{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "Marine organisms are more sensitive to changes in (carbon dioxide) levels than terrestrial organisms are for a variety of reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "It has been proposed that the mechanism of increased Arctic surface air temperature anomalies during La Niña periods of ENSO may be attributed to the Tropically Excited Arctic Warming Mechanism (TEAM), when Rossby waves propagate more poleward, leading to wave dynamics and an increase in downward infrared radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "1945/1946: The PDO changed to a \"cool\" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "1976/1977: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "By the early 1980s, the slight cooling trend from 1945–1975 had stopped.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.", "passage": "The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "He has called global warming the \"greatest scam in history\" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "\"Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "\"'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "\"Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "anthropogenic climate science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he \"would not agree that\" carbon dioxide is \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see\" backing up his claim by stating that \"measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "Matthiessen, Peter - End of the Earth : Voyages to Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "The deglaciations at the end of The deglaciation that took place In the early Pliocene, global temperatures were 1–2˚C warmer than the present temperature, yet sea level was 15–25 meters higher than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "passage": "Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, \"The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "The role of solar activity in climate change has also been calculated over longer time periods using \"proxy\" datasets, such as tree rings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "Solar irradiance before the 1970s is estimated using proxy variables, such as tree rings, the number of sunspots, and the abundances of cosmogenic isotopes such as Be, all of which are calibrated to the post-1978 direct measurements.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions: tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures (within the tropics trees do not form rings) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "By using that method, some areas have tree-ring records dating back a few thousand years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "In the study of past climates (\"paleoclimatology\"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "passage": "The value of tree rings for climate study was not solidly established until the 1960s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a \"likely\" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "\"The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "Scientists consider such a scenario technically possible, but unlikely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "Scientists have also found the chemical signatures of warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall caused by El Niño in coral specimens that are around 13,000 years old.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "New approaches retrieve data such as content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci, or substomatal CO levels, the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "Many desert plants have a special type of photosynthesis, termed crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis, in which the stomata are closed during the day and open at night when transpiration will be lower.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.", "passage": "During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 1}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement aims to combat global climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015), international governmental agreements aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts, which a number of nations have signed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "On the final day under the presidency of Laurent Fabius the 195 governments which are Parties to the Climate Change Convention unanimously adopted Paris Agreement, accelerating the intentional transformation of the global economy toward low carbon and high resilience.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "The main current international agreement on combating climate change is the Kyoto Protocol (which is now succeeded by the Paris agreement).", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement explicitly recognises nature’s role in helping people and societies address climate change, calling on all Parties to acknowledge “the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including oceans, and the protection of biodiversity, recognised by some cultures as Mother Earth”; its Articles include several references to ecosystems, natural resources and forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement, which was brought to discussion on November 12, 2016, was made with a goal in mind to unite all countries against the threat of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Waves, grazing fish (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Over time, corals fragment and die, sand and rubble accumulates between the corals, and the shells of clams and other molluscs decay to form a gradually evolving calcium carbonate structure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Sediment can negatively affect corals in many ways, such as by physically smothering them, abrading their surfaces, causing corals to expend energy during sediment removal, and causing algal blooms that can ultimately lead to less space on the seafloor where juvenile corals (polyps) can settle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "Coral reefs also act as a protective barrier for coastlines by reducing wave impact, which lowers the damage from storms, erosions, and flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "This is due to the subsiding of coastal lands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "passage": "The water surrounding the islands is shallow, making it difficult to land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "The most prominent planetary rings in the Solar System are those around Saturn, but the other three giant planets (Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune) also have ring systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "He stated that warming on Mars was evidence that global warming on Earth was being caused by changes in the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "These included Neptune's moon Triton, Jupiter, Pluto and Mars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "Than (2007) provided alternative explanations of why warming had occurred on Triton, Pluto, Jupiter and Mars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "In the extreme, the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime, so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal (no difference between poles and equator).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "More recent studies have suggested that several billion years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like Earth's than it is now and that there were probably substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "This is the expected pattern if greenhouse gases drive temperature, as on Venus.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "\"Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "He is quoted as being skeptical of global warming, and is described by Michael E. Mann as a \"prominent climate change contrarian.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.", "passage": "The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "In the extreme, the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime, so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal (no difference between poles and equator).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "More recent studies have suggested that several billion years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like Earth's than it is now and that there were probably substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "passage": "Venus is the second planet from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a “super” greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "While most early work on CFCs focused on their role in ozone depletion, by 1985 scientists had concluded that CFCs together with methane and other trace gases could have nearly as important a climate effect as increases in CO.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Models and observations show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the troposphere, but cooling of the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "Carbon cycle feedbacks, the demise of coral, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest, and extreme desertification are also described, with five or six degrees of warming potentially leading to the complete uninhabitability of the tropics and subtropics, as well as extreme water and food shortages, possibly leading to mass migration of billions of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "SEARCH focuses on how shrinking land ice, diminishing sea ice, and degrading permafrost impact Arctic and global systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "Scientists can predict tipping points for ecological collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "Researchers that studied effects of close by supernovae on earth and uncovered suggestive correlating evidence during the Younger Dryas, including depletion of the ozone layer, increased UV exposure, nitrogen changes on the Earth's surface and troposphere, evidence of global cooling, changes in C and Be in ice cores, a thin layer (about 30 cm) of “black mats”, and many extinctions that may have been caused by the explosion of the Vela supernova.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "Deforestation disrupts normal weather patterns creating hotter and drier weather thus increasing drought, desertification, crop failures, melting of the polar ice caps, coastal flooding and displacement of major vegetation regimes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: \"Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.", "passage": "High-latitude tundra and boreal forests are particularly at risk of climate change-induced", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, \"probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "Current studies indicate that the increase in greenhouse gases, most notably , is mostly responsible for the observed warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "passage": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Major impact events have significantly shaped Earth's history, have been implicated in the formation of the Earth–Moon system, the evolutionary history of life, the origin of water on Earth and several mass extinctions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Major impact events have significantly shaped Earth's history, having been implicated in the formation of the Earth–Moon system, the evolutionary history of life, the origin of water on Earth, and several mass extinctions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Impacts have had, during the history of the Earth, a significant geological and climatic influence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Over thousands of years, changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "In the latter half of the century, we find that anthropogenic increases in greenhouses gases are largely responsible for the observed warming, balanced by some cooling due to anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, with no evidence for significant solar effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "Because of human overpopulation, coral reefs are dying around the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "The extinction rate of marine organisms was catastrophic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "It resulted in the demise of the largest coral reefs in the Earth's history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.", "passage": "Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "Permafrost is common in the national park, though permafrost at lower elevations is disappearing because of global warming and increased snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "Today this is clearly not the case as global warming is causing mountain snow lines to rapidly retreat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is causing snow to disappear.", "passage": "The substantial amount of snow that remains atop mountains year around is also disappearing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "Species distribution models of recent years indicate that the deer tick, known as \"I. scapularis,\" is pushing its distribution to higher latitudes of the Northeastern United States and Canada, as well as pushing and maintaining populations in the South Central and Northern Midwest regions of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "It is endemic to certain regions in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "The natural environmental controls that used to keep the tick populations in check are disappearing, and warmer and wetter climates are allowing the ticks to breed and grow at an alarming rate, resulting in an increase in Lyme disease, both in existing areas and in areas where it has not been seen before.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "It is found in the northern United States and southern Canada.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "Human monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by E. chaffeensis is known to spread through tick infection primarily in the southern, southcentral and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "The World Health Organization (WHO) says global warming could lead to a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Britain and Europe, as northern Europe becomes warmer, ticks—which carry encephalitis and lyme disease—and sandflies—which carry visceral leishmaniasis—are likely to move in.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "Neuroborreliosis, also known as Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), is a disorder of the central nervous system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.", "passage": "There is some evidence of climate-change-related shifts in the distribution of tick vectors of disease, of some (non-malarial) mosquito vectors in Europe and North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "Clark is among the scientists who reject the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change; in the 2007 UK television documentary \"The Great Global Warming Swindle\", he states that changes in global temperature correlate with solar activity, saying \"Solar activity of the last hundred years, over the last several hundred years correlates very nicely on a decadal basis, with sea ice and Arctic temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "The cryosphere (from the Greek \"kryos\", \"cold\", \"frost\" or \"ice\" and \"sphaira\", \"globe, ball\") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "passage": "The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Species adaptation to disturbances is species specific but how each organism adapts effects all the species around them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Diversifying selection is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different environments that select for different alleles at a particular locus.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Not all species fall into one of these categories.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.", "passage": "Species include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "The largest group being electricity production accounting for 37% of carbon emissions, followed by personal ground travel at 22%, natural gas not used towards power at 11%, movement of goods by boat, truck, or air at 9%, oil refining at 6%, other uses of petroleum at 6%, jet fuel, specifically for air travel, at 4%, and the last 5% spread among other miscellaneous uses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "At present aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.", "passage": "Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "1000   g   NO x 1 kg   NO x × 46   kg   NO x 1   kmol   NO x × 1   kmol   NO x 22.414   m 3   NO x × 10   m 3   NO x 10 6   m 3   gas × 20   m 3   gas 1   minute × 60   minute 1   hour = 24.63   g   NO x hour {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1000\\ {\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{1{\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {46\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{22.414\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {10\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}{10^{6}\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}}\\times {\\frac {20\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}}\\times {\\frac {60\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}{1\\ {\\ce {hour}}}}=24.63\\ {\\frac {{\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{\\ce {hour}}}} After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NOx concentration of 10 ppmv converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "Assuming returns are reinvested, if the returns over n {\\displaystyle n} successive time sub-periods are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , ⋯ , R n {\\displaystyle R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},\\cdots ,R_{n}} , then the cumulative return or overall return over the overall time period is the result of compounding the returns together: ( 1 + R 1 ) ( 1 + R 2 ) ⋯ ( 1 + R n ) − 1 {\\displaystyle (1+R_{1})(1+R_{2})\\cdots (1+R_{n})-1} If the returns are logarithmic returns however, the logarithmic return over the overall time period is: ∑ i = 1 n R l o g , i = R l o g , 1 + R l o g , 2 + R l o g , 3 + ⋯ + R l o g , n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=1}^{n}R_{\\mathrm {log} ,i}=R_{\\mathrm {log} ,1}+R_{\\mathrm {log} ,2}+R_{\\mathrm {log} ,3}+\\cdots +R_{\\mathrm {log} ,n}} This formula applies with an assumption of reinvestment of returns and it means that successive logarithmic returns can be summed, i.e.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "For example, assuming reinvestment, the cumulative return for annual returns: 50%, -20%, 30% and -40% is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) − 1 = − 0.0640 = − 6.40 % {\\displaystyle (1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)-1=-0.0640=-6.40\\%} and the geometric average is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 = − 1.64 % {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{(1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)}}-1=-0.0164=-1.64\\%} which is equal to the annualized cumulative return: 1 − 0.0640 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{1-0.0640}}-1=-0.0164} In the presence of external flows, such as cash or securities moving into or out of the portfolio, the return should be calculated by compensating for these movements.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "The value of an investment is doubled if the return r {\\displaystyle r} = +100%, that is, if r l o g {\\displaystyle r_{\\mathrm {log} }} = ln($200 / $100) = ln(2) = 69.3%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "15/19 = 0 · 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5...", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "This was nearly 15 % of the total manufactured.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum \"by a hundred\") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "So the summation of percentages may be lower than 100 %.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "Note: Sum of components may not equal 100% due to independent rounding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "It can be calculated as an equivalent I2 value by multiplying result by :", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "Thus, the summation of percentages may be lower than 100 %.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "passage": "| style = ``background : ;'' | | | UV | | 144,924 | | 0.7 % | | 2", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called \"Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide,\" in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "passage": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "Although it is believed that the melting of floating ice shelves will not raise sea levels, technically, there is a small effect because sea water is ~2.6% more dense than fresh water combined with the fact that ice shelves are overwhelmingly \"fresh\" (having virtually no salinity); this causes the volume of the sea water needed to displace a floating ice shelf to be slightly less than the volume of the fresh water contained in the floating ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "The thickness of ice shelves can range from about to .", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "passage": "Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "Since the pre-industrial era, albedo has increased due to land use change, which has a cooling effect on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "an increase in planetary albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.", "passage": "Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The amount of correlation between human arrival and megafauna extinction is still being debated: for example, in Wrangel Island in Siberia the extinction of dwarf woolly mammoths (approximately 2000 BCE) did not coincide with the arrival of humans, nor did megafaunal mass extinction on the South American continent, although it has been suggested climate changes induced by anthropogenic effects elsewhere in the world may have contributed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "passage": "Some models of modern climate exhibit Arctic amplification without changes in snow and ice cover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "His conclusions have been disputed by other researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Extreme weather events cause negative changes to landscape and agriculture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "passage": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.", "label": 1}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "While researchers acknowledge there are possible benefits of global warming, most agree that the negative consequences of climate change will outweigh any potential benefits and instead the shifting climate will result in more benefits to developed countries and more detriments to developing countries; exacerbating the discrepancy between wealthy and impoverished nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "Furthermore, the report finds that \"limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being\" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "passage": "Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "\"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "passage": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Elevated levels of atmospheric compounds of nitrogen can increase nitrogen availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "A vast release of methane might cause significant global warming since methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "The thawing of permafrost has implications for the global climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "passage": "Researchers that studied effects of close by supernovae on earth and uncovered suggestive correlating evidence during the Younger Dryas, including depletion of the ozone layer, increased UV exposure, nitrogen changes on the Earth's surface and troposphere, evidence of global cooling, changes in C and Be in ice cores, a thin layer (about 30 cm) of “black mats”, and many extinctions that may have been caused by the explosion of the Vela supernova.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "passage": "The above equation states that the entropy of the atmosphere does not change with height.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the \"water vapour feedback\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "\"Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Data in \"An Inconvenient Truth\" have been questioned.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "AIBS Position Statements \"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "passage": "Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that \"whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions", "passage": "Recent scientific assessments find that most of the warming of the Earth's surface over the past 50 years has been caused by human activities (see also the section on scientific literature and opinion).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Climatology (from Greek , \"klima\", \"place, zone\"; and , \"-logia\") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "At one extreme of this scale is climatology.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "passage": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration, resulting in more land becoming unproductive.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "(2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "and higher per-person infrastructure costs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "More than $ 300,000 (USD) ($ in today 's dollars) in damage was reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Millions can be impacted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "In 1997–1998 the costs of damages reached US$2 billion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "Furthermore, increasing reliance infrastructure system interdependence, in combination with the effects of climate change and population growth all contribute to increasing vulnerability and exposure, and greater probability of catastrophic failures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "passage": "As indicated by the I=PAT equation, environmental impact (I) or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population (P), continually increasing economic growth or per capita affluence (A), and the application of resource-depleting and polluting technology (T).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "Global warming is increasing growth of algae on the ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "The Antarctic ice sheet, however, is expected to grow during the 21st century because of increased precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see \"The Climate War\" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "BP plc (formerly The British Petroleum Company plc and BP Amoco plc) is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "When the Washington Post reported in June 2010 that BP North America \"donated at least $4.8 million in corporate contributions in the past seven years to political groups, partisan organizations and campaigns engaged in federal and state elections\", mostly to oppose ballot measures in two states aiming to raise taxes on the oil industry, the company said that the commitment had only applied to contributions to individual candidates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "According to Democracy Now, BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive greenwashing public-relations spin campaign given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide equivalent concentration of 400–500 ppm by volume; the current (January 2015) level of carbon dioxide alone is 400 ppm by volume, and rising at 1–3 ppm annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "passage": "In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.", "label": 1}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C, and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C death is almost inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "The health burden could be relatively small for moderate heatwaves in temperate regions, because deaths occur primarily in susceptible persons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "The biology of life operates within a certain range of temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "passage": "They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard.", "label": 1}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "\"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost of environmental pollution in China, it has been suggested by Nicholas Stern and Fergus Green of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with high-tech, low carbon emissions with better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China 's heavy industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "While there is general agreement among scientists and economists on the need for a carbon tax, economists are generally neutral on specific uses for the revenue, though there tends to be more support than opposition for returning the revenue as a dividend to taxpayers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "Joseph Stiglitz, William Nordhaus and James Hansen have been prominent proponents of carbon taxes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "passage": "A number of papers in the economics literature suggest that carbon taxes should be preferred to carbon trading (Carbon Trust, 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "\"Oil Production Is at Record Levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "To achieve stabilization, global GHG emissions must peak, then decline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "passage": "As of 2016, emissions of CO from burning fossil fuels had stopped increasing, but The Guardian reports they need to be \"reduced to have a real impact on climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.", "passage": "The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "It has been proposed that the mechanism of increased Arctic surface air temperature anomalies during La Niña periods of ENSO may be attributed to the Tropically Excited Arctic Warming Mechanism (TEAM), when Rossby waves propagate more poleward, leading to wave dynamics and an increase in downward infrared radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "\"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.", "label": 1}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Contaminants can enter a water source naturally through flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "A tidal prism is the volume of water in an estuary or inlet between mean high tide and mean low tide, or the volume of water leaving an estuary at Ebb tide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Lack of capacity, or poorly planned or executed drainage or grading of the surface can cause problems after severe storms or heavy extended periods of rain fall, such as flooding, washout, mud flows, sink holes, accelerated erosion, wet rot to wood elements, drowning of plants trees and shrubs and even foundation problems to an adjacent home like cracking the foundation, basement flooding due to water infiltration, pest infiltration like ants and other insects entering through damaged areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Flood tide is the rising tide of an ocean, the opposite of ebb tide", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Fatalities connected directly to floods are usually caused by drowning; the waters in a flood are very deep and have strong currents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "Close to of land have been submerged.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "In addition to causing water erosion and pollution, surface runoff in urban areas is a primary cause of urban flooding, which can result in property damage, damp and mold in basements, and street flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "passage": "The two notable floods are the following :", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called \"Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide,\" in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Different approaches to the task of estimating climate sensitivity from the LGM are taken.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "Application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2 °C to produce \"catastrophic\" climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "An increase of global temperature by more than 2°C has come to be the majority definition of what would constitute intolerably dangerous climate change with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels per the Paris Agreement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "This result can change if the damage function is changed to include the possibility of catastrophic climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "Moreover, the impacts associated with 2°C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2°C now more appropriately represents the threshold between 'dangerous' and 'extremely dangerous' climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.", "passage": "The Centre for Science and Environment said the repercussions for developing countries such as India, would be \"catastrophic\" at 2°C warming and that the impact even at 1.5°C described in SR15 is much greater than anticipated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).", "label": 1}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "LULUCF has impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere, influencing climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "Land-use change can be a factor in CO (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "According to the IPCC 2001 report, such warming would, if kept from rising further after the 21st Century, result in 1 to 5 meter sea level rise over the next millennium due to Greenland ice sheet melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming,\" irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and \"Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "Hansen testified that \"Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now\" and \"The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no \"causative link\" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "passage": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "From this, he concluded that \"The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "He said that \"Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "In March 2015, he said that some people are \"global warming alarmists\" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "Such warming over the past 15,000 years is widely accepted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "passage": "In January 1999, contrarian Patrick Michaels wrote a commentary offering to \"take even money that the 10 years ending on December 31, 2007, will show a statistically significant global cooling trend in temperatures measured by satellite\", on the basis of his view that record temperatures in 1998 had been a blip.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.", "label": 1}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "This point has been made on earlier occasions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "Several accounts of this experience have surfaced over the years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "Available data show, for example, that :", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "The existence of this compound has been claimed intermittently since the early 1900s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "It has been observed that", "label": 0}
{"query": "...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "passage": "However, evidence exists that a similar feedback following other volcanic eruptions could also have triggered similar long-term cooling events during the last glacial period, the Little Ice Age, and the Holocene in general, suggesting that the proposed feedback is poorly constrained but potentially common.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "A northwards branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, is part of the thermohaline circulation (THC), transporting warmth further north to the North Atlantic, where its effect in warming the atmosphere contributes to warming Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.", "passage": "As the vortex becomes weaker, it is more likely to allow cold arctic air to escape from the confines of the jet stream and spill over into other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that \"Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "It stated (Forward, p. v) that, \"we do not have a good quantitative understanding of our climate machine and what determines its course [so] it does not seem possible to predict climate,\" and (p. 2) \"The climates of the earth have always been changing, and they will doubtless continue to do so in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "As a result of historical sea level rise, the king tide events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by La Niña effects or local storms and waves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "The 2010 -- 11 Australian bushfire season was notable for a relative lack of bushfires along Eastern Australia due to a very strong La Niña effect, which instead contributed to severe flooding, in particular the 2010 -- 2011 Queensland floods and the 2011 Victorian floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "This has an effect on sea levels as El Niño events can actually result in sea levels falling by 11 inches (28.4 centimeters) as compared to the sea level during a La Niña events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "For example, in 2000 there was a switch from periods of downward pressure of El Niño on sea levels to an upward pressure of La Niña on sea levels, which upward pressure causes more frequent and higher high tide levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling, or lesser warming, in that region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "It is thought to have been caused by a decline in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which transports warm water from the Equator towards the North Pole, in turn thought to have been caused by an influx of fresh, cold water from North America to the Atlantic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "The meltwater pulse may have affected the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, reducing northward heat transport in the Atlantic and causing significant North Atlantic cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "Currently, there are some concerns about the possible regional cooling effects of a slowdown or shutdown of thermohaline circulation, which might be provoked by an increase of fresh water mixing into the North Atlantic due to glacial melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "Global warming could, via a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.", "passage": "A 2015 study by climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggests that the observed cold blob in the North Atlantic during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean's Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "It found that the CRU's work had been \"carried out with integrity\" and had used \"fair and satisfactory\" methods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "Describing its report as \"hugely positive\", he stated that \"it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for \"acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings\" and \"their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "EPA carefully reviewed the CRU emails and found no indication of improper data manipulation or misrepresentation of results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "The report was not properly peer reviewed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether \"the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "Cru is ``a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized quality''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "It said that \"even if the data that CRU used were not publicly available—which they mostly are—or the methods not published—which they have been—its published results would still be credible: the results from CRU agree with those drawn from other international data sets; in other words, the analyses have been repeated and the conclusions have been verified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.", "passage": "The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "Seasonally, sea-ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere varies by a factor of 5, from a minimum of 3–4 million km in February to a maximum of 17–20 million km in September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”", "passage": "Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44\" N), or the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "The recent warmth has been greatest over North America and Eurasia between 40 and 70°N.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "The meridian 90 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.", "passage": "The north temperate zone extends from (approximately 23.5° north) to the Arctic Circle (approximately 66.5° north latitude).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Climate models show that while some regions should expect an increase in precipitation, such as in the tropics and higher latitudes, other areas are expected to see a decrease, such as in the subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "It has distinct dry - and wet-season forms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Rising temperatures will increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation, though there will be regional variations in rainfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Most desert and arid climates receive between of rainfall annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.", "passage": "Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Styles P raps \"Past is the past, just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on\", which Sanneh writes \"Cheerfully out of place, he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party, but so what?", "label": 1}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K -- T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "For other past climate fluctuation see : Paleoclimatology", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "The application of alkenone paleothermometers to high-resolution paleotemperature reconstructions of older glacial terminations have found that very similar, Younger Dryas-like paleoclimatic oscillations occurred during Terminations II and IV.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "passage": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.", "label": 1}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.", "label": 1}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "Higher global temperatures melt glaciers such as the one in Greenland, which flow into the oceans, adding to the amount of seawater.", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming,\" irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and \"Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "Increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "\"Greenland enters melt mode\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the \"U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.", "passage": "Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called \"allowances\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "A carbon tax is a price-based policy since the regulator sets the price directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11 percent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "passage": "Carbon pricing support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the \"heat island effect\", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "Similarly, if the Greenland or Antarctic land ice retreats, the darker underlying land is exposed and more solar radiation is absorbed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "Dust particles in the air scatter incoming radiation from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "There are several measured types of solar irradiance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "In particular, the Southern Hemisphere, with more ocean area and less land area, has a lower albedo (\"whiteness\") and absorbs more light.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.", "passage": "It is as if the Earth is covered by a blanket that allows high frequency radiation (sunlight) to enter, but slows the rate at which the low frequency infrared radiant energy emitted by the Earth leaves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "Scientific understanding of abrupt climate change is generally poor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's 4.54 billion year history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid \"dangerous\" levels, by 2036.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "The math revolves around these three numbers: to stay below 2 degrees Celsius of global warming we can emit only 565 more gigatons of carbon dioxide versus the 2,795 gigatons held in proven reserves by fossil fuel corporations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "Doubling in the model's atmosphere gave a roughly 2 °C rise in global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "passage": "As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.", "label": 1}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "This particularly strong event was punctuated by drought, flooding, extreme heat events, and severe storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.", "passage": "Some of the extreme weather events responsible for these mental health changes include wildfires, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, and extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "[vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "[citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "The feedback mechanisms involved are often complex and incompletely understood.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "The multiple simulations are conducted to account for the two usual sources of uncertainty in forecast models : (1) the errors introduced by the use of imperfect initial conditions, amplified by the chaotic nature of the evolution equations of the atmosphere, this is often referred to as sensitive dependence on the initial conditions ; and (2) errors introduced because of imperfections in the model formulation, such as the approximate mathematical methods to solve the equations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "Positive feedback tends to cause system instability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "This has caused some degree of confusion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "The simulation was then designed to spiral out of control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "The origins of the paradoxes are somewhat unclear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "This asymmetry is believed to result from complex interactions of feedback mechanisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "passage": "This asymmetry is believed to result from complex interactions of feedback mechanisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Different physicists have claimed that the results support different models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Other scientists were skeptical.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Boucher's review concludes: \"Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Since its first publication this model has come under much scrutiny and has been criticized for various reasons (described below).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Few are supported by scientific studies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "Dielectric breakdown model (DBM) is a macroscopic mathematical model combining the diffusion-limited aggregation model with electric field.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "passage": "In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "\"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO2) is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "passage": "In cooling down a clathrate SO2 · 5.75 H2O will crystallise which decomposes again at 7 ° C. Thus sulfurous acid H2SO3 can not be isolated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...", "label": 1}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...", "label": 1}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "\"Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "A new economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3,800 people die prematurely (approximately 14 years earlier than normal) each year because air pollution levels violate federal standards.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "The WHO estimates that air pollution causes nearly two million premature deaths per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "Air pollution has increased the rate of hospital visits per year and is currently causing premature deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million premature deaths annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.", "passage": "Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000-800,000 An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "The Quaternary geological period includes the current climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "\"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "passage": "In recent studies, geologists claim that global warming is one of the reasons for increased seismic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "The implications of increasing TSI during the global warming of the last two decades of the 20th century are that solar forcing may be a marginally larger factor in climate change than represented in the CMIP5 general circulation climate models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "passage": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Positive radiative forcing results in warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Radiative forcing is the imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere resulting from a change in atmospheric composition or other changes in radiation budget prior to long-term changes in global temperature resulting from forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "The Great Fire of 1910 (also commonly referred to as the Big Blowup, the Big Burn, or the Devil 's Broom fire) was a wildfire that burned about 3000000 acre, approximately the size of Connecticut) in northeast Washington, northern Idaho (the panhandle), and western Montana.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "Climate change increases wildfire potential and activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "Research shows that rising heat due to climate change has caused an increase in fires around the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.", "passage": "Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "\"700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "\"Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "\"African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "Based on sea-level data from the Mississippi Delta, the end of the Lake Agassiz–Ojibway (LAO) drainage occurred at 8.31 to 8.18 ka and ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 m. The sea-level data from the Rhine–Meuse Delta indicate a of near-instantaneous rise at 8.54 to 8.2 ka, in addition to 'normal' post-glacial sea-level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "Seas, oceans, and lakes accumulate sediment over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "According to statistical hurricane research between 1886 and 1996 by the North Carolina State Climatology Office, a tropical cyclone makes landfall along the coastline about once every four years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "passage": "However, palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "passage": "External forcing mechanisms can be either anthropogenic (e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "\"End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Global warming is widely accepted as being a contributor to extinction worldwide, in a similar way that previous extinction events have generally included a rapid change in global climate and meteorology.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of human activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Quaternary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.", "passage": "Recent extinctions are more directly attributable to human influences, whereas prehistoric extinctions can be attributed to other factors, such as global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.", "label": 1}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "Globally, livestock is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, according to FAO's report called \"Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases, specifically from livestock, are one of the leading sources furthering global warming; these emissions, which drastically effect climatic change, are also beginning to harm our livestock in ways we could never imagine.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "Farm animals account for between 20% and 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "According to the 2006 United Nations/FAO report, 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions found in the atmosphere are due to livestock.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "Following a life-cycle analysis approach, the report evaluates \"that livestock are responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions\" Greenhouse gas emissions arise from feed production (e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "Livestock contributes to climate change both through the production of greenhouse gases and through destruction of carbon sinks such as rain-forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.", "passage": "More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "This would greatly decrease the temperature gradient between the arctic and the tropics, and cause the earth to flip to a hothouse state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "A concern is that positive feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the \"threshold\" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state", "passage": "The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a Nuclear Winter scenario.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "\"Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed \"In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "An effect called coral bleaching can be seen on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where ocean acidification's effects are already taking place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "passage": "Up to 90% of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania and in the Seychelles during the massive 1997–98 bleaching event.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "passage": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "That article was based on an email interview, and says that \"Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "By 2008 Bossons Glacier had retreated to a point that was above sea level.Another research, published in 2019 by ETH Zurich, says that 2/3rd of the ice in the glaciers of the Alps is doomed to melt by the end of the century due to climate change In the most pessimistic scenario, the Alps will be almostly completely ice-free by 2100, with only isolated ice patches remaining at high elevation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.", "passage": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "During winter the lowest degree is –18 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.", "label": 0}
{"query": "ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C", "passage": "Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) may occur where mean annual air temperatures (MAAT) are less than −1 or −2 °C and is generally continuous where MAAT are less than −7 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "passage": "The Fukushima I nuclear accidents in Japan have brought new attention to how national energy systems are vulnerable to natural disasters, with climate change is already bringing more weather and climate extremes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "Generating electricity from heat is beyond the scope of", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "India, China, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by [[drought]]s in coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "Drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the Amazon River Basin, Colombia, and Central America during El Niño events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availability of freshwater resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "passage": "India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).", "label": 1}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "In his newsletter, Peiser had cited a blog that had commented on warming observed on several planetary bodies in the Solar system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "passage": "On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "The CO2 also is believed to have resulted in the greening of the planet \"We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that CO2 fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend\" -Nature Climate Change volume 6, pages 791–795 (2016).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "passage": "Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "The asteroids have long been suggested as possible sites for human colonization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "The practice had been going on for a number of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "Since c. 1984 H.H. ``Hoot'' Haddock from Florence, Alabama has been working on perfecting a polystyrene-based building system that would be faster and easier to construct than wood framed buildings, while having superior insulation and strength.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "The Chamberlin -- Moulton planetesimal hypothesis was proposed in 1905 by geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and astronomer Forest Ray Moulton to describe the formation of the solar system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "It extends to the rim of the crater Moulton.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "So, lakes may have been around much longer than previously thought.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "The development of the site will take place over many years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "passage": "Possible early references go back around 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "When then presidential candidate Rick Perry suggested that scientists were frequently questioning \"that manmade global warming is what is causing the climate to change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "The phrase originated from a speech made by Secretary Rick Perry in Brussels earlier that month.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "Former Governor of Texas Rick Perry is the current Secretary of Energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "Now, that's not me talking, those are the scientists that say that.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "Other scientists were skeptical.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)", "passage": "In the scientific community, I am not alone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "\"Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Methane is a major target greenhouse gas and in the 4th protocol report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is recommended to increase from a x23 to x72 multiplier because of the magnitude of its effect relative to carbon dioxide and short longevity in Earth 's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "Methane is a greenhouse gas, and methanogens play a critical role in global warming and the global carbon cycle via the production of methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "passage": "CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "Coral reefs are one of the most well-known marine ecosystems in the world, with the largest being the Great Barrier Reef.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "Wilson Island (Queensland), an island on the Great Barrier Reef", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "An effect called coral bleaching can be seen on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where ocean acidification's effects are already taking place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) is responsible for the care and protection of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "Within the region, desert/semi-desert (California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas), Mediterranean (California), humid subtropical (Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee), and tropical (Florida) climates can be found.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "Minnesota has a continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "The U.S. climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "There are multiple generations per year in Florida and Texas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "Climate change can be an important driver of migration, both within and between countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "Texas is a state located in the Southern United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "passage": "They are partial migrants, with some populations moving south in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "A changing climate also results in economic burdens.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "passage": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Carbon dioxide hydrate is a snow-like crystalline substance composed of water ice and carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "passage": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "The \"likely\" range (as assessed to have a greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on the IPCC's expert judgment) is a projected increase in global mean temperature over the 21st century of between 1.1 and 6.4 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "The total increase in global warming for the century should be ~0.3 °C, rather than the catastrophic warming of 3-6°C (4-11°F) predicted by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "passage": "In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "The El Niño phenomenon was blamed for the unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that moved east, thus pulling rainfall along with it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "The most deadly heat wave in the history of Pakistan is the record-breaking heat wave of summer 2010 which occurred in the last ten days of May.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "Rapid, dramatic temperature swings were common, with temperatures sometimes reverting from normal or above-normal summer temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) to near-freezing within hours.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "As climate change proceeds, more EM outbreaks may occur because of the extreme weather events that are projected to increase in coming decades thus making Erythromelalgia the first known disease, that isn't of infectious origin, that could be directly affected by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "Studies have linked rapidly warming Arctic temperatures, and thus a vanishing cryosphere, to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "passage": "Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "Timescales of events described as 'abrupt' may vary dramatically.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "This blockade causes hyperexcitability of the nervous system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "A floodgate effect is situation in which a small action can result in a far greater effect with no easily discernible limit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "During certain extreme space weather events solar wind can interfere with transmissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”", "passage": "A process that is blocked is one that is waiting for some event, such as a resource becoming available or the completion of an I/O operation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "passage": "Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "passage": "During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "The average separation for all users of the application is 5.73 degrees, whereas the maximum degree of separation is 12.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "The estimate is uncertain, but probably lies within 0.5 °C of the true value.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "The temperature coefficient of most of the reactions lies between - 2 & 3", "label": 0}
{"query": "It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "passage": "In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "At the end of the last ice age, between 10,000 and 11,500 years ago, the sea level was about 175 meters higher than it is today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "It was above sea level during the last ice age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "He has also written about ocean acidification from a similarly skeptical point of view, arguing that \"Even if CO2 increases to 560 ppm by 2050, as the IPCC predict, this would only result in a 0.2 unit reduction of pH.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "\"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "passage": "In 1957, better understanding of ocean chemistry led Roger Revelle to a realization that the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide, also predicting the rise in levels of and later being proven by Charles David Keeling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of \"direct action\" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "While any carbon price would not be triggered until after the 2013 election... She would legislate the carbon price next term if sufficient consensus existed\", and the federal opposition accused the government of breaking an election promise to not introduce a carbon tax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a \"carbon tax\", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the \"Clean Energy Act 2011\" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "Legislative action is one strategy that politicians are using to combat carbon emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "Respect - The Unity Coalition were also in favour of a 90% cut in carbon emissions by 2050, but did not express a view on the bill.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "In response to a question on the sense of urgency of the SR15 report during a 9 October interview on CBC News's \"Power and Politics\" Andrew Scheer, the Leader of the Opposition, promised that they are putting forward a \"comprehensive plan to reduce CO2 without imposing a carbon tax\" which Scheer said \"raised costs without actually reducing emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.", "passage": "Following her election as party leader, in various policy announcements in the lead up to the 2010 election, Prime Minister Gillard and Treasurer Wayne Swan gave assurances that no carbon tax would be introduced by a Gillard led government, but that a \"citizens' assembly\" would be called to sound out public support for a price on carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming \"stopped in 1998\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "Jones, 1995.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "In March 2015, he said that some people are \"global warming alarmists\" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "On September 2, 1997, Singer said that \"The possibility that global temperatures could rise because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a concern that needs to be monitored...But there has been no indication in the last century that we've seen anything other than natural climate fluctuations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "In January 1999, contrarian Patrick Michaels wrote a commentary offering to \"take even money that the 10 years ending on December 31, 2007, will show a statistically significant global cooling trend in temperatures measured by satellite\", on the basis of his view that record temperatures in 1998 had been a blip.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "passage": "A March 2014 episode of the American program \"Hannity\" featured Moore making the statement that the Earth \"has not warmed for the last 17 years\" in a debate with pundit Bob Beckel.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "passage": "\"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are always conserved (except in nuclear reactions).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "Fossil fuel (\"primary non-renewable fossil\") sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "Non-energy consumption will still include fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "passage": "The 2016 -- 17 Zimbabwe floods began in December 2016, following a severe drought.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "Brown ovals are warmer and located within the \"normal cloud layer\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "It is somewhat cooler and less luminous than our Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "If solar variations were responsible for the observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and the stratosphere would be expected, but that has not been the case.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "\"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "passage": "\"New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum \"by a hundred\") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "\", as opposed to \"per cent\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "Watts Up With That features material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxide is not a driving force of warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "According to David JC MacKay, assuming that all future energy is derived from these thermal power stations operating with their present thermal efficiency of ~30%, and that the world population is 10 billion in 100 years time (~2100) with each individual enjoying a per capita energy usage rate similar to that of the average European standard of living of 125 kWh per day, the extra power contributed by this thermal energy use to the planet would be a global surface area average of 0.1 Watt per square meter, which is one fortieth of the 4 W/m that is believed to be likely if a doubling of atmospheric CO concentrations occur, and a little smaller than the \"0.25 W/m effect\" of Solar variations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "To quantify Earth's \"heat budget\" or \"heat balance\", let the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere be 100 units (100 units = about 1,360 watts per square meter facing the sun), as shown in the accompanying illustration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter \"(see solar constant)\", though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "Ignoring clouds, the daily average insolation for the Earth is approximately 6 kWh/m = 21.6 MJ/m.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "In their 2014 report, the IPCC comparison of energy sources global warming potential per unit of electricity generated, which notably included albedo effects, mirror the median emission value derived from the Warner and Heath Yale meta-analysis for the more common non-breeding light water reactors, a -equivalent value of 12 g -eq/kWh, which is the lowest global warming forcing of all baseload power sources, with comparable low carbon power baseload sources, such as hydropower and biomass, producing substantially more global warming forcing 24 and 230 g -eq/kWh respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "In June 2019, U.N. special rapporteur Philip Alston warned of a \"climate apartheid\" situation developing, where global warming \"could push more than 120 million more people into poverty by 2030 and will have the most severe impact in poor countries, regions, and the places poor people live and work\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "Climate change may also lead to new human diseases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "Records at the time of the event were:", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "It has a standard weather monitoring station, which has recorded some national record high temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "The data are of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "The data are of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "passage": "This allows a temperature record to be constructed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "In 2011, Spencer and Braswell published a paper in \"Remote Sensing\" concluding that more energy is radiated back to space and released earlier than previously thought.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "passage": "Spencer stated, \"The satellite observations suggest there is much more energy lost to space during and after warming than the climate models show.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "Three to four billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70% of its current power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "The 1970s (pronounced ``nineteen-seventies'', commonly abbreviated as the ``Seventies'') was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1970, and ended on December 31, 1979.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "passage": "Earth Day (continuing from 1970)", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "Sea ice plays an important role in Earth's climate as it affects the total amount of sunlight that is reflected away from the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "Following the coup, chaos ensued.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "Social breakdown thesis also known as the anomie–social breakdown thesis is a theory that posits that individuals that are socially isolated living in atomized socially disintegrated societies are particularly likely to support right-wing populist parties.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "In Tainter's view, while invasions, crop failures, disease or environmental degradation may be the \"apparent\" causes of societal collapse, the ultimate cause is an economic one, inherent in the structure of society rather than in external shocks which may batter them: \"diminishing returns on investments in social complexity\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "The economic system of many nations has been dislocated as a result of military expenditures and war related destruction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (titled Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive for the British edition) is a 2005 book by academic and popular science author Jared Diamond, in which the author first defines \"collapse\": \"a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economic/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "Political decay is a political theory, originally described by Samuel P. Huntington, which describes how chaos and disorder can arise from social modernization increasing more rapidly than political and institutional modernization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "The diagram of history shows humanity having long periods of stability interrupted with short periods of transition.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "And, in his final chapters, Tainter discusses why modern societies may not be able to choose to collapse: because surrounding them are other complex societies which will in some way absorb a collapsed region or prevent a general collapse; the Mayan and Chaocan regions had no powerful complex neighbors and so could collapse for centuries or millennia, as could the Western Roman Empire - but the Eastern Roman Empire, bordered as it was by the Parthian/Sassanid Empire, did not have the option of devolving into simpler smaller entities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.", "passage": "He recognizes collapse when a society involuntarily sheds a significant portion of its complexity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience \"nor'easters,\" which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "The watershed of the Delaware River drains an area of 14119 sqmi and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U.S. states -- New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "He examines the Dutch system of flood management and concludes that, in New Jersey, rebuilding so close to the ocean is environmentally and financially unsustainable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "Expanding agriculture can exacerbate water scarcity and drive habitat loss.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "``Increasing population pressures, growing demand for fish and failures of governance are leading to unsustainable levels of exploitation of living aquatic resources and destruction of aquatic ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township.", "label": 0}
{"query": "New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"", "passage": "Wetlands in the U.S. are rapidly disappearing due to an increase in housing, industry, and agriculture, and rising sea levels contribute to this dangerous trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Hansen testified that \"Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now\" and \"The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Context for the founding of the GCC from 1988 included the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and NASA climatologist James Hansen's congressional testimony that climate change was occurring.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "There were increasing heatwaves and drought problems in the summer of 1988, and NASA climate scientist James Hansen's testimony in the U.S. Senate sparked worldwide interest.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "In June 1988, James E. Hansen made one of the first assessments that human-caused warming had already measurably affected global climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Revelle, Plass and other scientists alerted media to press for government attention, the dangers of global warming came to the fore at James Hansen's 1988 Congressional testimony.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "The effects of ocean acidification can already be seen and have been happening since the start of the industrial revolution, with pH levels of the ocean dropping by 0.1 since the pre-industrial revolution times.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "In water, CO becomes a weak [[carbonic acid]], and the increase in the greenhouse gas since the [[Industrial Revolution]] has already lowered the average [[pH]] (the laboratory measure of acidity) of seawater by 0.1 units, to 8.2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "According to Energy Innovation’s Energy Policy Simulator, a repeal of the Clean Power Plan would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 500 million metric tons by 2030, and by 2050, that figure would rise to more than 1,200 million metric tons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions", "label": 0}
