Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

According to Energy Innovation’s Energy Policy Simulator, a repeal of the Clean Power Plan would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 500 million metric tons by 2030, and by 2050, that figure would rise to more than 1,200 million metric tons.


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

In 2006, a Green New Deal was created by the Green New Deal Task Force as a plan for one hundred percent clean, renewable energy by 2030 utilizing a carbon tax, a jobs guarantee, free college, single-payer healthcare, and a focus on using public programs.


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

Source: US Energy Information Administration


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas


Question: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a "hiatus" or slowdown.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

In 1995, GCC assembled an advisory committee of scientific and technical experts to compile an internal-only, 17-page report on climate science entitled "Predicting Future Climate Change: A Primer", which said: “The scientific basis for the Greenhouse Effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on climate is well established and cannot be denied.” In early 1996, GCC's operating committee asked the advisory committee to redact the sections that rebutted contrarian arguments, and accepted the report and distributed it to members.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.


Question: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Ruddiman claims that the Anthropocene, has had significant human impact on greenhouse gas emissions, which began not in the industrial era, but rather 8,000 years ago, as ancient farmers cleared forests to grow crops.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

During the glacial–interglacial cycles of the past million years, natural processes have varied by approximately 100 ppm (from 180 ppm to 280 ppm) , anthropogenic net emissions of have increased atmospheric concentration by a comparable amount: From 280 ppm (Holocene or pre-industrial "equilibrium") to approximately 400 ppm, with 2015–2016 monthly monitoring data of displaying a rising trend above 400 ppm.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.


Question: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

By increasing the amount of moisture available to fall as precipitation, severe weather events are more likely to occur.


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena


Question: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

According to Energy Innovation’s Energy Policy Simulator, a repeal of the Clean Power Plan would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 500 million metric tons by 2030, and by 2050, that figure would rise to more than 1,200 million metric tons.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

At the end of 2008, James Hansen stated five priorities that he felt then President-elect Barack Obama should adopt "for solving the climate and energy problems, while stimulating the economy": efficient energy use, renewable energy, a smart grid, generation IV nuclear reactors and carbon capture and storage.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.


Question: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the "5 lessons of climate change", as: "climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one" "climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them" "our world has huge unmet development needs" "our current energy portfolio is not sustainable" "massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

Climate scientists at the CRU and elsewhere received numerous threatening and abusive emails in the wake of the initial incidents.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

Two days later, the university announced that Sir Muir Russell would chair the inquiry, which would be known as the Independent Climate Change Email Review, and would "examine email exchanges to determine whether there is evidence of suppression or manipulation of data".


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support".


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Category : Articles with inconsistent citation formats


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Peiser identified an error in this paper in that keywords used in the ISI database search were in fact "global climate change" and not "climate change" as originally stated, which resulted in a correction being published by "Science".


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Category : Publications with year of establishment missing


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

The report was not properly peer reviewed.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Citation:


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Citation:


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

There are various versions/subsets of the data set used in economic papers and text books, some of which contain errors at some data points.


Question: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Naming citation was published before November 1977.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.


Question: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

This ice is formed from the ocean water and floats in the same water and thus does not contribute to rise in sea level.


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

If a layer of ice melts off the top of the iceberg, the remaining iceberg will rise.


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.


Question: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

Therefore, when a mass of floating ice melts, sea levels will increase; however, this effect is small enough that if all extant sea ice and floating ice shelves were to melt, the corresponding sea level rise is estimated to be ~4 cm.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

Excess greenhouse gases are a threat to our health and welfare.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

Human impacts upon the environment, such as pollution and global warming, in turn affect human health.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

In the case of climate change, GHG emissions affect the welfare of people now and in the future, as well as affecting the natural environment (Toth "et al.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

Although not considered emission pollutants by the original California Air Resources Board (CARB) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definitions, the most recent common use of the term also includes volatile organic compounds, several air toxics (most notably 1,3-Butadiene), and global pollutants such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.


Question: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

These processes also have an impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon which have effect on the quality of human health and biodiversity.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Finally, Earth Systems models project that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2047, the Earth's near surface temperature could depart from the range of variability in the last 150 years, affecting over 3 billion people and most places of great species diversity on Earth.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

(2008) also referred to projections over the same time period of the: US Climate Change Science Program (2.7% max, and 2.0% mean), International Monetary Fund's 2007 "World Economic Outlook" (2.5%), Energy Modelling Forum (2.4% max, 1.7% mean), US Energy Information Administration (2.2% high, 1.8% medium, and 1.4% low), IEA's "World Energy Outlook 2007" (2.1% high, 1.8 base case), and the base case from the Nordhaus model (1.3%).


