Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa".


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since then.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

In May 2013, two independent teams of scientists measuring CO near the summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million, probably for the first time in more than 3 million years of Earth history.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level.


Question: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

"Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming".


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

"Gardeners can slow climate change".


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

Why is the news on global warming always bad?


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

It is claimed that when applied to climate change, alarmist language can create a greater sense of urgency.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.


Question: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

While the warm surface waters of the oceans have limited ability to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the coldest surface waters near the poles (2–3% of ocean surfaces) can transfer significant amounts of carbon dioxide to deep-ocean reserves.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was "a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

"El Niño in a changing climate".


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."


Question: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon dioxide is colorless.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Tetrafluorohydrazine or dinitrogen tetrafluoride,, is a colourless, reactive inorganic gas.


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).


Question: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for "literate communication" is "about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad".


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable".


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history".


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

These have been issued at various times since the 1970s.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

It has been in research since the early 1970s.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Archaeological studies have continued into recent times.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

It has been active from 1978 to the present.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

While these records have been compiled for over 100 years, there are varying standards for these records.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

This trend is projected to continue.


Question: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Archival strategy Data must remain available in the long term.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that "the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact".


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The "rigour and honesty" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

Cru is ``a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized quality''.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The CRU was found to be "objective and dispassionate in their view of the data and their results, and there was no hint of tailoring results to a particular agenda.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also "make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds".


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The CRU collates data from many sources around the world.


Question: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

CRUs, an abbreviation of Civil Resettlement Units


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Projections were made over future climate change impacts.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Earth's climate system is no exception.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Earth’s climate system is no exception.


Question: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

Polar Bears are increasing in number.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the "lowest common denominator" findings.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

The book looks and attempts to summarize results from scientific papers on climate change.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

IPCC documents detail several notable proposals.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

As BOD increases, available oxygen decreases.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

Actually, it is oxygen being consumed.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

One study suggests that the amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for ocean life.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

The shell is part of the body of the animal.


Question: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

More research is needed because the life cycle is not completely known.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun 's energy directly into electric energy.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Sunlight is the primary input of energy into the planet's ecosystems.


Question: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Therefore, we might be nearing the end of this warm period.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

that noted "the atmosphere has been growing gradually cooler for the past three decades" but noted that "Some scientists... think that the cooling trend may be only temporary.


Question: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Reducing energy use reduces emissions.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

``There 's a strong scientific case for significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Economic growth was found to be compatible with increasing or decreasing GHG emissions.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

...Carbon dioxide removal strategies address a key driver of climate change, but research is needed to fully assess if any of these technologies could be appropriate for large-scale deployment.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.


Question: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

"MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array".


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

America needs renewable energy.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The U.S. Department of Energy stated (in 2006) that more than 1.5 million homes and businesses were currently using solar water heating in the United States, representing a capacity of over 1,000 megawatts (MW) of thermal energy generation.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.


Question: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The solar energy industry uses watt-hour per square metre (Wh/m) per unit time .


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Well-known historical droughts include:


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

While covering less area than the Dust Bowl, which covered 70 % of the United States, the drought of 1988 ranks as not only the costliest drought in United States history but also the costliest natural disaster in United States history before Hurricane Katrina.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

The worst droughts in the history of the United States occurred during the 1930s and 1950s, periods of time known as ` Dust Bowl ' years in which droughts lead to significant economic damages and social changes.


Question: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

During the summer of 1988, the drought led to many wildfires in forested western North America, including the Yellowstone fires of 1988.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Karen B. Stewart is the current United States Ambassador to the Marshall Islands.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

In May 2005, Chen Shui-bian, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), became the first foreign head of state to make an official visit to the Marshall Islands.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Elections in Marshall Islands gives information on election and election results in Marshall Islands.


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Work is proceeding under the Pacific Plan on options for improving feeder shipping services to a number of small island states


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

(4) focusing on enhancing resilience and implementing low-regrets adaptation options; and


Question: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Societies need to build resiliency into these systems in order to achieve such a feat.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought".


