Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

Some climate change sceptics including bloggers asserted that a number of the leaked e-mails contain evidence supporting their global warming conspiracy theory that scientists had allegedly conspired to manipulate data and to keep scientists who have contrary views out of peer-review literature.


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

Ever-strengthening scientific consensus on climate change means that skepticism is becoming less prevalent in the media (although the email scandal in the build up to Copenhagen reinvigorated climate skepticism in the media).


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

There have been allegations of malpractice, most notably in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy ("ClimateGate").


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

They argued that the emails showed that global warming was a scientific conspiracy and that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics.


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.

Climate change sceptics gained wide publicity in blogs and news media, making allegations that the hacked emails showed evidence that climate scientists manipulated data.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

The oxygen isotope ratio obtained from seabed sediment core samples, a proxy for the average global temperature, is an important source of information about changes in the climate of the earth.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K -- T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Recent evidence from a global study of water stable isotopes shows that transpired water is isotopically different from groundwater and streams.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Similar to their study on other proxies, paleoclimatologists examine oxygen isotopes in the contents of ocean sediments.


Question: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

For Heinrich event 4, based on a model study reproducing the isotopic anomaly of oceanic oxygen 18, the fresh water flux has been estimated to 0.29±0.05 Sverdrup with a duration of 250±150 years (Roche "et al"., 2004), equivalent to a fresh water volume of about or a sea-level rise.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

A 2013 poll in Norway conducted by TNS Gallup found that 66% of the population believe that climate change is caused by humans, while 17% do not believe this.


Question: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is "ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

The report was not properly peer reviewed.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

The circumstances of the paper's publication were controversial, prompting concerns about the publishers' peer review process.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

Some physicists have also treated this as evidence of the fallibility inherent within the peer review system.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

The election process was overshadowed my multiple allegations of violations of its integrity.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.


Question: Peer review process was corrupted

This latter point was missed in the review process, explaining why I perceive this paper to be fundamentally flawed and therefore wrongly accepted by the journal.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

Climate scientist Tom Wigley, a lead author of parts of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has stated that "Michaels' statements on the subject of computer models are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation … Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

The programme makers misrepresented the science, the views of some of the scientists featured in the programme and the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

In July 2006, Bryan Leyland, who claimed to be the acting chairman of the Coalition issued a media release recommending the New Zealand government institute a Royal Commission on climate change claiming the public were "being given incomplete, inaccurate and biased information about the effects of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere" when "global warming caused by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases ... cannot be substantiated".


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."


Question: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

"Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them".


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

Due to climate change, Australia is expected to experience harsher extreme weather events, mainly bush-fires and floods during summer.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.


Question: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

The new forest and the resulting forest fires may have induced climate change.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.


Question: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

Earth's surface, warmed to an "effective temperature" around −18 °C (0 °F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality


Question: cold kills many more people than heat.

In Europe, mean annual heat related mortalities are 304 in north Finland, 445 in Athens, and 40 in London, while cold related mortalities are 2457, 2533, and 3129 respectively.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania, Africa.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Researchers reported Kilimanjaro's glacier retreat was due to a combination of increased sublimation and decreased snow fall.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, Alps, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range, and the southern Andes, as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Rising global temperatures have noticeable effects on the rate at which glaciers melt, causing glaciers in general to shrink worldwide.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

The Furtwängler Glacier is located near the summit of Kilimanjaro.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Since 1912 the glacier cover on the summit of Kilimanjaro has apparently retreated 75%, and the volume of glacial ice is now 80% less than it was a century ago due to both retreat and thinning.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.


Question: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

The Earth's heat content is about .


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface, where temperature decreases with altitude.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

Meanwhile, the radiation of heat at the top of the atmosphere results in the cooling of that part of the atmosphere.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

However, the intense heat (particularly in the summer months) endures.


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the


Question: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

Mitigation of and adaptation to climate change are two complementary responses to global warming.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

"Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price".


