Question: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.


Question: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

About 99% is in the great ice sheets of polar and subpolar Antarctica and Greenland.


Question: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.


Question: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

Despite the possibility that global warming could result in losses to the Greenland ice sheet being offset by gains to the Antarctic ice sheet, there is major concern about the possibility of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse.


Question: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.


Question: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS).


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".


Question: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.

Rajendra Pachauri, the UN's "top climate scientist" and leader of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has come out, as have others, in favor of reducing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide to 350 ppm.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.027 °F (0.015 °C) per year.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Models indicate that solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.


Question: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

Each player carries a "stick" that normally measures between 80–95 cm (31–38"); shorter or longer sticks are available.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman, to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an Ice hockey stick's "shaft", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the "blade".


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The lower the flex number on a hockey stick, the more bend the stick creates.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

1930s -- 1940s -- 1950s -- 1960s -- 1970s -- 1980s -- 1990s -- 2000s


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

{``class'' : 2, ``x'' : ``1994-95'', ``y'' : 61.4},


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

{``class'' : 5, ``x'' : ``1997-98'', ``y'' : 42.4},


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The data are of 2017.


Question: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The data are of 2017.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Current Great Lakes Water Levels.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

"Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows".


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

The report identified and corrected errors in satellite temperature measurements and other temperature observations, which increased scientific confidence in the conclusion that lower atmosphere is warming on a global scale: "There is no longer a discrepancy in the rate of global average temperature increase for the surface compared with higher levels in the atmosphere," said the report, "the observed patterns of change over the past 50 years cannot be explained by natural processes alone".


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

"Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.


Question: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

This causes the climate to have cool summers and cool (but not cold) winters, and relative humidity and precipitation evenly distributed along the year.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

A simplified definition of what global warming means for the planet is that colder regions would get warmer and warmer regions would get much warmer.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

Firstly, the regions are the warmest part of the planet.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.


Question: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

The Climatic condition remains cool throughout the year.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

A northwards branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, is part of the thermohaline circulation (THC), transporting warmth further north to the North Atlantic, where its effect in warming the atmosphere contributes to warming Europe.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

The climate of the Azores is very mild for such a northerly location, being influenced by its distance to continents and the passing Gulf Stream.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water).


Question: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.

As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

Ice core records show that before the Holocene there was global warming after the end of the last ice age and cooling periods, but climate changes became more regional at the start of the Younger Dryas.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

Black carbon emissions also significantly contribute to Arctic ice-melt, which is critical because “nothing in climate is more aptly described as a ‘tipping point’ than the 0 °C boundary that separates frozen from liquid water—the bright, reflective snow and ice from the dark, heat-absorbing ocean.”


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

He said that in the 1960s the media had switched from warning of global warming to warning of global cooling and a coming ice age, then in the 1970s had returned to warming to promote "climate change fears".


Question: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act".


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

with a goal to ``protect, restore, and enhance the natural integrity of coastal wetlands''.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

Shortly after Hurricane Katrina hit, President George W. Bush asked former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton to raise funds to help rebuild the Gulf Coast region.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

And finally, my administration will work with tech innovators and launch new challenges under our Climate Data Initiative, focused initially on rising sea levels and their impact on the coasts, but ultimately focused on how all these changes in weather patterns are going to have an impact up and down the United States – not just on the coast but inland as well – and how do we start preparing for that.” Obama's fund incorporates facets of both urban resiliency and human resiliency theories, by necessarily improving communal infrastructure and by focusing on societal preparation to decrease the country's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

America 's WETLAND Foundation (AWF) is a nonprofit, tax exempt 501 (c) (3) organization with the stated mission to save and conserve coastal wetlands in the U.S. state of Louisiana.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

Another important coastal habitat that is threatened by sea level rise is wetlands, which “occur along the margins of estuaries and other shore areas that are protected from the open ocean and include swamps, tidal flats, coastal marshes and bayous.” Wetlands are extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels, since they are within several feet of sea level.


