Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

Knowledge of precise climatic events decreases as the record goes back in time, but some notable climate events are known:


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees increase for the winters over the past fifty years.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.


Question: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Going into the 2007 federal election, the Labor opposition party presented itself as a "pro-climate" alternative to the Government, with Kevin Rudd, who had by then deposed Beazley as leader, famously describing climate change as "the great moral challenge of our generation".


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a "carbon tax", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the "Clean Energy Act 2011" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Shortly before the Senate was due to vote on the carbon bills, on 1 December 2009 Tony Abbott replaced Turnbull as leader of the Liberal Party.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the legislation if elected.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

In the 2007 election year, both the Liberal-led Coalition government and the Labor opposition promised to introduce carbon trading.


Question: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if it was elected.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had "found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics".


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the "5 lessons of climate change", as: "climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one" "climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them" "our world has huge unmet development needs" "our current energy portfolio is not sustainable" "massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

Nature" reported that in the course of five days in July 2009 the CRU had been "inundated" with 58 FOI requests from Stephen McIntyre and people affiliated with his Climate Audit blog requesting access to raw climate data or information about their use.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

Climate scientists at the CRU and elsewhere received numerous threatening and abusive emails in the wake of the initial incidents.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

The Christian Science Monitor", in an article titled "Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged", stated: "While public opinion had steadily moved away from belief in man-made global warming before the leaked CRU emails, that trend has only accelerated.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

The Climate Change Scientific Program was occasionally criticized for the alleged suppression of scientific information.


Question: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

At present aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO emissions.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

While the principal greenhouse gas emission from powered aircraft in flight is CO, other emissions may include nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (together termed oxides of nitrogen or NO), water vapour and particulates (soot and sulfate particles), sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide (which bonds with oxygen to become CO immediately upon release), incompletely burned hydrocarbons, tetraethyllead (piston aircraft only), and radicals such as hydroxyl, depending on the type of aircraft in use.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.


Question: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.


Question: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Middle Rio Grande Basin, a hydrological basin in central New Mexico


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Climate change is projected to affect water availability.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

While not presently glaciated, it contains a seasonal snowpack and is the source of several streams and rivers, including the Rio Salado.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

The Rio Grande ([ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrænd] or [ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrɑːndɛ] Río Bravo del Norte, [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River).


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

The 2016 -- 17 Zimbabwe floods began in December 2016, following a severe drought.


Question: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

The water could be also kept cold by using snow.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:


Question: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

"Greenland enters melt mode".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

Total warming in Greenland was .


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

The EPA has determined that greenhouse gas pollution causes global temperature warming, leading to harmful changes to the environment and human health globally such as increased drought and increased famine due to decrease in water supply and agricultural production.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Over thousands of years, changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.


Question: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

As the vortex becomes weaker, it is more likely to allow cold arctic air to escape from the confines of the jet stream and spill over into other hemispheres.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high pressure air masses "contained" in the arctic; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.


Question: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.


Question: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

It shows a general warming in global temperatures.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

This rate has increased rapidly since around 1980, and overall each decade since has seen greater rates of retreat than the preceding one.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

It has also accelerated from /day to /day.


Question: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

In 2016 it ran in the first week of September.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

The impulse of renewable energy can create jobs through the construction of new power plants and the manufacturing of the equipment that they need, as could be seen in the case of Germany and the wind power industry.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

The Green Jobs Act of 2007 (H.R.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Once construction of renewable energy facilities is completed, and only ongoing maintenance is required, employment falls quite significantly.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

These are lists about renewable energy:


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Renewables contributed and nuclear power .


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment.


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

He also stated that "I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

An investigation by Maritime New Zealand was unable to determine the cause for the sinking.


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

Maritime claims : none (landlocked)


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".


Question: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

"Islands disappear under rising seas".


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

Scientific understanding of abrupt climate change is generally poor.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

Discovery science and understanding of the climate system are proceeding well, but use of that knowledge to support decision making and to manage risks and opportunities of climate change is proceeding slowly.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties (principally its mean and spread) of meteorological variables when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.


Question: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

Integration of renewable energy has caused some grid stability problems in Germany.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

This higher dependence on back up/load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on effect of more frequent inefficient (in e g/kWh) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to facilitate the intermittent, or variable output, of these energy supplying systems.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

The issue of intermittent supply applies to popular renewable technologies, mainly wind power and solar photovoltaics, and its significance depends on a range of factors which include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as the demand side flexibility.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

This higher dependence on back-up/Load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on-effect of more frequent inefficient (in e g/kW·h) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to accommodate the intermittent power source's variable output.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

Expanding intermittent electrical sources such as wind power, creates a growing problem balancing grid fluctuations.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

Renewable electricity production, from sources such as wind power and solar power, is sometimes criticized for being variable or intermittent.


Question: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

A 2013 poll in Norway conducted by TNS Gallup found that 66% of the population believe that climate change is caused by humans, while 17% do not believe this.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that "global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities".


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

A poll taken in 2016 shows that 52% of Americans believe climate change to be caused by human activity, while 34% state it is caused by natural changes.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for "the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur".


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur".


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization".


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

According to The Washington Post, "Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online".


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see "The Climate War" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

This is not to be confused with mitigation with regards to the overall topic of climate change, which refers to reduction of carbon or greenhouse emissions.


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

An October 2016 report compares US government spending on climate security and military security and finds the latter to be 28× greater.


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")


Question: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

-- defined as'' ``A radiocommunication service concerned exclusively with the operation of spacecraft, in particular space tracking, space telemetry and space telecommand.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

The 23 centimeter, 1200 MHz or 1.2 GHz band is a portion of the UHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Fixed-satellite service (short : FSS | also : fixed-satellite radiocommunication service) is -- according to article 1.21 of the International Telecommunication Union ´ s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) -- defined as A radiocommunication service between earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used ; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas ; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the inter-satellite service ; the fixed-satellite service may also include feeder links for other space radiocommunication services.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Category : Communications satellites of France


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

The satellite time series is not homogeneous.


Question: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Meridian (satellite) is a Russian Communication satellite system, consisting of several satellites :


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.


Question: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: “Sea level rise is global.

If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

As mentioned above, with the proliferation of linear metabolisms such as cars, the production of greenhouse gases has increased exponentially since the birth and mass production of the automobile causing a problem for our atmosphere.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

It resulted in the demise of the largest coral reefs in the Earth's history.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.


Question: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, or Assembly Bill (AB) 32, is a California State Law that fights global warming by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

Political action can change laws and regulations that relate to climate change.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

The Climate Change Act 2008 (c 27) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (commonly known as AB 32) mandates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.


Question: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

Climate disobedience is a form of civil disobedience, deliberate action intended to critique government climate policy.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

Global methane emissions are major part of the global greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.


Question: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.