Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface, where temperature decreases with altitude.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

Contrary to climate models and surface measurements, their results showed a cooling in the troposphere.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Global warming is increasing growth of algae on the ice sheet.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases.


Question: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

Furthermore, permafrost melting will eventually cause methane release from melting permafrost peat bogs.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

A potential abrupt feedback due to thermokarst lake formations in the Arctic, in response to thawing permafrost soils, releasing additional greenhouse gas methane, is currently not accounted for in climate models.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.


Question: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.

Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

The amount of correlation between human arrival and megafauna extinction is still being debated: for example, in Wrangel Island in Siberia the extinction of dwarf woolly mammoths (approximately 2000 BCE) did not coincide with the arrival of humans, nor did megafaunal mass extinction on the South American continent, although it has been suggested climate changes induced by anthropogenic effects elsewhere in the world may have contributed.


Question: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

Ball has said he opposes the consensus scientific opinion on climate change and has stated that he believes global warming is occurring but that human production of carbon dioxide is not the cause.


Question: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Humans have drastically added to the amount of carbon dioxide () in the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and the process of deforestation.


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".


Question: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

temperature) over a 30-year period.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.


Question: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

This allows a temperature record to be constructed.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained from radiometric measurements by satellites.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).


Question: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

There are several other effects such as clouds.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

The opposite is true if cloud cover decreases.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.


Question: Clouds provide negative feedback.

According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

This statement summarizes the economic case for carbon pricing as follows:


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

Both studies outline an economic approach to climate policy.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

Cost-benefit integrated assessment models are the main tools for calculating the social cost of carbon, or the marginal social cost of emitting one more tonne of carbon (as carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere at any point in time.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.


Question: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

"special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere."


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

This along with climate change, and ocean acidification can cause the collapse of an ecosystem.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change.


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".


Question: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.


Question: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

The main current international agreement on combating climate change is the Kyoto Protocol (which is now succeeded by the Paris agreement).


Question: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.


Question: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

"Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000".


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

The 20th century AD, the period between the years 1901 and 2000 of the Gregorian calendar


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

The scientific field of paleoclimatology came to maturity in the 20th century.


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.


Question: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

"President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators".


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

He was forced to resign in November 2003.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

Similarly, according to the testimony of senior officers of the Government Accountability Project, the White House attempted to bury the report "National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change", produced by U.S. scientists pursuant to U.S. law, Some U.S. scientists resigned their jobs rather than give in to White House pressure to underreport global warming.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

Inhofe said it showed that the controversy was "about unethical and potentially illegal behavior by some of the world's leading climate scientists.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

In March 2005, Rick S. Piltz resigned from CCSP charging political interference with scientific reports: "I believe ...that the administration … has acted to impede forthright communication of the state of climate science and its implications for society.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSat.


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Total solar irradiance (TSI) changes slowly on decadal and longer timescales.


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter "(see solar constant)", though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun.


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

One Sun is a unit of power flux, not a standard value for actual insolation.


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Disagreement among overlapping observations indicates unresolved drifts that suggest the TSI record is not sufficiently stable to discern solar changes on decadal time scales.


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Satellites do not measure temperature.


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Different measurements of solar irradiance (direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance) are mapped below :


Question: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publication "Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" stated that sea ice extent for the Northern Hemisphere showed a decrease of 3.8% ± 0.3% per decade from November 1978 to December 2012.


Question: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

The sea level has risen more than since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20,000 years ago.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.

For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Research published in 2011 finds evidence that massive volcanic eruptions caused massive coal combustion, supporting models for significant generation of greenhouse gases.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

"UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world".


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

The following year new targets to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 were announced and then confirmed in the 2009 Climate Change Delivery Plan.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

"Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California".


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 is an Act passed by the Scottish Parliament.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

100% renewable energy in a country is typically a more challenging goal than carbon neutrality.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

The mitigation of anthropogenic climate change in the nation of Scotland is a matter for the devolved Scottish Parliament.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

The world 's largest is planned for Scotland.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

List of listed buildings in Tough, Aberdeenshire


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

This article focuses on carbon governance in England as the other countries of the UK (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) all have devolved assemblies who are responsible for the governance of carbon emissions in their respective countries.


Question: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by "Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

In addition to dehydration and heat stroke, these heat waves have also resulted in epidemics of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

It is known from El Salvador.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

The ratio may be used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury or dehydration.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

Kidney disease results from an immune response that deposits immune complexes in the kidney.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

The kidneys are almost always affected and this often leads to kidney failure.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

Currently he is suffering from severe kidney failure.


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

In addition to the inability to filter blood, renal failure results in the body 's inability to make some vitamins and minerals (example : vitamin D), as well as difficulty excreting excessive amounts of certain vitamins and minerals (example : phosphorus).


Question: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

Recent studies have shown that prolonged heat exposure, physical exertion, and dehydration are sufficient factors to developing CKD.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

The correlation coefficient is not yet scientifically determined.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

So when the result of a statistical analysis is said to be an ``exact test'' or an ``exact p-value'', it ought to imply that the test is defined without parametric assumptions and evaluated without using approximate algorithms.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

Cum hoc propter hoc ; see Correlation does not imply causation


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

There is some data but no published papers in this application.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

Statistical randomness does not necessarily imply ``true'' randomness, i.e., objective unpredictability.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

An are experimentally determined coefficients.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

Hypotheses are evaluated with reference to a null hypothesis which states that random processes create the observed data.


Question: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

Various academic studies have given alternative results.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

For over a decade, one aspect of the climate change story seemed to show a significant difference between models and observations.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.


Question: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

A paper on Greenland's temperature record shows that the warmest year on record was 1941 while the warmest decades were the 1930s and 1940s.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

The past nine years have all been among the 25 warmest years on record for the contiguous U.S., a streak which is unprecedented in the historical record.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.


Question: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind".


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

The second law of thermodynamics states that any closed-loop cycle can only convert a fraction of the heat produced during combustion into mechanical work.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.