{"query": "Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "passage": "President Obamas plan included the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) proposed a cap and trade system which would bring in revenue that would used to invest in clean energy technology creating 5 million new jobs The bill was passed through the house but never made it to the senate floor and therefore was never written into law.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "For example, \"a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "The value of tree rings for climate study was not solidly established until the 1960s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees, primarily from properties of the annual tree rings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Tree-ring evidence shows a rise in C cosmogenic isotope.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "passage": "Stress, too little precipitation or unsuitable temperatures, can alter the growth rate of trees, which allows scientists to infer climate trends by analyzing the growth rate of tree rings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "No climate station directly at site but in the general area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "The following chart is from NASA data of combined land-surface air and sea-surface water temperature anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "While the Alaska Interconnection is often referred to as one interconnected grid, its two parts are not connected to each other through interties, nor are the two grids connected to any other interconnection, making the grids in Alaska isolated circuits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "Some systems are designed to operate in one mode only, heating or cooling, depending on climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "passage": "The satellite time series is not homogeneous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or \"forcing mechanisms\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "A number of inputs can give rise to radiative forcing; the extra downwelling radiation due to the greenhouse effect, solar radiation variability due to orbital changes, changes in solar irradiance, direct aerosol effects – for example changes in albedo due to cloud cover – indirect aerosol effects, and changes in land use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "The climate system will vary in response to changes in forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "In this context, the term \"forcing\" signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: \"Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, with wind power providing a significant share of electricity in some regional areas: for example, 14 percent in the US state of Iowa, 40 percent in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 20 percent in Denmark.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "Wind and Solar are able to produce electricity for 20-40% of the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "In 2015, electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota, Vermont, and Texas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "Financial incentives to support renewable energy are available in some other US states.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "The following places meet 90% or more of their average yearly electricity demand with renewable energy (incomplete list):", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "Outside of the US, a higher proportion of petroleum tends to be used for electricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.", "passage": "In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 41%, natural gas at 22%, nuclear at 11%, hydro at 16%, other sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.)", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "Mann said, \"Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that \"late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the \"\"hockey stick\" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "By combining multiple tree-ring studies (sometimes with other climate proxy records), scientists have estimated past regional and global climates (see Temperature record of the past 1000 years).", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.", "passage": "published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "Ian Stirling (born September 26, 1941) is a research scientist emeritus with Environment and Climate Change Canada and an adjunct professor in the University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "There are a many different solar industry jobs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The solar industry is projected to employ over 420,000 individuals by 2020- nearly double of the 260,000 solar workers in 2016- and contribute $30 billion to the United States economy annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The U.S. Department of Energy stated (in 2006) that more than 1.5 million homes and businesses were currently using solar water heating in the United States, representing a capacity of over 1,000 megawatts (MW) of thermal energy generation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "§ 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "The first federal legislation to actually pertain to \"controlling\" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "The Clean Air Act of 1963 (42 U.S.C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "Clean Air Act\" of 1963", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "the Clean Air Act gives the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to regulate greenhouse gases, such as tailpipe emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "Established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "According to the EPA, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "In the United States, despite the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in non-attainment areas—regions in which the concentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "passage": "The Air Pollution Control Act\" of 1955", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0 ° C, 32 ° F, 273.15 K).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "Sublimation refers to evaporation from snow and ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "Pre-dusk, during early to intermediate stages of twilight, there may be enough light in the sky under clear-sky conditions to read outdoors without artificial illumination, but at the end of civil twilight, when the earth rotates to a point at which the center of the sun is at 6 ° below the local horizon, artificial illumination is required to read outside.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "passage": "Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Observed from Neptune, it would appear to go around it during one Neptunian year but it actually orbits the Sun, not Neptune.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K. Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5400 K. Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled ``arcs''), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Kepler-421b is an exoplanet that, as of July 2014, has the longest known year of any transiting planet (704 days), although not as long as the planets that have been directly imaged, or many of the planets found by the radial-velocity method, or as long as some transiting planet candidates which are listed as planets in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia (KIC 5010054 b etc.).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.", "passage": "The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "Relationships between global climate and changes in ice extent are complex.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "\"Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "Climate change may also lead to new human diseases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "Abrupt climate change has likely been the cause of wide ranging and severe effects:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "There are risks of irreversible climate changes, and the possibility of sudden changes in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "Models indicate that solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "\"It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are \"very likely\" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "The statement concludes with a call for \"reduction in anthropogenic (human-caused) sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change and the conservation of CO 2- consuming photosynthesizers (i.e., plants).\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "Secondly, although the narrator commentary during the presentation of the graph is consistent with the conclusions of the paper from which the figure originates, it incorrectly rules out a contribution by anthropogenic greenhouse gases to 20th century global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "\"New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "Climate forcing is the difference between radiant energy (sunlight) received by the Earth and the outgoing longwave radiation back to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.", "passage": "The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "This link is associated with climate variability and change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "passage": "The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change and displacement are complex: as the decision to migrate is taken at the household level, it is difficult to measure the respective influence of climate change in these decisions with regard to other influencing factors, such as poverty, population growth or employment options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "\"Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "Climate change effects have been linked to the rise and also the collapse of various civilizations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "Climate refugees or climate migrants are a subset of environmental migrants who were forced to flee \"due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "passage": "In some cases, climate change may lead to conflict arising between countries that as a result of flooding or other conditions produce a large number of refugees, and bordering countries that build fences to keep out these refugees.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Southern sea ice is increasing.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "It also promotes clean coal technologies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Coal pollution mitigation is a process whereby coal is chemically washed of minerals and impurities, sometimes gasified, burned and the resulting flue gases treated with steam, with the purpose of removing sulfur dioxide, and reburned so as to make the carbon dioxide in the flue gas economically recoverable, and storable underground (the latter of which is called \"carbon capture and storage\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "The coal industry uses the term \"clean coal\" to describe technologies designed to enhance both the efficiency and the environmental acceptability of coal extraction, preparation and use, but has provided no specific quantitative limits on any emissions, particularly carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Clean\" coal technology usually addresses atmospheric problems resulting from burning coal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "A coal-fired power station is a type of fossil fuel power station.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "A coal-fired power station or coal power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal to generate electricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "Refined coal is the product of a coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier \"ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "A number of scientific organizations have issued statements that support the consensus view.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 0}
{"query": "More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "passage": "\"Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Local average temperatures vary between 6 and 30 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Temperature varies from 39C in summer to 5C in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Temperatures range from 22 to with an average of 27 C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Mean maximum temperatures range from 19 ° C (66 ° F) in July, to 38 ° C (100 ° F) in January.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows : the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below − 3 ° C and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 ° C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "The temperature ranges from sub-zero in winters to more than 50 ° C in summers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "passage": "Annual average temperatures : maximum 33.3 ° C, minimum 12.1 ° C ; annual rainfall 2506 mm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N. Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago, its effects can still be felt today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The earth is currently in an interglacial, and the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the \"Ice Age\", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "At the end of the last ice age, between 10,000 and 11,500 years ago, the sea level was about 175 meters higher than it is today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The maximum ice extent occurred approximately 25,000 -- 21,000 years ago during the last glacial maximum, also known as the Late Wisconsin in North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "passage": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "\"The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan \"established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change\" and was \"the biggest step\" the United States had \"ever taken to address climate change.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "According to the EPA fact sheet on the Clean Power Plan, climate change is responsible for everything from stronger storms to longer droughts and increased insurance premiums, food prices and allergy seasons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines climate change as \"any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA, 2009) responded to public comments on climate change attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "passage": "In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "within the past 10 ~ 10 years) captured by the Solar System.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "He told CBC: \"It was warmer a thousand years ago than it is today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "Such warming over the past 15,000 years is widely accepted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "passage": "\"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the \"\"hockey stick\" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "He is quoted as being skeptical of global warming, and is described by Michael E. Mann as a \"prominent climate change contrarian.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "Paleoclimatology (in British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the study of climates for which direct measurements were not taken.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.", "passage": "Michael Mann, director of Pennsylvania State University's Earth System Science Center, said that sceptics were \"taking these words totally out of context to make something trivial appear nefarious\" and called the entire incident a careful, \"high-level, orchestrated smear campaign to distract the public about the nature of the climate change problem\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "The solar industry is projected to employ over 420,000 individuals by 2020- nearly double of the 260,000 solar workers in 2016- and contribute $30 billion to the United States economy annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "There are a many different solar industry jobs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "passage": "Thousands of people are employed in the energy industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "Alaska is the largest state in the United States in terms of land area at 570,380 sqmi, over twice (roughly 2.47 times) as large as Texas, the next largest state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "Global meat consumption is projected to more than double by 2050, perhaps as much as 76%, as the global population rises to more than 9 billion, which will be a significant driver of further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "Some scientists and academics assert that industrial agriculture and the growing demand for meat is contributing to significant global biodiversity loss as this is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "Habitat destruction by humans, including oceanic devastation, such as through overfishing and contamination; and the modification and destruction of vast tracts of land and river systems around the world to meet solely human-centered ends (with 13 percent of Earth's ice-free land surface now used as row-crop agricultural sites, 26 percent used as pastures, and 4 percent urban-industrial areas), thus replacing the original local ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "Climate change is attributed to land use for two main reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "A 2005 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated that although the Earth's total forest area continued to decrease at about 13 million hectares per year, the global rate of deforestation has recently been slowing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska", "passage": "The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna, starting at the end of the last Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "Although the term climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by CO, it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24,1945) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "Global Change Research Program.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "Global Change Research Program.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) is a scientific research organization that studies climate change impacts and solutions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "If solar variations were responsible for the observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and the stratosphere would be expected, but that has not been the case.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called \"allowances\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "1.0% lower and nine months after the introduction of the pricing scheme, Australia's carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation had fallen to a 10-year low, with coal generation down 11% from 2008 to 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "Suppose a $30 carbon price is imposed on the (roughly) 5 billion tonnes of the U.S. emits each year, and suppose that causes emissions to drop 20% (in the long run) to 4 billion tonnes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The Australian Government said in July 2013 that the carbon tax was a factor in reducing the emissions intensity in the National Electricity Market from 0.92 t of CO2 per MWh to 0.87 in the 11 months following its introduction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a \"carbon tax\", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the \"Clean Energy Act 2011\" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The carbon price was set at AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "passage": "The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (or CPRS) was a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme for anthropogenic greenhouse gases proposed by the Rudd government, as part of its climate change policy, which had been due to commence in Australia in 2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.", "passage": "As the Greenland ice sheet loses mass from calving of icebergs as well as by melting of ice, any such processes tend to accelerate the loss of the ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during the preceding eight years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "U.S. agriculture has doubled farm energy efficiency in the last 25 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "The overall increase in rice production throughout the 1980s was the result of higher productivity per hectare, rather than of an increase in the land area planted in rice ; in fact, the area planted in rice decreased during the 1980s, from 732,000 hectares in 1980 to 657,000 hectares in 1990.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $ 52,100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $ 52,100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $ 52,100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $ 52,100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $ 52,100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "passage": "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $ 52,100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "\"Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer’s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "\"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement aims to combat global climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "An increase of global temperature by more than 2°C has come to be the majority definition of what would constitute intolerably dangerous climate change with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels per the Paris Agreement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, \"enhancing the implementation\" of the UNFCCC through: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "Stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at 450 ppm would only result in a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 2 °C, and that it would be necessary to achieve stabilisation below 400 ppm to give a relatively high certainty of not exceeding 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.", "passage": "Stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at 450 ppm would only result in a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 2 °C, and that it would be necessary to achieve stabilisation below 400 ppm to give a relatively high certainty of not exceeding 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 degree Celsius which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 degrees in March 2015.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "passage": "The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.", "passage": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) by 2100 and plan for a 2–4 metres (7–13 ft) m rise by 2200.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "passage": "Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Specifically, surface data showed substantial global-average warming, while early versions of satellite and radiosonde data showed little or no warming above the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "\"Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "\"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,\" Gronewold said.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "\"Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "Current Great Lakes Water Levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "Uneven distributions of increased temperatures and increased precipitation around the globe results in water surpluses and deficits, but a global decrease in groundwater suggests a rise in sea level, even after meltwater and thermal expansion were accounted for, which can provide a positive feedback to the problems sea-level rise causes to fresh-water supply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "There is evidence of reduction of biomass in Saskatchewan 's boreal forests (as with those of other Canadian prairie provinces) that is linked by researchers to drought-related water stress stemming from global warming, most likely caused by greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "Global warming is the greatest cause of impact to the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"", "passage": "About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged \"The Forgotten River\" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "The Rio Grande ([ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrænd] or [ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrɑːndɛ] Río Bravo del Norte, [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "Rio Salado (New Mexico), United States, a tributary of the Rio Grande", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "The Santa Fe River is a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "Major tributaries of the Rio Grande are :", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "Middle Rio Grande Basin, a hydrological basin in central New Mexico", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "It was formerly known as the Rio del Norte.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.", "passage": "It is represented as a river.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "GAS infections can cause > 500,000 deaths per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "In Argentina, seasonal flu outbreaks kill about 4,000 people each year, equivalent to a rate of 10 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "More than 830,000 people died.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "Archaeological evidence indicates that the death of around 90% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "During epidemics the incidence of meningococcal disease approaches 100 per 100,000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "The Tse-Tse Fly and Sleeping Sickness (1908)", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”", "passage": "The 1976 swine flu outbreak, also known as the swine flu fiasco, or the swine flu debacle, was a strain of H1N1 influenza virus that appeared in 1976.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "Land-use change can be a factor in CO (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "The Devonian (/dɪˈvoʊn.i.ən, də-, dɛ-/ dih-VOH-nee-ən, də-, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "The Jurassic (/dʒʊˈræs.ɪk/ juu-RASS-ik; from the Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊər.i.ən, saɪ-/ sih-LYOOR-ee-ən, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "The Triassic (/traɪˈæs.ɪk/ try-ASS-ik) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "They argued that the emails showed that global warming was a scientific conspiracy and that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "Some climate change sceptics including bloggers asserted that a number of the leaked e-mails contain evidence supporting their global warming conspiracy theory that scientists had allegedly conspired to manipulate data and to keep scientists who have contrary views out of peer-review literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "Most of the emails concerned technical and mundane aspects of climate research, such as data analysis and details of scientific conferences.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "After all, some of those emails, taken out of context, sounded damning.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.", "passage": "\"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "About 99% is in the great ice sheets of polar and subpolar Antarctica and Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "Despite the possibility that global warming could result in losses to the Greenland ice sheet being offset by gains to the Antarctic ice sheet, there is major concern about the possibility of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "He further stated that a lower limit on \"dangerous anthropogenic interference\" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS).", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "passage": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "passage": "Rajendra Pachauri, the UN's \"top climate scientist\" and leader of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has come out, as have others, in favor of reducing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide to 350 ppm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.027 °F (0.015 °C) per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Models indicate that solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "Each player carries a \"stick\" that normally measures between 80–95 cm (31–38\"); shorter or longer sticks are available.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman, to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an Ice hockey stick's \"shaft\", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the \"blade\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name \"hockey stick graph\" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "The lower the flex number on a hockey stick, the more bend the stick creates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "1930s -- 1940s -- 1950s -- 1960s -- 1970s -- 1980s -- 1990s -- 2000s", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "{``class'' : 2, ``x'' : ``1994-95'', ``y'' : 61.4},", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "{``class'' : 5, ``x'' : ``1997-98'', ``y'' : 42.4},", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "The data are of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "passage": "The data are of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "\"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,\" Gronewold said.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "Current Great Lakes Water Levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "\"Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "The report identified and corrected errors in satellite temperature measurements and other temperature observations, which increased scientific confidence in the conclusion that lower atmosphere is warming on a global scale: \"There is no longer a discrepancy in the rate of global average temperature increase for the surface compared with higher levels in the atmosphere,\" said the report, \"the observed patterns of change over the past 50 years cannot be explained by natural processes alone\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "\"Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "This causes the climate to have cool summers and cool (but not cold) winters, and relative humidity and precipitation evenly distributed along the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "A simplified definition of what global warming means for the planet is that colder regions would get warmer and warmer regions would get much warmer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "Firstly, the regions are the warmest part of the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "passage": "The Climatic condition remains cool throughout the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "A northwards branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, is part of the thermohaline circulation (THC), transporting warmth further north to the North Atlantic, where its effect in warming the atmosphere contributes to warming Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "The climate of the Azores is very mild for such a northerly location, being influenced by its distance to continents and the passing Gulf Stream.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water).", "label": 0}
{"query": "On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "passage": "As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "\"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "Ice core records show that before the Holocene there was global warming after the end of the last ice age and cooling periods, but climate changes became more regional at the start of the Younger Dryas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "Black carbon emissions also significantly contribute to Arctic ice-melt, which is critical because “nothing in climate is more aptly described as a ‘tipping point’ than the 0 °C boundary that separates frozen from liquid water—the bright, reflective snow and ice from the dark, heat-absorbing ocean.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "passage": "Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "He said that in the 1960s the media had switched from warning of global warming to warning of global cooling and a coming ice age, then in the 1970s had returned to warming to promote \"climate change fears\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "passage": "In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the \"U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "\"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "with a goal to ``protect, restore, and enhance the natural integrity of coastal wetlands''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "Shortly after Hurricane Katrina hit, President George W. Bush asked former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton to raise funds to help rebuild the Gulf Coast region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "And finally, my administration will work with tech innovators and launch new challenges under our Climate Data Initiative, focused initially on rising sea levels and their impact on the coasts, but ultimately focused on how all these changes in weather patterns are going to have an impact up and down the United States – not just on the coast but inland as well – and how do we start preparing for that.” Obama's fund incorporates facets of both urban resiliency and human resiliency theories, by necessarily improving communal infrastructure and by focusing on societal preparation to decrease the country's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "America 's WETLAND Foundation (AWF) is a nonprofit, tax exempt 501 (c) (3) organization with the stated mission to save and conserve coastal wetlands in the U.S. state of Louisiana.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "Another important coastal habitat that is threatened by sea level rise is wetlands, which “occur along the margins of estuaries and other shore areas that are protected from the open ocean and include swamps, tidal flats, coastal marshes and bayous.” Wetlands are extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels, since they are within several feet of sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "passage": "It is threatened by coastal development and marsh draining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 1}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "label": 1}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 1}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no \"causative link\" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Among the possible factors that could produce changes in global mean temperature are internal variability of the climate system, external forcing, an increase in concentration of greenhouse gases, or any combination of these.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "\"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Another form of action is climate strike.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Political action can also gain media and public attention to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "One of the elements of the Occupy movement is global warming action.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see \"The Climate War\" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Climate Action Network–International (CAN) is an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) active on the issue of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "The Climate Action Network-International is a worldwide network of over 1100 non-governmental organizations in 120 countries working to promote government and individual action to limit human-induced climate change to ecologically sustainable levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "Enhanced action on mitigation of climate change includes, inter alia:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "passage": "The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "July 4, 1923.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "February 14, 1926.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "(2007) assessed the literature on impacts of climate change in Polar regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "Category : Publications established in 1922", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "Sea ice changes have been identified as a mechanism for polar amplification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "An observation based study related to Arctic amplification was published in 1969 by Mikhail Budyko, the study conclusion has been summarized as, \"Sea ice loss affects Arctic temperatures through the surface albedo feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "passage": "Warming Arctic temperatures provide a powerful forcing toward lessened sea ice coverage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "Globally, the troposphere is predicted by models to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "Level of free convection, a specific altitude in the atmosphere", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "Radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the tropopause, in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.", "passage": "Global warming projections indicate that the best estimate of surface air warming for a “high scenario” is 4 C, with a likely range of 2.4-6.4 C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "\"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive\" (Tweet).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that \"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "\"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Climate change is globally believed and scientifically proven to have incurred from the economic activities of developed and developing nations and regions such as China, the United States, and Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.", "passage": "Conspiracy theorists typically allege that, through worldwide acts of professional and criminal misconduct, the science behind global warming has been invented or distorted for ideological or financial reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Human influence on the climate system is clear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "\"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "Gordon Brown served as Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997, the same day that the Labour Party returned to power for the first time in 18 years, to 27 June 2007, when elevated as Prime Minister.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) was a British government department created on 3 October 2008, by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown to take over some of the functions related to energy of the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, and those relating to climate change of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "In 8 June 2015, several newspapers ran an article wrote that the leaders of the Group of Seven (or G7, consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) agreed to phase-out fossil fuel use by 2100, as part of the efforts to keep global temperature increase under 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "Lester Russel Brown (born March 28, 1934) is a United States environmental analyst, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and former president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C. BBC Radio commentator Peter Day referred to him as \"one of the great pioneer environmentalists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.", "passage": "He is an adviser to the British Government (as of 2009) on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "The observed changes in some climate variables, such as Arctic sea ice, some aspects of precipitation, and patterns of surface pressure, appear to be proceeding much more rapidly than models have projected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "High pressure areas form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "i. Brief summary of the location and movement of fronts, pressure systems and circulation patterns for an 18-hour period", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "The phenomena typically described by synoptic meteorology include events such as extratropical cyclones, baroclinic troughs and ridges, frontal zones, and to some extent jet streams.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "Storm has the ability to control the weather and can fly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "Jet streams are the product of two factors : the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large scale Polar, Ferrel, and Hadley circulation cells, and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.", "passage": "The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded \"it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.", "passage": "A contraction of the thermosphere has been observed as a possible result in part due to increased carbon dioxide concentrations, the strongest cooling and contraction occurring in that layer during solar minimum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "Cloud cover may change in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "The albedo of these low level clouds is much higher than the albedo of the underlying ocean surface and correctly modeling these clouds is needed to limit the uncertainty in climate model predictions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.", "passage": "I'm betting that if the climate models' 'clouds' were made to behave the way we see these clouds behave in nature, it would substantially reduce the amount of climate change the models predict for the coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the \"beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "As the cost of reducing GHG emissions in the electricity sector appears to be lower than in other sectors, such as in the transportation sector, the electricity sector may deliver the largest proportional carbon reductions under an economically efficient climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "This would accelerate the adoption of clean energy, reduce harmful emissions and the cost of climate-related disasters and could stimulate the economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "The perceived slow process of efforts for countries to agree to a comprehensive global level binding agreements has led some countries to seek independent/voluntary steps and focus on alternative high-value voluntary activities like the creation of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants by the United States, Canada, Mexico, Bangladesh, and Sweden which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which together are believed to account for up to 1/3 of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "Reducing energy use reduces emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "Climate-disrupting fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research, atmospheric pollution, rocket and satellite technology, his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between chlorofluoro compounds and stratospheric ozone loss, his public downplaying of the health risks of passive smoking, and as an advocate for climate change denial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "A 1990 article for the Cato Institute identifies Singer as the director of the science and environmental policy project at the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, on leave from the University of Virginia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "The VCR/LTER is a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network, and is administered by the Department of Environmental Sciences of the University of Virginia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Alexander Singer (born 1932), film director", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904 -- 1991), American novelist", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "passage": "Singer has had a varied career, serving in the armed forces, government, and academia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "(2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.", "passage": "In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's reviews of scenarios of energy usage that would keep global warming to approximately 1.5 degrees, the proportion of primary energy supplied by renewables increases from 15% in 2020 to 60% in 2050 (median values across all published pathways).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees increase for the winters over the past fifty years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "passage": "Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "), If the yearly average electricity production from sustained sources is higher than the total energy consumed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "Wind and Solar are able to produce electricity for 20-40% of the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "One vision of a sustainable energy future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads) doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "This is often confused with renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "passage": "Employment in large scale solar and wind power is driven primarily by installation activity, rather than ongoing operation and maintenance..", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "passage": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "\"Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "\"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "In areas where the amount of water in rivers and streams depends on snow melting, warmer temperatures increase the fraction of precipitation falling as rain rather than as snow, causing the annual spring peak in water runoff to occur earlier in the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "During a growing season, a leaf will transpire many times more water than its own weight.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "Warmer winter temperatures cause a decrease in snowpack, which can result in diminished water resources during summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "The water flow in a stream can vary widely from season to season.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "passage": "Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "The CO2 also is believed to have resulted in the greening of the planet \"We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "passage": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "\"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "An increase in temperature has the potential to cause a widespread epidemic of the disease that has the capacity to wipe out entire populations of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality", "label": 0}
{"query": "Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans", "passage": "Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "AAWV Position Statement on Climate Change, Wildlife Diseases, and Wildlife Health \"There is widespread scientific agreement that the world's climate is changing and that the weight of evidence demonstrates that anthropogenic factors have and will continue to contribute significantly to global warming and climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "While there is a greater amount of agreement over whether global warming exists, there is less agreement over the appropriate response.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).", "passage": "Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.", "label": 1}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.", "label": 1}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "As a result, the diet is less nutritional, which leads to reduced body size and reproduction, thus indicating population decline in polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "passage": "Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "The speed at which a transition in the energy sector needs to take place will be historically rapid.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "It is also not a fast enough response to address climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "According to Jacobson, a speedy transition to clean, renewable energy is required to reduce the potential acceleration of global warming, including the disappearance of the Arctic Sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "A timely implementation of the energy transition requires multiple approaches in parallel.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.", "passage": "The Energy transition is the shift by several countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions \"yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium\", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, \"but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "The satellite records used to show much smaller warming trends for the troposphere which were considered to disagree with model prediction; however, following revisions to the satellite records, the trends are now similar.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”", "passage": "less than 14% of the observed global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that \"climate change is real and is not a hoax\"; however, an amendment stating that \"human activity significantly contributes to climate change\" was supported by only five Republican senators.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "The Republican Party has varied views on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "Individual and political action on climate change can take many forms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "In 2015, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognized Tim Flannery for using dialogue and authentic engagement to build global consensus for action around climate change.His sometimes controversial views on shutting down conventional coal-fired power stations for electricity generation in the medium term are frequently cited in the media.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "Robert K. Watson, known as Rob, American environmentalist", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "passage": "The Citizens' Climate Lobby is a non-partisan organization with members throughout the United States, Canada and other countries, which advocates for effective climate legislation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "From a global perspective, it is more likely that people living at or below poverty will be affected the most by climate change and are thus the most vulnerable, because they will have the least amount of resource dollars to invest in resiliency infrastructure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "Many studies have shown that those people who are least responsible for causing the problem of climate change are also the most likely to suffer from its impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "As climate justice has revealed, the individual areas and countries that are least responsible for the phenomenon of climate change are also the ones who are going to be most negatively affected by future environmental disturbances.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "Negative impacts of climate change are those that are least capable of developing robust and comprehensive climate resiliency infrastructure and response systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.", "passage": "Future generations are likely to be the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, yet they are also the least represented in current decisions on climate action.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Environmental issues sometimes lead to armed conflict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of \"resource wars\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Two groups may fight over remaining natural resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "This possible event is described as nuclear winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Overpopulation causes crowding, and conflict over scarce resources, which in turn lead to increased levels of warfare.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Water is increasingly being used as a weapon in conflict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Hence, the adverse effects of climate crisis together with the ever-increasing number of global population would trigger intense competition for this increasingly scarce resource, leading to regional instability and even wars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "passage": "Nuclear peace is a theory of international relations that argues that under some circumstances nuclear weapons can induce stability and decrease the chances of crisis escalation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.", "label": 1}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "\"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 1}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.", "label": 1}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 1}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".", "label": 1}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "The 2008 NIPCC document titled \"Nature, Not Human Activity Rules the Climate: Summary for Policymakers of the Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel of Climate Change\", published by The Heartland Institute, was released in February–March 2008.", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "The controversy has focused on a small number of emails with \"climate sceptic\" websites picking out particular phrases, such as one in which Kevin Trenberth said, \"The fact is that we can’t account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can’t\".", "label": 0}
{"query": " As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.", "passage": "Kevin E. Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said that he was appalled at the release of the emails but thought that it might backfire against climate sceptics, as the messages would show \"the integrity of scientists\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "The focus of the United States was in the Pacific Basin with funding being provided by the National Oceanic Atmospheric Association (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "The satellite time series is not homogeneous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "There are some instances where the sources disagree.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "In addition to NSF sponsorship, funding includes grants from and contracts with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Defense (DOD), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and other agencies and organizations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "Albedo modification strategies could rapidly cool the planet’s surface but pose environmental and other risks that are not well understood and therefore should not be deployed at climate-altering scales; more research is needed to determine if albedo modification approaches could be viable in the future.The project was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, U.S. Intelligence Community, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and U.S. Department of Energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "passage": "Olson has been criticized for potentially \"dumbing down\" serious science issues.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "Warmer air holds more water vapor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale", "passage": "Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their \"utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: \"In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "\"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "There is a possible corresponding change in the rate of change of sea level rise seen in the data from both Barbados and Tahiti.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "Renewables contributed and nuclear power .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "America needs renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "These are lists about renewable energy:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "The Green Jobs Act of 2007 (H.R.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "The impulse of renewable energy can create jobs through the construction of new power plants and the manufacturing of the equipment that they need, as could be seen in the case of Germany and the wind power industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "an increase in planetary albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "passage": "Recent technological advances in studying the earth from space have resulted in a new field of phenological research that is concerned with observing the phenology of whole ecosystems and stands of vegetation on a global scale using proxy approaches.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "passage": "Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its \"side\" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "Pluto, circling the Sun in 248 years, has a rather elliptical orbit, which means that it stays in the sign it rules, Scorpio, for a mere 9 years, and the sign of its fall, Taurus for 30!", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "The Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical (its eccentricity varies).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "The first is a change in the Earth's orbit around the sun, or eccentricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "The Earth's orbit approximates an ellipse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "Orbital mechanics require that the length of the seasons be proportional to the swept areas of the seasonal quadrants, so when the eccentricity is extreme, the seasons on the far side of the orbit can last substantially longer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "As the orientation of Earth's orbit changes, each season will gradually start earlier in the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "Precession means the Earth's nonuniform motion (see above) will affect different seasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "passage": "As axial precession changes the place in the Earth's orbit where the solstices and equinoxes occur, Northern Hemisphere winters will get longer and summers will get shorter, eventually creating conditions believed to be favorable for triggering the next glacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "Those that are at least \"trans-generational\" (affecting all future generations) in scope and \"terminal\"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "assessed the literature on global futures scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "Projections were made over future climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "Climate change scenarios or Socioeconomic scenarios are projections of future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions used by analysts to assess future vulnerability to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "passage": "A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "It is generally necessary that the upper of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "As sea water freezes in the polar oceans, salt brine concentrates are expelled from the sea ice, creating a downward flow of dense, extremely cold and saline water with a lower freezing point than the surrounding water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "The evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.", "passage": "It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "Because the economics of climate change mitigation depend a lot on how quickly carbon neutrality needs to be achieved, climate sensitivity is very important economically: one study suggests that halving the uncertainty of the transient climate response could save trillions of dollars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "It rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, and says that policies to fight it would be damaging to the economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "The governmental endeavours to reduce climate costs have direct effects on economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "passage": "This article is about climate change, industry and society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "Global Change Research Program, over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "It is designed to be a powerful, scientifically authoritative document of high policy relevance, which will be a major contribution to the discussions at the 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali during December 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "The key message and supporting text summarizes extensive evidence documented in the peer-reviewed detection and attribution literature, including in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "Detection and attribution of climate signals, as well as its common-sense meaning, has a more precise definition within the climate change literature, as expressed by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "It would be correct to describe a scientist who was involved with AR4 or earlier IPCC reports in this way: 'X contributed to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "The IPCC explains this as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community:", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "passage": "It recognizes that warming of the climate system is scientifically verified and that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid twentieth century are very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, as assessed by the IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.", "passage": "Recent scientific assessments find that most of the warming of the Earth's surface over the past 50 years has been caused by human activities (see also the section on scientific literature and opinion).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace \"integer\" by \"element of the domain\" and Z {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\\displaystyle ax\\equiv 1{\\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "Russian MS-DOS 4.01, a special Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (RDOS) in 1990", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "Cromemco DOS (CDOS), an CP/M-like operating system", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "Satellite Record:", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "This is modified MediaWiki software and shown in the edit history mode.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "Network-Attached Secure Disks, a 1997 -- 2001 research project of Carnegie Mellon University, with the goal of providing cost-effective scalable storage bandwidth", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "The original SMM has been modified in multiple ways, including :", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "In database management systems, a journal is the record of data altered by a given process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "passage": "The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) (previously known as the ``Myocardial Infarction National Audit Database'') began in late 1998 when a broadly based steering group developed a dataset for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "These scientists include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "The petition has also been signed by at least two Nobel Prize winners and Jonas Salk.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "Numerous scientists, including the Council for Sustainable Development", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "Another group of Danish scientists collected signatures in support of the DCSD.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "ICSU: International Council for Science", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "The petition contained the names of \"around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals\", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", "passage": "Several scientists (including e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar cycles cause global warming.", "passage": "The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "How much are we willing to spend to avoid a 23 foot rise in sea level?", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "This enables those who study Earth's history to apply knowledge of how earth processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved and changed throughout long history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Scientists can get a grasp of long term climate by studying sedimentary rock going back billions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth works and evolves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Future Earth", "label": 0}
{"query": "In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "passage": "Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fröhlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, \"no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "(2007) state:[..] the cosmic ray time series does not appear to correspond to global total cloud cover after 1991 or to global low-level cloud cover after 1994.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "\"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.", "passage": "The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.", "label": 1}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.", "label": 1}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.", "label": 1}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "The action begins at \"9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001\" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.", "label": 1}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "In the three days following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, when no commercial aircraft flew in the United States, climate scientists measured the daily temperature range over 5000 weather stations across the USA.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "On September 11, 2001, 19 Arab-Muslim hijackers took control of four commercial aircraft and used them as suicide weapons in a series of four coordinated acts of terrorism to strike the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and an additional target in Washington, D.C. Two aircraft hit the World Trade Center while the third hit the Pentagon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "September 11, 2001 : Five Al-Qaeda hijackers fly a commercial jet American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon, as part of the September 11 attacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "American Airlines Flight 444 was a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. 's National Airport, which on November 15, 1979, was attacked by the Unabomber.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "There are several causes for a flight to be delayed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "ATC Zero (Air Traffic Control Zero) is an official term used by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that means the FAA is unable to safely provide the published ATC (air traffic control) services within the airspace managed by a specific facility.", "label": 0}
{"query": "After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "passage": "A flight delay is when an airline flight takes off and/or lands later than its scheduled time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Scientists rely on such studies to attribute observed changes in climate to a particular cause or set of causes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "Snow tends to be rare in regions with this climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "Over the last 800,000 years, climate sensitivity has been found to be larger in cold periods than in warm periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "The climate is a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …", "passage": "Evidence exists of past warm periods in Earth's climate when polar land masses similar to Antarctica were home to deciduous forests rather than ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "\"Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "\"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "They fled to Hawaii, leading to their dramatic demise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "\"A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "The ocean is in great danger of collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "Atoll lagoons are often much deeper than coastal lagoons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.", "passage": "Close to of land have been submerged.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "As climate change continues, heat will continue to rise and these problems will exacerbate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.", "passage": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "The Maunder Minimum, also known as the \"prolonged sunspot minimum\", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: \"We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "During the minimum transit from solar cycle 19 to 20, there were a total of 227 days with no sunspots.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19-24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "Solar sunspot maximum occurs when the magnetic field of the sun collapses and reverse as part of its average 11 year solar cycle (22 years for complete North to North restoration).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "There are some recent speculations that cycle 4, the longest solar cycle since 1755, was actually two cycles, based on the appearance of new sunspots at high solar latitudes in 1793-1796 and a reconstruction of the sunspot butterfly diagram for cycles 3 and 4, although total sunspot numbers only show a single-peaked distribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "While there is a Milankovitch cycle in the range of 100,000 years, related to Earth 's orbital eccentricity, its contribution to variation in insolation is much smaller than those of precession and obliquity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "passage": "In the modern era the Sun has operated within a band sufficiently narrow that climate has been less affected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "Application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "passage": "The cryosphere (from the Greek \"kryos\", \"cold\", \"frost\" or \"ice\" and \"sphaira\", \"globe, ball\") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled\" Begley 2007: \"polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was \"mainly caused by things people do.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Climatology (from Greek , \"klima\", \"place, zone\"; and , \"-logia\") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "The water vapor in the stratosphere arrives through tall [[thunderstorm]]s, while 15% of this vapor is delivered by tropical cyclones, and through chemical breakdown of [[methane]] into water vapor and carbon dioxide, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "Level of free convection, a specific altitude in the atmosphere", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "passage": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet, and widely used as the source of energy in thermal power stations and is a relatively cheap fuel.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "Renewables contributed and nuclear power .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "The \"Energiewende\" (German for \"energy transition\") is the transition by Germany to a low carbon, environmentally sound, reliable, and affordable energy supply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "Integration of renewable energy has caused some grid stability problems in Germany.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.", "passage": "Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels \"(see solar power by country)\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as \"climate change\" or \"anthropogenic climate change\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "Most of these fine particles are a by-product of... burning... coal, gasoline, diesel, wood, trash...", "label": 1}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "For example, the majority of soot emissions in South Asia are due to biofuel cooking, whereas in East Asia, coal combustion for residential and industrial uses plays a larger role.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "Ramanathan estimates that “providing alternative energy-efficient and smoke-free cookers and introducing transferring technology for reducing soot emissions from coal combustion in small industries could have major impacts on the radiative forcing due to soot.” Specifically, the impact of replacing biofuel cooking with black carbon-free cookers (solar, bio, and natural gas) in South and East Asia is dramatic: over South Asia, a 70 to 80% reduction in black carbon heating; and in East Asia, a 20 to 40% reduction.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "Black carbon sources vary by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "Damage to health from particulates, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide occurs mainly in Asia and is often due to burning low quality coal, such as lignite, in plants lacking modern flue gas treatment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "Smoke from traditional household solid fuel combustion commonly contains a range of incomplete combustion products, including both fine and coarse particulate matter (e.g., PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and a variety of organic air pollutants (e.g., formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, phenols, pyrene, benzopyrene, benzo (a) pyrene, dibenzopyrenes, dibenzocarbazoles, and cresols).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "The largest sources of black carbon are Asia, Latin America, and Africa.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.", "passage": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere, owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting, for instance about climatic cycles such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "The range in temperature projections partly reflects different projections of future greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "passage": "[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "is absorbed and emitted naturally as part of the carbon cycle, through animal and plant respiration, volcanic eruptions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "These natural sources are nearly balanced by natural sinks, physical and biological processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "Trees : Protecting forests and planting new trees contributes to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Climate change is projected to affect water availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "passage": "Climate change, such as altered weather-patterns (including droughts or floods), deforestation, increased pollution, green house gases, and wasteful use of water can cause insufficient supply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a \"crisis\" or a \"serious problem\", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these \"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that \"global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "To some extent moisture in the atmosphere accelerates the probability of a global warming event.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "By increasing the amount of moisture available to fall as precipitation, severe weather events are more likely to occur.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "With very high or high confidence, IPCC (2007d:11) made a number of projections related to future changes in glaciers:", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", "passage": "According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: \"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "In 2008, Spencer and William Braswell published a paper in the Journal of Climate which suggests that natural variations in how clouds form could actually be causing temperature changes, rather than the other way around, and could also lead to overestimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "There are a number of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "The effect of this warm water propagates through the ocean, and reduces the amount of CO 2 that the oceans can hold in solution, which makes the oceans release large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere in a geologically short time (tens or thousands of years).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "The BBC fought to overturn a ruling by the Information Tribunal that the BBC was wrong to refuse to release to a member of the public under the Freedom of Information Act of 2000 (FOI) the Balen report on its Middle East coverage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "A 2008 FOI request by David Holland for emails discussing work on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was refused by the university.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "David Holland, an electrical engineer from Northampton, made a 2008 FOI request for all emails to and from Keith Briffa about the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report; the university's information policy and compliance manager refused the request.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "Two FOIA requests for data shared with another researcher were refused by the university, and the requestors appealed this to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "The committee's report was largely ignored.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as ``right to know''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as ``right to know''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored", "passage": "Additional information is incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is \"very likely\" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "In 1995 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report reflecting the scientific consensus that the balance of evidence suggests there is a discernible human influence on global climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Plants convert carbon dioxide into biomass and emit oxygen into the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Plants that survive solely on fixation ( plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and groundwater is plentiful.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "passage": "Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within things such as rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "\"Mike's Nature trick\" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the \"\"hockey stick\" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "More than two dozen reconstructions, using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records, have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph, with variations in how flat the pre-20th century \"shaft\" appears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions, incorporating proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals which are found in different regions, and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.", "passage": "the conventional multi-proxy studies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "Finally, Earth Systems models project that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2047, the Earth's near surface temperature could depart from the range of variability in the last 150 years, affecting over 3 billion people and most places of great species diversity on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "(2008) also referred to projections over the same time period of the: US Climate Change Science Program (2.7% max, and 2.0% mean), International Monetary Fund's 2007 \"World Economic Outlook\" (2.5%), Energy Modelling Forum (2.4% max, 1.7% mean), US Energy Information Administration (2.2% high, 1.8% medium, and 1.4% low), IEA's \"World Energy Outlook 2007\" (2.1% high, 1.8 base case), and the base case from the Nordhaus model (1.3%).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "\"World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].", "passage": "It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch Institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "could \"spell the end of the human race\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "... even with the most optimistic set of assumptions -- the ending of deforestation, a halving of emissions associated with food production, global emissions peaking in 2020 and then falling by 3 per cent a year for a few decades -- we have no chance of preventing emissions rising well above a number of critical tipping points that will spark uncontrollable climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "The rapid increase in world population over the past three centuries has raised concerns that the planet may not be able to sustain the future or even present number of its inhabitants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "passage": "The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: \"Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "The IPCC explains this as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "passage": "Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the \"water vapour feedback\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.", "passage": "Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called \"allowances\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "The world is in the grip of an idea: that burning fossil fuels to provide affordable, abundant energy is causing global warming that will be so dangerous that we must stop it by reducing our use of fossil fuels, no matter the cost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.", "passage": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations—the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "From 1989–1992, the European Greenland Ice Core Drilling Project drilled in central Greenland at coordinates 72° 35' N, 37° 38' W. The ices in that core were 3840 years old at a depth of 770 m, 40,000 years old at 2521 m, and 200,000 years old or more at 3029 m bedrock.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "\"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "Marine organisms are more sensitive to changes in (carbon dioxide) levels than terrestrial organisms are for a variety of reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "\"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "passage": "(2013) \"Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Bears is a 2014 nature documentary film about a family of brown bears living in the coastal mountain ranges of Alaska.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Vaccinium ovalifolium (commonly known as Alaska blueberry, early blueberry, oval-leaf bilberry, oval-leaf blueberry, and oval-leaf huckleberry) is a plant in the heath family having three varieties, all of which grow in northerly regions, including the subarctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Sambucus, botanical genus containing the elder and elderberry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "It is found in Russia and Alaska in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Ursus (genus), a genus of bears", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "passage": "Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "\"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "“The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "Around the world only a few have truly faced up to the facts about global warming...", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "A simplified definition of what global warming means for the planet is that colder regions would get warmer and warmer regions would get much warmer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Biosequestration or carbon sequestration through biological processes affects the global carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "Atmospheric aerosols affect the climate of the earth by changing the amount of incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation retained in the earth's system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 \"Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "In geology, continental drift, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, hail, snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations brought about by solar energy on the atmosphere of the planet Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.", "passage": "A number of inputs can give rise to radiative forcing; the extra downwelling radiation due to the greenhouse effect, solar radiation variability due to orbital changes, changes in solar irradiance, direct aerosol effects – for example changes in albedo due to cloud cover – indirect aerosol effects, and changes in land use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Climate change is projected to affect water availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Sea-level rise may also consequently be caused by a depletion of groundwater, as climate change can affect the hydrologic cycle in a number of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "Climate changes affected the locations of the settlements.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "“Sea level rise will cause a change of state from freshwater to marine or estuarine ecosystems, radically altering the composition of biotic communities\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The polar bear population has been growing.", "passage": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "This documentary presents the work done to develop the theory that cloud cover change is caused by variations in cosmic rays as the major originator of global climate variation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "passage": "Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "These changes are often a sign of a changing climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the \"U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]", "passage": "That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Global warming also affects weather patterns as they pertain to cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "The EPA has determined that greenhouse gas pollution causes global temperature warming, leading to harmful changes to the environment and human health globally such as increased drought and increased famine due to decrease in water supply and agricultural production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "The effects of global warming such as extreme weather events, droughts, floods, biodiversity loss, disease and sea level rise are dangerous for humans and the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "An example of a proposed causal chain leading to more warming is the decline of Arctic sea ice, potentially triggering subsequent release of ocean methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "Melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic through the Arctic Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "As Arctic ice melts and shipping activity increases, emissions originating within the Arctic are expected to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "passage": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "The sea temperature during the summer months is up to 25 degrees.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.", "passage": "Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at Faversham in Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the heatwave in July 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "In case of the public opinion on climate change, no imminent danger is perceived.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "In the case of climate change an action that needs to be taken is one that influences them rather than the other way around.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "President Obama said in September 2009 that if the international community would not act swiftly to deal with climate change that \"we risk consigning future generations to an irreversible catastrophe...The security and stability of each nation and all peoples—our prosperity, our health, and our safety—are in jeopardy, and the time we have to reverse this tide is running out.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "passage": "\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tagebücher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "More importantly, according to Harris, it was decided that they should not have the material examined by a forensic scientist or historian until every diary had been obtained.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "While the discussions between Murdoch and Sorge were taking place, the diaries were examined by Broyle and his Newsweek team.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "29 July 2002.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "``Global Equity'' (Moscow, 2004, 2007)", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "2007", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "2007", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "2007", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "2004", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "2004", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "2004", "label": 0}