Question: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Past observations have indicated some of the likely effects of climate change on biodiversity.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Berger predicts a 24% CO2 share for aviation by 2050 if fuel efficiency improves by 1% per year and if there are no electric or hybrid aircraft, dropping to 3–6% if 10-year-old aircraft are replaced by electric or hybrid aircraft due to regulatory constraints, starting in 2030, to reach 70% of the 2050 fleet.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

The largest group being electricity production accounting for 37% of carbon emissions, followed by personal ground travel at 22%, natural gas not used towards power at 11%, movement of goods by boat, truck, or air at 9%, oil refining at 6%, other uses of petroleum at 6%, jet fuel, specifically for air travel, at 4%, and the last 5% spread among other miscellaneous uses.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

A 2014 life-cycle assessment of the cradle-to-grave reduction in CO by a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) airliner such as a Boeing 787—including its manufacture, operations and eventual disposal—has shown that by 2050 such aircraft could reduce the airline industry's CO emissions by 14–15 percent, compared use of conventional airliners.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.


Question: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

In addition to the CO released by most aircraft in flight through the burning of fuels such as Jet-A (turbine aircraft) or Avgas (piston aircraft), the aviation industry contributes greenhouse gas emissions from ground airport vehicles and those used by passengers and staff to access airports, as well as through emissions generated by the production of energy used in airport buildings, the manufacture of aircraft and the construction of airport infrastructure.


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue".


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world".


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.


Question: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

Hamilton's general view about climate change is that the "world is on a path to a very unpleasant future and it is too late to stop it".


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to The New York Times.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

With respect to the climate change, the Democratic Party believes that “carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gasses should be priced to reflect their negative externalities, and to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy and help meet our climate goals.” Democrats are also committed to “implementing, and extending smart pollution and efficiency standards, including the Clean Power Plan, fuel economy standards for automobiles and heavy-duty vehicles, building codes and appliance standards.”


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

In 2019 a new climate change bill was introduced in Minnesota.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

In its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.”


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

In a debate on the same day about a bill for the Keystone XL pipeline, Inhofe endorsed an amendment proposed by Senator Sheldon Whitehouse, "Climate change is real and not a hoax", which passed 98–1.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

The close association of images of Arctic glaciers, ice, and fauna with climate change might harbor cultural connotations that contradict the fragility of the region.


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free".


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance in the climate of the Arctic, between year-round snow/ice preservation and complete summer melting.


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)


Question: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

Robert Watson found this "very disappointing" and said "We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy."


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by "Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

Because the economics of climate change mitigation depend a lot on how quickly carbon neutrality needs to be achieved, climate sensitivity is very important economically: one study suggests that halving the uncertainty of the transient climate response could save trillions of dollars.


Question: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Climate Change Myths and Realities.


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.


Question: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.


Question: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

According to an analysis in "The Guardian", the vast majority of the emails related to four climatologists: Phil Jones, the head of the CRU; Keith Briffa, a CRU climatologist specialising in tree ring analysis; Tim Osborn, a climate modeller at CRU; and Mike Hulme, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the "5 lessons of climate change", as: "climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one" "climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them" "our world has huge unmet development needs" "our current energy portfolio is not sustainable" "massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

The Christian Science Monitor", in an article titled "Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged", stated: "While public opinion had steadily moved away from belief in man-made global warming before the leaked CRU emails, that trend has only accelerated.


Question: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

A pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

Available data show, for example, that :


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

It may happen that the same data will again be believed, and the previous knowledge will be required in the KB.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

As researchers review the data collected, repeated ideas, concepts or elements become apparent, and are tagged with codes, which have been extracted from the data.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

If the previous data are not present, but may be required for new inference.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

Scientific experiments often consist of comparing two or more sets of data.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.


Question: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

When data are aggregated, groups of observations are replaced with summary statistics based on those observations.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

The change was relatively sudden, taking place in decades, and it resulted in a decline of 2 to 6°C (3.6 to 10.8°F) and advances of glaciers and drier conditions, over much of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

The anomalously high global temperature in 1998 due to El Niño resulted in a brief drop in subsequent years.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

An April 28, 1975 article in "Newsweek" magazine was titled "The Cooling World", it pointed to "ominous signs that the Earth's weather patterns have begun to change" and pointed to "a drop of half a degree [Fahrenheit] in average ground temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere between 1945 and 1968.


Question: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.


Question: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.


Question: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.

According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.