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

less than 14% of the observed global warming.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

Global Warming of 1.5 °C.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

Globally, the troposphere is predicted by models to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

Climate models include different external forcings for their models.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

In the tropics, all models predicted that with a rise in greenhouse gases, the troposphere would be expected to warm more rapidly than the surface.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.


Question: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event occurred the indian ocean region worst affected by it due to rising of temperature of sea by 2℃ to normal temperature level coupled by strong El nino event in 1997-1998.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

Elevated sea water temperatures are the main cause of mass bleaching events.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising water temperatures.


Question: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29 °C (84 °F) and in July around 21 °C (70 °F).


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

Average temperatures of January is 21 ° C, February is 23 ° C, March is 29 ° C, April is 34 ° C, May is 37 ° C.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.


Question: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.

May is the warmest month, and January, the coolest.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

However, rather than the warming itself melting the ice, it is possible that sea-level change associated with the warming destabilised ice shelves.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

Ice shelves are not stable when surface melting occurs, and the collapse of Larsen Ice Shelf has been caused by warmer melt season temperatures that have led to surface melting and the formation of shallow ponds of water on the ice shelf.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

Without a floating ice shelf to support them, continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice.


Question: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

It would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")


Question: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

Economic debates weigh the benefits of limiting industrial emissions of mitigating global warming against the costs that such changes would entail.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and warms it.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

Earth's surface, warmed to an "effective temperature" around −18 °C (0 °F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

The Earth's heat content is about .


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

In spite of the enormous transfers of energy into and from the Earth, it maintains a relatively constant temperature because, as a whole, there is little net gain or loss: Earth emits via atmospheric and terrestrial radiation (shifted to longer electromagnetic wavelengths) to space about the same amount of energy as it receives via insolation (all forms of electromagnetic radiation).


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

This yields an apparent effective average earth temperature of .


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

This is because the above equation represents the effective "radiative" temperature of the Earth (including the clouds and atmosphere).


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.


Question: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.

Dependent on the radiative balance of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Kerry Emanuel stated, "Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Climate (from Ancient Greek "klima", meaning "inclination") is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

The macroscopic climate often influences each of the above.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

The term is also used to describe the meteorological phenomenon associated.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Deviations from this equilibrium can also be affected by variated climate .


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

The climate is a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.


Question: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

Model projections showed that Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and the active layer (the top layer of soil or rock in permafrost that is subjected to seasonal freezing and thawing) would be a small sink for carbon (i.e., net uptake of carbon) over this century (p. 662).


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

It was judged that increased emissions of carbon from thawing of permafrost could occur.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, to the atmosphere, back to vegetation, and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

the level of historic warming (±250 GtCO), potential additional carbon release from future permafrost thawing and methane release from wetlands (reducing the budget by up to 100 GtCO over the century), and the level of future non-CO2 mitigation (±400 GtCO).


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

Estimates vary on how many tons of greenhouse gases are emitted from thawed permafrost soils.


Question: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August 2015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called "pure fantasy".


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

The underlying idea is that developing nations should be financially compensated if they succeed in reducing their levels of deforestation (through valuing the carbon that is stored in forests); a concept termed 'avoided deforestation (AD) or, REDD if broadened to include reducing forest degradation (see Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation).


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

The idea consists in providing financial compensations for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation".


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries has emerged as a new potential to complement ongoing climate policies.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

Reforestation can be used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources, particularly timber, but also non-timber forest products.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

According to research conducted at ETH Zurich, restoring all degraded forests all over the world could capture about 205 billion tons of carbon in total (which is about 2/3rd of all carbon emissions, bringing global warming down to below 2 °C).


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

From the perspective of the method known as Natural Economy the economic value of 17 ecosystem services for Earth's biosphere (calculated in 1997) has an estimated value of US$33 trillion (3.3x10) per year.


Question: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

It has also been stated that the sea level will rise 28–43 cm by 2100; if all the ice on Earth melts, it is predicted that the ocean level will increase 75 meters, destroying many coastal cities.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

A large rise (on the order of several feet) in global sea levels poses many threats.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.


Question: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."

In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24 μm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3–4 K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200–500 mbar.