned from an article in "The New York Times" entitled "Pluto's Not a Planet?


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

The report was not properly peer reviewed.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

The authors of the study also acknowledged that plays an important role in climate change.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

A 2015 study published in "Nature Climate Change", states:


Question: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

This article is about climate change, industry and society.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.


Question: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record.


Question: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

He stated that warming on Mars was evidence that global warming on Earth was being caused by changes in the sun.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

Journalists for news sources canada.com (Solomon, 2007b), National Geographic News (Ravillious, 2007), and LiveScience (Than, 2007) reported on the story of warming on Mars.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

Some writers also use the word Martian to describe a human colonist on Mars.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Increasingly, climate change is threatening human communities around the world in a variety of ways such as rising sea levels, increasingly frequent large storms, tidal surges and flooding damage.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


Question: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established."


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

Some of the causes of climate change are, generally, not connected with it directly in the media coverage.


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

In 2014, Obama reached an agreement with China in which China pledged to reach peak carbon emission levels by 2030, while the US pledged to cut its emissions by 26-28 percent compared to its 2005 levels.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

The White House announced on 25 November 2009 that President Barack Obama is offering a U.S. target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

"U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions".


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.


Question: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

Countries are making large efforts to fight and reduce the effects of climate change; however, in order to see improvements, more countries with large emissions such as China and India will need to reform and cut emissions by large percentages.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

Climate models are unable yet to predict abrupt climate change events, or most of the past abrupt climate shifts.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.


Question: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

The direct effect, via albedo, is a cooling effect that slows the overall rate of global warming: the IPCC's best estimate of the radiative forcing is −0.4 watts per square meter with a range of −0.2 to −0.8 W/m² but there are substantial uncertainties.


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

an increase in planetary albedo.


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

This is measured as radiative forcing.


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

if a highly scattering aerosol is above a surface of low albedo it has a greater radiative forcing than if it was above a surface of high albedo.


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

Thick clouds (such as stratocumulus) reflect a large amount of incoming solar radiation, meaning they have a high albedo.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

Like the warming "signal" that has gradually emerged from the "noise" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

Human influence on the climate system is clear.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk."


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:


Question: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

Wisconsin Dept. of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr., Co.,


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

This article is about climate change, industry and society.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

Wisconsin Department of Revenue v. William Wrigley Jr..


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

The Kohler strikes at the Kohler Company, just west of Sheboygan, Wisconsin in 1934 and 1954 are landmarks in the history of both business and labor in the United States.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

There are sometimes legislative efforts to prevent regulation through litigation.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

WI FACETS is a non-profit organization covering the state of Wisconsin that focuses on special education and advocacy skills and is headquartered in Milwaukee, WI.


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

Watson v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp.,


Question: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

It is an employee-owned customer brand dairy company headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

"Warming 'very likely' human-made".


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.


Question: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.


Question: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

In the 1970s, global cooling, a claim with limited scientific support (even during the height of a media frenzy over global cooling, "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature") was widely reported in the press.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.


Question: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

The new rules "encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program."


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Nevada Solar One generates 64MW of power and in Boulder City, Nevada, and was built by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Solargenix Energy.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a 110 megawatt (MW) solar thermal power project near Tonopah, about northwest of Las Vegas.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Solar power plants require large amounts of land.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant).


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

The Boulder Solar project is a 100 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in the Eldorado Valley of Boulder City, Nevada.


Question: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

This article is about climate change, industry and society.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

Meteorologists are scientists who study meteorology.


Question: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

The other tradeoff is with climate change impacts.


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

The Island President is a 2011 documentary film about the efforts of then-President of the Maldives Mohamed Nasheed to tackle rising sea levels resulting from climate change.


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

Emmanuel Macron (President of France) said at the 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bonn (COP 23): "Climate change adds further injustice to an already unfair world".


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”


Question: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

In the Pacific, strong MJO activity is often observed 6 – 12 months prior to the onset of an El Niño episode, but is virtually absent during the maxima of some El Niño episodes, while MJO activity is typically greater during a La Niña episode.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.


Question: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Satellites do not measure temperature.


Question: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia".


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.