{"query": "Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "passage": "1976-2006", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was \"a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it\"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”", "passage": "During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "These scientists include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "Several scientists (including e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "The petition has also been signed by at least two Nobel Prize winners and Jonas Salk.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "Numerous scientists, including the Council for Sustainable Development", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "A number of French intellectuals, including prominent names, signed the petition.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.", "passage": "The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The effects can be combined into an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.", "passage": "One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.", "label": 1}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west.", "label": 1}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.", "label": 1}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "Water temperatures must be extremely high (near or above 30 °C, 86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).", "label": 1}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "Following the asymmetric nature of the warm and cold phases of ENSO, some studies could not identify such distinctions for La Niña, both in observations and in the climate models, but some sources indicate that there is a variation on La Niña with cooler waters on central Pacific and average or warmer water temperatures on both eastern and western Pacific, also showing eastern Pacific Ocean currents going to the opposite direction compared to the currents in traditional La Niñas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "Based on modeled and observed accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), El Niño years usually result in less active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean, but instead favor a shift of tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean, compared to La Niña years favoring above average hurricane development in the Atlantic and less so in the Pacific basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.", "label": 0}
{"query": "La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at Faversham in Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the heatwave in July 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.", "passage": "Mean maximum temperatures range from 19 ° C (66 ° F) in July, to 38 ° C (100 ° F) in January.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Peiser identified an error in this paper in that keywords used in the ISI database search were in fact \"global climate change\" and not \"climate change\" as originally stated, which resulted in a correction being published by \"Science\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Bibliography : It is possible to search by author/coauthor, by journal, by GeoReM number, and by keywords.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Benny Josef Peiser (born 1957) is a social anthropologist specialising in the environmental and socio-economic impact of physical activity on health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "He is an ISI highly cited researcher.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Spiegelhalter is an ISI highly cited researcher.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Jan O. Pedersen (at PARC circa 1990-1996), researcher in search system technology and algorithms", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "passage": "Proteins : Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by John Wiley & Sons, which was established in 1986 by Cyrus Levinthal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "In 1995, GCC assembled an advisory committee of scientific and technical experts to compile an internal-only, 17-page report on climate science entitled \"Predicting Future Climate Change: A Primer\", which said: “The scientific basis for the Greenhouse Effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on climate is well established and cannot be denied.” In early 1996, GCC's operating committee asked the advisory committee to redact the sections that rebutted contrarian arguments, and accepted the report and distributed it to members.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled \"Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes,\" had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled \"The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing\" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "passage": "Thus it is incorrect to refer to any IPCC official, or scientist who worked on IPCC reports, as a Nobel laureate or Nobel Prize winner.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "less than 14% of the observed global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "The satellite time series is not homogeneous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change \"based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”", "passage": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).", "label": 1}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD).", "label": 1}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.", "label": 1}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Global warming is the greatest cause of impact to the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "A rise in global temperatures is also predicted to correlate with an increase in global precipitation but because of increased runoff, floods, increased rates of soil erosion, and mass movement of land, a decline in water quality is probable, because while water will carry more nutrients it will also carry more contaminants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Future global warming is expected to be accompanied by a reduction in rainfall in the subtropics and an increase in precipitation in subpolar latitudes and some equatorial regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "passage": "Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body \"protectively\" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).", "label": 1}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C, and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C death is almost inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "The hunting reaction or hunting response is a process of alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation in extremities exposed to cold.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”", "passage": "Deaths do not just occur from drowning, deaths are connected with dehydration, heat stroke, heart attack and any other illness that needs medical supplies that cannot be delivered.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "Igneous rock when exposed to a near surface environment absorbs carbon dioxide through a very slow weathering rate, but weathering increases in a warmer, higher rainfall climate, speeding the process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "Enhanced weathering is the removal of carbon from the air into the earth, enhancing the natural carbon cycle where carbon is mineralized into rock.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "The weathering of silicate rock (see carbonate-silicate cycle).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the rock is then released into the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "passage": "The weathering sequesters CO, by the reaction of minerals with chemicals (especially silicate weathering with CO) and thereby removing CO from the atmosphere and reducing the radiative forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "passage": "Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural \"sinks\" involved in the carbon cycle.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).", "passage": "acting as a carbon sink.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "\"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive\" (Tweet).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that \"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "\"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a “hoax.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "This was a significant milestone, as Trump once tweeted that \"the concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19-24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "The assessment of the solar activity/climate relationship involves multiple, independent lines of evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.", "passage": "From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "Ongoing effects include rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature stratification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.", "passage": "The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "\"Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "\"Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "For example, coral reefs – which are biodiversity hotspots – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "Episode 5 (14), \"Collapse of the Oceans\" (November 23, 2016): At the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Joshua Jackson investigates the devastating impacts of ocean warming on coral reefs and looks at the predicted impact on ocean ecosystems, and on our own food supply, of ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s", "passage": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).", "label": 1}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "The solar minima in this period coincided with volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling effect on the global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "passage": "The retreat of glaciers and ice caps can cause increased [[volcanism]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "(observes daylight saving time)", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "passage": "Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found \"considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century\", but that \"over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "At any time, forests account for as much as double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "Mountain Pine Beetle are a species native to Western North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "The mountain pine beetle (\"Dendroctonus ponderosae\") play an important role in limiting pine trees like lodgepole pine in forests of western North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "This beetle is distributed in United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "Pine forests in the western North America provide a good example of such a cycle involving insect outbreaks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "Limber Pine, a species of pine tree found in the Western United States and Canada", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "passage": "However, as climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier, pine beetles have more power to infest and destroy the forest ecosystems, such as the whitebark pine forests of the Rockies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 \"Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "Total warming in Greenland was .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "While Greenland is geologically associated with North America, it is also a part of the Arctic region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "\"Greenland enters melt mode\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "passage": "While Arctic temperatures have generally increased, there is some discussion concerning the temperatures over Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "passage": "Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no \"causative link\" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—\"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes\", wrote Cherry-Garrard.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have produced differing temperature datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "passage": "It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "(2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "Effects of global warming (climate change) are expected to impact developing countries more than wealthier countries, as most of them have a high \"climate vulnerability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "While researchers acknowledge there are possible benefits of global warming, most agree that the negative consequences of climate change will outweigh any potential benefits and instead the shifting climate will result in more benefits to developed countries and more detriments to developing countries; exacerbating the discrepancy between wealthy and impoverished nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "There is even more concern for the rapidly growing urban centers in developing countries, where the majority of urban inhabitants are poor or “otherwise vulnerable to climate-related disturbances.” Urban centers around the world house important societal and economic sectors, so resiliency framework has been augmented to specifically include and focus on protecting these urban systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "passage": "That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "passage": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest (see International cooperation and Emissions trading), suggesting the need for collective action.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "The Energy Users Association of Australia (EUAA) said in June 2013 \"\"we suggest that it cannot be said that pricing emissions has reduced emissions in stationary energy to any meaningful extent", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "\"Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "passage": "RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "However, the primary need for central heating is at night and in winter when solar gain is lower.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar night (winter).", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter", "passage": "Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\\displaystyle \\rho ={\\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\\displaystyle \\rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\\displaystyle \\mu =\\alpha \\rho \\lambda {\\sqrt {\\frac {2k_{\\text{B}}T}{\\pi m}}},} where k B {\\displaystyle k_{\\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\\displaystyle \\alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\\displaystyle 1} .", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "Obtaining precise number is difficult for a variety of reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "The environmental lapse rate (the actual rate at which temperature drops with height, formula_12) is not usually equal to the adiabatic lapse rate (or correspondingly, formula_13).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "The graph shows that the overall efficiency does not increase steadily with the receiver's temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal energy and not its absolute value, which is impossible to determine with thermodynamics alone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "when the efficiency derivative relative to the receiver temperature is null:", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "In this case, the median better reflects the temperature of a randomly sampled object (but not the temperature in the room) than the mean ; naively interpreting the mean as ``a typical sample'', equivalent to the median, is incorrect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "passage": "In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "Another aspect of the terrestrial working group involves how the changes of the Arctic climate will, in turn, affect the rest of the globe in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "While there are still large region to region and multiyear shifts in the Arctic climate, the large spatial extent of recent changes in air temperature, sea ice, and vegetation is greater than observed in the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.", "passage": "Changes occuring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last glacial) show that the circulation is the North Atlantic can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system didn't change much.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "They state further that the \"continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Global climate change is going to increase the probability of extreme weather events and environmental disturbances around the world, needless to say, future human populations are going to have to confront this issue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri \"et al\"., 2007:393).", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "passage": "Hansen noted that in determining responsibility for climate change, the effect of greenhouse gas emissions on climate is determined not by current emissions, but by accumulated emissions over the lifetime of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly for thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "IPCC says, \"All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C [2.7°F] with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100-1000 GtCO over the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "passage": "Limiting global warming to 1.5°C requires staying within a total carbon budget, i.e.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "\"Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "An animal or plant species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "The species is now considered vulnerable to extinction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.", "passage": "The IUCN lists six bear species as vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species, such as the brown bear, are at risk of extirpation in certain countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "Climate Reality Leaders come from 135 countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "The \"Economists’ Statement on Climate Change,\" was signed by over 2500 economists including nine Nobel Laureates in 1997.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "passage": "European Commission DG CLIMA (Climate Action)", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of El Niño.", "passage": "El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Endangered species - An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "They are important apex predators feeding on a wide variety of smaller fish and cephalopods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "For example, coral reefs – which are biodiversity hotspots – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Several fish species have been driven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios coral reef formations in the Indian Ocean, are effectively lost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Under increased carbon dioxide concentration expected in the 21st century, corals are expected to becoming increasingly rare on reef systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Since countless sea life depend on the reefs for shelter and protection from predators, the extinction of the reefs would ultimately create a domino effect that would trickle down to the many human societies that depend on those fish for food and livelihood.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "passage": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "In 2015, \"The Guardian\" quoted Romm about historic high global temperatures, and \"MarketWatch\" quoted him on actions that Donald Trump might take concerning climate agreements if he were to be elected president.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "As a result of the Trump Presidency, media coverage on climate change is expected to decline during his term as president.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "passage": "Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2 °C to produce \"catastrophic\" climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "\"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "The ozone hole is attributed to the emission of chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs into the atmosphere, which decompose the ozone into other gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "A 2017 study concluded that similar conditions to today's Antarctic ozone hole (atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate changes), ∼17,700 years ago, when stratospheric ozone depletion contributed to abrupt accelerated Southern Hemisphere deglaciation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "passage": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that \"global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "In his 1992 book \"Earth in the Balance\", Al Gore wrote, \"... it ought to be possible to establish a coordinated global program to accomplish the strategic goal of completely eliminating the internal combustion engine over, say, a twenty-five-year period...\" Approximately half of the oil produced in the United States is refined into gasoline for use in internal combustion engines.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "Programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming \"stopped in 1998\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"", "passage": "The proportion of Americans who believe that the effects of global warming have begun or will begin in a few years rose to a peak in 2008 where it then declined, and a similar trend was found regarding the belief that global warming is a threat to their lifestyle within their lifetime.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992–2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "Studies based on estimated snowfall and mass output tend to indicate that the ice sheets are near balance or taking some water out of the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "Long-term mass balance records from Lemon Creek Glacier in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "passage": "Combined glacier mass balance estimates of the large ice sheets carry an uncertainty of about 20%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "He said that it was not a single scandal, but \"a sustained and coordinated campaign\" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: \"these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude – and ultimately undermine their own cause\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "Some climate change sceptics including bloggers asserted that a number of the leaked e-mails contain evidence supporting their global warming conspiracy theory that scientists had allegedly conspired to manipulate data and to keep scientists who have contrary views out of peer-review literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "Ever-strengthening scientific consensus on climate change means that skepticism is becoming less prevalent in the media (although the email scandal in the build up to Copenhagen reinvigorated climate skepticism in the media).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "There have been allegations of malpractice, most notably in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (\"ClimateGate\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "They argued that the emails showed that global warming was a scientific conspiracy and that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.", "passage": "Climate change sceptics gained wide publicity in blogs and news media, making allegations that the hacked emails showed evidence that climate scientists manipulated data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "The oxygen isotope ratio obtained from seabed sediment core samples, a proxy for the average global temperature, is an important source of information about changes in the climate of the earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K -- T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "Recent evidence from a global study of water stable isotopes shows that transpired water is isotopically different from groundwater and streams.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "Similar to their study on other proxies, paleoclimatologists examine oxygen isotopes in the contents of ocean sediments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change", "passage": "For Heinrich event 4, based on a model study reproducing the isotopic anomaly of oceanic oxygen 18, the fresh water flux has been estimated to 0.29±0.05 Sverdrup with a duration of 250±150 years (Roche \"et al\"., 2004), equivalent to a fresh water volume of about or a sea-level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these \"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "A 2013 poll in Norway conducted by TNS Gallup found that 66% of the population believe that climate change is caused by humans, while 17% do not believe this.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is \"ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "The report was not properly peer reviewed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "The circumstances of the paper's publication were controversial, prompting concerns about the publishers' peer review process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "Some physicists have also treated this as evidence of the fallibility inherent within the peer review system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "The election process was overshadowed my multiple allegations of violations of its integrity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Peer review process was corrupted", "passage": "This latter point was missed in the review process, explaining why I perceive this paper to be fundamentally flawed and therefore wrongly accepted by the journal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "Climate scientist Tom Wigley, a lead author of parts of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has stated that \"Michaels' statements on the subject of computer models are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation … Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "The programme makers misrepresented the science, the views of some of the scientists featured in the programme and the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "In July 2006, Bryan Leyland, who claimed to be the acting chairman of the Coalition issued a media release recommending the New Zealand government institute a Royal Commission on climate change claiming the public were \"being given incomplete, inaccurate and biased information about the effects of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere\" when \"global warming caused by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases ... cannot be substantiated\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "\"Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "Due to climate change, Australia is expected to experience harsher extreme weather events, mainly bush-fires and floods during summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "passage": "The new forest and the resulting forest fires may have induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "\"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.", "passage": "Earth's surface, warmed to an \"effective temperature\" around −18 °C (0 °F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 1}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality", "label": 0}
{"query": "cold kills many more people than heat.", "passage": "In Europe, mean annual heat related mortalities are 304 in north Finland, 445 in Athens, and 40 in London, while cold related mortalities are 2457, 2533, and 3129 respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania, Africa.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Researchers reported Kilimanjaro's glacier retreat was due to a combination of increased sublimation and decreased snow fall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, Alps, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range, and the southern Andes, as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Rising global temperatures have noticeable effects on the rate at which glaciers melt, causing glaciers in general to shrink worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "The Furtwängler Glacier is located near the summit of Kilimanjaro.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Since 1912 the glacier cover on the summit of Kilimanjaro has apparently retreated 75%, and the volume of glacial ice is now 80% less than it was a century ago due to both retreat and thinning.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "passage": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface, where temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "Meanwhile, the radiation of heat at the top of the atmosphere results in the cooling of that part of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.", "passage": "The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "However, the intense heat (particularly in the summer months) endures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the", "label": 0}
{"query": "the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm", "passage": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "\"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "Mitigation of and adaptation to climate change are two complementary responses to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as \"climate change\" or \"anthropogenic climate change\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "\"Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "passage": "A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called \"allowances\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Past observations have indicated some of the likely effects of climate change on biodiversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.", "label": 1}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.", "label": 1}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.", "label": 1}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "Berger predicts a 24% CO2 share for aviation by 2050 if fuel efficiency improves by 1% per year and if there are no electric or hybrid aircraft, dropping to 3–6% if 10-year-old aircraft are replaced by electric or hybrid aircraft due to regulatory constraints, starting in 2030, to reach 70% of the 2050 fleet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "The largest group being electricity production accounting for 37% of carbon emissions, followed by personal ground travel at 22%, natural gas not used towards power at 11%, movement of goods by boat, truck, or air at 9%, oil refining at 6%, other uses of petroleum at 6%, jet fuel, specifically for air travel, at 4%, and the last 5% spread among other miscellaneous uses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "A 2014 life-cycle assessment of the cradle-to-grave reduction in CO by a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) airliner such as a Boeing 787—including its manufacture, operations and eventual disposal—has shown that by 2050 such aircraft could reduce the airline industry's CO emissions by 14–15 percent, compared use of conventional airliners.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "passage": "In addition to the CO released by most aircraft in flight through the burning of fuels such as Jet-A (turbine aircraft) or Avgas (piston aircraft), the aviation industry contributes greenhouse gas emissions from ground airport vehicles and those used by passengers and staff to access airports, as well as through emissions generated by the production of energy used in airport buildings, the manufacture of aircraft and the construction of airport infrastructure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "\"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.", "label": 1}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις \"fore-knowing, foreseeing\") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).", "label": 1}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.", "label": 1}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "\"Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "passage": "Hamilton's general view about climate change is that the \"world is on a path to a very unpleasant future and it is too late to stop it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from \"debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist\", according to The New York Times.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that \"climate change is real and is not a hoax\"; however, an amendment stating that \"human activity significantly contributes to climate change\" was supported by only five Republican senators.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "With respect to the climate change, the Democratic Party believes that “carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gasses should be priced to reflect their negative externalities, and to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy and help meet our climate goals.” Democrats are also committed to “implementing, and extending smart pollution and efficiency standards, including the Clean Power Plan, fuel economy standards for automobiles and heavy-duty vehicles, building codes and appliance standards.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "In 2019 a new climate change bill was introduced in Minnesota.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "In its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "In a debate on the same day about a bill for the Keystone XL pipeline, Inhofe endorsed an amendment proposed by Senator Sheldon Whitehouse, \"Climate change is real and not a hoax\", which passed 98–1.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.", "label": 1}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "The close association of images of Arctic glaciers, ice, and fauna with climate change might harbor cultural connotations that contradict the fragility of the region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be \"ice-free\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance in the climate of the Arctic, between year-round snow/ice preservation and complete summer melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)", "label": 0}
{"query": "People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "Robert Watson found this \"very disappointing\" and said \"We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "Because the economics of climate change mitigation depend a lot on how quickly carbon neutrality needs to be achieved, climate sensitivity is very important economically: one study suggests that halving the uncertainty of the transient climate response could save trillions of dollars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of \"The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Climate Change Myths and Realities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "\"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "According to an analysis in \"The Guardian\", the vast majority of the emails related to four climatologists: Phil Jones, the head of the CRU; Keith Briffa, a CRU climatologist specialising in tree ring analysis; Tim Osborn, a climate modeller at CRU; and Mike Hulme, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the \"5 lessons of climate change\", as: \"climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one\" \"climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them\" \"our world has huge unmet development needs\" \"our current energy portfolio is not sustainable\" \"massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice\" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "The Christian Science Monitor\", in an article titled \"Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged\", stated: \"While public opinion had steadily moved away from belief in man-made global warming before the leaked CRU emails, that trend has only accelerated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "A pool level snapshot (known as a \"checkpoint\") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "Available data show, for example, that :", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "It may happen that the same data will again be believed, and the previous knowledge will be required in the KB.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "As researchers review the data collected, repeated ideas, concepts or elements become apparent, and are tagged with codes, which have been extracted from the data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "If the previous data are not present, but may be required for new inference.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "Scientific experiments often consist of comparing two or more sets of data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "passage": "When data are aggregated, groups of observations are replaced with summary statistics based on those observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "The change was relatively sudden, taking place in decades, and it resulted in a decline of 2 to 6°C (3.6 to 10.8°F) and advances of glaciers and drier conditions, over much of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "The anomalously high global temperature in 1998 due to El Niño resulted in a brief drop in subsequent years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "An April 28, 1975 article in \"Newsweek\" magazine was titled \"The Cooling World\", it pointed to \"ominous signs that the Earth's weather patterns have begun to change\" and pointed to \"a drop of half a degree [Fahrenheit] in average ground temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere between 1945 and 1968.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "passage": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "passage": "Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "passage": "The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "7–10 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report included a \"schematic diagram\" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on Hubert Lamb's 1965 paper.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "This is a timeline of the U.S. state of Florida.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "passage": "Episode 2 (11), \"Gathering Storm\" (November 2, 2016): Jack Black explores how Miami and other low-lying coastal areas can survive rising sea-levels caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Climate research is made difficult by the large scale, long time periods, and complex processes which govern climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "\"Fossil record supports evidence of impending mass extinction\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "For the first time since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, we face a global mass extinction of wildlife.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "The Quaternary period (from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present) saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "passage": "The species is now considered vulnerable to extinction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "<poem>Models consistently suggest that SRM would generally reduce climate differences compared to a world with elevated GHG concentrations and no SRM; however, there would also be residual regional differences in climate (e.g., temperature and rainfall) when compared to a climate without elevated GHGs...", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "The building contained Bink's Paint Spraying and Air Washing Equipment, including blowers, air washing and purifying devices, and exhaust fans, installed to minimize danger of explosions and inhalation of fumes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "A third, the Stanford station, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "Buildings are ventilated and their temperature regulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "It hosts a ground of meteorological observation and recording.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "It traps heat in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "For example, an air conditioner uses more energy during the afternoon when it is hot.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": ": Radar-Derived Statistics and the Behavior of Moist Convection'' examined 28 target cities and random control points in the U.S..", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "The troposphere is heated from below by latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "passage": "Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: \"Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity \"Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Insertion of bugs into climate models?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Though the model showed no significant changes to the climate in areas other than the Tropics, this may not be the case since the model has possible errors and the results are never absolutely definite.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Since orbital variations are predictable, any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, Human impact on the environment principally increases in greenhouse gases result in a warmer climate).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "The \"greenhouse effect\", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is often mentioned in the context of its increased influence as a greenhouse gas since the pre-industrial (1750) era.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO 2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO 2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "High-latitude tundra and boreal forests are particularly at risk of climate change-induced", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Other anthropogenic GHG emissions associated with livestock production include carbon dioxide from fossil fuel consumption (mostly for production, harvesting and transport of feed), and nitrous oxide emissions associated with use of nitrogenous fertilizers, growing of nitrogen-fixing legume vegetation and manure management.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases (GHGs) can be emitted through land clearance and the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other services.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The chart at right attributes anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to eight main economic sectors, of which the largest contributors are power stations (many of which burn coal or other fossil fuels), industrial processes, transportation fuels (generally fossil fuels), and agricultural by-products (mainly methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide from fertilizer use).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "In the UK, for example, agricultural-related emissions may account for approximately 40% of the overall food chain (including retail, packaging, fertilizer manufacture, and other factors), whereas greenhouse gases emitted in transport account for around 12% of overall food-chain emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he \"would not agree that\" carbon dioxide is \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see\" backing up his claim by stating that \"measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "It traps heat in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "Water vapor and CO allow the earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases, such as , methane and nitrous oxide, heat the climate system by trapping infrared light.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks, whereas carbon dioxide () has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as submarine clathrates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Methane gas has been found under methane hydrate, frozen methane and water, beneath the ocean floor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Permafrost, permanently frozen ground found in periglacial zones", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Permafrost is soil, rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Subsea permafrost occurs beneath the seabed and exists in the continental shelves of the polar regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.", "passage": "Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate, is a form of water ice that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide may be stored deep underground.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "It traps heat in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Buildings are ventilated and their temperature regulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "Temperature increases with increasing depth into the Earth's crust.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "The Borehole Thermal Energy System is located underground to store large quantities of heat collected in the summer to be used in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Underground temperatures control climate.", "passage": "In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "\"Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Maurice Riel, (April 3, 1922 -- July 20, 2007) was a lawyer and Canadian Senator.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Marjory LeBreton, PC (born July 4, 1940) is a former Leader of the Government in the Canadian Senate, a cabinet-rank position ; and past national chair of Mothers Against Drunk Driving in Canada.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Raymond Gravel, Canadian political figure", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "George S. Mickelson (1941 -- 1993), American politician", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "The nuclear option is a parliamentary procedure that allows the United States Senate to override a rule or precedent by a simple majority of 51 votes, instead of by a supermajority of 60 votes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "passage": "Raymond Lavigne (born November 16, 1945) is a former Canadian senator and businessman, and a former Member of Parliament (MP).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "\"High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – SpaceRef\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "More broadly, links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events such as El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "The assessment of the solar activity/climate relationship involves multiple, independent lines of evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "stated that while \"There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle\", \"changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "\"Massive peat burn is speeding climate change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change", "passage": "The two opposing pH levels correspond with climate change models that predict future atmospheric CO2 levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.", "label": 1}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "The \"likely\" range (as assessed to have a greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on the IPCC's expert judgment) is a projected increase in global mean temperature over the 21st century of between 1.1 and 6.4 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "IPCC has only one scenario (they call it a \"Representative Concentration Pathway\" RCP) which limits warming to 3.6 °F: \"RCP2.6 is representative of a scenario that aims to keep global warming likely below 2°C above pre-industrial temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”", "passage": "The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "Projection models of the evolution of the arctic ice floe are based on the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "As more CO and heat are absorbed by the ocean, it is acidifying and ocean circulation can change, changing the rate at which the ocean can absorb atmospheric carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "Gases are more available in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.", "passage": "The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, \"probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Current studies indicate that the increase in greenhouse gases, most notably , is mostly responsible for the observed warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.", "passage": "Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed \"twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, \"We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "An example is the phrase ``common stocks rose <Number> to <Number>'', e.g., ``common stocks rose 1.72 to 340.36''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "Rates may be higher than reported in some regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "Typically the asymmetry is seen in cases where there 's a investor that has other interests in addition to straight profit generation through the investment, such as tax income in case of public investors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "The buy trigger is the rise through that high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "The following phrases explain the above figure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "passage": "Most of the predicted increase was expected to be in Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "7–10 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "The petition contained the names of \"around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals\", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "Boucher's review concludes: \"Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "passage": "The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.", "label": 1}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.", "label": 1}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.", "label": 1}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.", "label": 1}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder, because of the inhomogeneities in the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in relatively close proximity (<2 KM typically).", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances.", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": ": Radar-Derived Statistics and the Behavior of Moist Convection'' examined 28 target cities and random control points in the U.S..", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "Weather was reportedly in bad condition.", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "Conceptually, an average temperature of 0 ° C or colder is assumed to be necessary to bring this about ; thus the climate of a location where at least one full month is this cold is classified as microthermal (however, at least one month in the summer must average 10 ° C or higher ; otherwise the climate would be reckoned as polar).", "label": 0}
{"query": "89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "passage": "No climate station directly at site but in the general area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the \"first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the \"first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "In August 2006, Bill Clinton started a program to fight climate change, the Clinton Foundation's Climate Initiative (CCI)", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "Upon the start of his presidency in 1993, Bill Clinton committed the United States to lowering their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000 through his biodiversity treaty, reflecting his attempt to return the United States to the global platform of climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "In its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "Obama attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, which drafted the non-binding Copenhagen Accord as a successor to the Kyoto Protocol.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "In the 2016 presidential campaigns, the two major parties established different positions on the issue of global warming and climate change policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "passage": "Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see \"The Climate War\" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "\"Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "The \"Deepwater Horizon\" oil spill was a major industrial accident on the Gulf of Mexico, which killed 11 people and injured 16 others, leaked about of oil with plus or minus 10% uncertainty, which makes it the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, and cost to the company more than $65 billion of cleanup costs, charges and penalties.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "Hall of Famer Connie Mack was part owner and catcher for the Bisons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "The 2010 \"Deepwater Horizon\" oil spill, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, resulted in severe environmental, health and economic consequences, and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "Chevron Corporation is the primary operator in the area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "He is credited as discovering Connie Mack.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "The Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act of 2014 is a bill that would prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) from implementing or enforcing certain proposed regulations regarding the use of the nation 's waters and wetlands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"", "passage": "So-called Big Oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Total S.A., Chevron Corporation, and ConocoPhillips are amongst the largest corporations associated with the fossil fuels lobby.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005–10 period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "Carbon Reductions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "emissions were reduced 20 percent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "Total CO emissions per unit of GDP, the “CO intensity”, decreased more rapidly than energy intensity: by 2.3%/year and 1.4%/year, respectively, on average between 1990 and 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "In 2000, the carbon intensity (CO emissions) of U.S. coal thermal combustion was 2249 lbs/MWh (1,029 kg/MWh) while the carbon intensity of U.S. oil thermal generation was 1672 lb/MWh (758 kg/MWh or 211 kg/GJ) and the carbon intensity of U.S. natural gas thermal production was 1135 lb/MWh (515 kg/MWh or 143 kg/GJ).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "It is part of the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand teragrams (Tg, which is equal to 10 kg) equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "Where total land coverage by tropical rainforests decreased from 14% to 6%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "passage": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "\"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "The most recent climate model simulations give a range of results for changes in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "The most recent climate model simulations give a range of results for changes in global-average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "IPCC estimates that land-use change (e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "New approaches retrieve data such as content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "Many desert plants have a special type of photosynthesis, termed crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis, in which the stomata are closed during the day and open at night when transpiration will be lower.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "passage": "The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types.", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "Marinebased studies suggest sea-level rise from the Antarctic or rapid ice-shelf basal melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "In 2016, a team of 19 researchers led by Hansen published a paper \"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous\" describing the effect of meltwater from ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (slowing it or even stopping) and Antarctic bottom water formation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "i) Coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion and increasing vector and water borne diseases due to sea level rise;", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "According to the report's abstract, rising sea level can inundate low areas and increase flooding, coastal erosion, wetland loss, and saltwater intrusion into estuaries and freshwater aquifers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.", "passage": "Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "In their usage, \"climate change\" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "Projections were made over future climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "During this six-month \"night\", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0 ° C, 32 ° F, 273.15 K).", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "Permafrost, permanently frozen ground found in periglacial zones", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "2–3 times higher in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "passage": "By definition, permafrost is ground that remains frozen for two or more years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).", "label": 1}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "Shaftel 2016: \"'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "In addition to referring to the IPCC as \"[the] world's best climate scientists\", they stated that climate change is happening as \"the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming – what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "Over the years, the definitions of \"climate variability\" and the related term \"climate change\" have shifted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "While the term \"climate change\" now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "In their usage, \"climate change\" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "In the 2000s, the term \"climate change\" increased in popularity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "passage": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Methane is a significantly more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the amount of heat it can trap, especially in the short term.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "Methane is a major target greenhouse gas and in the 4th protocol report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is recommended to increase from a x23 to x72 multiplier because of the magnitude of its effect relative to carbon dioxide and short longevity in Earth 's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "Organisms are subject to environmental pressures, but they also modify their habitats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "Changes in species diversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "All life that has survived must have adapted to conditions of its environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "We Adapt", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.", "passage": "Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan \"established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change\" and was \"the biggest step\" the United States had \"ever taken to address climate change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "passage": "On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "In July 2019, they issued a declaration \"affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples\" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.", "label": 1}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.", "label": 1}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "An ice age would have a serious impact on civilization because vast areas of land (mainly in North America, Europe, and Asia) could become uninhabitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "Some areas of the world would start to surpass the wet-bulb temperature limit of human survivability with global warming of about 6.7 °C (12 °F) while a warming of 11.7 °C (21 °F) would put half of the world's population in an uninhabitable environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "In billion-year timescales, it is predicted that plant, and therefore animal, life on land will die off altogether, since by that time most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere will be sequestered underground, and natural releases of by radioactivity-driven tectonic activity will have continued to slow down.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "Some scientists predict that a global ecological collapse will occur after 50% of the natural landscape is gone due to human development.", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable", "passage": "Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have \"implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "The Mpumalanga highveld in South Africa is the most polluted area in the world due to the mining industry and coal plant power stations and the lowveld near the famous Kruger Park is under threat of new mine projects as well.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "passage": "The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced \\'naks\\) are standards for harmful pollutants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "Meltwater from melting ice sheets and glacier retreat contributes to a rise in the future sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”", "passage": "Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.", "passage": "Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "\"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.", "passage": "As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "The satellite time series is not homogeneous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Many climate changes have a random aspect and a cyclical aspect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "passage": "From one year to another, ecosystems experience variation in their biotic and abiotic environments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The committee criticised a \"culture of non-disclosure at CRU\" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' \"rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt,\" that the investigators \"did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments,\" but that there had been \"a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The \"rigour and honesty\" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from the summary conclusions of the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "It would be correct to describe a scientist who was involved with AR4 or earlier IPCC reports in this way: 'X contributed to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The Muir Russell report exonerated the scientists, but found \"a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness, both on the part of CRU scientists and on the part of the UEA\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "However, it does not reject the concepts of global climate change or greenhouse theory (or other well-established and widely accepted scientific theories or empirical studies), in general attempting to engender itself as giving a well balanced and scientific view of the sources (though often at a contrary expense of its perceived adversaries: the aforementioned alleged 'Global Warming Alarmists').", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community:", "label": 0}