Question: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

It is threatened by coastal development and marsh draining.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.


Question: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Among the possible factors that could produce changes in global mean temperature are internal variability of the climate system, external forcing, an increase in concentration of greenhouse gases, or any combination of these.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases."


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Another form of action is climate strike.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Political action can also gain media and public attention to climate change.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

One of the elements of the Occupy movement is global warming action.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see "The Climate War" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Climate Action Network–International (CAN) is an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) active on the issue of climate change.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

The Climate Action Network-International is a worldwide network of over 1100 non-governmental organizations in 120 countries working to promote government and individual action to limit human-induced climate change to ecologically sustainable levels.


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Enhanced action on mitigation of climate change includes, inter alia:


Question: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.


Question: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

July 4, 1923.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

February 14, 1926.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

(2007) assessed the literature on impacts of climate change in Polar regions.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Category : Publications established in 1922


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Sea ice changes have been identified as a mechanism for polar amplification.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

An observation based study related to Arctic amplification was published in 1969 by Mikhail Budyko, the study conclusion has been summarized as, "Sea ice loss affects Arctic temperatures through the surface albedo feedback.


Question: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Warming Arctic temperatures provide a powerful forcing toward lessened sea ice coverage.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Globally, the troposphere is predicted by models to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Level of free convection, a specific altitude in the atmosphere


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the tropopause, in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.


Question: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Global warming projections indicate that the best estimate of surface air warming for a “high scenario” is 4 C, with a likely range of 2.4-6.4 C by 2100.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Climate change is globally believed and scientifically proven to have incurred from the economic activities of developed and developing nations and regions such as China, the United States, and Europe.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.


Question: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Conspiracy theorists typically allege that, through worldwide acts of professional and criminal misconduct, the science behind global warming has been invented or distorted for ideological or financial reasons.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Human influence on the climate system is clear.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by "Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

Gordon Brown served as Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997, the same day that the Labour Party returned to power for the first time in 18 years, to 27 June 2007, when elevated as Prime Minister.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) was a British government department created on 3 October 2008, by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown to take over some of the functions related to energy of the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, and those relating to climate change of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

In 8 June 2015, several newspapers ran an article wrote that the leaders of the Group of Seven (or G7, consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) agreed to phase-out fossil fuel use by 2100, as part of the efforts to keep global temperature increase under 2 °C.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

Lester Russel Brown (born March 28, 1934) is a United States environmental analyst, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and former president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C. BBC Radio commentator Peter Day referred to him as "one of the great pioneer environmentalists.


Question: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

He is an adviser to the British Government (as of 2009) on climate change.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.


Question: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

The observed changes in some climate variables, such as Arctic sea ice, some aspects of precipitation, and patterns of surface pressure, appear to be proceeding much more rapidly than models have projected.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

High pressure areas form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

i. Brief summary of the location and movement of fronts, pressure systems and circulation patterns for an 18-hour period


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

The phenomena typically described by synoptic meteorology include events such as extratropical cyclones, baroclinic troughs and ridges, frontal zones, and to some extent jet streams.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

Storm has the ability to control the weather and can fly.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

Jet streams are the product of two factors : the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large scale Polar, Ferrel, and Hadley circulation cells, and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses.


Question: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded "it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

These changes can influence the planetary climate.


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:


Question: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

A contraction of the thermosphere has been observed as a possible result in part due to increased carbon dioxide concentrations, the strongest cooling and contraction occurring in that layer during solar minimum.


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

Cloud cover may change in the future.


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

The albedo of these low level clouds is much higher than the albedo of the underlying ocean surface and correctly modeling these clouds is needed to limit the uncertainty in climate model predictions.


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation.


Question: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

I'm betting that if the climate models' 'clouds' were made to behave the way we see these clouds behave in nature, it would substantially reduce the amount of climate change the models predict for the coming decades.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the "beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations".


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.


Question: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".