Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.


Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.


Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.


Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

For example, coral reefs – which are biodiversity hotspots – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.


Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

Episode 5 (14), "Collapse of the Oceans" (November 23, 2016): At the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Joshua Jackson investigates the devastating impacts of ocean warming on coral reefs and looks at the predicted impact on ocean ecosystems, and on our own food supply, of ocean acidification.


Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.


Question: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

The solar minima in this period coincided with volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling effect on the global temperature.


Question: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

The retreat of glaciers and ice caps can cause increased [[volcanism]].


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

(observes daylight saving time)


Question: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

At any time, forests account for as much as double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.


Question: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Mountain Pine Beetle are a species native to Western North America.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

The mountain pine beetle ("Dendroctonus ponderosae") play an important role in limiting pine trees like lodgepole pine in forests of western North America.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

This beetle is distributed in United States.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Pine forests in the western North America provide a good example of such a cycle involving insect outbreaks.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Limber Pine, a species of pine tree found in the Western United States and Canada


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century.


Question: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

However, as climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier, pine beetles have more power to infest and destroy the forest ecosystems, such as the whitebark pine forests of the Rockies.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.


Question: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

Total warming in Greenland was .


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

While Greenland is geologically associated with North America, it is also a part of the Arctic region.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

"Greenland enters melt mode".


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.


Question: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

While Arctic temperatures have generally increased, there is some discussion concerning the temperatures over Greenland.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.


Question: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have produced differing temperature datasets.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

(2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

Effects of global warming (climate change) are expected to impact developing countries more than wealthier countries, as most of them have a high "climate vulnerability".


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

While researchers acknowledge there are possible benefits of global warming, most agree that the negative consequences of climate change will outweigh any potential benefits and instead the shifting climate will result in more benefits to developed countries and more detriments to developing countries; exacerbating the discrepancy between wealthy and impoverished nations.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

There is even more concern for the rapidly growing urban centers in developing countries, where the majority of urban inhabitants are poor or “otherwise vulnerable to climate-related disturbances.” Urban centers around the world house important societal and economic sectors, so resiliency framework has been augmented to specifically include and focus on protecting these urban systems.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.


Question: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.


Question: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.


Question: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest (see International cooperation and Emissions trading), suggesting the need for collective action.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

The Energy Users Association of Australia (EUAA) said in June 2013 ""we suggest that it cannot be said that pricing emissions has reduced emissions in stationary energy to any meaningful extent


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

"Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say".


Question: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

However, the primary need for central heating is at night and in winter when solar gain is lower.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar night (winter).


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.


Question: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

Obtaining precise number is difficult for a variety of reasons.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

The environmental lapse rate (the actual rate at which temperature drops with height, formula_12) is not usually equal to the adiabatic lapse rate (or correspondingly, formula_13).


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

The graph shows that the overall efficiency does not increase steadily with the receiver's temperature.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal energy and not its absolute value, which is impossible to determine with thermodynamics alone.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

when the efficiency derivative relative to the receiver temperature is null:


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

In this case, the median better reflects the temperature of a randomly sampled object (but not the temperature in the room) than the mean ; naively interpreting the mean as ``a typical sample'', equivalent to the median, is incorrect.


Question: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

Another aspect of the terrestrial working group involves how the changes of the Arctic climate will, in turn, affect the rest of the globe in the future.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

While there are still large region to region and multiyear shifts in the Arctic climate, the large spatial extent of recent changes in air temperature, sea ice, and vegetation is greater than observed in the 20th century.


Question: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

Changes occuring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last glacial) show that the circulation is the North Atlantic can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system didn't change much.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

They state further that the "continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society".


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Global climate change is going to increase the probability of extreme weather events and environmental disturbances around the world, needless to say, future human populations are going to have to confront this issue.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri "et al"., 2007:393).


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Hansen noted that in determining responsibility for climate change, the effect of greenhouse gas emissions on climate is determined not by current emissions, but by accumulated emissions over the lifetime of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly for thousands of years.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

IPCC says, "All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C [2.7°F] with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100-1000 GtCO over the 21st century.


Question: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C requires staying within a total carbon budget, i.e.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

"Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios".


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

An animal or plant species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

Polar Bears are increasing in number.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

The species is now considered vulnerable to extinction.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.


Question: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

The IUCN lists six bear species as vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species, such as the brown bear, are at risk of extirpation in certain countries.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by "Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

Climate Reality Leaders come from 135 countries.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

The "Economists’ Statement on Climate Change," was signed by over 2500 economists including nine Nobel Laureates in 1997.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.


Question: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

European Commission DG CLIMA (Climate Action)


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

"El Niño in a changing climate".


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño.


Question: Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

It shows a general warming in global temperatures.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate".


Question: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Endangered species - An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

They are important apex predators feeding on a wide variety of smaller fish and cephalopods.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

For example, coral reefs – which are biodiversity hotspots – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Several fish species have been driven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios coral reef formations in the Indian Ocean, are effectively lost.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Under increased carbon dioxide concentration expected in the 21st century, corals are expected to becoming increasingly rare on reef systems.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Since countless sea life depend on the reefs for shelter and protection from predators, the extinction of the reefs would ultimately create a domino effect that would trickle down to the many human societies that depend on those fish for food and livelihood.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.


Question: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi).


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

In 2015, "The Guardian" quoted Romm about historic high global temperatures, and "MarketWatch" quoted him on actions that Donald Trump might take concerning climate agreements if he were to be elected president.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

As a result of the Trump Presidency, media coverage on climate change is expected to decline during his term as president.


Question: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2 °C to produce "catastrophic" climate change.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

The ozone hole is attributed to the emission of chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs into the atmosphere, which decompose the ozone into other gases.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

A 2017 study concluded that similar conditions to today's Antarctic ozone hole (atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate changes), ∼17,700 years ago, when stratospheric ozone depletion contributed to abrupt accelerated Southern Hemisphere deglaciation.


Question: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that "global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities".


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

In his 1992 book "Earth in the Balance", Al Gore wrote, "... it ought to be possible to establish a coordinated global program to accomplish the strategic goal of completely eliminating the internal combustion engine over, say, a twenty-five-year period..." Approximately half of the oil produced in the United States is refined into gasoline for use in internal combustion engines.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

Programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector:


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".


Question: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

The proportion of Americans who believe that the effects of global warming have begun or will begin in a few years rose to a peak in 2008 where it then declined, and a similar trend was found regarding the belief that global warming is a threat to their lifestyle within their lifetime.


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992–2017.


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

Studies based on estimated snowfall and mass output tend to indicate that the ice sheets are near balance or taking some water out of the oceans.


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

Long-term mass balance records from Lemon Creek Glacier in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.


Question: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

Combined glacier mass balance estimates of the large ice sheets carry an uncertainty of about 20%.


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

He said that it was not a single scandal, but "a sustained and coordinated campaign" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: "these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude – and ultimately undermine their own cause".