{"query": "It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "passage": "The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether \"the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two", "passage": "Projections were made over future climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "passage": "While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "Humans have a substantial influence on the rise of sea level because we emit increasing levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through automobile use and industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "The seas now absorb much of human-generated carbon dioxide, which then affects temperature change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.", "passage": "The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "\"Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "Following a board meeting in February 2014, Alcoa Chief Executive Klaus Kleinfeld announced that the smelter—along with two rolling mills—would close at the end of 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 was a federal tax act that repealed the export tax incentive (ETI), which had been declared illegal by the World Trade Organization numerous times and sparked retaliatory tariffs by the European Union, and was also composed of numerous tax credits for agricultural and business institutions, and included was the repeal of some excise taxes on fuel and alcohol, and the creation of tax credits for biofuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called \"allowances\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "“What the imposition of the carbon tax has done is make industry take stock of what it is currently doing and has forced it to look at doing things in a better way.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "passage": "The basis of a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme was a cap and trade system, and was a way of limiting greenhouse gas pollution, as well as giving individuals and businesses incentives to reduce their emissions (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 11).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "\"A Global Threat Emerges\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan,\" an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough,\" Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "President Obama said in September 2009 that if the international community would not act swiftly to deal with climate change that \"we risk consigning future generations to an irreversible catastrophe...The security and stability of each nation and all peoples—our prosperity, our health, and our safety—are in jeopardy, and the time we have to reverse this tide is running out.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "In 2009, President Barack Obama in the inaugural address called for the expanded use of renewable energy to meet the twin challenges of energy security and climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "In his January 24, 2012, State of the Union address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy, stating that he “will not walk away from the promise of clean energy.” Obama called for a commitment by the Defense Department to purchase 1,000 MW of renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "The 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama, gave his first public address before a joint session of the United States Congress on Tuesday, February 24, 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "The White House announced on 25 November 2009 that President Barack Obama is offering a U.S. target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "passage": "Executive Order 13491 is an Executive Order issued on January 22, 2009 by United States President Barack Obama ordering compliance with US domestic law, and its international agreements, in its treatment of captives.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.", "label": 1}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Commercial hydrogen production uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "It is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "The Younger Dryas (around 12,800 to 11,550 years BP) was a return to glacial conditions after the Late Glacial Interstadial, which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) started receding around 20,000 BP.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "\"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "Although the initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by volcanic activity, modern volcanic activity releases only 130 to 230 megatonnes of carbon dioxide each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "passage": "Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "A component of climate sensitivity is directly due to radiative forcing, for instance by , and a further contribution arises from climate feedback, both positive and negative.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Positive radiative forcing results in warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "\"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "It is intended to form the basis of an international agreement which will reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid dangerous climate change, carbon dioxide being the gas that is primarily responsible for changes in the greenhouse effect on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "Carbon Reductions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest (see International cooperation and Emissions trading), suggesting the need for collective action.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "Climate change: to guarantee achieving national carbon reduction targets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty designed to reduce emissions of GHGs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Some examples of climate system feedbacks thought to contribute to recent polar amplification include the reduction of snow cover and sea ice, changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation, the presence of anthropogenic soot in the Arctic environment, and increases in cloud cover and water vapor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Lower stratospheric cooling is mainly caused by the effects of ozone depletion with a possible contribution from increased stratospheric water vapor and greenhouse gases increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "passage": "Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 glossary definition is as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "\"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines adaptation as: 'the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Patterns of warming are independent of the locations of greenhouse gas emissions because the gases persist long enough to diffuse across the planet; however, localized black carbon deposits on snow and ice do contribute to Arctic warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Generally, heat energy is transported between the planet's surface layers (land and ocean) to the atmosphere, transported via evapotranspiration and latent heat fluxes or conduction/convection processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Earth's energy imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats have detected an accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "• Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Heat is transported from the equator polewards mostly by the atmosphere but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean to the surface, thus cooling the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Ocean currents transport a lot of energy from the warm tropical regions to the colder polar regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.", "passage": "Air over the continents warms, thins and rises drawing cooler moist ocean air landward, producing a wet season.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "A lack of funding can be a barrier to successful strategies as there are no formal arrangements to finance climate change development and implementation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "Public support of climate change research ultimately decides whether or not funding for the research is made available to scientists and institutions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "The governments of four countries (the gas/oil-producers USA, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) blocked a proposal to welcome the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C at the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24).", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]", "passage": "Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "\"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "The most cost effective way to limit global warming to 1.5°C, a target of the Paris Agreement, includes EU and OECD countries closing all coal-fired power stations by 2030, China by 2040 and the rest of the world by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty designed to reduce emissions of GHGs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "\"U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.", "passage": "Climate change: to guarantee achieving national carbon reduction targets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "Other modelling work suggests that the threat of climate engineering may in fact increase the likelihood of emissions reduction.<ref name=\"doi10.1007/s10584-011-0102-0\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "The effective climate sensitivity is an estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity using data from a climate system, either in a model or real-world observations, that is not yet in equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "passage": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "A warmer earth could serve to moderate temperatures worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "On Earth, water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect, and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "The water vapor in the stratosphere arrives through tall [[thunderstorm]]s, while 15% of this vapor is delivered by tropical cyclones, and through chemical breakdown of [[methane]] into water vapor and carbon dioxide, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "passage": "The Gaia hypothesis states that there is an emergent feedback loop generated by the metabolism of living organisms that maintains the core temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions within a narrow self-regulating range of tolerance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "The Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "Climate change is projected to affect water availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "An example of periodic water scarcity in the United States is droughts in California.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "\"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "passage": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, \"The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "\"Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Climate change devastated tropical rainforests causing the extinction of many plant and animal species.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Because climate change is a major and growing driver of biodiversity loss, and that biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, significantly contribute to climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction, proponents of ecosystem-based adaptation suggest that the resilience of vulnerable human populations and the ecosystem services upon which they depend are critical factors for sustainable development in a changing climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Severe effects are likely to occur on biodiversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "Biodiversity loss is the extinction of species (plant or animal) worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "\"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as \"climate change\" or \"anthropogenic climate change\").", "label": 1}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "Over the years, the definitions of \"climate variability\" and the related term \"climate change\" have shifted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "The Bush Administration changed its name to Climate Change Science Program as part of its U.S.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "In the 2000s, the term \"climate change\" increased in popularity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "Shaftel 2016: \"'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.", "passage": "The terms \"global warming\" and \"climate change\" are often used interchangeably.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "However, capital costs tend to be high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "In 2010, Lomborg refined his position and stated that he believes in the need for \"tens of billions of dollars a year to be invested in tackling climate change\" and declared global warming to be \"undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today\" and \"a challenge humanity must confront\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "The nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation also estimated that the GDP level would be 0.7% higher (in aggregate, not per annum) during the 2018–2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast, employment level would be 0.6% higher and personal consumption level would be 0.6% higher during the 2018–2027 period on average due to the Act.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "The costs of mitigation and adaptation policies can be measured as a change in GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "passage": "Too few allowances will result in too high a carbon price.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Although not considered emission pollutants by the original California Air Resources Board (CARB) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definitions, the most recent common use of the term also includes volatile organic compounds, several air toxics (most notably 1,3-Butadiene), and global pollutants such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide removal is different from reducing emissions, as the former produces an outlet of carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere, whereas the latter decreases the inlet of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Whereas contaminants like sulfur or mercury can be removed from coal, carbon cannot be effectively removed while still leaving a usable fuel, and clean coal plants without carbon sequestration and storage do not significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "As climate change continues, heat will continue to rise and these problems will exacerbate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "Unmitigated climate change (i.e., future climate change without efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions) would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "The other tradeoff is with climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.", "passage": "This also relates to the challenge of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.", "passage": "Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Common Effluent Treatment Plant is in operation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution).", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Large quantities and concentrations of waste are produced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Wastewater at these treatment plants contains a cocktail of different chemical and biological contaminants which may influence surrounding ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.", "passage": "Higher temperatures will also affect water quality in ways that are not well understood.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Elevated levels of atmospheric compounds of nitrogen can increase nitrogen availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Until modern times, nitrogen fixation was the major source of nitrogen for ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in 2012, adding to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen, nitrous oxide (NO) has become the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric N2 into ammonia (NH3), through the process known as nitrogen fixation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "The combustion of fossil fuels is a large human-initiated contributor to atmospheric nitrogen pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "passage": "Although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the Federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "Legislation passed by the US Congress in 1990 required the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue a plan to alleviate toxic air pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President 's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "According to the EPA, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "In regard to the United States of America, The Government and the Economy has had a long lasting impact on the environment, but in a problematic way.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"", "passage": "The Waste Prevention Rule which was enacted by the Obama Administration in November 2016 to regulate limits on the amount of methane released while drilling for oil and natural gas on federal land was repealed on September 18, 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publication \"Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis\" stated that sea ice extent for the Northern Hemisphere showed a decrease of 3.8% ± 0.3% per decade from November 1978 to December 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it \"rule out a role for cosmic radiation\" in climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "Recently research has been going on at CERN 's CLOUD facility to study the effects of the solar cycle and cosmic rays on cloud formation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "The CLOUD experiment is investigating possible physical mechanisms for solar/cosmic ray forcing - a theory whereby cloud nucleation is affected by cosmic rays and the cosmic rays are affected by solar activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "Recent research at CERN's CLOUD facility examined links between cosmic rays and cloud condensation nuclei, demonstrating the effect of high-energy particulate radiation in nucleating aerosol particles that are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial", "label": 0}
{"query": "The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.", "passage": "1983–1994 global low cloud formation data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) was highly correlated with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux; subsequent to this period, the correlation broke down.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping earth’s atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Spencer stated, \"The satellite observations suggest there is much more energy lost to space during and after warming than the climate models show.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.", "passage": "Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "India, China, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by [[drought]]s in coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "Similar droughts unfolded over the last thousand years\", the researchers wrote, \"Regardless of climate change, they added, similar weather patterns can be expected regularly in the future, with similar results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "Well-known historical droughts include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "passage": "One of the major causes of desertification in the 20th-21st centuries is probably climate change", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Travis Le ; Honolulu, HI ; ``Determining ` Hot Spots ' through Correlations of CMEs and Solar Flares.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "When there are more sunspots, the total solar output increases, and when there are fewer sunspots, it decreases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Level of Neutral Buoyancy, equilibrium level, a meteorological term", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Changes of water level in wells and ditches were reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "Between 1847 and 1849, he made important observations regarding sunspots.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "passage": "It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "In historic times, glaciers grew during a cool period from about 1550 to 1850 known as the [[Little Ice Age]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "The governments of four countries (the gas/oil-producers USA, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) blocked a proposal to welcome the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C at the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.", "passage": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "\"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "Editor-in-chief Pontin said, \"Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "In his 2008 book Wealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "In addition, headlines with tones of fear, misery, and doom were most prevalent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "There are multiple formal definitions of ``inherent bias'' which depend on the particular field of study.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "This comparison shows that media coverage of environmental issues suffers from both shallowness and pro-corporate bias.According to Peter J. Jacques et al., the mainstream news media of the United States is an example of the effectiveness of environmental skepticism as a tactic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "First, journalists distort reality by making scientific errors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "The Climate Feedback reviewers come to the conclusion that in one case Lomborg \"practices cherry-picking\", in a second case he \"had reached his conclusions through cherry-picking from a small subset of the evidence, misrepresenting the results of existing studies, and relying on flawed reasoning\", in a third case \"[his] article [is in] blatant disagreement with available scientific evidence, while the author does not offer adequate evidence to support his statements\", and, in a fourth case, \"The author, Bjorn Lomborg, cherry-picks this specific piece of research and uses it in support of a broad argument against the value of climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "But his research was criticized by many in the scientific community as being alarmist.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "At the Britannica Blog, a part of the discussion focused on the apparent bias in Carr 's argument toward literary reading.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "passage": "The term \"alarmist\" can be used as a pejorative by critics of mainstream climate science to describe those that endorse it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "The 2011 report of the \"Pacific Climate Change Science Program\" published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.", "passage": "Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "The interdecadal pacific oscillation can create changes in the pacific ocean and lower atmosphere on decadal time scales.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "passage": "Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, \"Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO 2 by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "While the limitations of economics and social welfare analysis, including cost–benefit analysis, are widely documented, economics nevertheless provides useful tools for assessing the pros and cons of taking, or not taking, action on climate change mitigation, as well as of adaptation measures, in achieving competing societal goals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "This article is about climate change, industry and society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "Healthy ecosystems provide important ecosystem services that can contribute to climate change adaptation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects'.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "passage": "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "The Paris Agreement aims to combat global climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "Over thousands of years, changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below in the Paris Agreement, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "Climate scientist Tom Wigley, a lead author of parts of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has stated that \"Michaels' statements on the subject of computer models are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation … Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "In November 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change came out with their fifth report, saying that in the absence of any one technology (such as bioenergy, carbon dioxide capture and storage, nuclear, wind and solar), climate change mitigation costs can increase substantially depending on which technology is absent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "passage": "The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "15 (1): 1–30.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "23 February 1998.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "Projection models of the evolution of the arctic ice floe are based on the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "temperature) over a 30-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "passage": "In early 2012, Abdussamatov predicted the onset of a new \"mini-ice age\" commencing 2014 and becoming most severe around 2055.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Repeat glacier altimetry, or altitude measuring, for 67 Alaska glaciers find rates of thinning have increased by more than a factor of two when comparing the periods from 1950 to 1995 ( per year) and 1995 to 2001 ( per year).", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "passage": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of per year; since 1993, [[satellite]] altimetry from [[TOPEX/Poseidon]] indicates a rate of about per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "The role of solar activity in climate change has also been calculated over longer time periods using \"proxy\" datasets, such as tree rings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Globally, for example, peatlands cover only 3% of the land surface but store twice the amount of carbon as all the world's forests, whilst mangrove forests and saltmarshes are examples of relatively low-biomass ecosystems with high levels of productivity and carbon sequestration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in low-oxygen soil near coastlines in tropical or subtropical latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Wetland soil is an important carbon sink; 14.5% of the world's soil carbon is found in wetlands, while only 6% of the world's land is composed of wetlands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "The mangrove ecosystem is also an important source of food for many species as well as excellent at sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere with global mangrove carbon storage being estimated at 34 million metric tons per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Although tropical peatlands only cover about 0.25 % of the Earth 's land surface they contain 50,000-70,000 million tonnes of carbon (about 3 % global soil carbon).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Although distributed across 105 nations, the top 10 mangrove holding nations contain approximately 52 % of the global mangrove stock with Indonesia alone containing between 26 % and 29 % of the entire global mangrove stock.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "Most of the terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and in general, land has more species than the ocean; some 8.7 million species may exists on Earth, of which some 2.1 million live in the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "passage": "The Guinean mangroves are a coastal ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries near the ocean of West Africa from Senegal to Sierra Leone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Global climate change is going to increase the probability of extreme weather events and environmental disturbances around the world, needless to say, future human populations are going to have to confront this issue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Climate model simulations in support of AR5 use a different approach to account for increasing greenhouse gas concentrations than in the previous report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.", "passage": "Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "The regional variation of warming, with more warming in the higher latitudes, is further evidence of warming that is anthropogenic in origin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "However, speaking more properly, \"global warming\" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but \"climate change\" includes both \"global warming\" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "Warming is stronger over northern Europe, China and North America in winter, Europe and Asia interior in spring, Europe and north Africa in summer and northern North America, Greenland and eastern Asia in autumn.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.", "passage": "Today, when autumn and winter in the Northern Hemisphere occur at closest approach, the Earth is moving at its maximum velocity and therefore autumn and winter are slightly shorter than spring and summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: \"melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "Sea level rise due to the collapse of an ice sheet would be distributed nonuniformly across the globe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.", "passage": "The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is grounded on bedrock below sea level, and its collapse has the potential of raising the world sea level 6–7 m over a few hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "The scientists declared \"climate emergency\" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "In November 2017, a statement, titled \"World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice\", led by eight authors and signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that, among other things, \"we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "Data is collected from a network of more than 500 contributors and researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "\"UK Parliament declares climate change emergency\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "A network of collective intelligence is created.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "\"A Global Threat Emerges\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "On 13 February 2015, scientists (including David Grinspoon, Seth Shostak, and David Brin) at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, discussed Active SETI and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent extraterrestrials in the Cosmos was a good idea ; That same week, a statement was released, signed by many in the SETI community, that a ``worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.", "passage": "These scientists include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "Ozone is created when O comes in contact with photons from solar radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "The radical Cl is long-lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "This ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet B sunlight linked to several medical conditions including cataracts and skin cancer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.", "passage": "Ozone absorbs UVC light and shorter wave UVB, and lets through UVA, which is largely harmless to people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's temperature would be about −18 °C (-0.4 °F) compared to Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °C (57.2 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "The polar regions are constantly below 180 K (−93 °C; −136 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "temperature and atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "passage": "The temperatures sometimes exceed 131 degrees Fahrenheit (55 degrees Celsius) and is among the hottest places in the world from May to September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes has been linked to a vanishing cryosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "A link has been proposed between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Studies have linked rapidly warming Arctic temperatures, and thus a vanishing cryosphere, to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Record temperatures across Canadian Arctic and Greenland, a reduced summer sea ice cover, record snow cover decreases and links to some Northern Hemisphere weather support this conclusion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "One geological symptom resulting from human activity is increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide () content.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Life on Earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of human activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Although they were disasters at the time, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Global extinction has so far been proven to be irreversible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions", "passage": "Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "The shell is part of the body of the animal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "Another line of evidence comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "An increase in water temperature can also affect ecosystems greatly because of a species' sensitivity to temperature, and also by inducing changes in a body of water's self-purification system from decreased amounts of dissolved oxygen in the water due to rises in temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "\"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material ; much of it is believed to be ice deposited when the climate was different.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "He stated that warming on Mars was evidence that global warming on Earth was being caused by changes in the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "Orbital forcing refers to the slow, cyclical changes in the tilt of Earth's axis and shape of its orbit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "In particular, during the last 800,000 years, the dominant period of glacial–interglacial oscillation has been 100,000 years, which corresponds to changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "He attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earth's orbit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit (see Milankovitch cycles).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "passage": "Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "stated that while \"There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle\", \"changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "The link between recent solar activity and climate has been quantified and is not a major driver of the warming that has occurred since early in the twentieth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found \"considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century\", but that \"over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.", "passage": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "passage": "A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: \"Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "[[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded \"it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "passage": "By the early 1980s, the slight cooling trend from 1945–1975 had stopped.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Scientists have found that although there have been fewer cyclones than in the past, the intensity of each cyclone has increased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Mortalities are not uncommon when it comes to floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "Floods are among the most devastating of natural disasters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "passage": "(2007) projected that climate change would increase the number of people suffering from death, disease and injury from heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that \"2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "The temperature data was updated in 1999 to report that 1998 was the warmest year since the instrumental data began in 1880.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "Indeed, over that period, satellite-measured temperatures never again approached their 1998 peak.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "passage": "This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "Higher atmospheric CO concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO, which causes ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had \"no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate\" and its \"four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research\", he upheld nine of a \"long schedule\" of alleged errors presented to the court.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "\"Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "The film in part explicitly challenged Al Gore's 2006 Oscar-winning environmental awareness documentary, \"An Inconvenient Truth\", and was frequently presented by the media in that light, as in the \"Wall Street Journal\" headline, \"Controversial 'Cool It' Documentary Takes on 'An Inconvenient Truth'.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "Based on Gore's lecture tour on the topic of global warming this book elaborates upon points offered in the film.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "The documentary \"The Great Global Warming Swindle\" received criticism from several experts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "The film is based on a real life incident.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "An Inconvenient Sequel : Truth to Power is an upcoming 2017 American documentary film directed by Bonni Cohen and Jon Shenk about former United States Vice President Al Gore 's continuing mission to battle climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "passage": "The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "Global warming is also causing the amount of hazards on the ocean to increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.", "passage": "The question of the effect of global warming on storms and the difficulty reaching conclusions intensified the conflict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)", "label": 1}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "It said that \"even if the data that CRU used were not publicly available—which they mostly are—or the methods not published—which they have been—its published results would still be credible: the results from CRU agree with those drawn from other international data sets; in other words, the analyses have been repeated and the conclusions have been verified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "In 2011, a new analysis of temperature data by the independent Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature group, many of whom had stated publicly that they thought it was possible that the CRU had manipulated data, concluded that \"these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change sceptics did not seriously affect their conclusions\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "Data in \"An Inconvenient Truth\" have been questioned.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "Category : Hospitals with year of establishment missing", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "The custodians of the raw data are the that originated the data; CRU retains most but not all of the raw data, which continues to be held by the originating services.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "passage": "Category : Educational institutions with year of establishment missing", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "The concept of ``meaning'' is thus used differently in different epistemological traditions in each field.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "Occasionally other topics including science and culture are covered.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "There are multiple formal definitions of ``inherent bias'' which depend on the particular field of study.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "Explanations have varied explanatory power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "After a discussion of scientific uncertainties the statement concluded", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.", "passage": "There are multiple definitions of the term.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "In winter there may be as much as of snow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "The winters could be very cold with snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "``Chicago'' is a poem by Carl Sandburg, about the U.S. city of Chicago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "The name was an acronym of ``Spring Summer Autumn Winter Snow''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Many areas reported blizzard-like conditions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "is Japanese for ``Snow Wind'', or, idiomatically, snowstorm or blizzard.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "passage": "Here is ` Let it Snow, Let it Snow, Let it Snow. '''", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "Marine Isotope Stage 11 or MIS 11 is a Marine Isotope Stage in the geologic temperature record, covering the interglacial period between 424,000 and 374,000 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today", "passage": "Magma temperatures have been estimated at higher than 1000 C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "Surface-ocean pH has probably not been below 8.1 during the past 2 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "The Azoic hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the Abyssus theory) is a superseded scientific theory proposed by Edward Forbes in 1843, stating that the abundance and variety of marine life decreased with increasing depth and, by extrapolation of his own measurements, Forbes calculated that marine life would cease to exist below 300 fathom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "\"Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\left({\\frac {W(0)}{\\nu }}\\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /\\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "Other bodies in the Solar System undergo orbital fluctuations like the Milankovitch cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The inclination of the Earth’s axis and the shape of its orbit around the Sun oscillate gently in cycles lasting tens of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "The Earth's rotation around its axis, and revolution around the Sun, evolve over time due to gravitational interactions with other bodies in the solar system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "passage": "In astronomy, Kepler 's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "The heat wave broke a number of records for extended periods of heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.", "passage": "Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "In the study of past climates (\"paleoclimatology\"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "He added \"The last 2000 years of proxy reconstructed temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere shows that the Modern Warm Period (today) is not significantly different from the Medieval Warm Period of ~1000 years ago, or the Roman Warm Period of ~2000 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "passage": "Radiometric dating uses the properties of radioactive elements in proxies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "The temperature ranges from sub-zero in winters to more than 50 ° C in summers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "passage": "The subtropics (latitudes from about 23.5° to 35°, north and south) have temperate climates that have the least seasonal change and the warmest in winter, while at the other end, Boreal climates located from 55 to 65 north latitude have the most seasonal changes and long and severe winters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "Birds are severely impacted by fossil fuel energy; examples include birds dying from exposure to oil spills, habitat loss from acid rain and mountaintop removal coal mining, and mercury poisoning.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines, as there are around other artificial structures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "Deforestation affects wind flows,", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "In 2019, research was published showing that insects are destroyed by human activities like habitat destruction, pesticide poisoning, invasive species and climate change at a rate that will cause the collapse of ecological systems in the next 50 years if it cannot be stopped.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "Some species of land and sea birds were consumed into extinction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests", "passage": "However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidences of removal of forests to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise, and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the Earth's history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.", "passage": "The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "This was compared to a baseline climate in which no global warming had occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Nevertheless, the gases which have been emitted so far are unlikely to cause global temperature to rise to 1.5°C alone, meaning a global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is avoidable, assuming net zero emissions are reached soon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "passage": "The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.", "label": 1}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "Because of human overpopulation, coral reefs are dying around the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "When corals bleach it is because the coral loses 60–90% of their zooxanthellae due to various stressors, ocean temperature being one of them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed \"In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.", "label": 0}
{"query": "90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.", "passage": "The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': \"a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "When uncertainties in models and observations are properly accounted for, newer observational data sets (with better treatment of known problems) are in agreement with climate model results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "These and other aspects of modelled climate change are in agreement with observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "Insertion of bugs into climate models?", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "The main effect is an increasing global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "The most direct effect of climate change on humans might be the impacts of hotter temperatures themselves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "Warming beyond the 2 °C (3.6 °F) target potentially lead to rates of sea-level rise dominated by ice loss from Antarctica.", "label": 1}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "There are no countries where the majority of baseload power is supplied by wind, solar, biofuels or geothermal, as each of these sources fails one or more of the criteria of low price, availability and reliability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "The baseload (also base load) on a grid is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "Power plants that do not change their power output quickly, such as large coal or nuclear plants, are generally called baseload power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "wind power) which have low capacity factors due to the weather, requires either: a) the construction of energy storage projects, which have their own emission intensity, or b) more frequent back up than the reserve requirements necessary to back up more dependable/baseload power sources, such as hydropower and nuclear energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "passage": "According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric .", "label": 0}
{"query": "To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "passage": "Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "Scientists then applied fingerprint methods to a whole range of climate variables, identifying human-caused climate signals in the heat content of the oceans, the height of the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere, which has shifted upward by hundreds of feet in recent decades), the geographical patterns of precipitation, drought, surface pressure, and the runoff from major river basins.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "For instance, he has helped in the investigations of the decadal trends in tropopause height, which could be a useful tool for determining the human \"fingerprint\" on climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "Another fingerprint of human effects on climate has been identified by looking at a slice through the layers of the atmosphere, and studying the pattern of temperature changes from the surface up through the stratosphere (see the section on solar activity).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "Fingerprint studies exploit these unique signatures, and allow detailed comparisons of modelled and observed climate change patterns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "There has been multiple indications of how human activities affect global warming and continue to do so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "Studies published after the appearance of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 have also found human fingerprints in the increased levels of atmospheric moisture (both close to the surface and over the full extent of the atmosphere), in the decline of Arctic sea ice extent, and in the patterns of changes in Arctic and Antarctic surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.", "passage": "Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": ": 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low...", "label": 1}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Holstein, James A.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 139.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "\"), whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark (e.g.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Glaciers are melting at an alarming rate which is causing the ocean to rise faster than predicted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Rising global temperatures have noticeable effects on the rate at which glaciers melt, causing glaciers in general to shrink worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "passage": "Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "label": 1}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "That warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about 2000 years ago, with another warm period until the Little Ice Age (1250–1850).", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "\"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "There have been allegations of malpractice, most notably in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (\"ClimateGate\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "Some climate change sceptics including bloggers asserted that a number of the leaked e-mails contain evidence supporting their global warming conspiracy theory that scientists had allegedly conspired to manipulate data and to keep scientists who have contrary views out of peer-review literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "They argued that the emails showed that global warming was a scientific conspiracy and that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "The Christian Science Monitor\", in an article titled \"Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged\", stated: \"While public opinion had steadily moved away from belief in man-made global warming before the leaked CRU emails, that trend has only accelerated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.", "passage": "In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the \"5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing\", noting \"that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "This was associated with a change of surface winds over the Pacific which had caused ocean heat to penetrate below 700m depth and had contributed to the apparent global warming hiatus in surface temperatures during the previous decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "In an interview, Trenberth said, \"The planet is warming\", but \"the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "Some areas have, in fact, cooled slightly over the last century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "Translation: Once human beings start to warm the climate, they do so at a constant rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But Trenberth’s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.", "passage": "The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these \"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "In 2016 GALLUP found that 64% of Americans are worried about global warming, 59% believed that global warming is already happening and 65% is convinced that global warming is caused by human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that \"global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "In 2004, a paper was published in the journal Science by Naomi Oreskes titled Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of \"The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,\" in Science, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "Oreskes wrote an essay on science and society \"Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change\" in the journal \"Science\" in December 2004.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "\"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "With respect to the climate change, the Democratic Party believes that “carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gasses should be priced to reflect their negative externalities, and to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy and help meet our climate goals.” Democrats are also committed to “implementing, and extending smart pollution and efficiency standards, including the Clean Power Plan, fuel economy standards for automobiles and heavy-duty vehicles, building codes and appliance standards.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "John Hardy Isakson (born December 28, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Georgia, in office since 2005, and a member of the Republican Party.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "Claire Conner McCaskill ([məˈkæskəl] born July 24, 1953) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who serves as the senior United States Senator from Missouri.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that \"climate change is real and is not a hoax\"; however, an amendment stating that \"human activity significantly contributes to climate change\" was supported by only five Republican senators.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "Mike Feinstein, American Green Party politician", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "The Republican Party has varied views on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "passage": "In 2015, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognized Tim Flannery for using dialogue and authentic engagement to build global consensus for action around climate change.His sometimes controversial views on shutting down conventional coal-fired power stations for electricity generation in the medium term are frequently cited in the media.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "Some renewable electricity sources have identical variability to coal-fired power stations, so they are base-load, and can be integrated into the electricity supply system without any additional back-up.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "See also: Renewable energy by country", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.", "passage": "Water is used in renewable power generation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1 °C (1.8 °F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "The smoke resulting would be largely opaque to solar radiation but transparent to infrared, thus cooling the Earth by blocking sunlight, but not creating warming by enhancing the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "Contrary to climate models and surface measurements, their results showed a cooling in the troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "Climate models are unable yet to predict abrupt climate change events, or most of the past abrupt climate shifts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "Since the data correction of August 1998 (and the major La Niña Pacific Ocean warming event of the same year), data collected by satellite instruments has shown an average global warming trend in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "In recent studies, geologists claim that global warming is one of the reasons for increased seismic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "passage": "There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Warmer air holds more water vapor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Warmer air can contain more water vapor than cooler air before becoming saturated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The source of water vapor is at the Earth's surface through the process of evaporation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).", "label": 1}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "When corals bleach it is because the coral loses 60–90% of their zooxanthellae due to various stressors, ocean temperature being one of them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "Coral bleaching is when unicellular organisms that help make up the coral begin to die off and leave the coral giving it a white appearance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising water temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "After corals experience a bleaching event to increased temperature stress some reefs are able to return to their original, pre-bleaching state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "It causes irregular white patches or blotches on the coral that result from the loss of coral tissue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.", "passage": "It is necessary to monitor the high temperatures because coral bleaching events are affecting coral reef reproduction and normal growth capacity, as well as it weakening corals, eventually leading to their mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds \"we are having a dangerous effect on the climate\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "The IPCC states that global warming \"could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "Some researchers have argued that the most serious consequences of global warming might be avoided if global average temperatures rose by no more than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels (1.4 °C above present levels).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "Pathways reflecting these ambitions would not limit global warming to 1.5°C, even if supplemented by very challenging", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "Currently, the concern that cooler temperatures would continue, and perhaps at a faster rate, has been observed to be incorrect by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "He tells Friedman that \"you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "passage": "\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "According to PolitiFact in May 2014, \"...relatively few Republican members of Congress...accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made...eight out of 278, or about 3 percent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.", "passage": "As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?", "label": 1}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "Carbon emissions have an \"unpriced\" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called \"allowances\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "In sum, while a carbon price has the potential to reduce future emissions, a carbon subsidy has the potential to reduce past emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "While there are many potential solutions that fall under the term carbon pricing, the costs could be significant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "This statement summarizes the economic case for carbon pricing as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "passage": "Carbon pricing -- the method favored by many economists for reducing global-warming emissions -- charges those who emit carbon dioxide (CO2) for their emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "passage": "While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "This publication on renewable energy – \"which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "\"Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 1}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.", "label": 1}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "World organizations and international agencies, like the IEA, are concerned about the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels, and coal in particular.", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "International Energy Agency (IEA)", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "The World Coal Association (WCA) is an international non-profit, non-governmental association based in London, United Kingdom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "In the reference scenario of \"World Energy Outlook 2004\", the International Energy Agency projected future energy-related CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "The International Energy Agency defines renewable energy saying", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)", "label": 0}
{"query": "International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "passage": "It was created to represent the global coal industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Scientists rely on such studies to attribute observed changes in climate to a particular cause or set of causes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.", "passage": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "It is known that climate affects the ocean and the ocean affects the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Shifts in ocean currents also might explain many climate changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event occurred the indian ocean region worst affected by it due to rising of temperature of sea by 2℃ to normal temperature level coupled by strong El nino event in 1997-1998.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising water temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming", "passage": "Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that \"the last decade is the warmest since 1400\", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "In March 2015, he said that some people are \"global warming alarmists\" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "Satellites do not measure temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "The average annual temperature in the area is -17 ° C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:", "label": 0}
{"query": "In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "If the cycles continue as in the past, the current warm cycle should end soon and global temperatures should cool slightly until about 2035, then warm about 0.5°C from ~2035 to ~2065, and cool slightly until 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "\"Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "passage": "Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction, so photosynthesis needs to supply both the source of energy to drive this process and the electrons needed to convert into a carbohydrate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "The carbon in the trees or crops used for the biomass comes from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO), which they extract from the atmosphere whilst growing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from light and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.", "passage": "Light must be provided for the growth of phytoplankton.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a \"business as usual\" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "An emission intensity (also carbon intensity, C.I.)", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.", "label": 1}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "\"Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's 4.54 billion year history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "passage": "For example, the dynamic history of the planetary atmosphere's CO and O composition has been affected by the biogenic flux of gases coming from respiration and photosynthesis, with levels fluctuating over time in relation to the ecology and evolution of plants and animals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "Major programmes underway are: ART Global Initiative World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty Territorial Approach to Climate Change Africa–Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs Since 1991, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "UNEP in 2005, 15 years ago, predicted \"50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change.\"'", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options is a United Nations report, released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations on 29 November 2006, that \"aims to assess the full impact of the livestock sector on environmental problems, along with potential technical and policy approaches to mitigation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "A recent study predicts that up to 35% of the world terrestrial carnivores and ungulates will be at higher risk of extinction by 2050 because of the joint effects of predicted climate and land-use change under business-as-usual human development scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "\"Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "It is threatened by livestock grazing and climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "The \"Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services\" published by IPBES in 2019 posits that roughly one million species of plants and animals face extinction from anthropogenic causes, such as expanding human land use for industrial agriculture and livestock rearing, along with overfishing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "Climate change is an important cause of involuntary migration and forced displacement According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture exceeds that of transportation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "passage": "In their 2018 report, the WWF found that overconsumption of resources by the global population has destroyed 60% of animal populations since 1970, and this continued destruction of wildlife is an emergency which threatens the survival of human civilization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an \"inappropriate state of undress\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, \"You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Please contact us directly in case of further questions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "---- in German contact S Fischer", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Again, it is at least 2, but may be larger.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "They are up to 4.5 centimeters in length.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Further clarification is needed on both species.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "- If the value of the respond server is bigger that si value, then si will update its information with the new value.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "This species attains a known length of 1.83 m, though larger specimens have been reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "passage": "Details regarding this update are outlined below.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "passage": "Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "Worldwide in 2011, people were more likely to attribute global warming to human activities than to natural causes, except in the US where nearly half of the population attributed global warming to natural causes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "passage": "In 2016 GALLUP found that 64% of Americans are worried about global warming, 59% believed that global warming is already happening and 65% is convinced that global warming is caused by human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "A 2015 study by climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggests that the observed cold blob in the North Atlantic during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean's Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "Sulfur aerosols, especially [[stratospheric sulfur aerosols]] have a significant effect on climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that \"whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "On 23 June 2010 the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts who were drawn from fields including meteorology, physics, oceanography, statistics, engineering, ecology, social sciences and economics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "The IPCC explains this as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.", "passage": "On 23 June 2010, the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "As climate change proceeds, more EM outbreaks may occur because of the extreme weather events that are projected to increase in coming decades thus making Erythromelalgia the first known disease, that isn't of infectious origin, that could be directly affected by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Factors that may increase the probability of abrupt climate change include higher magnitudes of global warming, warming that occurs more rapidly and warming that is sustained over longer time periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "\"Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "The solar industry is projected to employ over 420,000 individuals by 2020- nearly double of the 260,000 solar workers in 2016- and contribute $30 billion to the United States economy annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "There are a many different solar industry jobs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "There are also some indications that the solar industry \"welcomes coal workers with open arms\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.", "passage": "The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "The carbon in the trees or crops used for the biomass comes from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO), which they extract from the atmosphere whilst growing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.", "passage": "This may be by increased photosynthesis (through practices such as reforestation / preventing deforestation and genetic engineering); by enhanced soil carbon trapping in agriculture; or by the use of algal bio sequestration (see algae bioreactor) to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions from coal, petroleum (oil) or natural gas-fired electricity generation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8·10−7) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "This varies from year to year, and temperatures fluctuate enough that such a rise in late-January temperature would be unremarkable ; what is remarkable (and unexplained) is the tendency for such rises to occur more commonly in late January than in mid-January or early February, which sinusoidal estimates have to be slightly warmer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "The anomalously high global temperature in 1998 due to El Niño resulted in a brief drop in subsequent years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record (+0.1610.033 °C/decade from 1979 to 2012 according to NASA GISS) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface, i.e., the lower troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "passage": "Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the Federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "Although Donald Trump has tried to remove the United States from the Paris Agreement, other states such as New York have been creating greener spaces by installing more solar panels and creating 'green building' which mitigate pollution in an effort to make New York city 'cleaner'.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "The following is a partial list of some of the countries with significant populations (numerical population of affected population listed) whose only consumption is of contaminated water:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "In regard to the United States of America, The Government and the Economy has had a long lasting impact on the environment, but in a problematic way.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "EPA commonly refers to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "The World Health Organization defines the term \"sanitation\" as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "\"Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "Despite the possibility that global warming could result in losses to the Greenland ice sheet being offset by gains to the Antarctic ice sheet, there is major concern about the possibility of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "Recently, fears have grown that continued climate change will make the Greenland Ice Sheet cross a threshold where long-term melting of the ice sheet is inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "Positioned in the Arctic, the Greenland ice sheet is especially vulnerable to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "Scientists acknowledge that \"abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "passage": "The [[Greenland ice sheet|Greenland]] and the [[Antarctic ice sheet]]s are major ice masses, and at least the former of which may suffer irreversible decline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "Lennon said, \"It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as \"The Carpenters\", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply \"Carpenters\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "Records at the time of the event were:", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "holders of past and current world records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "The title refers to the band having passed the million mile mark in its touring.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "After the work was finished, these people were supposed to disappear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "No team has come within a second and a half of the world record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "During the season the team set numerous national and conference records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "\"Breaking global temperature records after Mt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "passage": "The record has not been matched since 1934.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Australia currently claims the largest area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Australia has one of the fastest deployment rates of renewable energy worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Australia is a continent situated on the Indo-Australian Plate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment, but has since shifted to Asia, especially China and Japan, and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world, including, but not limited to, Australia, Canada, Chile, India, Israel, Mexico, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, and the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "passage": "Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "Siberia is typically classified as a polar region, owing to the dryness of the winter climate and has glaciers only in the high Altai Mountains, Verkhoyansk Range, Cherskiy Range and Suntar-Khayata Range, plus possibly a few very small glaciers in the ranges near Lake Baikal, which have never been monitored and may have completely disappeared since 1989.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "The conclusion for 2010 is that a return to previous Arctic conditions is unlikely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "passage": "Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants stimulated a stratospheric cooling effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "The stratosphere () is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "passage": "When using ensemble climate models developed in different institutions, many of these constrained estimates of ECS are slightly higher than ; the models with ECS slightly above perform better in these metrics than models with a low climate sensitivity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "Air pollution is not bound to a nation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that \"amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems and regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "This article is about climate change, industry and society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "Global climate change is going to increase the probability of extreme weather events and environmental disturbances around the world, needless to say, future human populations are going to have to confront this issue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.", "passage": "\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "Climatology (from Greek , \"klima\", \"place, zone\"; and , \"-logia\") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "The scientific field of paleoclimatology came to maturity in the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.", "label": 0}
{"query": "water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "It is known that climate affects the ocean and the ocean affects the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "As part of former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Million Solar Roofs Program, California set a goal to create 3,000 megawatts of new, solar-produced electricity by 2017, with funding of $2.8 billion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) in California, with the combined capacity from three separate locations at 354 megawatts (MW, 474,700 hp), is now the world's second largest solar thermal energy generating facility, after the commissioning of the even larger Ivanpah facility in 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "passage": "Solar power plants require large amounts of land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are \"driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from extreme weather patterns and food scarcity to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "However, this also leads to ocean acidification, with potentially significant impacts on marine life.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "The effects of ocean acidification decrease population sizes of marine life and may cause an economic disruption if enough fish die off, which can seriously harm the global economy as the fishing industry makes a lot of money worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "However acidification may impact on a broad range of other physiological and ecological processes, such as fish respiration, larval development and changes in the solubility of both nutrients and toxins.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’", "passage": "As well as having effects on ecosystems (e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "an increase in planetary albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "The Earth system sensitivity (ESS) includes the effects of slower feedback loops, such as the change in Earth's albedo from the melting of large ice sheets that covered much of the northern hemisphere during the last glacial maximum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "Changes in albedo as a result of vegetation changes are included.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.", "passage": "Globally, aerosols have been declining since 1990, removing some of the masking of global warming that they had been providing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit).", "label": 1}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "A 2013 report from the U.S. National Research Council called for attention to the abrupt impacts of climate change, stating that even steady, gradual change in the physical climate system can have abrupt impacts elsewhere, such as in human infrastructure and ecosystems, if critical thresholds are crossed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Some models of modern climate exhibit Arctic amplification without changes in snow and ice cover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "According to the Committee on Abrupt Climate Change of the National Research Council:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Changes occuring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last glacial) show that the circulation is the North Atlantic can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system didn't change much.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "passage": "Climate change can also result from \"external forcing\", when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "\"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "\"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "The Budget is set by the Committee on Climate Change, which is independent of the Government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) was a British government department created on 3 October 2008, by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown to take over some of the functions related to energy of the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, and those relating to climate change of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "Respect - The Unity Coalition were also in favour of a 90% cut in carbon emissions by 2050, but did not express a view on the bill.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "An emissions budget, carbon budget, emissions quota, or allowable emissions, is an upper limit of total carbon dioxide () emissions associated with remaining below a specific global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "passage": "The Climate Change Act 2008 (c 27) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a \"sudden\" ice age (sudden being anything under a century or two), since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "Our concern that BAU GHG scenarios would cause large sealevel rise this century (Hansen 2005) differs from estimates of IPCC (2001, 2007), which foresees little or no contribution to twentyfirst century sealevel rise from Greenland and Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "passage": "In their 2014 report, the IPCC comparison of energy sources global warming potential per unit of electricity generated, which notably included albedo effects, mirror the median emission value derived from the Warner and Heath Yale meta-analysis for the more common non-breeding light water reactors, a -equivalent value of 12 g -eq/kWh, which is the lowest global warming forcing of all baseload power sources, with comparable low carbon power baseload sources, such as hydropower and biomass, producing substantially more global warming forcing 24 and 230 g -eq/kWh respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "passage": "A positive radiative forcing will tend to increase the energy of the Earth-atmosphere system, leading to a warming of the system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "[...] This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "The U.S. government was the main force in forming the IPCC as an autonomous intergovernmental body in which scientists took part both as experts on the science and as official representatives of their governments, to produce reports which had the firm backing of all the leading scientists worldwide researching the topic, and which then had to gain consensus agreement from every one of the participating governments.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "Thus it is incorrect to refer to any IPCC official, or scientist who worked on IPCC reports, as a Nobel laureate or Nobel Prize winner.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "This view contradicts the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.", "passage": "Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "However, speaking more properly, \"global warming\" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but \"climate change\" includes both \"global warming\" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.", "passage": "Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "label": 1}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "greenhouse gases, 78% of total EU emissions in 2015.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "The degradation of the Amazon accounts for 15 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than half of which is caused by clearing forests for cattle ranching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "In the United States, electric power plants emit about 2.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year, or roughly 40 percent of the nation's total emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "Within the food supply chain, animal products (including fish farms) account for 56-58% of GHGs, implying that animal products account for roughly 15% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "passage": "Most sources of emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural sinks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "\"A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving, in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica (an area of roughly and about across: about the size of France).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest remaining section of thick (>10 m) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost 600 square km of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’", "passage": "A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "Deaths do not just occur from drowning, deaths are connected with dehydration, heat stroke, heart attack and any other illness that needs medical supplies that cannot be delivered.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "passage": "During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "less than 14% of the observed global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).", "label": 0}