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

"World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN".


Question: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

The implications of increasing TSI during the global warming of the last two decades of the 20th century are that solar forcing may be a marginally larger factor in climate change than represented in the CMIP5 general circulation climate models.


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".


Question: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate".


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.


Question: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Noun and Chyba propose three categories of measures to reduce risks from biotechnology and natural pandemics: Regulation or prevention of potentially dangerous research, improved recognition of outbreaks and developing facilities to mitigate disease outbreaks (e.g.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

There are several classes of argument about the likelihood of pandemics.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Intensive farming may make the evolution and spread of harmful diseases easier.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

However, small family farms are more likely to introduce bird diseases and more frequent association with people into the mix, as happened in the 2009 flu pandemic


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has its Emerging Pandemic Threats Program which aims to prevent and contain naturally generated pandemics at their source.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Human activities (e.g., agriculture and industry) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Industrial production of pigs and poultry is an important source of Greenhouse gas emissions and is predicted to become more so.


Question: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.


Question: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

Based on modeled and observed accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), El Niño years usually result in less active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean, but instead favor a shift of tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean, compared to La Niña years favoring above average hurricane development in the Atlantic and less so in the Pacific basin.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

Jones, 1995.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".


Question: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the "water vapour feedback".


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.


Question: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

Moore has also denied the consensus of the scientific community on climate change, having stated that increased carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is beneficial, that there is no proof that anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are responsible for global warming, and that even if true, increased temperature would be beneficial to life on Earth.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

He has questioned the link between second-hand smoke and lung cancer, and has been an outspoken opponent of the mainstream scientific view on climate change; he argues there is no evidence that increases in carbon dioxide produced by human beings is causing global warming and that the temperature of the earth has always varied.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.


Question: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

Palin considers herself a conservationist and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics, saying "of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution."


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

After the election and the Climategate scandal, Palin spoke at a 2010 California logging conference calling studies supporting global climate change as "snake oil science".


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

Since the publication Trump stated in an interview on 60 Minutes that he didn't know that climate change is manmade and that "it'll change back again", the scientists who say it's worse than ever have "a very big political agenda" and that "we have scientists that disagree with [manmade climate change].


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

"Warming 'very likely' human-made".


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050.


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

The Republican Party has varied views on climate change.


Question: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Arctic Sea ice maximum" is the day of a year when Arctic sea ice reaches its largest extent near the end of the Arctic cold season, normally during March.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.


Question: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

Nothing in the University of East Anglia hacked e-mails represents a significant challenge to that body of scientific evidence.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

The Guardian's" analysis of the emails suggests that the hacker had filtered them.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

We don't see a lot of evidence that the general public in the United States is picking up on the (University of East Anglia) emails.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

It found evidence that emails might have been deleted in order to make them unavailable should a subsequent request be made for them, though the panel did not ask anyone at CRU whether they had actually done this.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

Independent reviews by FactCheck and the Associated Press said that the emails did not affect evidence that man-made global warming is a real threat, and said that emails were being misrepresented to support unfounded claims of scientific misconduct.


Question: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

In May 2019 the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere reached 415 PPM.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Mean monthly temperatures exceed during all months of the year.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.


Question: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 0.3% in the first six months of the Carbon Tax to December 2012 to 276.5 Mt CO2 equiv, while Australia's gross domestic product grew at a rate of 2.5% per annum.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

The Australian Government would have set a cap on carbon emissions, consistent with longer term goals of reducing Australia’s emissions by 60% compared with 2000 levels by 2050 (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 11).


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a "carbon tax", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the "Clean Energy Act 2011" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

The Australian Government said in July 2013 that the carbon tax was a factor in reducing the emissions intensity in the National Electricity Market from 0.92 t of CO2 per MWh to 0.87 in the 11 months following its introduction.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

Carbon tax support:


Question: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

On 17 July 2014, a report by the Australian National University estimated that the Australian scheme had cut carbon emissions by as much as 17 million tonnes, the biggest annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 24 years of records in 2013 as the carbon tax helped drive a large drop in pollution from the electricity sector.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Climate data: No


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Climate data: No


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.


Question: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.