Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

Producer Avi Arad said, "The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

Sixty years go by, and who are we today?


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

On average over a year, the ice floe has diminished by 4.3% every ten years.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.


Question: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Carbon is a constituent (about 12% by mass) of the very large masses of carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble and so on).


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

The shells of sea creatures are calcium carbonate.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.


Question: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Cloud, P. E. -- Environment of Calcium Carbonate Deposition West of Andros Island, Bahamas.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C).


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing ``conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List.''


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

It is a very hot place, as temperature reaches up to 40 degrees Celsius.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

It is an important natural heritage site containing exposed marine and coastal fauna.


Question: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

It is one of the wettest places in the world.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.


Question: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

There are many feedback mechanisms in the climate system that can either amplify (a positive feedback) or diminish (a negative feedback) the effects of a change in climate forcing.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

World population has gone through a number of periods of growth since the dawn of civilization in the Holocene period, around 10,000 BCE.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

The Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs : the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today).


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

In an EU wide 2018 assessment of progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions per capita, France and Sweden were the only two large industrialized nations within the EU to receive a positive rating, as every other country received a "poor" to "very poor" grade.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

In 8 June 2015, several newspapers ran an article wrote that the leaders of the Group of Seven (or G7, consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) agreed to phase-out fossil fuel use by 2100, as part of the efforts to keep global temperature increase under 2 °C.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.


Question: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Collectively the group of industrialized countries committed to a Kyoto target, i.e., the Annex I countries excluding the US, have a target of reducing their GHG emissions by 4.2% on average for the period 2008–2012 relative to the base year, which in most cases is 1990.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

As a result, the UV radiation is more intense on Earth and there is a worsening of global warming.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

an increase in planetary albedo.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.


Question: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.


Question: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

The winter of 2009–10 in the United Kingdom (also called The Big Freeze of 2010 by British media) was a meteorological event that started on 16 December 2009, as part of the severe winter weather in Europe.


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

The winters could be very cold with snowfall.


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

West and Central Europe were extremely cold during this period.


Question: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is subsistence farming (48% of deforestation) and commercial agriculture (32%), which is linked to food, not paper production.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

In the last two decades, various studies estimate that land use change, including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12-29 % of global greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

In 2014, deforestation in Indonesia, which accounts for .1% of the world's surface, caused 4% of global warming pollution.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).


Question: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels".


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

He and colleagues at the Political Economy Research Institute have developed a plan for national recovery that shows, for example, that investing in clean energy (wind power, solar, and biofuels) will create about three times as many good-paying jobs than conventional projects will, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Projections were made over future climate change impacts.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

The volunteer computing project ClimatePrediction.net is a research team based at the University of Oxford conducting research into global climate change using adapted versions of the climate models developed at the Hadley Centre.


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

<poem>Models consistently suggest that SRM would generally reduce climate differences compared to a world with elevated GHG concentrations and no SRM; however, there would also be residual regional differences in climate (e.g., temperature and rainfall) when compared to a climate without elevated GHGs...


Question: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Emission scenarios can be combined with modelling of the carbon cycle to predict how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases might change in the future.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

Some models of modern climate exhibit Arctic amplification without changes in snow and ice cover.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.


Question: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

"Greenland enters melt mode".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

Total warming in Greenland was .


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".


Question: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

anthropogenic climate science.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

Climate models include different external forcings for their models.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

Climate is governed by physical laws which can be expressed as differential equations.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the climate system.


Question: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The forest has been deteriorating in recent years as more trees have been harvested than planted, and it has been ravaged by fires.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

Urban growth has become a problem for forests and agriculture, the expansion of structures prevents natural resources from producing in their environment.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The increase has been attributed to human activity, particularly deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

Rather, it is the practices of the human population that can cause a landscape to become degraded.


Question: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

The species is threatened by destruction of its forest habitat as the area under cultivation in the region increases.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

"Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones".


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

"El Niño in a changing climate".


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.


Question: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

El Niño (, , ) is associated with a band of warmer than average ocean water temperatures that periodically develops off the Pacific coast of South America.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F).


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

East Antarctica is a cold region with a ground base above sea level and occupies most of the continent.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica.


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

The polar regions of Earth, also known as Earth 's frigid zones, are the regions of Earth surrounding its geographical poles (the North and South Poles).


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: "Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease".


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

Because of human overpopulation, coral reefs are dying around the world.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

Carbon cycle feedbacks, the demise of coral, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest, and extreme desertification are also described, with five or six degrees of warming potentially leading to the complete uninhabitability of the tropics and subtropics, as well as extreme water and food shortages, possibly leading to mass migration of billions of people.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

A "New York Times" op-ed on 13 July 2012 by ecologist Roger Bradbury predicted the end of biodiversity for the oceans, labelling coral reefs doomed: "Coral reefs will be the first, but certainly not the last, major ecosystem to succumb to the Anthropocene.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

The world ocean is in great danger of collapse.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed "In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.


Question: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

When greenhouse gas molecules absorb thermal infrared energy, their temperature rises.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed.


Question: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

Data in "An Inconvenient Truth" have been questioned.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation."


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.


Question: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.

One of the CRU's most significant products is the CRUTEM global dataset of land near-surface temperature anomalies on a 5° by 5° grid-box basis, which is compiled in conjunction with the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research and its sea-surface temperature dataset to produce the HadCRUT temperature record.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of per year; since 1993, [[satellite]] altimetry from [[TOPEX/Poseidon]] indicates a rate of about per year.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.


Question: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Warming temperatures lead to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Global warming also has an enormous impact with respect to melting glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Global warming (recent climate change) is dangerous in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about above sea level.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) that the goal for COP21 should a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the Alliance of Small Island States.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

M. Sanjayan interviews scientists around the world about global warming and reviews the data that they are collecting about the effects of climate change around the world, for example at Christmas Island, where El Niños begin.


Question: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

For example: "Exxon's beneficiaries in Congress include the Oklahoma senator Jim Inhofe, who called global warming a hoax, and who has received $20,500 since 2007, according to the Dirty Energy Money database maintained by Oil Change International.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

Environmental Defense Fund or EDF (formerly known as Environmental Defense) is a United States-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

Mike Feinstein, American Green Party politician


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.


Question: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.