{"query": "However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "passage": "The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "Numerous historical examples of pandemics had a devastating effect on a large number of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "Millions can be impacted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "There are several classes of argument about the likelihood of pandemics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "A serious outbreak in a country as large as China could significantly affect the economies of both China and the world as a whole.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "Insufficient or malign global governance creates risks in the social and political domain, such as a global war, including nuclear holocaust, bioterrorism using genetically modified organisms, cyberterrorism destroying critical infrastructure like the electrical grid; or the failure to manage a natural pandemic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "The infestations and resulting diseases can indirectly, but seriously, effect human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.", "passage": "The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "He wrote that this graph \"asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today\", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "It concluded ``with a high level of confidence that global mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period during the preceding four centuries'', justified by consistent evidence from a wide variety of geographically diverse proxies, but ``Less confidence can be placed in large-scale surface temperature reconstructions for the period from 900 to 1600''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere and North Pole have warmed much faster than the South Pole and Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were \"very likely\" higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and \"likely\" the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that \"2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "Other findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "(2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "4) Atmospheric O levels are decreasing in Earth's atmosphere as it reacts with the carbon in fossil fuels to form .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "Because a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "The US Environmental Protection Agency attributed recent decreases to a reduction in emissions from fossil fuel combustion, which was a result of multiple factors including switching from coal to natural gas consumption in the electric power sector; warmer winter conditions that reduced demand for heating fuel in the residential and commercial sectors; and a slight decrease in electricity demand.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "As of 2016, emissions of CO from burning fossil fuels had stopped increasing, but The Guardian reports they need to be \"reduced to have a real impact on climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "Wind power displaces coal, oil and gas to some degree, reducing running cost for fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "passage": "More recently, consumption of coal has declined relative to renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "There are many positive and negative feedbacks to global temperatures and the carbon cycle that have been identified.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "The feedback mechanisms involved are often complex and incompletely understood.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Positive feedback reinforces and negative feedback moderates the original process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Positive feedback tends to cause system instability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Positive feedback (or exacerbating feedback) is a process that occurs in a feedback loop which exacerbates the effects of a small disturbance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "[vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "passage": "Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "\"The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "In a typical study of a wind farms Life cycle assessment (LCA), in isolation, it usually results in similar findings as the following 2006 analysis of 3 installations in the US Midwest, were the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of wind power ranged from 14 to 33 metric ton per GWh (14 - 33 g/kWh) of energy produced, with most of the emissions coming from the production of concrete for wind-turbine foundations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "Renewable power technologies can have significant environmental benefits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "The main energy-related impact is emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "\"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "The impact of such human activities in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced can be measured in units of carbon dioxide and is referred to as the \"carbon footprint\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "Also known as a carbon footprint, it is a business tool that constructs information that may (or may not) be useful for understanding and managing climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "passage": "A 2014-published life-cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large-scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution-related", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "In addition to storing heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the Earth's surface from cosmic rays—which are often incorrectly thought to be deflected by the magnetic field.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "This would be achieved by deflecting sunlight away from the Earth, or by increasing the reflectivity (albedo) of the atmosphere or the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that \"The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "The UNFCCC uses \"climate variability\" for non-human caused variations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "“Sea level rise will cause a change of state from freshwater to marine or estuarine ecosystems, radically altering the composition of biotic communities\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their \"efficient prices,\" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Coal contains more carbon than oil or natural gas fossil fuels, resulting in greater volumes of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity generated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Nuclear and coal plants have very high fixed costs, high plant load factor but very low marginal costs, though not as low as solar, wind, and hydroelectric.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Speaking of the numerous assumptions and therefore wide results returned by authors of previous individual studies, the Warner and Heath Yale paper states: \"the difference between nuclear power life cycle GHG emissions constructed in an electric system dominated by nuclear (or renewables) and a system dominated by coal can be fairly large (in the range of 4 to 22 g -eq/kWh compared to 30 to 110 g -eq/kWh, respectively)\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to carbon emissions being short term, but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "Nuclear power may be uncompetitive compared with fossil fuel energy sources in countries without a carbon tax program, and in comparison to a fossil fuel plant of the same power output, nuclear power plants take a longer amount of time to construct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.", "passage": "By considering emission costs the prices for i.e.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Global warming may extend the favourable zones for vectors conveying infectious disease such as dengue fever, West Nile virus, and malaria.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "The World Health Organization (WHO) says global warming could lead to a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Britain and Europe, as northern Europe becomes warmer, ticks—which carry encephalitis and lyme disease—and sandflies—which carry visceral leishmaniasis—are likely to move in.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Mosquitoes are sensitive to temperature changes and the warming of their environment will boost their rates of production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Dengue fever used to be considered a tropical disease, but climate change is causing dengue fever to spread.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Climate change may also lead to new human diseases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Climate is an influential driving force of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "This is because some of the climate changes that are occurring are increased heat, precipitation and humidity which create prime breeding grounds for mosquitoes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .", "passage": "Warming oceans and a changing climate are resulting in extreme weather patterns which have brought about an increase of infectious diseases—both new and re-emerging.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Water levels have been recorded since 1875, averaging about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Available data show, for example, that :", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "The land and marine records can be compared.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "There is geographic evidence to support this.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But there is also good data showing sea levels", "passage": "Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "The IPCC states that global warming \"could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "passage": "The total increase in global warming for the century should be ~0.3 °C, rather than the catastrophic warming of 3-6°C (4-11°F) predicted by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "\"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "In it, the IUGG concurs with the \"comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a \"carbon tax\", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the \"Clean Energy Act 2011\" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "The day before the 2010 federal election, Prime Minister, Julia Gillard sent out a message regarding carbon pricing, stating \"I don't rule out the possibility of legislating a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, a market-based mechanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "The introduction of a carbon price in Australia was controversial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "Following her election as party leader, in various policy announcements in the lead up to the 2010 election, Prime Minister Gillard and Treasurer Wayne Swan gave assurances that no carbon tax would be introduced by a Gillard led government, but that a \"citizens' assembly\" would be called to sound out public support for a price on carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "On 24 February 2011, in a joint press conference of the \"Climate Change Committee\" – comprising the Government, Greens and two independent MPs – Gillard announced a plan to legislate for the introduction of a fixed price to be imposed on \"carbon pollution\" from 1 July 2012 The carbon price would be placed for three to five years before a full emissions trading scheme is implemented, under a blueprint agreed by a multi-party parliamentary committee.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "passage": "While any carbon price would not be triggered until after the 2013 election... She would legislate the carbon price next term if sufficient consensus existed\", and the federal opposition accused the government of breaking an election promise to not introduce a carbon tax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing \"up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "A new study used field observations, radiocarbon dating, and remote sensing to account for thermokarst lakes, the authors concluded that, \"..methane and carbon dioxide emissions from abrupt thaw beneath thermokarst lakes will more than double radiative forcing from circumpolar permafrost-soil carbon fluxes this century.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "Model projections showed that Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and the active layer (the top layer of soil or rock in permafrost that is subjected to seasonal freezing and thawing) would be a small sink for carbon (i.e., net uptake of carbon) over this century (p. 662).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, to the atmosphere, back to vegetation, and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "High-latitude tundra and boreal forests are particularly at risk of climate change-induced", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "passage": "SEARCH focuses on how shrinking land ice, diminishing sea ice, and degrading permafrost impact Arctic and global systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave sounding unit and radiosonde data, but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data (see figure opposite).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "The satellite time series is not homogeneous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "Warmer air holds more water vapor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.", "passage": "The brightness temperature (T) measured by satellite is given by:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it \"is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios\" and that \"heat–related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "A government report shows decreased mortality due to recent warming and predicts increased mortality due to future warming in the United Kingdom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "(2000) \"suggest that any increases in mortality due to increased temperatures would be outweighed by much larger short term declines in cold related mortalities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "(1996) calculate that in England and Wales for a 1 °C temperature rise the reduced deaths from cold outweigh the increased deaths from heat, resulting in a reduction in annual average mortality of 7000, while Keatinge \"et al.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "passage": "Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "When then presidential candidate Rick Perry suggested that scientists were frequently questioning \"that manmade global warming is what is causing the climate to change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "About half of El Niño events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "\"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "This darkens the ice causing it to absorb more sunlight and potentially increasing the rate of melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "If sea-ice retreats in the Arctic, the albedo of the sea will be darker which means more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "Dark, open water left behind as sea ice melts absorbs vastly more heat than ice covered water, leading to physical implications that include the ice-albedo feedback or warmer sea surface temperatures which increase ocean heat content.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.", "passage": "As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "The document was subtitled as \"The Copenhagen Agreement\" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "An article by Gerald Traufetter for Spiegel Online described the Copenhagen summit as a \"political disaster,\" and asserted that the US and China \"joined forces to stymie every attempt by European nations to reach agreement.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 1}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "In 2001 the five-star Hilton hotel opened with 382 rooms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "At the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP15), held in Copenhagen in 2009, the Copenhagen Accord was agreed in order to commit to the goal of sending $100 billion per year to developing countries in assistance for climate change mitigation and adaptation through 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "In January 2007, Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced she would form a United States Congress subcommittee to examine global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "A Sunrise Movement protest on behalf of a Green New Deal at the Capitol Hill offices of Nancy Pelosi and Steny Hoyer on December 10, 2018 featured Lennox Yearwood and speakers as young as age 7, resulting in 143 arrests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "UNFCCC negotiations are conducted within two subsidiary bodies, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and were expected to culminate in the United Nations Climate Change Conference taking place in December 2009 in Copenhagen (COP-15); negotiations are supported by a number of external processes, including the G8 process, a number of regional meetings and the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate that was launched by US President Barack Obama in March 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "Funding has been an issue, but at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties-15 (COP-15) in Copenhagen in December 2009, an accord was reached with a collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, that will approach US$30 billion for the period 2010–2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 was one of the annual series of UN meetings that followed the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio.", "label": 0}
{"query": "During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "passage": "Ban Ki Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations, called on world leaders to come to an agreement on halting global warming during the 69th Session of the UN General Assembly on 23 September 2014 in New York.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "This would explain recent observations of its surface compared to evidence of different conditions in its past, such as the extent of its polar caps.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "The maximum ice extent occurred approximately 25,000 -- 21,000 years ago during the last glacial maximum, also known as the Late Wisconsin in North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "The sea level has risen more than since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20,000 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "While there are still large region to region and multiyear shifts in the Arctic climate, the large spatial extent of recent changes in air temperature, sea ice, and vegetation is greater than observed in the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "passage": "Relationships between global climate and changes in ice extent are complex.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its \"side\" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "stated that while \"There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle\", \"changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "UDC's \"Water Edge Study\" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "\"New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "\"Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Category : Rivers of Delaware County, New York", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Close to of land have been submerged.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Category : Rivers of Tompkins County, New York", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Henry M. Brinckerhoff (1868 -- 1949), American highway engineer", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "Category : Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand", "label": 0}
{"query": "'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "passage": "James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’", "passage": "Insertion of bugs into climate models?", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "Estimates of transient climate response (TCR) calculated from models and observational data can be reconciled if it is taken into account that fewer temperature measurements are taken in the polar regions, which warm more quickly than average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "passage": "He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated \"We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "When uncertainties in models and observations are properly accounted for, newer observational data sets (with better treatment of known problems) are in agreement with climate model results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "These and other aspects of modelled climate change are in agreement with observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "The [[Greenland ice sheet|Greenland]] and the [[Antarctic ice sheet]]s are major ice masses, and at least the former of which may suffer irreversible decline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.", "label": 1}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "The predominance of catastrophe frames over solution frames may help explain the apparent value-action gap with climate change; the current discursive setting has generated concern over climate change but not inspired action.", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "This is not to be confused with mitigation with regards to the overall topic of climate change, which refers to reduction of carbon or greenhouse emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "Government policies regarding climate change and many official reports on the subject usually revolve around one of the following:", "label": 0}
{"query": "…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "passage": "The focus areas for global warming politics are Adaptation, Mitigation, Finance, Technology and Losses which are well quantified and studied but the urgency of the global warming challenge combined with the implication to almost every facet of a nation-state's economic interests places significant burdens on the established largely-voluntary global institutions that have developed over the last century; institutions that have been unable to effectively reshape themselves and move fast enough to deal with this unique challenge.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "passage": "In the troposphere, the average environmental lapse rate is a drop of about 6.5 °C for every 1 km (1,000 meters) in increased height.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "How much water vapor a parcel of air can contain before it becomes saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a cloud (a group of visible and tiny water and ice particles suspended above the Earth's surface) depends on its temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The source of water vapor is at the Earth's surface through the process of evaporation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapour present in the air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Heat is transported from the equator polewards mostly by the atmosphere but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "This is currently on or close to January 1.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "The book begins with the earth's climate time-line, starting from the formation of the earth 4.5 billion years ago, and leading up to the Modern Warm Period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "Phylogenetic theory is used to test the independent distributions of traits and their various forms to provide explanations of observed patterns in relation to their evolutionary history and biology.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented \"are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "In 2008, Spencer and William Braswell published a paper in the Journal of Climate which suggests that natural variations in how clouds form could actually be causing temperature changes, rather than the other way around, and could also lead to overestimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "Spencer stated, \"Our paper is an important step toward validating a gut instinct that many meteorologists like myself have had over the years, [...] that the climate system is dominated by stabilizing processes, rather than destabilizing processes – that is, negative feedback rather than positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "Andrew Dessler later published a paper opposing the claims of Spencer and Braswell (2011) in \"Geophysical Research Letters\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "The Climate Feedback reviewers come to the conclusion that in one case Lomborg \"practices cherry-picking\", in a second case he \"had reached his conclusions through cherry-picking from a small subset of the evidence, misrepresenting the results of existing studies, and relying on flawed reasoning\", in a third case \"[his] article [is in] blatant disagreement with available scientific evidence, while the author does not offer adequate evidence to support his statements\", and, in a fourth case, \"The author, Bjorn Lomborg, cherry-picks this specific piece of research and uses it in support of a broad argument against the value of climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "passage": "A paper by researchers from the University of Oxford and the University of Florida published in Nature in May 2010 concluded that claims that a warming climate has led to more widespread disease and death due to malaria are largely at odds with the evidence, and that \"\"predictions of an intensification of malaria in a warmer world, based on extrapolated empirical relationships or biological mechanisms, must be set against a context of a century of warming that has seen marked global declines in the disease and a substantial weakening of the global correlation between malaria endemicity and climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "As the Greenland ice sheet loses mass from calving of icebergs as well as by melting of ice, any such processes tend to accelerate the loss of the ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "\"Greenland enters melt mode\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "This is the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called \"Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide,\" in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Different approaches to the task of estimating climate sensitivity from the LGM are taken.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "Over the last 800,000 years, climate sensitivity has been found to be larger in cold periods than in warm periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their \"efficient prices,\" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Coal contains more carbon than oil or natural gas fossil fuels, resulting in greater volumes of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity generated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Nuclear and coal plants have very high fixed costs, high plant load factor but very low marginal costs, though not as low as solar, wind, and hydroelectric.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "IGCC power plants emit less local pollution than conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants; however the technology for carbon capture and storage after gasification and before burning has so far proved to be too expensive to use with coal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Moreover, wind and solar generation are beginning to challenge coal on cost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "passage": "Nuclear power may be uncompetitive compared with fossil fuel energy sources in countries without a carbon tax program, and in comparison to a fossil fuel plant of the same power output, nuclear power plants take a longer amount of time to construct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices.", "label": 1}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "See also renewable energy in the United States for US-figures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "Source: US Energy Information Administration", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "Source: US Energy Information Administration", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "Source: US Energy Information Administration", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "In 2010 Green Goods and Services survey found there are 3.1 million Green Goods and Services (GGS) jobs in the United States which accounts for 2.4 percent of all United States salary and wage employment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "passage": "The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "passage": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "The timing of mitigation responses is critical.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "Few are supported by scientific studies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "There are various versions/subsets of the data set used in economic papers and text books, some of which contain errors at some data points.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "There are some instances where the sources disagree.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for such problems can produce misleading results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "Economists point out several flaws with the assumption :", "label": 0}
{"query": "There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "passage": "The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Although the term climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by CO, it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "By contrast, simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "passage": "Due to climate inertia, the climate sensitivity depends upon the timescale in which one is interested.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "Windmill: a disconnected but free-spinning miniature, typically in the American Aermotor style having about a dozen metal vanes, or the traditional Dutch style having four wood vanes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "If wind speed is too low (less than about 2.5 m/s) then the wind turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is too high (more than about 25 m/s) the turbines will have to be shut down to avoid damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "Although no longer operational, the turbine (and associated mill structure) is a rare example of wind power technology in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "Originally a windmill was atop the structure to lift the water, but is no longer present.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "If investment is greater than the value of the energy produced by the resource, it is no longer an effective energy source.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "Even though a source of renewable energy may last for billions of years, renewable energy infrastructure, like hydroelectric dams, will not last forever, and must be removed and replaced at some point.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "An example of a non-renewable energy source is coal, which does not form naturally at a rate that would support human use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "passage": "At this time steam power was available, but not electricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "Though extending the Antarctic sea-ice record back in time is more difficult due to the lack of direct observations in this part of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "passage": "sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "After this calibration period the model may be run in climate mode.", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "Insertion of bugs into climate models?", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "<poem>Models consistently suggest that SRM would generally reduce climate differences compared to a world with elevated GHG concentrations and no SRM; however, there would also be residual regional differences in climate (e.g., temperature and rainfall) when compared to a climate without elevated GHGs...", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered", "passage": "Projections were made over future climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "The phenomenon was first described by Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian Arctic explorer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "Massive icy beds have a minimum thickness of at least 2 m and a short diameter of at least 10 m. First recorded North American observations were by European scientists at Canning River, Alaska in 1919.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in 1896.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "Svante Arrhenius was the first person to quantify global warming as a consequence of a doubling of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "Arctic permafrost has been diminishing for many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.", "passage": "In contrast, sea ice is formed on water, is much thinner (typically less than ), and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Research from the University of Auckland suggests that Tuvalu may remain habitable over the next century, but as of March 2018 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, stated that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Despite these findings the Prime Minister of Tuvalu maintains that \"Tuvalu [is] not expanding\" and that \"the expansion of Tuvaluan shoreline did not equate to habitable land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Global warming (recent climate change) is dangerous in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about above sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels, however results of research from the University of Auckland challenge the existing narratives by showing that island expansion has been the most common physical alteration throughout Tuvalu over the past four decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "passage": "There are observable changes that have occurred over the last ten to fifteen years that show Tuvaluans that there have been changes to sea levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "passage": "Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "The Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "It has distinct dry - and wet-season forms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "The wet season is from April to October or November while the dry season is November to March.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian, the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.", "passage": "Savanna climates and areas with monsoon regimes have wet summers and dry winters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.", "label": 1}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "Food availability decline ; see Theories of famines", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "Global warming will reduce access to clean water and food supplies, particularly in Africa and Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "Food security will become more difficult to achieve as resources run out.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "Most food has its origin in renewable resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "This results in decreased production, increased food prices, and potential starvation in parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "passage": "He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "passage": "The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "\"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "Industries may successfully lobby to exempt themselves from a carbon tax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a \"carbon tax\", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the \"Clean Energy Act 2011\" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate to abolish the carbon pricing scheme.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "passage": "The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (or CPRS) was a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme for anthropogenic greenhouse gases proposed by the Rudd government, as part of its climate change policy, which had been due to commence in Australia in 2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 1}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Processing of the greenhouse gas CO, explained below, plays a critical role in the maintenance of the Earth temperature within the limits of habitability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "\"A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error \"Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "hypothesis:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "Several studies have explored this:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "Various academic studies have given alternative results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "The hypothesis is generally not accepted by mainstream psychologists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "It is recently discovered and still under research.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "The Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) were a series of events conducted and managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for projects on technology development and evaluation for iris recognition.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "It has been in research since the early 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "passage": "Research by Rau et al.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks, whereas carbon dioxide () has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Methane is a significantly more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the amount of heat it can trap, especially in the short term.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "There is concern over increases in atmospheric methane in the context of the global carbon cycle, because methane is a greenhouse gas that is 23 times more effective at absorbing long-wave radiation than CO on a 100-year time scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.", "passage": "While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.", "label": 1}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "This was a common misconception in the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "However, comprehensive satellite data go back only to 1979.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "Additional information is incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "By the end of the 1970s, this prediction proved to be incorrect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "The earliest recorded example is from 1970.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "Data in \"An Inconvenient Truth\" have been questioned.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "passage": "However, data on EQSOI goes back only to 1949.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "passage": "Drought intensifies through positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions \"yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium\", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, \"but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": ", the paleoclimate temperature reconstruction by Moberg et al.)", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "2009 which reconstructed the climate of the Arctic over the last 2,000 years, and a new method of analysis using Bayesian statistics developed by Martin Tingley and Peter Huybers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "The application of alkenone paleothermometers to high-resolution paleotemperature reconstructions of older glacial terminations have found that very similar, Younger Dryas-like paleoclimatic oscillations occurred during Terminations II and IV.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "passage": "published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "... even with the most optimistic set of assumptions -- the ending of deforestation, a halving of emissions associated with food production, global emissions peaking in 2020 and then falling by 3 per cent a year for a few decades -- we have no chance of preventing emissions rising well above a number of critical tipping points that will spark uncontrollable climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "In the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions could rise significantly over the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "Emissions of carbon dioxide () might be irreversible on the time scale of millennia (Halsnæs \"et al.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "increases in the scale and ambition of emissions reductions after 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "passage": "Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "It is considered to be a health hazard.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 \"The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Excess greenhouse gases are a threat to our health and welfare.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Particulate matter from coal-fired plants can be harmful and have negative health impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "These processes also have an impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon which have effect on the quality of human health and biodiversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon pollution is a health hazard.", "passage": "Inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease, coalworker's pneumoconiosis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "The inefficient atmospheric combustion (burning) of fossil fuels in vehicles, buildings, and power plants contributes to urban heat islands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "The other large factor is the burning of fossil fuels from buildings and vehicles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "Others suffer from increasing pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "('' (It must be that) Spring is here in the street : outhouse smells strong shit.'')", "label": 0}
{"query": "In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "passage": "Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "(2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that \"more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached\" and that the uncertainties were \"the point of the article\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "The Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change — named in honour of George Hadley — is one of the United Kingdom's leading centres for the study of scientific issues associated with climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "Richard A. Betts, climate scientist at the Met Office Hadley Centre", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research is an organisation based in the United Kingdom that brings together scientists, economists, engineers and social scientists to ` research, assess and communicate from a distinct trans-disciplinary perspective, the options to mitigate, and the necessities to adapt to current climate change and continuing global Warming, and to integrate these into the global, UK and local contexts of sustainable development '.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "The volunteer computing project ClimatePrediction.net is a research team based at the University of Oxford conducting research into global climate change using adapted versions of the climate models developed at the Hadley Centre.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "HadCRUT, a collaboration between the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "HadCM3 (abbreviation for \"Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3\") is a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "When temperatures increased to 2–3°C (3.6–5.4°F) above today's level 3.5 million years ago, sea levels rose not by 59 centimeters but by .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "For example, in regards to safety, the report found a \"[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects\", and that ocean fertilization \"may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from extreme weather patterns and food scarcity to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "The effects of ocean acidification decrease population sizes of marine life and may cause an economic disruption if enough fish die off, which can seriously harm the global economy as the fishing industry makes a lot of money worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "passage": "An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "\"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "\"The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "Evidently drastic climate changes were possible within a human lifetime.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri \"et al\"., 2007:393).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans survived past climate changes", "passage": "Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "23 March 2015.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "22 January 2008.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "13 August 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "26 April 2008.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "Flowering in Britain is in June to July, but earlier in the south of Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "Flowering occurs in summer and early fall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "They note that FFD is sensitive to temperature, as is generally agreed, that \"150 to 200 species may be flowering on average 15 days earlier in Britain now than in the very recent past\" and that these earlier FFDs will have \"profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "It is one of the earliest buttercups to flower.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "There are flowers such as fen bedstraw and early marsh orchid.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "Flowering may occur at any time of the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "passage": "Flowers in cultivation last a month or more.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "[citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "There has been a cycle of ice ages for the past 2.2–2.1 million years (starting before the Quaternary in the late Neogene Period).", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the \"Ice Age\", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.", "passage": "In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these \"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "\"Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.", "passage": "Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "The CVF Declaration committed to achieve a concentration of no more than 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere and limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (or less) above preindustrial levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "Exposure at 100 ppm or greater can be dangerous to human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "Respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or greater", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10–12 atmospheres or parts-per-trillion (ppt).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "passage": "Dry air in the atmosphere of Earth contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases including methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "A volcano is a geological landform usually generated by the eruption through a vent in a planet 's surface of magma.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "Although a comparatively unusual type of volcano, they are widespread in the world and in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics", "label": 0}
{"query": "Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.", "passage": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "And whatever the regional effects, few imagined that humans could affect the climate of the planet as a whole.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "passage": "prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "Changes in the speed of sound are primarily caused by changes in the temperature of the ocean, hence the measurement of the travel times is equivalent to a measurement of temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "The slab model needs a calibration phase in which the ocean temperatures are held to climatology while it calculates the \"flux correction\", i.e., extra ocean-atmosphere fluxes needed to keep the model ocean in balance (the model ocean does not include currents; these fluxes to some extent replace the heat that would be transported by the missing currents).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "The new measurements require climate model parameter adjustments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "When adjustment was made for transient events the data showed a slight warming, and research suggested that the discrepancy between surface and satellite data was largely accounted for by problems such as instrument differences between satellites.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.", "passage": "The first is a change in the Earth's orbit around the sun, or eccentricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "By this measure, the U.K. is still the largest single cause of climate change, followed by the U.S. and Germany, even though its current emissions are surpassed by the People's Republic of China.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "Climate change is globally believed and scientifically proven to have incurred from the economic activities of developed and developing nations and regions such as China, the United States, and Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"", "passage": "majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "Its conclusions are summarized below: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due \"soon\" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use \"soon\" to refer to periods of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "Ice sheet dynamics and continental positions (and linked vegetation changes) have been important factors in the long term evolution of the earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates", "passage": "Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population", "passage": "Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "According to PolitiFact in May 2014, \"...relatively few Republican members of Congress...accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made...eight out of 278, or about 3 percent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "passage": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "passage": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "The US EPA has estimated that limiting ground-level ozone concentration to 65 parts per billion, would avert 1,700 to 5,100 premature deaths nationwide in 2020 compared with the 75-ppb standard.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Higher air temperature also increase the concentration of ozone at ground level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "In the lower atmosphere, ozone is a harmful pollutant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Ozone in smog is formed through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and other compounds.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "passage": "Summer smog, which is common in major cities such as London, Birmingham, New York City and Los Angeles, is caused by pollutants, mainly ozone, which collect in large cities, especially during the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.", "passage": "Increasing heat content in the ocean is also consistent with sea level rise, which is occurring mostly as a result of [[thermal expansion]] of the ocean water as it warms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "An \"ice-free\" Arctic Ocean is often defined as \"having less than 1 million square kilometers of sea ice\", because it is very difficult to melt the thick ice around the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "Frozen ground (permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) occupies approximately 54 million km of the exposed land areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Zhang et al., 2003) and therefore has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be \"ice-free\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "\"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it \"rule out a role for cosmic radiation\" in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "passage": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "* to calculate a current situation based on existing physics, mostly when a physical measurement at a location is impractical", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "Satellites do not measure temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "This yields an apparent effective average earth temperature of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "An even more recent study of the contributions to global sea level due to melting of the two large ice sheets based on satellite measurements of gravity fluctuations suggests that the melting of these alone are causing global sea level to about 1 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "Tide tables, sometimes called tide charts, are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and levels of high and low tides, usually for a particular location.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño \"could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.", "passage": "Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "The petition contained the names of \"around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals\", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "Boucher's review concludes: \"Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".", "passage": "The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "Nick Bostrom argues that it would be \"misguided\" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be \"a tall order\" for the human race to \"get our precautions sufficiently right the first time\", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "An event that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's potential is known as an existential risk.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "Existential risks pose unique challenges to prediction, even more than other long-term events, because of observation selection effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "The existential risk from artificial general intelligence is the hypothetical threat that dramatic progress in artificial intelligence (AI) could someday result in human extinction (or some other unrecoverable global catastrophe).", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "Some economists have discussed the importance of global catastrophic risks, though not existential risks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "While this does not mean that it will not be in the future, it does make modelling existential risks difficult, due in part to survivorship bias.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "Unlike with most events, the failure of a complete extinction event to occur in the past is not evidence against their likelihood in the future, because every world that has experienced such an extinction event has no observers, so regardless of their frequency, no civilization observes existential risks in its history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "An existential risk, on the other hand, is one that either destroys humanity (and, presumably, all but the most rudimentary species of non-human lifeforms and/or plant life) entirely or at least prevents any chance of civilization recovering.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.", "passage": "Handled poorly, this philosophy could be disastrous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "For example, if the reference value is 15 °C, and the measured temperature is 17 °C, then the temperature anomaly is +2 °C (i.e., 17 °C −15 °C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "passage": "In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged \"Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Over sixteen chapters the authors present their view of the natural cycles in the earth's climate and argue that the current warming period is not caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Recent extinctions are more directly attributable to human influences, whereas prehistoric extinctions can be attributed to other factors, such as global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "passage": "Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a Nuclear Winter scenario.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "passage": "During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Secondly, the distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity, allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.", "passage": "Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.", "label": 1}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding \"the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry\" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.", "label": 1}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "Air pollution is not bound to a nation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment need not be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities (seismic exploration, drilling, extraction, refining and combustion).", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "Wild plants and animals do not perceive radiation as dangerous, and any slight reduction it may cause in their lifespans is far less a hazard than is the presence of people and their pets...", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "It is probably not dangerous toward humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "Phosphite is not toxic to people or animals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "passage": "Bentonite mining is a potential threat, but not a current one.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Boucher's review concludes: \"Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases, specifically from livestock, are one of the leading sources furthering global warming; these emissions, which drastically effect climatic change, are also beginning to harm our livestock in ways we could never imagine.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Global warming is the greatest cause of impact to the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "\"Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "passage": "Livestock contributes to climate change both through the production of greenhouse gases and through destruction of carbon sinks such as rain-forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "Recent research at CERN's CLOUD facility examined links between cosmic rays and cloud condensation nuclei, demonstrating the effect of high-energy particulate radiation in nucleating aerosol particles that are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "The CLOUD experiment is investigating possible physical mechanisms for solar/cosmic ray forcing - a theory whereby cloud nucleation is affected by cosmic rays and the cosmic rays are affected by solar activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "Recently research has been going on at CERN 's CLOUD facility to study the effects of the solar cycle and cosmic rays on cloud formation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "This documentary presents the work done to develop the theory that cloud cover change is caused by variations in cosmic rays as the major originator of global climate variation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "passage": "To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "AIBS Position Statements \"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 \"Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The correlation between the decrease of CO in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "On September 2, 1997, Singer said that \"The possibility that global temperatures could rise because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a concern that needs to be monitored...But there has been no indication in the last century that we've seen anything other than natural climate fluctuations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly for thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Global warming is an aspect of modern climate change, a term that also includes the observed changes in precipitation, storm tracks and cloudiness.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "Greenland's ice sheet contains enough fresh water as ice to raise sea level worldwide by .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "passage": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "The total increase in global warming for the century should be ~0.3 °C, rather than the catastrophic warming of 3-6°C (4-11°F) predicted by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.", "label": 1}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "As in the flatwoods, these soils are poorly drained for many purposes unless drainage systems are installed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.", "label": 1}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "It is threatened by coastal development and marsh draining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "The New River is a tidal estuary in South Florida, United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "This is due to the subsiding of coastal lands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "Wetlands in the U.S. are rapidly disappearing due to an increase in housing, industry, and agriculture, and rising sea levels contribute to this dangerous trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "The Miami metropolitan area, also known as the Greater Miami Area or South Florida, is the 67th largest metropolitan area in the world and the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "Land alteration along the waterways has caused loss and degradation of the habitat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "passage": "Evapotranspiration is a significant water loss from drainage basins.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "label": 1}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "\"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "\"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "Specifically they believe that suggestions that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide of 550 parts per million by volume (ppmv) would be safe are wrong.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "In a much-cited study from 1998, the world bacterial biomass had been mistakenly calculated to be 350 to 550 billions of tonnes of carbon, equal to between 60% and 100% of the carbon in plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "The modeling also shows that \"even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "Costs of production from coal fired plants built in \"the 1970s and 1980s\" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "\"Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "\"Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "Wind power could become cheaper than nuclear power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "Overall, wind power raises costs of electricity slightly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "Renewable energy, or energy that is harnessed from renewable sources, is an alternative energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "This is often confused with renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "In general, carbon dioxide removal methods are more expensive than the solar radiation management ones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "In 2011, the 120-member Irish Academy of Engineering described wind as \"an extremely expensive way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions when compared to other alternatives\" like conservation, nuclear energy or the Corrib gas project and Liquified Gas tanker imports at Shannon, concluding that the suggestion of 40% grid penetration by wind, is \"unrealistic\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "passage": "Drilling for oil or building a wind power plant requires energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Now measurements are made at many sites globally.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "These observations are on a global scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply from their own country or from other countries or the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "Greenhouse gas concentrations are aggregated in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "The report stated (p. 36) that, \"The average surface air temperature in the northern hemisphere increased from the 1880's until about 1940 and has been decreasing thereafter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "[[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "Some areas have, in fact, cooled slightly over the last century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "passage": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "While covering less area than the Dust Bowl, which covered 70 % of the United States, the drought of 1988 ranks as not only the costliest drought in United States history but also the costliest natural disaster in United States history before Hurricane Katrina.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "The term \"1 in 10 year storm\" describes a rainfall event which is rare and is only likely to occur once every 10 years, so it has a 10 percent likelihood any given year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "The term \"1 in 100 year storm\" describes a rainfall event which is extremely rare and which will occur with a likelihood of only once in a century, so has a 1 percent likelihood in any given year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "The term \"1 in 10 year storm\" describes a rainfall event which is unusual and has a 50% chance of occurring in any 10-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "passage": "Well-known historical droughts include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "label": 1}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The text stated that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.", "passage": "The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "A study in 2015 found that assuming cumulative fossil fuel emissions of 10 000 gigatonnes of carbon, the Antarctic Ice Sheet could melt completely over the following millennia, contributing 58 m to global sea-level rise, and 30 m within the first 1000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.", "passage": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "Lastly, seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001 and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1995.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole.", "label": 1}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "In Roosevelt's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5% compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product (GDP) per adult was still 27% below trend.", "label": 1}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch Institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "This trend is expected to continue into the mid-21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "Therefore it can not be accepted as it currently stands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "Category :21 st century in the United States", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "None (a period of civil war and anarchy) 19901997", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "A company/country only needs to keep producing, or produce more wisely, or respond to market conditions with products that meet consumer's demands to avoid a (national recession/depression) glut.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "one of the years 10 BC, AD 10, 1910 or 2010", "label": 0}
{"query": "One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "passage": "They consider dates after 2030 implausible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "Gartner's own press release said, \"Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016\", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading \"1.7 percent [point]\" decline.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "However, it is much lower than has commonly been assumed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "As such, the population is on a slow downward trend, except for a brief pause in 2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "Several factors have contributed to this decline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "But this is changing as prices continue to fall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "It is an indicator that also reflects demographic trends.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”", "passage": "So the summation of percentages may be lower than 100 %.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500 kJ) of energy per Martian day.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "It is the energy needed to create the system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Solar power plants require large amounts of land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) \"greenhouse\" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "\"Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "Large part of the displaced people were evacuated when the storm came, what saved many lives, but the price for the economy was very big.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "Tropical Storm Henri (2003), caused heavy rainfall along Florida 's Gulf coast, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, causing $ 19.6 million (USD) in damage", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "Hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated South Louisiana, destroying more than 200,000 homes and 18,000 businesses and causing about $ 25 billion in insured losses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "The floods caused millions of dollars in damages to the surrounding area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods", "passage": "Tropical Storm Edouard brought coastal and minor inland flooding to Louisiana and Texas in August 2008.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would \"increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%\" \"Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications\" (PDF).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "According to Energy Innovation’s Energy Policy Simulator, a repeal of the Clean Power Plan would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 500 million metric tons by 2030, and by 2050, that figure would rise to more than 1,200 million metric tons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "In 2006, a Green New Deal was created by the Green New Deal Task Force as a plan for one hundred percent clean, renewable energy by 2030 utilizing a carbon tax, a jobs guarantee, free college, single-payer healthcare, and a focus on using public programs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "Source: US Energy Information Administration", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "Source: US Energy Information Administration", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "Source: US Energy Information Administration", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "passage": "In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a \"hiatus\" or slowdown.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "In 1995, GCC assembled an advisory committee of scientific and technical experts to compile an internal-only, 17-page report on climate science entitled \"Predicting Future Climate Change: A Primer\", which said: “The scientific basis for the Greenhouse Effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on climate is well established and cannot be denied.” In early 1996, GCC's operating committee asked the advisory committee to redact the sections that rebutted contrarian arguments, and accepted the report and distributed it to members.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Ruddiman claims that the Anthropocene, has had significant human impact on greenhouse gas emissions, which began not in the industrial era, but rather 8,000 years ago, as ancient farmers cleared forests to grow crops.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "During the glacial–interglacial cycles of the past million years, natural processes have varied by approximately 100 ppm (from 180 ppm to 280 ppm) , anthropogenic net emissions of have increased atmospheric concentration by a comparable amount: From 280 ppm (Holocene or pre-industrial \"equilibrium\") to approximately 400 ppm, with 2015–2016 monthly monitoring data of displaying a rising trend above 400 ppm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "By increasing the amount of moisture available to fall as precipitation, severe weather events are more likely to occur.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena", "label": 0}
{"query": "The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "According to Energy Innovation’s Energy Policy Simulator, a repeal of the Clean Power Plan would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 500 million metric tons by 2030, and by 2050, that figure would rise to more than 1,200 million metric tons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "At the end of 2008, James Hansen stated five priorities that he felt then President-elect Barack Obama should adopt \"for solving the climate and energy problems, while stimulating the economy\": efficient energy use, renewable energy, a smart grid, generation IV nuclear reactors and carbon capture and storage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "passage": "On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for \"acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings\" and \"their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the \"5 lessons of climate change\", as: \"climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one\" \"climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them\" \"our world has huge unmet development needs\" \"our current energy portfolio is not sustainable\" \"massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice\" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "Climate scientists at the CRU and elsewhere received numerous threatening and abusive emails in the wake of the initial incidents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "Two days later, the university announced that Sir Muir Russell would chair the inquiry, which would be known as the Independent Climate Change Email Review, and would \"examine email exchanges to determine whether there is evidence of suppression or manipulation of data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; \"a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature\"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Category : Articles with inconsistent citation formats", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Peiser identified an error in this paper in that keywords used in the ISI database search were in fact \"global climate change\" and not \"climate change\" as originally stated, which resulted in a correction being published by \"Science\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Category : Publications with year of establishment missing", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "The report was not properly peer reviewed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Citation:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Citation:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "There are various versions/subsets of the data set used in economic papers and text books, some of which contain errors at some data points.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "passage": "Naming citation was published before November 1977.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.", "passage": "Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "This ice is formed from the ocean water and floats in the same water and thus does not contribute to rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "If a layer of ice melts off the top of the iceberg, the remaining iceberg will rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "passage": "Therefore, when a mass of floating ice melts, sea levels will increase; however, this effect is small enough that if all extant sea ice and floating ice shelves were to melt, the corresponding sea level rise is estimated to be ~4 cm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 \"The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "Excess greenhouse gases are a threat to our health and welfare.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "Human impacts upon the environment, such as pollution and global warming, in turn affect human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "In the case of climate change, GHG emissions affect the welfare of people now and in the future, as well as affecting the natural environment (Toth \"et al.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "Although not considered emission pollutants by the original California Air Resources Board (CARB) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definitions, the most recent common use of the term also includes volatile organic compounds, several air toxics (most notably 1,3-Butadiene), and global pollutants such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.", "passage": "These processes also have an impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon which have effect on the quality of human health and biodiversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "Finally, Earth Systems models project that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2047, the Earth's near surface temperature could depart from the range of variability in the last 150 years, affecting over 3 billion people and most places of great species diversity on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "(2008) also referred to projections over the same time period of the: US Climate Change Science Program (2.7% max, and 2.0% mean), International Monetary Fund's 2007 \"World Economic Outlook\" (2.5%), Energy Modelling Forum (2.4% max, 1.7% mean), US Energy Information Administration (2.2% high, 1.8% medium, and 1.4% low), IEA's \"World Energy Outlook 2007\" (2.1% high, 1.8 base case), and the base case from the Nordhaus model (1.3%).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "\"World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "passage": "It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The implications of increasing TSI during the global warming of the last two decades of the 20th century are that solar forcing may be a marginally larger factor in climate change than represented in the CMIP5 general circulation climate models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).", "label": 1}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "passage": "Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "Noun and Chyba propose three categories of measures to reduce risks from biotechnology and natural pandemics: Regulation or prevention of potentially dangerous research, improved recognition of outbreaks and developing facilities to mitigate disease outbreaks (e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "There are several classes of argument about the likelihood of pandemics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "Intensive farming may make the evolution and spread of harmful diseases easier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "However, small family farms are more likely to introduce bird diseases and more frequent association with people into the mix, as happened in the 2009 flu pandemic", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has its Emerging Pandemic Threats Program which aims to prevent and contain naturally generated pandemics at their source.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "Human activities (e.g., agriculture and industry) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "Industrial production of pigs and poultry is an important source of Greenhouse gas emissions and is predicted to become more so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "passage": "The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "\"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "passage": "Based on modeled and observed accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), El Niño years usually result in less active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean, but instead favor a shift of tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean, compared to La Niña years favoring above average hurricane development in the Atlantic and less so in the Pacific basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming \"stopped in 1998\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "In March 2015, he said that some people are \"global warming alarmists\" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "Jones, 1995.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the \"water vapour feedback\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", "passage": "That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.", "passage": "Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "Moore has also denied the consensus of the scientific community on climate change, having stated that increased carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is beneficial, that there is no proof that anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are responsible for global warming, and that even if true, increased temperature would be beneficial to life on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "passage": "He has questioned the link between second-hand smoke and lung cancer, and has been an outspoken opponent of the mainstream scientific view on climate change; he argues there is no evidence that increases in carbon dioxide produced by human beings is causing global warming and that the temperature of the earth has always varied.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "Palin considers herself a conservationist and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics, saying \"of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "After the election and the Climategate scandal, Palin spoke at a 2010 California logging conference calling studies supporting global climate change as \"snake oil science\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "Since the publication Trump stated in an interview on 60 Minutes that he didn't know that climate change is manmade and that \"it'll change back again\", the scientists who say it's worse than ever have \"a very big political agenda\" and that \"we have scientists that disagree with [manmade climate change].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "The Republican Party has varied views on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice maximum\" is the day of a year when Arctic sea ice reaches its largest extent near the end of the Arctic cold season, normally during March.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "Nothing in the University of East Anglia hacked e-mails represents a significant challenge to that body of scientific evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "The Guardian's\" analysis of the emails suggests that the hacker had filtered them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "We don't see a lot of evidence that the general public in the United States is picking up on the (University of East Anglia) emails.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "It found evidence that emails might have been deleted in order to make them unavailable should a subsequent request be made for them, though the panel did not ask anyone at CRU whether they had actually done this.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "Independent reviews by FactCheck and the Associated Press said that the emails did not affect evidence that man-made global warming is a real threat, and said that emails were being misrepresented to support unfounded claims of scientific misconduct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.", "passage": "\"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "In May 2019 the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere reached 415 PPM.", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "Mean monthly temperatures exceed during all months of the year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.", "label": 0}
{"query": "May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 0.3% in the first six months of the Carbon Tax to December 2012 to 276.5 Mt CO2 equiv, while Australia's gross domestic product grew at a rate of 2.5% per annum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "The Australian Government would have set a cap on carbon emissions, consistent with longer term goals of reducing Australia’s emissions by 60% compared with 2000 levels by 2050 (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 11).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a \"carbon tax\", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the \"Clean Energy Act 2011\" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "The Australian Government said in July 2013 that the carbon tax was a factor in reducing the emissions intensity in the National Electricity Market from 0.92 t of CO2 per MWh to 0.87 in the 11 months following its introduction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "Carbon tax support:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "passage": "On 17 July 2014, a report by the Australian National University estimated that the Australian scheme had cut carbon emissions by as much as 17 million tonnes, the biggest annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 24 years of records in 2013 as the carbon tax helped drive a large drop in pollution from the electricity sector.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "Climate data: No", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "Climate data: No", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "passage": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "Producer Avi Arad said, \"The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "Sixty years go by, and who are we today?", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize,\" similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "On average over a year, the ice floe has diminished by 4.3% every ten years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "passage": "Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Carbon is a constituent (about 12% by mass) of the very large masses of carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble and so on).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The shells of sea creatures are calcium carbonate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Cloud, P. E. -- Environment of Calcium Carbonate Deposition West of Andros Island, Bahamas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing ``conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing ``conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "It is a very hot place, as temperature reaches up to 40 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "It is an important natural heritage site containing exposed marine and coastal fauna.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "passage": "It is one of the wettest places in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "passage": "There are many feedback mechanisms in the climate system that can either amplify (a positive feedback) or diminish (a negative feedback) the effects of a change in climate forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "World population has gone through a number of periods of growth since the dawn of civilization in the Holocene period, around 10,000 BCE.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "The Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.", "passage": "The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs : the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "In an EU wide 2018 assessment of progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions per capita, France and Sweden were the only two large industrialized nations within the EU to receive a positive rating, as every other country received a \"poor\" to \"very poor\" grade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "In 8 June 2015, several newspapers ran an article wrote that the leaders of the Group of Seven (or G7, consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) agreed to phase-out fossil fuel use by 2100, as part of the efforts to keep global temperature increase under 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s", "passage": "Collectively the group of industrialized countries committed to a Kyoto target, i.e., the Annex I countries excluding the US, have a target of reducing their GHG emissions by 4.2% on average for the period 2008–2012 relative to the base year, which in most cases is 1990.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "As a result, the UV radiation is more intense on Earth and there is a worsening of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "an increase in planetary albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.", "passage": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "George Monbiot reports \"The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "label": 1}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming \"stopped in 1998\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.", "passage": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "The winter of 2009–10 in the United Kingdom (also called The Big Freeze of 2010 by British media) was a meteorological event that started on 16 December 2009, as part of the severe winter weather in Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "The winters could be very cold with snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "West and Central Europe were extremely cold during this period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.", "passage": "\"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is subsistence farming (48% of deforestation) and commercial agriculture (32%), which is linked to food, not paper production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "In the last two decades, various studies estimate that land use change, including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12-29 % of global greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "In 2014, deforestation in Indonesia, which accounts for .1% of the world's surface, caused 4% of global warming pollution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "passage": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: \"deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "He and colleagues at the Political Economy Research Institute have developed a plan for national recovery that shows, for example, that investing in clean energy (wind power, solar, and biofuels) will create about three times as many good-paying jobs than conventional projects will, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "Projections were made over future climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "The volunteer computing project ClimatePrediction.net is a research team based at the University of Oxford conducting research into global climate change using adapted versions of the climate models developed at the Hadley Centre.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "<poem>Models consistently suggest that SRM would generally reduce climate differences compared to a world with elevated GHG concentrations and no SRM; however, there would also be residual regional differences in climate (e.g., temperature and rainfall) when compared to a climate without elevated GHGs...", "label": 0}
{"query": "In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "passage": "Emission scenarios can be combined with modelling of the carbon cycle to predict how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases might change in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "Some models of modern climate exhibit Arctic amplification without changes in snow and ice cover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "\"Greenland enters melt mode\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "Total warming in Greenland was .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.", "passage": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "anthropogenic climate science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "Climate is governed by physical laws which can be expressed as differential equations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The forest has been deteriorating in recent years as more trees have been harvested than planted, and it has been ravaged by fires.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "Urban growth has become a problem for forests and agriculture, the expansion of structures prevents natural resources from producing in their environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The increase has been attributed to human activity, particularly deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "Rather, it is the practices of the human population that can cause a landscape to become degraded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "passage": "The species is threatened by destruction of its forest habitat as the area under cultivation in the region increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "\"Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "passage": "El Niño (, , ) is associated with a band of warmer than average ocean water temperatures that periodically develops off the Pacific coast of South America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "East Antarctica is a cold region with a ground base above sea level and occupies most of the continent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "The polar regions of Earth, also known as Earth 's frigid zones, are the regions of Earth surrounding its geographical poles (the North and South Poles).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "passage": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.", "label": 1}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.", "label": 1}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.", "label": 1}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.", "label": 1}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: \"Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "Because of human overpopulation, coral reefs are dying around the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "Carbon cycle feedbacks, the demise of coral, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest, and extreme desertification are also described, with five or six degrees of warming potentially leading to the complete uninhabitability of the tropics and subtropics, as well as extreme water and food shortages, possibly leading to mass migration of billions of people.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "A \"New York Times\" op-ed on 13 July 2012 by ecologist Roger Bradbury predicted the end of biodiversity for the oceans, labelling coral reefs doomed: \"Coral reefs will be the first, but certainly not the last, major ecosystem to succumb to the Anthropocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "The world ocean is in great danger of collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed \"In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.", "label": 0}
{"query": "describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "When greenhouse gas molecules absorb thermal infrared energy, their temperature rises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "Data in \"An Inconvenient Truth\" have been questioned.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged \"Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "passage": "One of the CRU's most significant products is the CRUTEM global dataset of land near-surface temperature anomalies on a 5° by 5° grid-box basis, which is compiled in conjunction with the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research and its sea-surface temperature dataset to produce the HadCRUT temperature record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of per year; since 1993, [[satellite]] altimetry from [[TOPEX/Poseidon]] indicates a rate of about per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.", "passage": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "Warming temperatures lead to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.", "passage": "Global warming also has an enormous impact with respect to melting glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "\"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "Global warming (recent climate change) is dangerous in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about above sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming,\" irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and \"Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "Furthermore, the report finds that \"limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being\" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) that the goal for COP21 should a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the Alliance of Small Island States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "M. Sanjayan interviews scientists around the world about global warming and reviews the data that they are collecting about the effects of climate change around the world, for example at Christmas Island, where El Niños begin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "For example: \"Exxon's beneficiaries in Congress include the Oklahoma senator Jim Inhofe, who called global warming a hoax, and who has received $20,500 since 2007, according to the Dirty Energy Money database maintained by Oil Change International.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "\"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "Environmental Defense Fund or EDF (formerly known as Environmental Defense) is a United States-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "Mike Feinstein, American Green Party politician", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "passage": "According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan \"established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change\" and was \"the biggest step\" the United States had \"ever taken to address climate change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.", "passage": "Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave sounding unit and radiosonde data, but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data (see figure opposite).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "Long-term mass balance records from Lemon Creek Glacier in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "passage": "Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "The ocean is some higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "The sea level along the U.S. Pacific coast has also increased more than the global average but less than along the Atlantic coast.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "The 2011 report of the \"Pacific Climate Change Science Program\" published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "The western boundary is the Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.", "passage": "After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "\"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "In an interview, Trenberth said, \"The planet is warming\", but \"the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "\"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "1945/1946: The PDO changed to a \"cool\" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "1976/1977: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "If the cycles continue as in the past, the current warm cycle should end soon and global temperatures should cool slightly until about 2035, then warm about 0.5°C from ~2035 to ~2065, and cool slightly until 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "passage": "Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.", "passage": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "This law is the basis of temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "passage": "According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "Research published in 2011 finds evidence that massive volcanic eruptions caused massive coal combustion, supporting models for significant generation of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "\"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.", "passage": "Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand teragrams (Tg, which is equal to 10 kg) equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "passage": "As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide equivalent concentration of 400–500 ppm by volume; the current (January 2015) level of carbon dioxide alone is 400 ppm by volume, and rising at 1–3 ppm annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.", "passage": "The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "\"Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "He believes that most climate change is natural in origin, the result of long-term changes in the Earth's albedo and that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have caused some warming, but that its warming influence is small compared to natural, internal, chaotic fluctuations in global average cloud cover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "Deforestation affects wind flows,", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop–based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a “biofuel carbon debt” by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "building 'green factories' is more expensive than building 'black factories.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "Air is a renewable resource.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”", "passage": "Rates of deforestation vary around the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to \"Global Dimming.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "In the latter half of the century, we find that anthropogenic increases in greenhouses gases are largely responsible for the observed warming, balanced by some cooling due to anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, with no evidence for significant solar effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "The cooling period is reproduced by current (1999 on) global climate models (GCMs) that include the physical effects of sulfate aerosols, and there is now general agreement that aerosol effects were the dominant cause of the mid-20th century cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "Anthropogenic particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere reduce the direct irradiance and reflectance (albedo) of the Earth's surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "\"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "The IPCC explains this as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).", "label": 0}
{"query": "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "passage": "It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "Over the period 1990–2007, CO emissions from energy use have decreased on average by 0.3%/year although the economic activity (GDP) increased by 2.3%/year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "It is estimated that Malawi loses around $12.5 million, or the equivalent of 1% of its GDP each year to drought, and $9 million or 0.7% of its GDP, to flooding in the southern regions of the country.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "Total CO emissions per unit of GDP, the “CO intensity”, decreased more rapidly than energy intensity: by 2.3%/year and 1.4%/year, respectively, on average between 1990 and 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "North Korea had a similar GDP per capita to its neighbor South Korea from the aftermath of the Korean War until the mid-1970s, but had a GDP per capita of less than $ 2,000 in the late 1990s and early 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "Floods can be both beneficial to societies or cause damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "passage": "A small flood in 1993 ruined a marginal amount of cropland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed \"winter months\" and \"summer months\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "passage": "Lastly, seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001 and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1995.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "Volcanoes are the largest source but there are also anthropogenic sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "A synonym for Pressure ridge (lava) in volcanology", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "It is also well known for its volcanic topography.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "Volcanic processes made the crust pull apart.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "passage": "Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Similarly the warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic nutrients into the surface waters and eliminating the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains depend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345 billion as of 2017[update].", "label": 1}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "\"Top 50 Water Ports by Tonnage—Bureau of Transportation Statistics\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "As of 2013[update], Port Tampa Bay ranks 16th in the United States by tonnage in domestic trade, 32nd in foreign trade, and 22nd in total trade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "If it were a country, Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world, and the 58th most populous as of 2018[update].", "label": 1}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "For the five years through November 2017, Georgia has been ranked the top state (number 1) in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation, number 1 in business climate in the nation, number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a \"Best in Class\" state economic development agency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "This article refers to crime in the U.S. state of Florida.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "This is a timeline of the U.S. state of Florida.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "It is in North America, including and possibly limited to Florida.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "Within the region, desert/semi-desert (California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas), Mediterranean (California), humid subtropical (Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee), and tropical (Florida) climates can be found.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "Within the state of Florida four counties (Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach) have created the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact in order to coordinate adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the impact of climate change on the region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "passage": "Florida 's FIPS code of 12 is used to distinguish from counties in other states.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: \"We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic \"paradigm shifts\" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "By contrast, work on the Asymmetry of Scientific Challenge (ASC) suggests that such consensus assessments are likely to understate climate disruptions [...] new scientific findings were more than twenty times as likely to support the ASC perspective than the usual framing of the issue in the U.S. mass media.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "Consensus includes a distributed agreement that an actual threat is going to take place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "In the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express pointed concerns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "passage": "There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "1976/1977: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "1945/1946: The PDO changed to a \"cool\" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "| width = ``40 %'' align = ``center'' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events (1970-2005)", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "passage": "The two warmest years were 1981 and 1987.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.", "passage": "Warming is stronger over northern Europe, China and North America in winter, Europe and Asia interior in spring, Europe and north Africa in summer and northern North America, Greenland and eastern Asia in autumn.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "Limiting global warming to 1.5°C, compared with 2°C, could reduce the number of people both exposed to climate-related risks and susceptible to poverty by up to several hundred million by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "Climate change is beginning to lead the global population into a food shortage, greatly affecting our livestock supply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "A warmer earth could serve to moderate temperatures worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "The cryosphere (from the Greek \"kryos\", \"cold\", \"frost\" or \"ice\" and \"sphaira\", \"globe, ball\") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "Analysis of ice in a core drilled from an ice sheet such as the Antarctic ice sheet, can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "passage": "Antarctica is the driest continent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "The species are also affected by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "\"Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "One of the most important ways animals can deal with climatic change is migration to warmer or colder regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "Species of plants and animals that can't adapt quickly enough may become extinct or be replaced by other creatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "Climate change can be an important driver of migration, both within and between countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "The world ocean is in great danger of collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "Recent studies (2017) suggest potential convection collapse (heat transport) of the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic, resulting in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "The ocean is in great danger of collapse.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "Global warming could, via a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "Possible weakening of ocean overturning and convection lead to further oxygen depletion, also in the deep ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet", "passage": "The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "In 2016, the longest coral bleaching event was recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event occurred the indian ocean region worst affected by it due to rising of temperature of sea by 2℃ to normal temperature level coupled by strong El nino event in 1997-1998.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed \"In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded", "passage": "Between 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded which corresponded with the El Nino Southern Oscillation, with significant damage to the coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "A positive externality (also called \"external benefit\" or \"external economy\" or \"beneficial externality\") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "Human influence on the climate system is clear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "Externalities can be either positive or negative.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "Although humans operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects'.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "passage": "The relationship between human labour and the environment and the types of work that humans have participated in have created a negative impact on many aspects of the environment including climate change and has resulted in the emerging green economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body 's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body 's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 \"The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "passage": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "\"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since then.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "In May 2013, two independent teams of scientists measuring CO near the summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million, probably for the first time in more than 3 million years of Earth history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.", "passage": "The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt.", "label": 1}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.", "label": 1}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.", "label": 1}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "\"Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "\"Gardeners can slow climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "Why is the news on global warming always bad?", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "It is claimed that when applied to climate change, alarmist language can create a greater sense of urgency.", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "passage": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "While the warm surface waters of the oceans have limited ability to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the coldest surface waters near the poles (2–3% of ocean surfaces) can transfer significant amounts of carbon dioxide to deep-ocean reserves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "passage": "About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was \"a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it\"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.", "passage": "El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is colorless.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Tetrafluorohydrazine or dinitrogen tetrafluoride,, is a colourless, reactive inorganic gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for \"literate communication\" is \"about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations \"next to nothing\" will survive in a useful way besides \"if we have continuity in our technological civilization\" by which \"a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "Rosenzweig also criticized the \"waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it \"had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "These have been issued at various times since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "It has been in research since the early 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "Archaeological studies have continued into recent times.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "It has been active from 1978 to the present.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "While these records have been compiled for over 100 years, there are varying standards for these records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "This trend is projected to continue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "passage": "Archival strategy Data must remain available in the long term.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that \"the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "Describing its report as \"hugely positive\", he stated that \"it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The \"rigour and honesty\" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether \"the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "Cru is ``a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized quality''.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The CRU was found to be \"objective and dispassionate in their view of the data and their results, and there was no hint of tailoring results to a particular agenda.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also \"make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "The CRU collates data from many sources around the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.", "passage": "CRUs, an abbreviation of Civil Resettlement Units", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "Projections were made over future climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "Earth's climate system is no exception.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "Earth’s climate system is no exception.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the \"lowest common denominator\" findings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "The book looks and attempts to summarize results from scientific papers on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "passage": "IPCC documents detail several notable proposals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "As BOD increases, available oxygen decreases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "Actually, it is oxygen being consumed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "One study suggests that the amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for ocean life.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "The shell is part of the body of the animal.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "passage": "More research is needed because the life cycle is not completely known.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun 's energy directly into electric energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Sunlight is the primary input of energy into the planet's ecosystems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "passage": "Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "Therefore, we might be nearing the end of this warm period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "that noted \"the atmosphere has been growing gradually cooler for the past three decades\" but noted that \"Some scientists... think that the cooling trend may be only temporary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "passage": "Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "Reducing energy use reduces emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "``There 's a strong scientific case for significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "Economic growth was found to be compatible with increasing or decreasing GHG emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "...Carbon dioxide removal strategies address a key driver of climate change, but research is needed to fully assess if any of these technologies could be appropriate for large-scale deployment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.", "passage": "Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "\"MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "America needs renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The U.S. Department of Energy stated (in 2006) that more than 1.5 million homes and businesses were currently using solar water heating in the United States, representing a capacity of over 1,000 megawatts (MW) of thermal energy generation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.", "passage": "The solar energy industry uses watt-hour per square metre (Wh/m) per unit time .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Well-known historical droughts include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "While covering less area than the Dust Bowl, which covered 70 % of the United States, the drought of 1988 ranks as not only the costliest drought in United States history but also the costliest natural disaster in United States history before Hurricane Katrina.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "The worst droughts in the history of the United States occurred during the 1930s and 1950s, periods of time known as ` Dust Bowl ' years in which droughts lead to significant economic damages and social changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.", "passage": "During the summer of 1988, the drought led to many wildfires in forested western North America, including the Yellowstone fires of 1988.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Karen B. Stewart is the current United States Ambassador to the Marshall Islands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "In May 2005, Chen Shui-bian, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), became the first foreign head of state to make an official visit to the Marshall Islands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Elections in Marshall Islands gives information on election and election results in Marshall Islands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Work is proceeding under the Pacific Plan on options for improving feeder shipping services to a number of small island states", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "(4) focusing on enhancing resilience and implementing low-regrets adaptation options; and", "label": 0}
{"query": "Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "passage": "Societies need to build resiliency into these systems in order to achieve such a feat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "\"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "less than 14% of the observed global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "Globally, the troposphere is predicted by models to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "Climate models include different external forcings for their models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "In the tropics, all models predicted that with a rise in greenhouse gases, the troposphere would be expected to warm more rapidly than the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event occurred the indian ocean region worst affected by it due to rising of temperature of sea by 2℃ to normal temperature level coupled by strong El nino event in 1997-1998.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "Elevated sea water temperatures are the main cause of mass bleaching events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising water temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.", "passage": "A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29 °C (84 °F) and in July around 21 °C (70 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "Average temperatures of January is 21 ° C, February is 23 ° C, March is 29 ° C, April is 34 ° C, May is 37 ° C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "passage": "May is the warmest month, and January, the coolest.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "However, rather than the warming itself melting the ice, it is possible that sea-level change associated with the warming destabilised ice shelves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "Ice shelves are not stable when surface melting occurs, and the collapse of Larsen Ice Shelf has been caused by warmer melt season temperatures that have led to surface melting and the formation of shallow ponds of water on the ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "Without a floating ice shelf to support them, continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "passage": "It would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "passage": "Economic debates weigh the benefits of limiting industrial emissions of mitigating global warming against the costs that such changes would entail.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and warms it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "Earth's surface, warmed to an \"effective temperature\" around −18 °C (0 °F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "In spite of the enormous transfers of energy into and from the Earth, it maintains a relatively constant temperature because, as a whole, there is little net gain or loss: Earth emits via atmospheric and terrestrial radiation (shifted to longer electromagnetic wavelengths) to space about the same amount of energy as it receives via insolation (all forms of electromagnetic radiation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "This yields an apparent effective average earth temperature of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "This is because the above equation represents the effective \"radiative\" temperature of the Earth (including the clouds and atmosphere).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "passage": "Dependent on the radiative balance of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Kerry Emanuel stated, \"Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Climate (from Ancient Greek \"klima\", meaning \"inclination\") is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "The macroscopic climate often influences each of the above.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "The term is also used to describe the meteorological phenomenon associated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Deviations from this equilibrium can also be affected by variated climate .", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "The climate is a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "passage": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "Model projections showed that Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and the active layer (the top layer of soil or rock in permafrost that is subjected to seasonal freezing and thawing) would be a small sink for carbon (i.e., net uptake of carbon) over this century (p. 662).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "It was judged that increased emissions of carbon from thawing of permafrost could occur.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, to the atmosphere, back to vegetation, and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "the level of historic warming (±250 GtCO), potential additional carbon release from future permafrost thawing and methane release from wetlands (reducing the budget by up to 100 GtCO over the century), and the level of future non-CO2 mitigation (±400 GtCO).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "Estimates vary on how many tons of greenhouse gases are emitted from thawed permafrost soils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.", "passage": "reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August 2015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called \"pure fantasy\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "The underlying idea is that developing nations should be financially compensated if they succeed in reducing their levels of deforestation (through valuing the carbon that is stored in forests); a concept termed 'avoided deforestation (AD) or, REDD if broadened to include reducing forest degradation (see Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "The idea consists in providing financial compensations for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries has emerged as a new potential to complement ongoing climate policies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "Reforestation can be used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources, particularly timber, but also non-timber forest products.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "According to research conducted at ETH Zurich, restoring all degraded forests all over the world could capture about 205 billion tons of carbon in total (which is about 2/3rd of all carbon emissions, bringing global warming down to below 2 °C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "According to research conducted at ETH Zurich, restoring all degraded forests all over the world could capture about 205 billion tons of carbon in total (which is about 2/3rd of all carbon emissions, bringing global warming down to below 2 °C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "From the perspective of the method known as Natural Economy the economic value of 17 ecosystem services for Earth's biosphere (calculated in 1997) has an estimated value of US$33 trillion (3.3x10) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "passage": "The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "It has also been stated that the sea level will rise 28–43 cm by 2100; if all the ice on Earth melts, it is predicted that the ocean level will increase 75 meters, destroying many coastal cities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "A large rise (on the order of several feet) in global sea levels poses many threats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24 μm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3–4 K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200–500 mbar.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface, where temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "passage": "Contrary to climate models and surface measurements, their results showed a cooling in the troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "Global warming is increasing growth of algae on the ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "Furthermore, permafrost melting will eventually cause methane release from melting permafrost peat bogs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "A potential abrupt feedback due to thermokarst lake formations in the Arctic, in response to thawing permafrost soils, releasing additional greenhouse gas methane, is currently not accounted for in climate models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.", "passage": "Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "The amount of correlation between human arrival and megafauna extinction is still being debated: for example, in Wrangel Island in Siberia the extinction of dwarf woolly mammoths (approximately 2000 BCE) did not coincide with the arrival of humans, nor did megafaunal mass extinction on the South American continent, although it has been suggested climate changes induced by anthropogenic effects elsewhere in the world may have contributed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he \"would not agree that\" carbon dioxide is \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see\" backing up his claim by stating that \"measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "Ball has said he opposes the consensus scientific opinion on climate change and has stated that he believes global warming is occurring but that human production of carbon dioxide is not the cause.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.", "passage": "Humans have drastically added to the amount of carbon dioxide () in the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and the process of deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "\"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "temperature) over a 30-year period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "passage": "Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "This allows a temperature record to be constructed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained from radiometric measurements by satellites.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "passage": "Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions \"yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium\", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, \"but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "There are several other effects such as clouds.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "The opposite is true if cloud cover decreases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Clouds provide negative feedback.", "passage": "According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "This statement summarizes the economic case for carbon pricing as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "Both studies outline an economic approach to climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "Cost-benefit integrated assessment models are the main tools for calculating the social cost of carbon, or the marginal social cost of emitting one more tonne of carbon (as carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere at any point in time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "passage": "Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "\"special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "This along with climate change, and ocean acidification can cause the collapse of an ecosystem.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "This along with climate change, and ocean acidification can cause the collapse of an ecosystem.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "\"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).", "label": 1}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its\"openness and experience in diplomacy\" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "The main current international agreement on combating climate change is the Kyoto Protocol (which is now succeeded by the Paris agreement).", "label": 0}
{"query": "I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "passage": "Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "\"Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "The 20th century AD, the period between the years 1901 and 2000 of the Gregorian calendar", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "The scientific field of paleoclimatology came to maturity in the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "passage": "Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "\"President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "He was forced to resign in November 2003.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "Similarly, according to the testimony of senior officers of the Government Accountability Project, the White House attempted to bury the report \"National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change\", produced by U.S. scientists pursuant to U.S. law, Some U.S. scientists resigned their jobs rather than give in to White House pressure to underreport global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "Inhofe said it showed that the controversy was \"about unethical and potentially illegal behavior by some of the world's leading climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "In March 2005, Rick S. Piltz resigned from CCSP charging political interference with scientific reports: \"I believe ...that the administration … has acted to impede forthright communication of the state of climate science and its implications for society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "passage": "\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "Total solar irradiance (TSI) changes slowly on decadal and longer timescales.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter \"(see solar constant)\", though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "One Sun is a unit of power flux, not a standard value for actual insolation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "Disagreement among overlapping observations indicates unresolved drifts that suggest the TSI record is not sufficiently stable to discern solar changes on decadal time scales.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "Satellites do not measure temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "Different measurements of solar irradiance (direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance) are mapped below :", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publication \"Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis\" stated that sea ice extent for the Northern Hemisphere showed a decrease of 3.8% ± 0.3% per decade from November 1978 to December 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "The sea level has risen more than since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20,000 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Research published in 2011 finds evidence that massive volcanic eruptions caused massive coal combustion, supporting models for significant generation of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "\"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory", "passage": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "\"UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "The following year new targets to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 were announced and then confirmed in the 2009 Climate Change Delivery Plan.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "\"Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 is an Act passed by the Scottish Parliament.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "100% renewable energy in a country is typically a more challenging goal than carbon neutrality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "The mitigation of anthropogenic climate change in the nation of Scotland is a matter for the devolved Scottish Parliament.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "The mitigation of anthropogenic climate change in the nation of Scotland is a matter for the devolved Scottish Parliament.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "The world 's largest is planned for Scotland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "List of listed buildings in Tough, Aberdeenshire", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "This article focuses on carbon governance in England as the other countries of the UK (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) all have devolved assemblies who are responsible for the governance of carbon emissions in their respective countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "passage": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "In addition to dehydration and heat stroke, these heat waves have also resulted in epidemics of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "It is known from El Salvador.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "The ratio may be used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury or dehydration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "Kidney disease results from an immune response that deposits immune complexes in the kidney.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "The kidneys are almost always affected and this often leads to kidney failure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "Currently he is suffering from severe kidney failure.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "In addition to the inability to filter blood, renal failure results in the body 's inability to make some vitamins and minerals (example : vitamin D), as well as difficulty excreting excessive amounts of certain vitamins and minerals (example : phosphorus).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "passage": "Recent studies have shown that prolonged heat exposure, physical exertion, and dehydration are sufficient factors to developing CKD.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis \"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "The correlation coefficient is not yet scientifically determined.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "So when the result of a statistical analysis is said to be an ``exact test'' or an ``exact p-value'', it ought to imply that the test is defined without parametric assumptions and evaluated without using approximate algorithms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "Cum hoc propter hoc ; see Correlation does not imply causation", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "There is some data but no published papers in this application.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "Statistical randomness does not necessarily imply ``true'' randomness, i.e., objective unpredictability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "An are experimentally determined coefficients.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "Hypotheses are evaluated with reference to a null hypothesis which states that random processes create the observed data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.", "passage": "Various academic studies have given alternative results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "For over a decade, one aspect of the climate change story seemed to show a significant difference between models and observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "A paper on Greenland's temperature record shows that the warmest year on record was 1941 while the warmest decades were the 1930s and 1940s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "The past nine years have all been among the 25 warmest years on record for the contiguous U.S., a streak which is unprecedented in the historical record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "passage": "\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "Such a machine is called a \"perpetual motion machine of the second kind\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "The second law of thermodynamics states that any closed-loop cycle can only convert a fraction of the heat produced during combustion into mechanical work.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "passage": "The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "label": 1}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "George Monbiot reports \"The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "George Monbiot reports \"The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as this century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "\"The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "The \"global mean sea level is projected rise (relative to 1986-2005) by 0.26 to 0.77m by 2100 for 1.5°C global warming\" and about 0.1m more for 2°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "(the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\left({\\frac {W(0)}{\\nu }}\\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /\\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "The distance from the sun is", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "There are some recent speculations that cycle 4, the longest solar cycle since 1755, was actually two cycles, based on the appearance of new sunspots at high solar latitudes in 1793-1796 and a reconstruction of the sunspot butterfly diagram for cycles 3 and 4, although total sunspot numbers only show a single-peaked distribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "Solar sunspot maximum occurs when the magnetic field of the sun collapses and reverse as part of its average 11 year solar cycle (22 years for complete North to North restoration).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "Irradiance in space is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "passage": "stated that while \"There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle\", \"changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "A 2015 study published in \"Nature Climate Change\", states:", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "The climate of the Pacific region at the equator is influenced by a number of factors; the science of which is the subject of continuing research.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "passage": "The authors of the study also acknowledged that plays an important role in climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).", "label": 1}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "\"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "\"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.", "passage": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "\"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "This figure accounts for CO 2 molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean, photosynthesis, and other processes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since then.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "In May 2013, two independent teams of scientists measuring CO near the summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million, probably for the first time in more than 3 million years of Earth history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "As the Greenland ice sheet loses mass from calving of icebergs as well as by melting of ice, any such processes tend to accelerate the loss of the ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "label": 1}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "\"A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "\"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels, however results of research from the University of Auckland challenge the existing narratives by showing that island expansion has been the most common physical alteration throughout Tuvalu over the past four decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "Tuvaluan [tuːvəˈluːən], often called Tuvalu, is a Polynesian language of or closely related to the Ellicean group spoken in Tuvalu.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "It is threatening the livelihood, security and wellbeing of all Tuvaluans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "Save Tuvalu in order to save yourself, the world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "Tuvalu faces challenges which will be exacerbated by climate change, those challenges are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "Cockburn Island (Polynesia), the former name of Fangataufa in French Polynesia", "label": 0}
{"query": "Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...", "passage": "The Wallis and Futuna Islands are a Polynesian French island territory in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest, Rotuma of Fiji to the west and the main part of Fiji to the southwest.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).", "label": 1}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "Typically, for a gas-fired plant the fully installed cost per kW electrical is around £400/kW ($577 USD), which is comparable with large central power stations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "\"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "In total, electrical station construction and well drilling costs about 2–5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the levelised energy cost is 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "The cost of electricity production is estimated at /kWh.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "\"Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "passage": "On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "passage": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "The Ice Age reached its peak during the last glacial maximum, when ice sheets commenced advancing from 33,000 years BP and reached their maximum positions 26,500 years BP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "In the early Phanerozoic, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been linked to driving or amplifying increased global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.", "label": 1}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong", "passage": "Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).", "label": 1}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).", "label": 1}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "On a longer time scale, geologists must refer to the sedimentary record for data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "Numerous fossil species have been described.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "Today, a variety of organisms live in and disturb the sediment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "Heinrich events are clearly observed in many North Atlantic marine sediment cores covering the last glacial period; the lower resolution of the sedimentary record before this point makes it more difficult to deduce whether they occurred during other glacial periods in the Earth's history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "The trace fossil is found in marine and freshwater environments.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "Although once thought to be a living fossil, the Chambered Nautilus is now considered taxonomically very different from ancient ammonites, and the recent fossil record surrounding the species shows more genetic diversity among Nautiluses now than has been found since the extinction of the dinosaurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "passage": "The interaction between marine biota and geologic processes is very important to shoreline stability, especially in soft sedimentary environments where sediments are more likely to erode away.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The text stated that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The Media and Climate Change Observatory team at the University of Colorado Boulder found that 2017 “saw media attention to climate change and global warming ebb and flow” with June seeing the maximum global media coverage on both subjects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human-caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "Play media Play media In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, \"In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord,\" adding \"The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a “hoax.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "Although Donald Trump has tried to remove the United States from the Paris Agreement, other states such as New York have been creating greener spaces by installing more solar panels and creating 'green building' which mitigate pollution in an effort to make New York city 'cleaner'.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "passage": "The United States Climate Alliance is a group of states committed to meeting the Paris Agreement emissions targets despite President Trump's announced withdrawal from the agreement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).", "label": 1}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Some aerosols like carbon black have warming effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The presence of aerosols in the earth's atmosphere can influence its climate, as well as human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "In general, aerosol particles can affect the radiation balance leading to a cooling or heating effect with the magnitude and sign of the temperature change largely dependent on aerosol optical properties, aerosol concentrations, and the albedo of the underlying surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and \"climate change\" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "Translation: Once human beings start to warm the climate, they do so at a constant rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "passage": "... for centuries to come, if man's industrial growth continues, the earth's climate will continue to grow warmer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "\"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "June was one of the wettest months on record in Britain (see List of weather records).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "passage": "ESA: European Space Agency", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "less than 14% of the observed global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "passage": "The group claims that many scientists choose to endorse prevailing theories of global warming to protect their research funding by the government, a view that is held by French climatologist and author Marcel Leroux, and was the subject of the book \"Meltdown: The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians, and the Media\" by Patrick Michaels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is colorless.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "Tetrafluorohydrazine or dinitrogen tetrafluoride,, is a colourless, reactive inorganic gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "At standard temperature and pressure it is a colorless flammable gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "passage": "In physiology, carbonic acid is described as volatile acid or respiratory acid, because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "These factors have led to the average climate of cities to be warmer than surrounding areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "There are a couple factors why the climate of large city landscapes differs from the climate of rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.", "passage": "Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "Many of the most memorable and devastating storms in eastern North America and western Europe, popularly known as superstorms, have been winter cyclonic storms, though sometimes occurring in late fall or early spring, that generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.", "passage": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "The observed changes in some climate variables, such as Arctic sea ice, some aspects of precipitation, and patterns of surface pressure, appear to be proceeding much more rapidly than models have projected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "Arctic climate is believed to be now rapidly warming and much larger Arctic shrinkage changes are projected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "Glaciers are melting at an alarming rate which is causing the ocean to rise faster than predicted.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”", "passage": "Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused \"all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal\" and would explain ice age changes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Climate Change Myths and Realities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "\"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Travis Le ; Honolulu, HI ; ``Determining ` Hot Spots ' through Correlations of CMEs and Solar Flares.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Changes of water level in wells and ditches were reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "When there are more sunspots, the total solar output increases, and when there are fewer sunspots, it decreases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Between 1847 and 1849, he made important observations regarding sunspots.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Changes of 3–4% in cloudiness and concurrent changes in cloud top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar (sunspot) cycles, with increased GCR levels during \"antiparallel\" cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water levels correlate with sunspots", "passage": "Level of Neutral Buoyancy, equilibrium level, a meteorological term", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "The geological record, however, shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "passage": "The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines, as there are around other artificial structures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "In 2015, electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota, Vermont, and Texas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidences of removal of forests to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise, and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "When the combined immediate and indirect fatalities from nuclear power and all fossil fuels are compared, including fatalities resulting from the mining of the necessary natural resources to power generation and to air pollution, the use of nuclear power has been calculated to have prevented about 1.8 million deaths between 1971 and 2009, by reducing the proportion of energy that would otherwise have been generated by fossil fuels, and is projected to continue to do so.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "passage": "Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "\"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc..", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Moreover, it is unlikely that a fundamental change has occurred in either how often or where severe droughts have occurred over the continental United States during the past half-century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "These come and go due to the effect of storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "Researchers are now asking a new question: can we condition corals, that are not from this area, in this manner and slowly introduce them to higher temperatures for short periods of time and make them more resilient against rising ocean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "This gives researchers hope that with rising temperatures due to global warming, coral reefs will develop tolerance for different species of symbiotic algae that are resistant to high temperature, and can live within the reefs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "They are trying to make \"super corals\" that can withstand some of the environmental factors that the corals are currently dying from.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "Corals have shown to be resilient to short-term disturbances.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "passage": "There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Other sources indicate an \"Average over the entire earth\" of \"164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Of the ~340 W/m² of solar radiation received by the Earth, an average of ~77 W/m² is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and ~23 W/m² is reflected by the surface albedo, leaving ~240 W/m² of solar energy input to the Earth's energy budget.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Higher values indicate that a cloud reflects a larger amount of solar radiation and transmits a smaller amount of radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Globally, over the course of the year, the Earth system—land surfaces, oceans, and atmosphere—absorbs and then radiates back to space an average of about 340 watts of solar power per square meter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Thick clouds (such as stratocumulus) reflect a large amount of incoming solar radiation, meaning they have a high albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "The SI unit of irradiance is watt per square metre (W/m, which may also be written Wm).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "To quantify Earth's \"heat budget\" or \"heat balance\", let the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere be 100 units (100 units = about 1,360 watts per square meter facing the sun), as shown in the accompanying illustration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "There are several other effects such as clouds.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "passage": "Cloud cover may change in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "Climate change has many potential impacts on the production of food crops—from food scarcity and nutrient deficiency to possible increased food production because of elevated carbon dioxide () levels—all of which directly affect human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "For example, lifting people out of poverty can increase consumption and drive climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: \"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.", "passage": "Residential demographics affect perceptions of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend", "passage": "Some sources of catastrophic risk are natural, such as meteor impacts or supervolcanoes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.", "passage": "Well-known historical droughts include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "Cloud cover may change in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a Nuclear Winter scenario.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "If there are little clouds in a particular year, there is an energy imbalance and extra heat can be absorbed by the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "passage": "There is a degree of scientific uncertainty about the contribution of contrail and cirrus cloud formation to global warming and attempts to estimate aviation's overall climate change contribution do not tend to include its effects on cirrus cloud enhancement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed \"The Great Snow of 1717\" hit the colonies of New England in 1717.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Notable ice storms include an El Niño-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Hurricane Earl was the first major hurricane to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob in 1991.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "The storm was the last storm to strike the region with a Regional Snowfall Index rating of Category 5, ``Extreme'' intensity, until roughly 38 years later, when another crippling and historic blizzard struck the Northeast, mainly to the south, where numerous records were broken, more than the Blizzard of 1978 broke.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "\"700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "The 1775 Newfoundland hurricane, not to be confused with the Independence Hurricane, was a hurricane that hit the Colony of Newfoundland on September 12, 1775.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962, a strong nor'easter which battered the East Coast of the United States in 1962", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "The 1940 New England hurricane moved off of the U.S. East Coast and Atlantic Canada in August and September 1940, producing strong winds and torrential rainfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Many of the most memorable and devastating storms in eastern North America and western Europe, popularly known as superstorms, have been winter cyclonic storms, though sometimes occurring in late fall or early spring, that generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "passage": "Category : Blizzards in the United States", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: \"While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "passage": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "Climate models of earth, for example the Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP), are used to simulate the quantity of warming that will occur with rising CO 2 concentrations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "He has repeatedly criticized the climate models that predict global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "AIBS Position Statements \"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "...Carbon dioxide removal strategies address a key driver of climate change, but research is needed to fully assess if any of these technologies could be appropriate for large-scale deployment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "To some extent moisture in the atmosphere accelerates the probability of a global warming event.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "passage": "There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "Coal fires in China burn an estimated 120 million tons of coal a year, emitting 360 million metric tons of CO, amounting to 2–3% of the annual worldwide production of CO from fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "In 2016 world gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage were 14.5 giga tonnes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "In the United States, electric power plants emit about 2.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year, or roughly 40 percent of the nation's total emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.", "passage": "The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.", "label": 1}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.", "label": 1}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "These observations are on a global scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "stated that while \"There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle\", \"changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).", "passage": "Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be \"ice-free\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "\"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "From sea ice models and recent satellite images it can be expected that a sea ice free summer will come before 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "passage": "(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "\"United States delivers first payment to global climate fund\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.", "label": 1}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "The Green New Deal (GND) is a proposed United States legislation that aims to address climate change and economic inequality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a fund established within the framework of the UNFCCC as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "As part of the Energy Security Fund, $1 billion was promised to highly emissions-intensive coal-fired generators.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "passage": "According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan \"established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change\" and was \"the biggest step\" the United States had \"ever taken to address climate change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.", "passage": "Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "These observations are on a global scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "Greenhouse gas concentrations are aggregated in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "Now measurements are made at many sites globally.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations, buoys and ships around the globe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.", "passage": "Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania, Africa.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore \"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "In a section called \"The Politicization of Global Warming\", Al Gore stated:", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, when speaking at the UN's COP 15 meeting in December 2009 said \"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "Kilimanjaro, at , is the highest peak on the continent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.", "passage": "As scientists define global warming a problem of the future, a liability in \"attention economy\", pessimistic outlooks in general and assigning extreme weather to climate change have often been discredited or ridiculed (compare Gore effect) in the public arena.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "In their usage, \"climate change\" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties (principally its mean and spread) of meteorological variables when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate change is normal and continual.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.", "passage": "El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "Without a floating ice shelf to support them, continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "The event, which some have linked to global warming, is similar to the 2002 breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "While the \"heat island\" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "Long-term radiometer drifts can be mistaken for irradiance variations that can be misinterpreted as affecting climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "passage": "Positive radiative forcing results in warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.", "passage": "However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "The glacier is said to be receding in size.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "Currently glacier retreat rates and mass balance losses have been increasing in the [[Andes]], [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], [[Himalayas]], [[Rocky Mountains]] and [[North Cascades]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.", "passage": "There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "One source of abrupt climate change effects is a feedback process, in which a warming event causes a change that ads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Currently the increase in human population and the environmental impact of their activities, such as the multiplication of greenhouse gases may cause negative feedbacks in the environment to become positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "A [[positive feedback]] intensifies the original process, and a negative feedback reduces it (IPCC, 2007d:78).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "passage": "Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its \"claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous\" and that it still was valid.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: \"I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Oreskes' 2004 \"Beyond the Ivory Tower\" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Media Watch\" wrote \"So how many of the 34 articles does Benny Peiser stand by?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Nathan Rabin ([ˈneɪðᵻn_rɑːˈbiːn] born April 24, 1976) is an American film and music critic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Benny Josef Peiser (born 1957) is a social anthropologist specialising in the environmental and socio-economic impact of physical activity on health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "(Ad Hoc Committee on Global Climate Issues: Annual report, by Gerhard LC and Hanson BM, AAPG Bulletin 84 (4): 466-471 Apr 2000) Peiser says he withdrew his criticism in March this year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Critics accuse him of being an antisemite.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Benny Peiser is director of the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) and has described the climate change debate as being \"near hysteria\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Israel Getzler, in Martov : A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge U.P., 1967, p. 74), says he was ``intensely disliked by all and sundry [with the exception of Lenin]... [Boris Nikolaevsky] sums him up as a drunken brawler... J. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommisar war (Munich, 1929), has devoted an entire chapter... to Krasikov 's misdeeds as co-chairman (together with the notorious M. Iu.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.", "passage": "Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and Boston Globe spawned from an article in \"The New York Times\" entitled \"Pluto's Not a Planet?", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "The report was not properly peer reviewed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a \"peer-reviewed study\" by \"two scientists and a veteran statistician\" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "The authors of the study also acknowledged that plays an important role in climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "Climatology (from Greek , \"klima\", \"place, zone\"; and , \"-logia\") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "A 2015 study published in \"Nature Climate Change\", states:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "This article is about climate change, industry and society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "\"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "passage": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "\"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "He stated that warming on Mars was evidence that global warming on Earth was being caused by changes in the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "Journalists for news sources canada.com (Solomon, 2007b), National Geographic News (Ravillious, 2007), and LiveScience (Than, 2007) reported on the story of warming on Mars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "Some writers also use the word Martian to describe a human colonist on Mars.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Increasingly, climate change is threatening human communities around the world in a variety of ways such as rising sea levels, increasingly frequent large storms, tidal surges and flooding damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "label": 0}
{"query": "The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "passage": "The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "Some of the causes of climate change are, generally, not connected with it directly in the media coverage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "In 2014, Obama reached an agreement with China in which China pledged to reach peak carbon emission levels by 2030, while the US pledged to cut its emissions by 26-28 percent compared to its 2005 levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "The White House announced on 25 November 2009 that President Barack Obama is offering a U.S. target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "\"U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "passage": "Countries are making large efforts to fight and reduce the effects of climate change; however, in order to see improvements, more countries with large emissions such as China and India will need to reform and cut emissions by large percentages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "Climate models are unable yet to predict abrupt climate change events, or most of the past abrupt climate shifts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "The direct effect, via albedo, is a cooling effect that slows the overall rate of global warming: the IPCC's best estimate of the radiative forcing is −0.4 watts per square meter with a range of −0.2 to −0.8 W/m² but there are substantial uncertainties.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "an increase in planetary albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "This is measured as radiative forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "if a highly scattering aerosol is above a surface of low albedo it has a greater radiative forcing than if it was above a surface of high albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.", "passage": "Thick clouds (such as stratocumulus) reflect a large amount of incoming solar radiation, meaning they have a high albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "Like the warming \"signal\" that has gradually emerged from the \"noise\" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "Human influence on the climate system is clear.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "\"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged \"no cold call\" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "Wisconsin Dept. of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr., Co.,", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "This article is about climate change, industry and society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "Wisconsin Department of Revenue v. William Wrigley Jr..", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "The Kohler strikes at the Kohler Company, just west of Sheboygan, Wisconsin in 1934 and 1954 are landmarks in the history of both business and labor in the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "There are sometimes legislative efforts to prevent regulation through litigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "WI FACETS is a non-profit organization covering the state of Wisconsin that focuses on special education and advocacy skills and is headquartered in Milwaukee, WI.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "Watson v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp.,", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "passage": "It is an employee-owned customer brand dairy company headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.", "label": 1}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "passage": "In the 1970s, global cooling, a claim with limited scientific support (even during the height of a media frenzy over global cooling, \"the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature\") was widely reported in the press.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "passage": "This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "The new rules \"encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Nevada Solar One generates 64MW of power and in Boulder City, Nevada, and was built by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Solargenix Energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a 110 megawatt (MW) solar thermal power project near Tonopah, about northwest of Las Vegas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Solar power plants require large amounts of land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "The Boulder Solar project is a 100 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in the Eldorado Valley of Boulder City, Nevada.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "passage": "Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "This article is about climate change, industry and society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "Meteorologists are scientists who study meteorology.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "passage": "The other tradeoff is with climate change impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "\"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "The Island President is a 2011 documentary film about the efforts of then-President of the Maldives Mohamed Nasheed to tackle rising sea levels resulting from climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "\"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "Emmanuel Macron (President of France) said at the 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bonn (COP 23): \"Climate change adds further injustice to an already unfair world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "In July 2019, they issued a declaration \"affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples\" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "2016 was the warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "In the Pacific, strong MJO activity is often observed 6 – 12 months prior to the onset of an El Niño episode, but is virtually absent during the maxima of some El Niño episodes, while MJO activity is typically greater during a La Niña episode.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Satellites do not measure temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Its conclusions are summarized below: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "passage": "Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "The group claims that many scientists choose to endorse prevailing theories of global warming to protect their research funding by the government, a view that is held by French climatologist and author Marcel Leroux, and was the subject of the book \"Meltdown: The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians, and the Media\" by Patrick Michaels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "passage": "76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude \"our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: \"Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "label": 0}
{"query": "About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "\"Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "\"Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has \"attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change,\" describing him as \"one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "Freddie Rodriguez, American politician who assumed office in 2013", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "On November 27, 2018, Climate Solutions Caucus members Representatives Ted Deutch (D-FL), Francis Rooney (R-FL), Charlie Crist (D-FL), Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA), and John Delaney (D-MD) introduced the Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act (HR 7173).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "Mike Feinstein, American Green Party politician", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "The Democratic Party seeks to develop policies which curb negative effects from climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "Javier Diez Canseco, Peruvian Congressman and presidential candidate in the 2006 elections", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "passage": "In its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "\"Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "\"Greenland enters melt mode\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Taking planetary heat uptake rate as the rate of ocean heat uptake estimated by the IPCC AR4 as 0.2 W/m2, yields a value for S of 2.1 °C (3.8 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Solar irradiance is about 0.9 W/m2 brighter during solar maximum than during solar minimum, which correlated in measured average global temperature over the period 1959-2004.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "The direct effect, via albedo, is a cooling effect that slows the overall rate of global warming: the IPCC's best estimate of the radiative forcing is −0.4 watts per square meter with a range of −0.2 to −0.8 W/m² but there are substantial uncertainties.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Positive radiative forcing results in warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "The observed 0.1% irradiance increase imparts 0.22 W/m climate forcing, which suggests a transient climate response of 0.6 °C per W/m.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "stated that while \"There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle\", \"changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "They conclude that because of this, \"long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles,\" but that \"Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "passage": "Both long term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded \"it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005) was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the \"greenhouse effect\" and global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "\"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "In July 1956, Charles David Keeling joined the SIO staff to head the program, and began measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory on Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and in Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.", "passage": "The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "In Hutton's words: \"the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "Some risks are due to phenomena that have occurred in earth's past and left a geological record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due \"soon\" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use \"soon\" to refer to periods of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "For an overview of Geology see Outline of geology.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.", "passage": "From the past to present, some authors consider the Anthropocene and the Holocene to be the same or coeval geologic time span, and others viewed the Anthropocene as being a bit more recent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "Scientists acknowledge that \"abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "The Paris Agreement aims to combat global climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below in the Paris Agreement, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”", "passage": "The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "The \"global mean sea level is projected rise (relative to 1986-2005) by 0.26 to 0.77m by 2100 for 1.5°C global warming\" and about 0.1m more for 2°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "Most scientists do seem to accept that there is an effect of CO2 on climate; the big question is how large and dangerous it will be in future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "As of 2019, there is still a chance of keeping global warming below 1.5°C if no more fossil fuel power plants are built and some existing fossil fuel power plants are shut down early, together with other measures such as reforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "IPCC says, \"All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C [2.7°F] with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100-1000 GtCO over the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.", "passage": "Limit global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot would require reducing emissions to below 35 GtCOeq per year in 2030, regardless of the modelling pathway chosen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "The report's executive summary stated that the emission reductions necessary to stabilize radiative climate forcing would \"require a transformation of the global energy system, including reductions in the demand for energy... and changes in the mix of energy technologies and fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "An 'energy transition' is usefully defined as a change in the state of an energy system as opposed to a change in an individual energy technology or fuel source.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "Greenpeace recently released a report entitled Fuelling a BioMess which outlines their concerns around forest bioenergy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "One vision of a sustainable energy future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads) doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.", "passage": "Moving towards energy sustainability will require changes not only in the way energy is supplied, but in the way it is used, and reducing the amount of energy required to deliver various goods or services is essential.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "Climate change increases wildfire potential and activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "As extreme heat makes landscapes dry, nature is more prone to fire.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "Research shows that rising heat due to climate change has caused an increase in fires around the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "Episode 2, \"End of the Woods\" (April 20, 2014): Schwarzenegger accompanies the \"hot shots\", elite firefighters in Western US forests, as they risk their lives fighting the fire season made longer and more destructive by global warming, as fire regions expand from the southwest US further north into Canada.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "The rising temperatures cause massive wildfires especially in the Boreal forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "At the time of high sun (summer), scorching, desiccating heat prevails.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.", "passage": "Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "\"New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "\"New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "They also observed changes in the Jovian atmosphere, including the Great Red Spot.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "The 2009 Jupiter impact event, occasionally referred to as the Wesley impact, was a July 2009 impact on Jupiter that caused a black spot in the planet 's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "It is affected by media coverage of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "\"Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "Examples of affected short-time climate in North America include precipitation in the Northwest US and intense tornado activity in the contiguous US.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "Analysis of 65 years of United States of America rainfall records show the lower 48 states have an increase in heavy downpours since 1950.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "passage": "There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "It has also been stated that the sea level will rise 28–43 cm by 2100; if all the ice on Earth melts, it is predicted that the ocean level will increase 75 meters, destroying many coastal cities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "The \"global mean sea level is projected rise (relative to 1986-2005) by 0.26 to 0.77m by 2100 for 1.5°C global warming\" and about 0.1m more for 2°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming,\" irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and \"Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "passage": "Control of black carbon, particularly from fossil-fuel and biofuel sources, is very likely to be the fastest method of slowing global warming in the immediate future, and major cuts in black carbon emissions could slow the effects of climate change for a decade or two.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Climate change poses a challenge to the management of conventional air pollutants in the United States due to warmer, dryer summer conditions that can lead to increased air stagnation episodes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "Climate change is projected to affect water availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.", "passage": "The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "According to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no \"causative link\" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at Faversham in Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the heatwave in July 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.", "passage": "August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "This warm air carries heat to the permafrost around the Arctic, and melts it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.", "label": 1}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).", "label": 1}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "\"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "The cryosphere (from the Greek \"kryos\", \"cold\", \"frost\" or \"ice\" and \"sphaira\", \"globe, ball\") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "It has been suggested that the association of climate change with the Arctic in popular media may undermine effective communication of the scientific realities of anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "passage": "It is also known as the coldest of all the oceans.The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Sea.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "Ice core records show that before the Holocene there was global warming after the end of the last ice age and cooling periods, but climate changes became more regional at the start of the Younger Dryas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "Preceding this was a warm period centered around A.D. 1000, which was warmer than the late 20th century by approximately 1°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "passage": "Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "They used computer simulations of future climate to show that it was \"possible, and indeed likely, to have a period as long as a decade or two of 'cooling' or no warming superimposed on a longer-term warming trend.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "Recent evidence suggests that warming of the tropical oceans since a \"[[tipping point (climatology)|tipping point]]\" in 2000 may have acted as a [[negative feedback]], reducing the observed warming during the 2000s (decade).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "The data appeared to show a flux/number (` source counts ') trend which precluded some cosmological models (such as the Steady-State) : -", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”", "passage": "Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "\"Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "Various academic studies have given alternative results.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "The Climate Feedback reviewers come to the conclusion that in one case Lomborg \"practices cherry-picking\", in a second case he \"had reached his conclusions through cherry-picking from a small subset of the evidence, misrepresenting the results of existing studies, and relying on flawed reasoning\", in a third case \"[his] article [is in] blatant disagreement with available scientific evidence, while the author does not offer adequate evidence to support his statements\", and, in a fourth case, \"The author, Bjorn Lomborg, cherry-picks this specific piece of research and uses it in support of a broad argument against the value of climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "Speaking of the numerous assumptions and therefore wide results returned by authors of previous individual studies, the Warner and Heath Yale paper states: \"the difference between nuclear power life cycle GHG emissions constructed in an electric system dominated by nuclear (or renewables) and a system dominated by coal can be fairly large (in the range of 4 to 22 g -eq/kWh compared to 30 to 110 g -eq/kWh, respectively)\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "Another impact of a phase-out of fossil fuels is in the employment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "There can be no reasonable doubt that in several major British industries members of the Communist Party and other left wing organisations exert substantial influence in provoking and exacerbating conflict... Any serious study of the available evidence does more than indicate that a deliberate effort of considerable magnitude is being staged to disrupt industry for political ends ; it shows that growing extremist organisations exist in some British Trade Unions capable of exerting influence wholly disproportionate to the numbers involved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.", "passage": "This view contradicts the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Furthermore, oxygen levels decrease because oxygen is less soluble in warmer water, an effect known as \"ocean deoxygenation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "This cools the water down enough to where it is capable of dissolving more gasses and minerals, causing it to become very dense in relation to lower latitude waters, which in turn causes it to sink to the bottom of the ocean, forming what is known as North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the north and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Because the movement of deep water in ocean basins is caused by density-driven forces and gravity, deep waters sink into deep ocean basins at high latitudes where the temperatures are cold enough to cause the density to increase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Deep ocean currents are driven by density and temperature gradients.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.", "passage": "Warming oceans are likely to become stratified, with most ocean nutrients trapped in the cold bottom layers while most of the light needed for photosynthesis in the warm top layer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Population planning that is intended to reduce population size or growth rate may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods as well: Greater and better access to contraception Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Child mortality has declined, which in turn has led to reduced birth rates, thus slowing overall population growth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Higher taxation of parents who have too many children Contraception Abstinence Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "[citation needed] Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as: Higher taxation of married couples who have no, or too few, children Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children Loosening of immigration restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Various organizations promote population control as a means for mitigating global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "In the book \"Evolution Science and Ethics in the Third Millennium\", Robert Cliquet and Dragana Avramov also point out that the one (and a half)-child-per-family ethos is certainly a good one and that we should reduce the world population so that it is no larger than 1 to 3 billion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Upon the start of his presidency in 1993, Bill Clinton committed the United States to lowering their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000 through his biodiversity treaty, reflecting his attempt to return the United States to the global platform of climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "The Green New Deal (GND) is a proposed United States legislation that aims to address climate change and economic inequality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Porritt has stated that population growth is a serious threat to the global environment and that family planning, including both birth control and abortion, is a part of the answer to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "He argued that technological, and above all social development would result in a natural decrease of both population growth and environmental damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "passage": "Geologist Dale Allen Pfeiffer contends that current population levels are unsustainable, and that to achieve a sustainable economy and avert disaster the United States population would have to be reduced by at least one-third, and world population by two-thirds.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "Satellites do not measure temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "passage": "Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "The 2008 NIPCC document titled \"Nature, Not Human Activity Rules the Climate: Summary for Policymakers of the Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel of Climate Change\", published by The Heartland Institute, was released in February–March 2008.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "Since 2008, Heartland has published the work of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), an international group of scientists who analyze the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other published, peer-reviewed studies that relate to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.", "passage": "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "Usually, only mafic flows will erupt as pāhoehoe, since they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the proper chemical make-up to allow them to flow with greater fluidity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "The Earth's heat content is about .", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "The Earth's surface temperature is thus higher than it would be if it were heated only by direct solar heating.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "Any geological effects would not be as pronounced as climate change on the Earth, but might cause the movement of elements in the solid state:", "label": 0}
{"query": "We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.", "label": 1}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so.", "label": 1}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.", "label": 1}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Some research suggests that initially climate change will help developing nations because some regions will be experiencing more negative climate change effects which will result in increased demand for food leading to higher prices and increased wages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "passage": "Climate change is attributed to land use for two main reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 1}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "The climate system also gives off energy to outer space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "The climate system also gives off energy to outer space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "In their 2014 report, the IPCC comparison of energy sources global warming potential per unit of electricity generated, which notably included albedo effects, mirror the median emission value derived from the Warner and Heath Yale meta-analysis for the more common non-breeding light water reactors, a -equivalent value of 12 g -eq/kWh, which is the lowest global warming forcing of all baseload power sources, with comparable low carbon power baseload sources, such as hydropower and biomass, producing substantially more global warming forcing 24 and 230 g -eq/kWh respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'", "passage": "New warning on Arctic sea ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "Glacier loss adds to global heat rise through a decrease in what is called ice-albedo feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).", "passage": "As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Changes occuring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last glacial) show that the circulation is the North Atlantic can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system didn't change much.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "4) Atmospheric O levels are decreasing in Earth's atmosphere as it reacts with the carbon in fossil fuels to form .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name=\"www.mpg.de/english/\"></ref>", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "Later research has concentrated more on correlating solar activity with global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "passage": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "\"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus\" (PDF).", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "passage": "We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, \"unstoppable\" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.", "passage": "The formation of ice sheets can cause Earth's surface to sink.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "Similar to CES policies, Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) are standards set in place to ensure a greater integration of renewable energies in state and regional energy portfolios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "In his January 24, 2012, State of the Union address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy, stating that he “will not walk away from the promise of clean energy.” Obama called for a commitment by the Defense Department to purchase 1,000 MW of renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "By Executive Order 13514, U.S. President Barack Obama mandated that by 2015, 15% of existing Federal buildings conform to new energy efficiency standards and 100% of all new Federal buildings be zero-net-energy by 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "According to the 2015 New York State Energy Plan, renewable sources, which include wind, hydropower, solar, geothermal, and sustainable biomass, have the potential to meet 40 percent of the state's energy needs by 2030. , sustainable energy use comprises 11 percent of all energy usage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "Electricity distributors or wholesaler purchasers of electricity are required to source a specified percentage of their electricity (portfolio) from renewable generation sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "Clean Energy Standard (CES) policies are policies which favor lowering non-renewable energy emissions and increasing renewable energy use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "Wind power has been supported by a renewable portfolio standard, passed in 2007, and strengthened in 2009, which requires 10% renewable energy from electric companies by 2010 and 25% by 2025.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.", "passage": "In his 2012 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...", "label": 1}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.", "passage": "Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "The earth then absorbed visible light and emitted infrared radiation in response, but the atmosphere did not transmit infrared efficiently, which therefore increased surface temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.", "passage": "Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping earth’s atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "He is a Lead Author of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 \"IPCC Second Assessment\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that was published in 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "passage": "Santer and his co-authors said the edits were integrations of comments from peer review as per agreed IPCC processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "Over the same time period, the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) for these scenarios was for a global mean temperature increase of 1.1 to 6.4 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "The heatwave was possibly attributed to global warming, with temperatures rising to an unseen high over Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days).", "label": 1}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "One comprises what we have called \"Saros Cycle Texts\", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223 months (or 18 years).", "label": 1}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "Solar sunspot maximum occurs when the magnetic field of the sun collapses and reverse as part of its average 11 year solar cycle (22 years for complete North to North restoration).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "There are some recent speculations that cycle 4, the longest solar cycle since 1755, was actually two cycles, based on the appearance of new sunspots at high solar latitudes in 1793-1796 and a reconstruction of the sunspot butterfly diagram for cycles 3 and 4, although total sunspot numbers only show a single-peaked distribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\left({\\frac {W(0)}{\\nu }}\\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /\\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer).", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "passage": "Apsidal precession combines with the 25,771.5-year cycle of axial precession (see above) to vary the position in the year that the Earth reaches perihelion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "Arctic climate is believed to be now rapidly warming and much larger Arctic shrinkage changes are projected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "Future global warming is expected to be accompanied by a reduction in rainfall in the subtropics and an increase in precipitation in subpolar latitudes and some equatorial regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "As per current projections of IPCC the following future effects have to be expected:", "label": 0}
{"query": "At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "passage": "It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "In 2006, the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "In Florida and Nevada, Cecily Strong finds former officials and other insiders in the two sunny states who reveal how utility companies and politics are blocking the growth of solar energy and clean energy jobs in the US.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "the UK) and US States such as Florida and Arizona) have banned them.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "Financial incentives to support renewable energy are available in some other US states.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "passage": "In 2019, 22 states, six cities and Washington DC in United States, sued the Trump administration for blocking the repealing of Clean power plan.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Currently, nearly all glaciers have a negative mass balance and are retreating.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "The glacier is said to be receding in size.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "This large warming trend is the proposed causal factor for the accelerating retreat of Himalayan glaciers, which threatens fresh water supplies and food security in China and India.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.", "passage": "Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate \"may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years is a book about climate change, written by Siegfried Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, which asserts that natural changes, and not CO emissions, are the cause of Global Warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming", "passage": "Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude \"our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "The January 2014 southeastern Australia heat wave was a significant heat wave event which affected most of southeastern Australia from 13 to 18 January 2014.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”", "passage": "Cyclone Daisy (1972), caused some flooding near Brisbane", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961–1990 period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "He wrote that this graph \"asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today\", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "passage": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "These locations feature some of the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, exceeding .", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "passage": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that \"the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "A 2013 study claimed acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "He said, \"A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are \"relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "The dismissive are convinced global warming is not happening.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "Spencer R. Weart's history of \"The Discovery of Global Warming\" states that: \"While neither scientists nor the public could be sure in the 1970s whether the world was warming or cooling, people were increasingly inclined to believe that global climate was on the move, and in no small way.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "How many really \"reject or doubt\" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "passage": "Several media pieces have claimed that since the even-at-the-time-poorly-supported theory of global cooling was shown to be false, that the well-supported theory of global warming can also be dismissed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "As mountains grow higher, they generally allow for more glacial activity (especially in the accumulation zone above the glacial equilibrium line altitude), which causes increased rates of erosion of the mountain, decreasing mass faster than isostatic rebound can add to the mountain.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Because the great mass of glaciers and ice caps depressed the Earth's crust, another long-term effect of ice melt and deglaciation is the gradual rising of landmasses, a process called \"post-glacial rebound\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.", "passage": "Isostasy (Greek \"ísos\" \"equal\", \"stásis\" \"standstill\") is the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust (or lithosphere) and mantle such that the crust \"floats\" at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "The geological record suggests that ice at the poles does not melt in a gradual and linear fashion, but flips suddenly from one state to another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.", "passage": "The collection of long record of climate variables is essential for the study of climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "In 2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5% was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "A total of 33 percent of the Earth's landmass is considered either arid or semi-arid, including southwest North America, southwest South America, most of northern and a small part of southern Africa, southwest and portions of eastern Asia, as well as much of Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%).", "label": 0}
{"query": "(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "In 2007, Stephen McIntyre notified GISS that many of the U.S. temperature records from the Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) displayed a discontinuity around the year 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "The polar see-saw (also: \"Bipolar seesaw\") is the phenomenon that temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres may be out of phase.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "In Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) Volume 1, released in October 2017, entitled \"Climate Science Special Report\" (CSSR), researchers reported that \"it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: \"Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural \"sinks\" involved in the carbon cycle.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands and the action of forest fires results in the release of about 439 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year, while new growth entirely counteracts this effect, absorbing 450 gigatonnes per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.", "passage": "The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "Because the wind blows during stormy conditions when the sun does not shine and the sun often shines on calm days with little wind, combining wind and solar can go a long way toward meeting demand, especially when geothermal provides a steady base and hydroelectric can be called on to fill in the gaps.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "An MIT peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "Since the rising parcel of air is losing energy as it does work on the surrounding atmosphere and no energy is transferred into it as heat from the atmosphere to make up for the loss, the parcel of air is losing energy, which manifests itself as a decrease in the temperature of the air parcel.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "It traps heat in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "This would lead to an amplification of warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "Air is a renewable resource.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.", "passage": "If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Shaftel 2016: \"'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "However, speaking more properly, \"global warming\" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but \"climate change\" includes both \"global warming\" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.", "passage": "Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.", "passage": "Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "A higher temperature had only been recorded twice before.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "These historical observations of the same time period show periods of both warming and cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "In meteorology, diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "In general, aerosol particles can affect the radiation balance leading to a cooling or heating effect with the magnitude and sign of the temperature change largely dependent on aerosol optical properties, aerosol concentrations, and the albedo of the underlying surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "They may either increase or decrease cloud cover under different conditions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "Semi-direct effect Black carbon absorb incoming solar radiation, perturb the temperature structure of the atmosphere, and influence cloud cover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "The effects described here all lead to a reduction in cloud cover i.e.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "passage": "Absorption of solar radiation by plane-parallel clouds decreases with increasing zenith angle because radiation that is reflected to space at the higher zenith angles penetrates less deeply into the cloud and is therefore less likely to be absorbed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the \"U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.", "passage": "Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Earth's energy imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats have detected an accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA), an acronym for a National Science Foundation-funded research project", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Some of the temperature variations over this time period may also be due to ocean circulation patterns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics", "label": 0}
{"query": "Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.", "passage": "Recent studies (2017) suggest potential convection collapse (heat transport) of the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic, resulting in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.", "label": 1}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "Global energy-related CO emissions increase slowly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "On September 2, 1997, Singer said that \"The possibility that global temperatures could rise because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a concern that needs to be monitored...But there has been no indication in the last century that we've seen anything other than natural climate fluctuations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 400 litres (105 US gal) of water consumption monthly.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "Compared to those with electric water heaters, Florida homeowners with solar water heaters save 50 to 85 percent on their water heating bills, according to the Florida Solar Energy Center.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "In many climates, a solar hot water system can provide up to 85% of domestic hot water energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "At the beginning of this century 70% of all electricity was generated by fossil fuels, and as carbon free sources eventually make up half of the generation mix, replacing gas or oil furnaces and water heaters with electric ones will have a climate benefit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "In many warmer climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50 to 75%) of domestic hot water energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "This calculation assumes that the solar system produces about half of the hot water requirements of a household.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "Assuming a solar collector panel delivering 4 kWh/day and a pump running intermittently from mains electricity for a total of 6 hours during a 12-hour sunny day, the potentially negative effect of such a pump can be reduced to about 3% of the heat produced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "Solar water heaters reduce the need for conventional water heating by about two-thirds and pay for their installation within 4 to 8 years with electricity or natural gas savings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "passage": "Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "A 2007 study found the decline to be \"faster than forecasted\" by model simulations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "The decline in sea ice does have a notable potential to significantly speed up global warming and the climate changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.", "passage": "Arctic sea ice \"faces rapid melt\", BBC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "In 2005, although disputed by the Corps of Engineers, the MRGO channeled Hurricane Katrina's storm surge into the heart of Greater New Orleans, contributing significantly to the subsequent multiple engineering failures experienced by the region's hurricane protection network.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "Levees along the MRGO and the Intracoastal Waterway were breached in approximately 20 places, directly flooding most of St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans East.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "The Pearl River is a river in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Louisiana.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "The Southeast Louisiana Urban Flood Control Project (Southeast Louisiana Project, or SELA) is a flood control project by the US Army Corps of Engineers to protect the New Orleans district from flooding due to potential storms, hurricanes, or water surges.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the gulf coast of Louisiana and Mississippi.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "LaPlace ([pronlə_ˈplɑːs]) is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, United States, along the east bank of the Mississippi River in the New Orleans metropolitan area.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "Deluge is a fireboat (also referred to as a firefighting tug) in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "Katrina quickly weakened to a tropical storm, before emerging into the Atlantic Ocean hours later.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "passage": "U.S. President Barack Obama declared the western counties of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi federal disaster areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "In other words, if net anthropogenic CO2 emissions are kept above zero, a global warming of 1.5°C and more will eventually be reached.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C, \"Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C is technically possible if no new fossil fuel power plants are built from 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "As of 2019, there is still a chance of keeping global warming below 1.5°C if no more fossil fuel power plants are built and some existing fossil fuel power plants are shut down early, together with other measures such as reforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "passage": "The report says that for limiting warming to below 1.5C \"global net human-caused emissions of CO2 would need to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching \"net zero\" around 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 1}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found \"considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century\", but that \"over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "Knowledge of precise climatic events decreases as the record goes back in time, but some notable climate events are known:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees increase for the winters over the past fifty years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the \"U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "Going into the 2007 federal election, the Labor opposition party presented itself as a \"pro-climate\" alternative to the Government, with Kevin Rudd, who had by then deposed Beazley as leader, famously describing climate change as \"the great moral challenge of our generation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a \"carbon tax\", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the \"Clean Energy Act 2011\" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "Shortly before the Senate was due to vote on the carbon bills, on 1 December 2009 Tony Abbott replaced Turnbull as leader of the Liberal Party.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the legislation if elected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "In the 2007 election year, both the Liberal-led Coalition government and the Labor opposition promised to introduce carbon trading.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "passage": "The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if it was elected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had \"found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the \"5 lessons of climate change\", as: \"climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one\" \"climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them\" \"our world has huge unmet development needs\" \"our current energy portfolio is not sustainable\" \"massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice\" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "Nature\" reported that in the course of five days in July 2009 the CRU had been \"inundated\" with 58 FOI requests from Stephen McIntyre and people affiliated with his Climate Audit blog requesting access to raw climate data or information about their use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "Climate scientists at the CRU and elsewhere received numerous threatening and abusive emails in the wake of the initial incidents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "The Christian Science Monitor\", in an article titled \"Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged\", stated: \"While public opinion had steadily moved away from belief in man-made global warming before the leaked CRU emails, that trend has only accelerated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "The Climate Change Scientific Program was occasionally criticized for the alleged suppression of scientific information.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.", "passage": "It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].", "label": 1}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "At present aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "While the principal greenhouse gas emission from powered aircraft in flight is CO, other emissions may include nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (together termed oxides of nitrogen or NO), water vapour and particulates (soot and sulfate particles), sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide (which bonds with oxygen to become CO immediately upon release), incompletely burned hydrocarbons, tetraethyllead (piston aircraft only), and radicals such as hydroxyl, depending on the type of aircraft in use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "passage": "Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018.", "label": 1}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 1}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.", "passage": "Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "Middle Rio Grande Basin, a hydrological basin in central New Mexico", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "Climate change is projected to affect water availability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "While not presently glaciated, it contains a seasonal snowpack and is the source of several streams and rivers, including the Rio Salado.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "The Rio Grande ([ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrænd] or [ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrɑːndɛ] Río Bravo del Norte, [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "The 2016 -- 17 Zimbabwe floods began in December 2016, following a severe drought.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.", "passage": "The water could be also kept cold by using snow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.", "passage": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "\"Greenland enters melt mode\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "Total warming in Greenland was .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.", "passage": "Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "The EPA has determined that greenhouse gas pollution causes global temperature warming, leading to harmful changes to the environment and human health globally such as increased drought and increased famine due to decrease in water supply and agricultural production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Over thousands of years, changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.", "passage": "Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "As the vortex becomes weaker, it is more likely to allow cold arctic air to escape from the confines of the jet stream and spill over into other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high pressure air masses \"contained\" in the arctic; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.", "passage": "Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "passage": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "This rate has increased rapidly since around 1980, and overall each decade since has seen greater rates of retreat than the preceding one.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "It has also accelerated from /day to /day.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "passage": "In 2016 it ran in the first week of September.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "The impulse of renewable energy can create jobs through the construction of new power plants and the manufacturing of the equipment that they need, as could be seen in the case of Germany and the wind power industry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "The Green Jobs Act of 2007 (H.R.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "Once construction of renewable energy facilities is completed, and only ongoing maintenance is required, employment falls quite significantly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "These are lists about renewable energy:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "Renewables contributed and nuclear power .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "passage": "Renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "He also stated that \"I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip\", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "An investigation by Maritime New Zealand was unable to determine the cause for the sinking.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "Maritime claims : none (landlocked)", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "passage": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "Scientific understanding of abrupt climate change is generally poor.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "Discovery science and understanding of the climate system are proceeding well, but use of that knowledge to support decision making and to manage risks and opportunities of climate change is proceeding slowly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties (principally its mean and spread) of meteorological variables when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.", "passage": "Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "Integration of renewable energy has caused some grid stability problems in Germany.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "This higher dependence on back up/load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on effect of more frequent inefficient (in e g/kWh) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to facilitate the intermittent, or variable output, of these energy supplying systems.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "The issue of intermittent supply applies to popular renewable technologies, mainly wind power and solar photovoltaics, and its significance depends on a range of factors which include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as the demand side flexibility.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "This higher dependence on back-up/Load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on-effect of more frequent inefficient (in e g/kW·h) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to accommodate the intermittent power source's variable output.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "Expanding intermittent electrical sources such as wind power, creates a growing problem balancing grid fluctuations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "Renewable electricity production, from sources such as wind power and solar power, is sometimes criticized for being variable or intermittent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "passage": "Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled\" Begley 2007: \"polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was \"mainly caused by things people do.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "A 2013 poll in Norway conducted by TNS Gallup found that 66% of the population believe that climate change is caused by humans, while 17% do not believe this.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that \"global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "A poll taken in 2016 shows that 52% of Americans believe climate change to be caused by human activity, while 34% state it is caused by natural changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for \"the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as \"a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "\"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "According to The Washington Post, \"Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.", "label": 1}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see \"The Climate War\" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "\"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "This is not to be confused with mitigation with regards to the overall topic of climate change, which refers to reduction of carbon or greenhouse emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "An October 2016 report compares US government spending on climate security and military security and finds the latter to be 28× greater.", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "-- defined as'' ``A radiocommunication service concerned exclusively with the operation of spacecraft, in particular space tracking, space telemetry and space telecommand.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "The 23 centimeter, 1200 MHz or 1.2 GHz band is a portion of the UHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "Fixed-satellite service (short : FSS | also : fixed-satellite radiocommunication service) is -- according to article 1.21 of the International Telecommunication Union ´ s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) -- defined as A radiocommunication service between earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used ; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas ; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the inter-satellite service ; the fixed-satellite service may also include feeder links for other space radiocommunication services.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "Category : Communications satellites of France", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "The satellite time series is not homogeneous.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "passage": "Meridian (satellite) is a Russian Communication satellite system, consisting of several satellites :", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.", "passage": "Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Sea level rise is global.", "passage": "If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.", "label": 1}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "As mentioned above, with the proliferation of linear metabolisms such as cars, the production of greenhouse gases has increased exponentially since the birth and mass production of the automobile causing a problem for our atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "passage": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "It resulted in the demise of the largest coral reefs in the Earth's history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level", "passage": "Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.", "label": 1}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.", "label": 1}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, or Assembly Bill (AB) 32, is a California State Law that fights global warming by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "Political action can change laws and regulations that relate to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "The Climate Change Act 2008 (c 27) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (commonly known as AB 32) mandates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.", "passage": "Climate disobedience is a form of civil disobedience, deliberate action intended to critique government climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "\"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "\"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "Global methane emissions are major part of the global greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "passage": "Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri \"et al\"., 2007:393).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "Evidently drastic climate changes were possible within a human lifetime.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and", "passage": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "An MIT peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "Speaking of the numerous assumptions and therefore wide results returned by authors of previous individual studies, the Warner and Heath Yale paper states: \"the difference between nuclear power life cycle GHG emissions constructed in an electric system dominated by nuclear (or renewables) and a system dominated by coal can be fairly large (in the range of 4 to 22 g -eq/kWh compared to 30 to 110 g -eq/kWh, respectively)\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "In their 2014 report, the IPCC comparison of energy sources global warming potential per unit of electricity generated, which notably included albedo effects, mirror the median emission value derived from the Warner and Heath Yale meta-analysis for the more common non-breeding light water reactors, a -equivalent value of 12 g -eq/kWh, which is the lowest global warming forcing of all baseload power sources, with comparable low carbon power baseload sources, such as hydropower and biomass, producing substantially more global warming forcing 24 and 230 g -eq/kWh respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "passage": "The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "passage": "Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "\"Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "Climate patterns can last tens of thousands of years, like the glacial and interglacial periods within ice ages, or repeat each year, like monsoons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "There are different modes of variability: recurring patterns of temperature or other climate variables.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "There are different modes of variability: recurring patterns of temperature or other climate variables.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "passage": "Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?", "label": 1}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "“The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Boucher's review concludes: \"Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "This view contradicts the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Millions of bats in the US have been dying off since 2012 due to a fungal infection spread from European bats, which appear to be immune.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Some anti-nuclear proponents claim this statistic is exaggerated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "In February 2014 Spencer posted on his blog that he was going to start referring to those who referred to those questioning the mainstream view of global warming (such as Spencer himself) as \"climate change deniers\" as \"global warming Nazis\", contending that \"...these people are supporting policies that will kill far more people than the Nazis ever did.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "passage": "Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "A sea surface temperature increase in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "Radiative forcing is the imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere resulting from a change in atmospheric composition or other changes in radiation budget prior to long-term changes in global temperature resulting from forcing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "an increase in planetary albedo.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).", "passage": "• Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.", "label": 1}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "passage": "In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).", "label": 1}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.", "passage": "Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "Polar Bears are increasing in number.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Polar bear numbers are increasing", "passage": "Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice plays an important role in Earth's climate as it affects the total amount of sunlight that is reflected away from the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.", "passage": "Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.", "label": 1}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "Some sources of catastrophic risk are natural, such as meteor impacts or supervolcanoes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "The IPCC explains this as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "IPCC documents detail several notable proposals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.", "passage": "Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "Around the middle of the 20th century, many assumptions in meteorology and climatology considered climate to be roughly constant.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "(2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had \"very likely\" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "passage": "(2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had \"very likely\" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least thick.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "His findings appeared to contradict global warming — the global temperature had been generally rising since the 70s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "The winter of 2009–10 in the United Kingdom (also called The Big Freeze of 2010 by British media) was a meteorological event that started on 16 December 2009, as part of the severe winter weather in Europe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "The thawing of permafrost has implications for the global climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, \"unstoppable\" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is grounded on bedrock below sea level, and its collapse has the potential of raising the world sea level 6–7 m over a few hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.", "passage": "It has also been stated that the sea level will rise 28–43 cm by 2100; if all the ice on Earth melts, it is predicted that the ocean level will increase 75 meters, destroying many coastal cities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming,\" irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and \"Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "It was above sea level during the last ice age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”", "passage": "A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "passage": "Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "1888 1888 US cold wave – A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "The 1948 edition had Rhode Island in the middle of a record late August ``heat wave'' with temperatures of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "The predominant heat was recorded in July and August, partly a result of the western European seasonal lag from the maritime influence of the Atlantic warm waters in combination with hot continental air and strong southerly winds.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "Tide tables, sometimes called tide charts, are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and levels of high and low tides, usually for a particular location.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "It has been observed for millennia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "There is also a close correlation between CO and temperature, where CO has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.7 billion year history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize,\" similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "Hip hop's \"golden age\" (or \"golden era\") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "\"'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "In a 2009 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, Lindzen said that the earth was just emerging from the \"Little Ice Age\" in the 19th century and says that it is \"not surprising\" to see warming after that.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "passage": "Soon and Baliunas attribute the Medieval warm period to such an increase in solar output, and believe that decreases in solar output led to the Little Ice Age, a period of cooling from which the earth has been recovering since 1890.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers", "passage": "Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "\"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "Record temperatures were felt in:", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "\"El Niño in a changing climate\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "passage": "The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "He has called global warming the \"greatest scam in history\" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "\"'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "\"Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "After reading a 2007 speech by US Senator James Inhofe, who maintains that global warming is a hoax, John Cook created Skeptical Science as an internet resource to counter common arguments by climate change deniers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled \"The Science of Climate Change\", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: \"With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "The programme's publicity materials assert that man-made global warming is \"a lie\" and \"the biggest scam of modern times.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "Clark is among the scientists who reject the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change; in the 2007 UK television documentary \"The Great Global Warming Swindle\", he states that changes in global temperature correlate with solar activity, saying \"Solar activity of the last hundred years, over the last several hundred years correlates very nicely on a decadal basis, with sea ice and Arctic temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "\"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax", "passage": "Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "The USA consumes about 14% of the world total, using 90% of it for generation of electricity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "America needs renewable energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "Solar currently supplies only 0.1% of our world energy needs, but there is enough out there to power humanity's needs 4,000 times over, the entire global projected energy demand by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "passage": "About 90% of the electricity is produced by the sunlight.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "In ocean iron fertilization, for example, the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere may be much lower than predicted, as carbon taken up by plankton may be released back into the atmosphere from dead plankton, rather than being carried to the bottom of the sea and sequestered.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "passage": "In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "The total fresh STEM graduates were 2.6 million in 2016.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "These scientists include:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "Several scientists (including e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "As per the latest 2011 Census, about 8.15 % (68 millions) of Indians are graduates, with Union Territories of Chandigarh and Delhi topping the list with 24.65 % and 22.56 % of their population being graduates respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "The \"Report\"'s authors are predominantly natural scientists, one-third are social scientists, and about ten percent are interdisciplinary workers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "Scientists and technologists including e.g.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "passage": "A brief curriculum vitae for each scientist is presented.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "It has been suggested by scientists that higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Earth's atmosphere might help explain this faint young sun paradox.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "passage": "An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "\"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "\"Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery.", "label": 1}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in including active efforts to decrease energy consumption, for example through behaviour change, in addition to using energy more efficiently.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "During the course of a person 's life the various aspects may alter in importance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Additionally, it highlighted needed shifts in individual behaviours, such as reducing meat consumption.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "other excessive behaviors (e.g., gambling, sexual addiction)", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in that it encompasses using less energy to achieve a lesser energy demanding service, for example through behavioral change, as well as encompassing energy efficiency.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "Vices are usually associated with a transgression in a person 's character or temperament rather than their morality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "It falls under the broader scope of illness behaviour.", "label": 0}
{"query": "more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "passage": "and to a greater extent, than previous, similar changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "Black carbon emissions also significantly contribute to Arctic ice-melt, which is critical because “nothing in climate is more aptly described as a ‘tipping point’ than the 0 °C boundary that separates frozen from liquid water—the bright, reflective snow and ice from the dark, heat-absorbing ocean.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "At lower temperatures, air can hold less water vapour, which can lead to decreased precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "passage": "The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "Based on the current rate of increase - averaging about 2 ppm per year - greenhouse gas concentrations are likely to reach 400 ppm by 2016, 450 ppm by 2041, and 550 ppm by around 2091.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "In the year 2100 the model predicts that we could potentially acquire CO2 levels at 1,000 ppm, which correlates with the pH of 7.8 ± 0.05.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide equivalent concentration of 400–500 ppm by volume; the current (January 2015) level of carbon dioxide alone is 400 ppm by volume, and rising at 1–3 ppm annually.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, rose by 2.6 parts per million to 396 ppm in 2013 from the previous year (annual global averages).", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that \"whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 \"But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "However, the public in Africa, where individuals are the most vulnerable to global warming while producing the least carbon dioxide, is the least aware – which translates into a low perception that it is a threat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "passage": "In 1995, GCC assembled an advisory committee of scientific and technical experts to compile an internal-only, 17-page report on climate science entitled \"Predicting Future Climate Change: A Primer\", which said: “The scientific basis for the Greenhouse Effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on climate is well established and cannot be denied.” In early 1996, GCC's operating committee asked the advisory committee to redact the sections that rebutted contrarian arguments, and accepted the report and distributed it to members.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Warmer air holds more water vapor.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier, warmer air on the descending, leeward side.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Warmer winter temperatures cause a decrease in snowpack, which can result in diminished water resources during summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "observed that snow cover exhibited the greatest influence on the Earth radiative balance in the spring (April to May) period when incoming solar radiation was greatest over snow-covered areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover should exhibit a decreasing trend to explain an observed increase in Northern Hemisphere spring air temperatures this century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "The higher albedos for snow and ice cause rapid shifts in surface reflectivity in autumn and spring in high latitudes, but the overall climatic significance of this increase is spatially and temporally modulated by cloud cover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "passage": "Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "The majority of the adverse effects of climate change are experienced by poor and low-income communities around the world, who have much higher levels of vulnerability to environmental determinants of health, wealth and other factors, and much lower levels of capacity available for coping with environmental change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "These countries are currently and diversely affected by various climate change problems such as super storms, storm surges, tsunamis, droughts, famine due to climate factors, food shortage as by-product of climate change, power cutting, flash floods, mud slides, desertification, heatwaves, reduction of fresh water sources, and other effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "Increasingly, climate change is threatening human communities around the world in a variety of ways such as rising sea levels, increasingly frequent large storms, tidal surges and flooding damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "The effects of global warming such as extreme weather events, droughts, floods, biodiversity loss, disease and sea level rise are dangerous for humans and the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri \"et al\"., 2007:393).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "While most of the attention about climate change is directed towards global warming and greenhouse effect, some of the most severe effects of climate change are likely to be from changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and soil moisture.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.", "passage": "Effects of global warming (climate change) are expected to impact developing countries more than wealthier countries, as most of them have a high \"climate vulnerability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "label": 1}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "They may either increase or decrease cloud cover under different conditions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "Cloud cover may change in the future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "If there are little clouds in a particular year, there is an energy imbalance and extra heat can be absorbed by the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "Solar output varies throughout the day, the seasons, with cloud cover and by latitude on the globe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "Dependent on the radiative balance of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "The French called the greater territory \"New France\"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "A Coastal Flood Watch is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when coastal flooding along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, or the Gulf of Mexico is possible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "The 1987 Gulf Coast tropical storm caused flooding along the Gulf Coast of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "Tropical Storm Dean caused minor flooding along portions of the East Coast of the United States in September 1983.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "Sunshine totals tend to be higher towards the coastal areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "The two notable floods are the following :", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "passage": "Along the Pacific coast, the most vulnerable areas are low-lying beaches, and “their susceptibility is primarily a function of geomorphology and coastal slope.” With regard to research performed along the Atlantic coast, the most vulnerable areas to sea level rise were found to be along the Mid-Atlantic coast (Maryland to North Carolina) and Northern Florida, since these are “typically high-energy coastlines where the regional coastal slope is low and where the major landform type is a barrier island.” For the Gulf coast, the most vulnerable areas are along the Louisiana-Texas coast.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "The amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for [[ocean life]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "One study suggests that the amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for ocean life.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "In that scenario, warming from the enhanced greenhouse effect would reduce the solubility of oxygen in seawater, causing the concentration of oxygen to decline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "Furthermore, oxygen levels decrease because oxygen is less soluble in warmer water, an effect known as \"ocean deoxygenation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.", "passage": "Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded \"it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "passage": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "There are frequent summer droughts in this region.", "label": 1}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "label": 1}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).", "label": 1}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States.", "label": 1}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "In June 2019, U.N. special rapporteur Philip Alston warned of a \"climate apartheid\" situation developing, where global warming \"could push more than 120 million more people into poverty by 2030 and will have the most severe impact in poor countries, regions, and the places poor people live and work\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "Crops in Southern Europe suffered the most from drought.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "The worst droughts in the history of the United States occurred during the 1930s and 1950s, periods of time known as ` Dust Bowl ' years in which droughts lead to significant economic damages and social changes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "Africa will be one of the regions most impacted by the adverse effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "passage": "Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "From this, he concluded that \"The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "passage": "Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the presidency in the event of a Trump victory.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team.", "label": 1}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "During his January 18, 2017, confirmation hearing to be EPA Administrator, he said that \"the climate is changing, and human activity contributes to that in some manner\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "Head Stacks Agency With Climate Change Skeptics\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "This can be seen as Trump is right about the impossibility of climate change, has signed executive orders dismantling environmental protections, and has ordered the EPA to remove climate change information from their public site, likely signaling America's unwillingness to acknowledge the future possibility of increased environmental refugees from climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "The United States, which was warned under the Obama administration to prepare for climate change and the refugees, may have less difficulties being prepared to do so under current President Donald Trump.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "President Trump appointed Scott Pruitt to head the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "The measure was recanted days later, but Trump has proclaimed his intent to “drastically cut the EPA.” Myron Ebell, a former member of the Trump transition team, when asked about United States Environmental Protection Agency cuts in an interview with Associated Press, responded \"Let's aim [to cut] for half and see how it works out, and then maybe we'll want to go further.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.", "label": 0}
{"query": "President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "This process could explain the narrowness of the 100,000-year climate cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "\"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Methane in the atmosphere has a 100-year global warming potential of 34.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.", "passage": "Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "While the \"heat island\" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Studies have been conducted on the urban heat island effect via satellite imagery.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report found that the instrumental temperature record for the past century included urban heat island effects but that these were primarily local, having a negligible influence on global temperature trends (less than 0.006 °C per decade over land and zero over the oceans).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "passage": "Some long-term effects happen over thousands, not hundreds, of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.", "passage": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the \"beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000 years BP, and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years BP which is consistent with evidence that this was the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level 14,500 years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centred on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.", "passage": "For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "passage": "Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "The relationship between human labour and the environment and the types of work that humans have participated in have created a negative impact on many aspects of the environment including climate change and has resulted in the emerging green economy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "Unlike other sectors that emit greenhouse gases, agriculture and forestry have the potential to mitigate climate change by reducing or removing greenhouse gas emissions, for example by reforestation and landscape restoration.", "label": 0}
{"query": "It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.", "passage": "The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "It concluded, \"The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "Evidence for warming accumulated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "passage": "Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "No deaths were associated with the hurricane 's impacts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "Hurricane Boris (2008) -- a Category 1 hurricane with no impacts on land", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "There have been a total of 6 such seasons in which no storms have made landfall in the United States at at least tropical storm strength ; these were the 1853, 1862, 1864, 1922, 1962, and 1990 seasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "Tropical Storm Calvin (1999), storm was over open waters so there were no reports of deaths or damage", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "passage": "A Coastal Flood Watch is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when coastal flooding along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, or the Gulf of Mexico is possible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "Along the Pacific coast, the most vulnerable areas are low-lying beaches, and “their susceptibility is primarily a function of geomorphology and coastal slope.” With regard to research performed along the Atlantic coast, the most vulnerable areas to sea level rise were found to be along the Mid-Atlantic coast (Maryland to North Carolina) and Northern Florida, since these are “typically high-energy coastlines where the regional coastal slope is low and where the major landform type is a barrier island.” For the Gulf coast, the most vulnerable areas are along the Louisiana-Texas coast.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "passage": "GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "When the 2019 Townsville flood waters reached the Great Barrier Reef, the flood plumes covered a large area of corals, even reaching 60 km out to sea.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "On 3 April 2010, the bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals, spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "Some corals recover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "This gives researchers hope that with rising temperatures due to global warming, coral reefs will develop tolerance for different species of symbiotic algae that are resistant to high temperature, and can live within the reefs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "passage": "Researchers are now asking a new question: can we condition corals, that are not from this area, in this manner and slowly introduce them to higher temperatures for short periods of time and make them more resilient against rising ocean temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "7–10 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive \"feedback\" process .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "passage": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.", "passage": "When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: \"Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "In comparison, the more recent direct radiative forcing estimate by Ramanathan and Carmichael would lead one to conclude that black carbon has contributed the second largest globally averaged radiative forcing after carbon dioxide (CO), and that the radiative forcing of black carbon is “as much as 55% of the CO forcing and is larger than the forcing due to the other greenhouse gasses (GHGs) such as CH, CFCs, NO, or tropospheric ozone.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 0}
{"query": "While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.", "passage": "CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "It is affected by media coverage of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) is a scientific research organization that studies climate change impacts and solutions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "Climatic Change is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering cross-disciplinary work on all aspects of climate change and variability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "The exchange of between the air and the ocean can also be impacted by further aspects of climatic change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.", "passage": "The index is also used in studies of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled \"Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes,\" had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said \"Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted \"that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled \"The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing\" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "In 1995, GCC assembled an advisory committee of scientific and technical experts to compile an internal-only, 17-page report on climate science entitled \"Predicting Future Climate Change: A Primer\", which said: “The scientific basis for the Greenhouse Effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on climate is well established and cannot be denied.” In early 1996, GCC's operating committee asked the advisory committee to redact the sections that rebutted contrarian arguments, and accepted the report and distributed it to members.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "Climate scientist Tom Wigley, a lead author of parts of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has stated that \"Michaels' statements on the subject of computer models are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation … Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "Wunsch has stated that he finds the statements at both extremes of the global climate change debate distasteful he wrote in a letter dated 15 March 2007 that he believes climate change is \"real, a major threat, and almost surely has a major human-induced component.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "passage": "A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: \"Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.", "label": 1}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "This star is smaller, cooler, dimmer, and less massive than our Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "stars that has evaporated over time, becoming gravitationally unbound.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "This star is smaller, cooler, fainter, and less massive than our Sun.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "The neutrinos escape from the star carrying away some energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "The star has a current mass of around 0.64 solar masses.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "The star is known to be a low activity flare star, which means it undergoes random increases in luminosity because of magnetic activity at the surface.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "The surface activity makes the star an X-ray emission source.", "label": 0}
{"query": "[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "passage": "Such atmospheric stripping is a likely result of proximity to a star.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.", "label": 1}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "The country has a national objective to reduce emissions by 25% from their 1990 levels by 2020, and a long-term target to reduce emissions 75–80% by 2050.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "According to the US submission, the United States committed to reducing emissions 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025, a reflection of the Obama administration's goal to convert the U.S. economy into one low-carbon reliance.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "The organization estimated the cost for eliminating carbon emissions from the transportation system at $1.3–2.7 trillion; guaranteeing a job to every American $6.8–44.6 trillion; universal health care estimated close to $36 trillion.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "passage": "(2007) estimated macroeconomic costs in 2030 for multi-gas mitigation (reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other GHGs, such as methane) as between a 3% decrease in global GDP to a small increase, relative to baseline.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "Tipping points are \"perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "The global warming debate is over.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "The method used by the One Earth Climate Model does not resort to dangerous geo-engineering methods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "passage": "Several media pieces have claimed that since the even-at-the-time-poorly-supported theory of global cooling was shown to be false, that the well-supported theory of global warming can also be dismissed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "Recent research, based on archaeological and paleontological digs on 70 different Pacific islands has shown that numerous species became extinct as people moved across the Pacific, starting 30,000 years ago in the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "SOPAC: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "It hosted the Tarawa Climate Change Conference on November 9–11, 2010, where the Ambo Declaration was signed by 12 countries: Kiribati, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, the Republic of the Maldives, Cuba, Brazil, Fiji, Japan, China, the Marshall Islands, New Zealand and Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "In a pair of studies published in 2015, extrapolation from observed extinction of Hawaiian snails of the family Amastridae, led to the conclusion that \"the biodiversity crisis is real\", and that 7% of all species on Earth may have disappeared already.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "In a pair of studies published in 2015, extrapolation from observed extinction of Hawaiian snails led to the conclusion that 7% of all species on Earth may have been lost already.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "The Gilbert Islands (Tungaru formerly Kingsmill or King 's - Mill Islands) are a chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands in the Pacific Ocean about halfway between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "\"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "passage": "In March 2019, \"Nature Climate Change\" published a study by ecologists from Yale University, who found that over the next half century, human land use will reduce the habitats of 1,700 species by up to 50%, pushing them closer to extinction.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.", "label": 1}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.", "label": 0}
{"query": "We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "The Bermuda Triangle is a region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and surface vessels allegedly disappeared mysteriously.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling, or lesser warming, in that region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "Ian Somerhalder travels to the Bahamas where he looks at historical evidence and explores a blue hole, diving and taking core samples of the ocean floor with scientists from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to learn how the warming of the oceans' surface will increase the strength and destructiveness of hurricanes and superstorms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.", "passage": "This mechanism possibly caused the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly currently observed near Greenland (Cold blob (North Atlantic)).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.", "label": 1}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "The 2003 European heat wave killed 22,000–35,000 people, based on normal mortality rates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "According to the BBC, around 2,000 more people than usual may have died in the United Kingdom during the 2003 heatwave.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "For example, in August 2003, a heatwave in Europe resulted in excess mortality in the range of 35,000 total deaths.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "(2000), \"populations in Europe have adjusted successfully to mean summer temperatures ranging from 13.5°C to 24.1°C, and can be expected to adjust to global warming predicted for the next half century with little sustained increase in heat related mortality.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "Around 300 people—mostly elderly—died during the 2003 heatwave in Germany.", "label": 0}
{"query": "At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "passage": "In Europe, mean annual heat related mortalities are 304 in north Finland, 445 in Athens, and 40 in London, while cold related mortalities are 2457, 2533, and 3129 respectively.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.", "label": 1}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "Shaftel 2016: \"'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "The terms \"global warming\" and \"climate change\" are often used interchangeably.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "However, speaking more properly, \"global warming\" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but \"climate change\" includes both \"global warming\" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "While the term \"climate change\" now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "In their usage, \"climate change\" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).", "label": 0}
{"query": "'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "passage": "In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term \"climate change\" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "passage": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "Forcings that initially warm the northern hemisphere, land, or polar regions more strongly; are systematically more effective at changing temperatures than an equivalent amount of CO whose forcing is more uniformly distributed over the globe.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.", "passage": "When there is a lot of sea ice present globally, especially in the tropics and subtropics, the climate is more sensitive to forcings as the ice–albedo feedback is very strong.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 1}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.", "label": 1}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "passage": "The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged \"Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "A Climate Data Record (CDR) is a specific definition of a climate data series, developed by the Committee on Climate Data Records from NOAA Operational Satellites of the National Research Council at the request of NOAA in the context of satellite records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "The index is also used in studies of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "100,000-year problem, a climatological records problem", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation", "passage": "Because many such phenomena are very sensitive to small variations in climate, especially to temperature, phenological records can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, especially in the study of climate change and global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "Antarctica is the driest continent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "Antarctica is intensely cold and arid.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "passage": "The cryosphere (from the Greek \"kryos\", \"cold\", \"frost\" or \"ice\" and \"sphaira\", \"globe, ball\") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "Coral reefs are one of the most well-known marine ecosystems in the world, with the largest being the Great Barrier Reef.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "It is found in Australia and the Tanimbar Islands.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "It is endemic to coral reefs in Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "Wilson Island (Queensland), an island on the Great Barrier Reef", "label": 0}
{"query": "the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "passage": "It is found in the coastal waters of Australia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "An executive order was issued by President Trump on January 24, 2017 that removed barriers from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines, making it easier for the companies sponsoring them to continue with production.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order aimed towards boosting the coal industry.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "\"Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "\"LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "On January 25, Trump signed an executive order, \"Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States\", to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General and their departments and agencies to increase the enforcement of immigration laws which included the hiring of 10,000 \"additional immigration officers\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "This can be seen as Trump is right about the impossibility of climate change, has signed executive orders dismantling environmental protections, and has ordered the EPA to remove climate change information from their public site, likely signaling America's unwillingness to acknowledge the future possibility of increased environmental refugees from climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a “hoax.”", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "Executive Order 13780, titled Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, is an executive order signed by United States President Donald Trump on March 6, 2017, that places limits on travel to the U.S. from certain countries, and by all refugees who do not possess either a visa or valid travel documents.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "passage": "In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "The estimate is uncertain, but probably lies within 0.5 °C of the true value.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "GISS (NASA): +0.185", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "Assuming with a reaction order gives value of equal to 0.1.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "The most probable impact angle is 45 degrees.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "for which K = 0.22 at 270 °C or 0.1 at 5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "Most systems operate within the to degree range.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "passage": "In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "A vast release of methane might cause significant global warming since methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "Furthermore, permafrost melting will eventually cause methane release from melting permafrost peat bogs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas", "passage": "When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high \"for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "passage": "\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "An increase of global temperature by more than 2°C has come to be the majority definition of what would constitute intolerably dangerous climate change with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels per the Paris Agreement.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Some researchers have argued that the most serious consequences of global warming might be avoided if global average temperatures rose by no more than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels (1.4 °C above present levels).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "1995 saw the creation of the phrase \"preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system\" (also called \"avoiding dangerous climate change\") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.", "passage": "To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion in 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: \"We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance in the climate of the Arctic, between year-round snow/ice preservation and complete summer melting.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "Climate modelling suggests that low solar activity may result in, for example, colder winters in the US and northern Europe and milder winters in Canada and southern Europe, with little change in global averages.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says", "passage": "Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Climatology (from Greek , \"klima\", \"place, zone\"; and , \"-logia\") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "However, in more recent climate classifications climatologists use the line .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.", "passage": "There are essentially two definitions of abrupt climate change:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "Limiting global warming to below 2 °C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "label": 1}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Methane is a significantly more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the amount of heat it can trap, especially in the short term.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Globally, enteric fermentation (mostly in ruminant livestock) accounts for about 27% of anthropogenic methane emissions, Despite methane's 100-year global warming potential, recently estimated at 28 without and 34 with climate carbon feedbacks, methane emission is currently contributing relatively little to global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Farm animals account for between 20% and 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "passage": "There is concern over increases in atmospheric methane in the context of the global carbon cycle, because methane is a greenhouse gas that is 23 times more effective at absorbing long-wave radiation than CO on a 100-year time scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "2–3 times higher in the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "The January 2016's remarkable phase transition of Arctic oscillation was driven by a rapid tropospheric warming in the Arctic, a pattern that appears to have increased surpassing the so-called stratospheric sudden warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.", "passage": "While Arctic temperatures have generally increased, there is some discussion concerning the temperatures over Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\"", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "In 2016, China's greenhouse gas emissions accounted for 26% of total global emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "passage": "Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "By 2008 Bossons Glacier had retreated to a point that was above sea level.Another research, published in 2019 by ETH Zurich, says that 2/3rd of the ice in the glaciers of the Alps is doomed to melt by the end of the century due to climate change In the most pessimistic scenario, the Alps will be almostly completely ice-free by 2100, with only isolated ice patches remaining at high elevation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "Excluding the [[ice cap]]s and [[ice sheet]]s of the Arctic and Antarctic, the total surface area of [[glacier]]s worldwide has decreased by 50% since the end of the 19th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "Warming temperatures lead to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "In their usage, \"climate change\" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).", "label": 0}
{"query": "For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "passage": "A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which caused approximately 1 kelvin of global cooling for 2 years due to sulfate emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming \"stopped in 1998\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "The global warming debate is over.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "[[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "passage": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "acting as a carbon sink.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Mitigation may be achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or through the enhancement of sinks that absorb GHGs, for example forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period, such as a growing forest.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Deforestation eliminates carbon sinks, accelerating the process of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "Carbon Reductions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "It is likely to be threatened by climate change and forestry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "passage": "The constant cutting down of trees is getting rid of our oxygen supply as well as the absorption of co2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "passage": "The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented \"are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "Lindzen has been called a contrarian, in relation to climate change and other issues.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "The Climate Feedback reviewers come to the conclusion that in one case Lomborg \"practices cherry-picking\", in a second case he \"had reached his conclusions through cherry-picking from a small subset of the evidence, misrepresenting the results of existing studies, and relying on flawed reasoning\", in a third case \"[his] article [is in] blatant disagreement with available scientific evidence, while the author does not offer adequate evidence to support his statements\", and, in a fourth case, \"The author, Bjorn Lomborg, cherry-picks this specific piece of research and uses it in support of a broad argument against the value of climate policy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "Contrary to the IPCC's assessment, Lindzen said that climate models are inadequate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "This view contradicts the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.", "passage": "Topics which have received special attention include a feature describing \"climate 'myths\" promoted by many US politicians, a feature examining the accuracy of past predictions made by scientists studying global warming, as well as individual features to evaluate the claims made by the most prominent individuals who criticise evidence that supports man-made global warming, including Richard Lindzen, John Christy, and Christopher Monckton.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "Andrew, at the time, was the costliest tropical cyclone in United States history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "The only notable storms are Hurricane Olivia, which killed 30 people, caused $ 30 million (1975 USD) in damage, and left thousands homeless when it made landfall in October ; and an unnamed hurricane that developed at very high latitude, but had no effect on land.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "It was the costliest United States hurricane at the time, until Hurricane Agnes in 1972.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season was, at the time, the costliest season ever recorded.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "List of Texas hurricanes (1980-present)", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "The 1896 Atlantic hurricane season was fairly inactive but produced one of the costliest hurricanes ever to strike the United States until that point, along with several other destructive tropical cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "passage": "There have been a total of 6 such seasons in which no storms have made landfall in the United States at at least tropical storm strength ; these were the 1853, 1862, 1864, 1922, 1962, and 1990 seasons.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "Volcanoes are the largest source but there are also anthropogenic sources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "The ocean could potentially hold over a thousand billion tons of CO.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "The Earth's oceans contain a large amount of in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "passage": "At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.", "label": 1}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "passage": "acting as a carbon sink.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "... the bottom line is that the economic cost of action is low, whereas the cost of inaction is incalculably greater\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "The book says, \"the economic cost of action is low, whereas the cost of inaction is incalculably greater – what exactly is the 'price' of 5 feet of sea level rise in 2100 … and losing all of the inland glaciers that provide a significant fraction of water to a billion people?", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "The benefits of strong, early action on mitigation considerably outweigh the costs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "The antonym of mitigation is aggravation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "Mitigation:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.", "passage": "The costs of mitigation and adaptation policies can be measured as a change in GDP.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25–80 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "\"Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to \"green\" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the \"green Sahara\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "Category : Former municipalities of Greenland", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "\"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "Greenland is abundant in minerals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "Thermally fractionated nitrogen and argon isotope data from Greenland ice core GISP2 indicate that its summit was around colder during the Younger Dryas than today.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "During the last glacial maximum, the continent of Europe was much colder and drier than it is today, with polar desert in the north and the remainder steppe or tundra.", "label": 0}
{"query": "There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "passage": "Total warming in Greenland was .", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "This less valuable \"spare\" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "There are no countries where the majority of baseload power is supplied by wind, solar, biofuels or geothermal, as each of these sources fails one or more of the criteria of low price, availability and reliability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "The baseload (also base load) on a grid is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "Power plants that do not change their power output quickly, such as large coal or nuclear plants, are generally called baseload power plants.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "wind power) which have low capacity factors due to the weather, requires either: a) the construction of energy storage projects, which have their own emission intensity, or b) more frequent back up than the reserve requirements necessary to back up more dependable/baseload power sources, such as hydropower and nuclear energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "The criteria for baseload power generation are low price, availability and reliability.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Renewables can't provide baseload power", "passage": "There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will \"very likely\" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "When Earth first formed, Earth's atmosphere may have contained more greenhouse gases and concentrations may have been higher, with estimated partial pressure as large as , because there was no bacterial photosynthesis to reduce the gas to carbon compounds and oxygen.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "passage": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "Meltwater from melting ice sheets and glacier retreat contributes to a rise in the future sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sea level rise is decelerating.", "passage": "The retreat of non-polar glaciers also contributes to sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "In 2009, Australia had the highest per capita CO2 emissions in the world.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "Coal and natural gas, along with oil-based products, are currently the primary sources of Australian energy usage and the coal industry produces approximately 38 % of Australia 's total greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "Australian total emissions in 2007 were 396 million tonnes of CO. That year, the country was among the top polluter nations of the world per capita.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 0.3% in the first six months of the Carbon Tax to December 2012 to 276.5 Mt CO2 equiv, while Australia's gross domestic product grew at a rate of 2.5% per annum.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "The burning of coal for electricity produces 29 % of Australia 's total greenhouse gas emissions, based on 2013-2014 Clean Energy Regulator data.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "The Australian Government would have set a cap on carbon emissions, consistent with longer term goals of reducing Australia’s emissions by 60% compared with 2000 levels by 2050 (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 11).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming", "passage": "After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.", "label": 1}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.", "label": 1}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.", "label": 1}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.", "label": 1}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.", "label": 1}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Subsonic aircraft-in-flight contribute to climate change in four ways:", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Aircraft flying polar routes near the geomagnetic poles are at particular risk.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.", "label": 0}
{"query": "an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "passage": "The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat, noise, particulates and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "\"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "The IPCC explains this as follows:", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "\"Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.", "passage": "Much of what remains of the world's rainforests is in the Amazon basin, where the Amazon Rainforest covers approximately 4 million square kilometres.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Most scientists do seem to accept that there is an effect of CO2 on climate; the big question is how large and dangerous it will be in future.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "passage": "In the 1998 paper, \"CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change\" Idso said: \"Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "He continued stating, the climate is warming and \"humans are now in the driver's seat\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend", "passage": "...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD).", "label": 1}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 \"small\" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.", "label": 1}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "Knowledge of precise climatic events decreases as the record goes back in time, but some notable climate events are known:", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "This allows a temperature record to be constructed.", "label": 0}
{"query": "They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "passage": "Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming,\" irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and \"Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "passage": "A study in 2015 found that assuming cumulative fossil fuel emissions of 10 000 gigatonnes of carbon, the Antarctic Ice Sheet could melt completely over the following millennia, contributing 58 m to global sea-level rise, and 30 m within the first 1000 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Global warming also has an enormous impact with respect to melting glaciers and ice sheets.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Global warming can affect sea levels, coastlines, ocean acidification, ocean currents, seawater, sea surface temperatures, tides, the sea floor, weather, and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry; all of these affect the functioning of a society.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Relationships between global climate and changes in ice extent are complex.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.", "label": 0}
{"query": "A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.", "passage": "Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "The administration released the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) in November 2018, a long-awaited study conducted by numerous federal agencies that found \"the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans' physical, social, and economic well-being are rising.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis.", "label": 1}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Climate change increases wildfire potential and activity.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Research shows that rising heat due to climate change has caused an increase in fires around the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Episode 2, \"End of the Woods\" (April 20, 2014): Schwarzenegger accompanies the \"hot shots\", elite firefighters in Western US forests, as they risk their lives fighting the fire season made longer and more destructive by global warming, as fire regions expand from the southwest US further north into Canada.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.", "label": 0}
{"query": "When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "passage": "Episode 4 (13), \"Fueling the Fire\" (November 16, 2016): Arnold Schwarzenegger explores how the military is adapting to climate change and limiting national security risk by increasing energy efficiency and using renewables, but needs to increase the pace of this adaptation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "However, others point to support for climate engineering proposals among think tanks with a history of global warming denial and opposition to emissions reductions as evidence that the prospect of climate engineering is itself already politicized and being promoted as part of an argument against the need for (and viability of) emissions reductions; that, rather than climate engineering being a solution to the difficulties of emissions reductions, the prospect of climate engineering is being used as part of an argument to stall emissions reductions in the first place.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "This tactic, similar to those of large tobacco companies, was utilized by the lobby groups in the hopes of delaying action and blurring the lines between the valid scientific efforts to challenge climate change findings and those designed to merely undermine the credibility of the scientific community.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "In 2019, some Republican legislators broke with the party to advocate taking action on climate change, with market-based solutions rather than government regulations, and groups of younger Republicans began lobbying efforts in favor of a climate policy response.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "The Climate Change Scientific Program was occasionally criticized for the alleged suppression of scientific information.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.", "passage": "Although the Green New Deal is often presented as a left-wing proposal, criticism of it has come from left-wing commentators who have argued that the Green New Deal fails to tackle the real cause of the climate emergency, namely the concept of unending growth and consumption inherent in capitalism, and is instead an attempt to greenwash capitalism.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.", "passage": "The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "Climate change also influences the average sea level.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "passage": "The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "\"After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "The ``highway'' was built in the early 1980s.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "1933 Long Beach earthquake (Los Angeles, California, USA) (small tsunami)", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "Charles D. Hansen, American computer scientist", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "In 2016, a team of 19 researchers led by Hansen published a paper \"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous\" describing the effect of meltwater from ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (slowing it or even stopping) and Antarctic bottom water formation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "passage": "Close to of land have been submerged.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "Global warming results in redistributions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "The warming has not been globally uniform.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "The NASA Office of Inspector General (NASA OIG or OIG) is the inspector general office in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the space agency of the United States.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "passage": "Several lawsuits have been filed over global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be \"ice-free\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "Arctic climate is believed to be now rapidly warming and much larger Arctic shrinkage changes are projected.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "passage": "Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "label": 1}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "These observations are on a global scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "A global satellite view is available.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "\"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "passage": "It shows a general warming in global temperatures.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "UNEP in 1989, years ago, predicted \"entire nations could be wiped off the face of the Earth by rising sea levels if the global warming trend is not reversed by the year 2000.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.", "passage": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "One of the largest mass extinctions to have affected life on Earth was the Permian-Triassic, which ended the Permian period 250 million years ago and killed off 90 percent of all species; life on Earth took 30 million years to recover.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "In 2017, putative fossilized microorganisms (or microfossils) were announced to have been discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuq Belt of Quebec, Canada that were as old as 4.28 billion years, the oldest record of life on earth, suggesting \"an almost instantaneous emergence of life\" after ocean formation 4.4 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "The Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”", "passage": "The onset of the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has been linked to an initial 5 ° C temperature rise and to extreme changes in Earth 's carbon cycle.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.", "passage": "In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario (\"SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation\").", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "That article was based on an email interview, and says that \"Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline.\"", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "Syed Iqbal Hasnain is an Indian glaciologist, writer, educationist and the Chairman of the Glacier and Climate Change Commission of the Government of Sikkim.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "By 2008 Bossons Glacier had retreated to a point that was above sea level.Another research, published in 2019 by ETH Zurich, says that 2/3rd of the ice in the glaciers of the Alps is doomed to melt by the end of the century due to climate change In the most pessimistic scenario, the Alps will be almostly completely ice-free by 2100, with only isolated ice patches remaining at high elevation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "A 2002 study determined that if current conditions continue, the glaciers atop Kilimanjaro will disappear sometime between 2015 and 2020.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "Glaciologists believe the remaining glaciers in Wyoming will disappear by the middle of the 21st century if the current climate patterns continue.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.", "passage": "According to a Reuters report, the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers—[[Ganges]], [[Indus]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yangtze]], [[Mekong]], [[Salween]] and [[Yellow River|Yellow]]—could diminish as temperatures rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).", "label": 1}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "Thermal energy storage, a number of technologies that store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "Seasonal thermal energy storage (or STES) is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "However, an advantage of CSP over photovoltaic conversion is that as a thermal technology, a CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, whether day or night.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "Renewable resources such as the movement of water (hydropower, tidal power and wave power), wind and radiant energy from geothermal heat (used for geothermal power) and solar energy (used for solar power) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted, unlike their non-renewable counterparts, which are likely to run out if not used sparingly.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.", "label": 0}
{"query": "For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.", "passage": "In a CSP plant that includes storage, the solar energy is first used to heat the molten salt or synthetic oil which is stored providing thermal/heat energy at high temperature in insulated tanks.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Most of the Earth's snow-covered area (SCA) is located in the Northern Hemisphere, and temporal variability is dominated by the seasonal cycle; Northern Hemisphere snow-cover extent ranges from 46.5 million km in January to 3.8 million km in August.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Today, when autumn and winter in the Northern Hemisphere occur at closest approach, the Earth is moving at its maximum velocity and therefore autumn and winter are slightly shorter than spring and summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover should exhibit a decreasing trend to explain an observed increase in Northern Hemisphere spring air temperatures this century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "North American winter SCA has exhibited an increasing trend over much of this century largely in response to an increase in precipitation.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Warming is stronger over northern Europe, China and North America in winter, Europe and Asia interior in spring, Europe and north Africa in summer and northern North America, Greenland and eastern Asia in autumn.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "In the northern hemisphere, the year starts with winter, transitions in the first halfyear through spring into summer, which is in mid-year, then at the second halfyear through autumn into winter at year-end.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.", "passage": "Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.", "label": 1}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO or ID) display similar sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure patterns to the PDO, with a cycle of 15–30 years, but affects both the north and south Pacific.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "label": 0}
{"query": "\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.", "passage": "The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "In their usage, \"climate change\" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.", "passage": "While the term \"climate change\" now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.", "label": 1}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "The bicarbonate buffer is the concentration of bicarbonate ions that keeps the ocean's acidity balanced within a pH range of 7.5–8.4.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "passage": "Surface-ocean pH has probably not been below 8.1 during the past 2 million years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws.", "label": 1}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "The Bush Administration worked to undermine state efforts to mitigate global warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "The EPA has determined that greenhouse gas pollution causes global temperature warming, leading to harmful changes to the environment and human health globally such as increased drought and increased famine due to decrease in water supply and agricultural production.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: \"deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "On 2008-04-29, a UNICEF UK Report found that global warming is already reducing the quality of the world's most vulnerable children's lives and making it more difficult to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "The Real Global Warming Disaster (\"Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?\")", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "passage": "Global warming is the greatest cause of impact to the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Global warming also affects weather patterns as they pertain to cyclones.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "This article is about climate change scenarios.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.", "passage": "The effects of global warming such as extreme weather events, droughts, floods, biodiversity loss, disease and sea level rise are dangerous for humans and the environment.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 1}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "It recognizes that warming of the climate system is scientifically verified and that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid twentieth century are very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, as assessed by the IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "label": 0}
{"query": "In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.", "passage": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155 °C (0.122 to 0.188 °C) per decade, according to AR5.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade\".", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the \"U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "passage": "Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).", "label": 1}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the inland areas during summer.", "label": 1}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "Windchill due to a combination of cold temperatures and strong winds is dangerous to anyone who is caught unaware and unprepared for it.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "Extreme weather also means stronger winds.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "The February 2016 North American winter storm was a strong winter storm that caused more than 70,000 people in southern California to lose their electricity, with many broken trees and electrical lines in that area, with the Southern Rocky Mountains having the potential to receive some of the greatest snowfall from the system.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "The 1910 -- 1919 Pacific hurricane seasons were before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes is extremely unreliable.", "label": 0}
{"query": "But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "passage": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.", "label": 1}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "In comparison with radiation burns caused by ionizing radiation, where the dominant mechanism of tissue damage is internal cell damage caused by free radicals, the primary damage mechanism of microwave radiation is thermal, by dielectric heating.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "The method transfers energy using the principle of capacitive coupling (like a condenser) of radio waves of 13,56-MHz.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer of a homogeneous, high water content food item ; food is more evenly heated throughout (except in heterogeneous, dense objects) than generally occurs in other cooking techniques.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "The plasma is generated under low pressure (vacuum) by an electromagnetic field.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "to scatter microwave radiant energy.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "This heat is a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "Radio frequency electromagnetic energy is routinely produced by RF electrical circuits connected to a transducer usually called an antenna.", "label": 0}
{"query": "Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level", "passage": "In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation: formula_3 (where formula_4 is Planck's constant and formula_5 the frequency).", "label": 0}