Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2036.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

The math revolves around these three numbers: to stay below 2 degrees Celsius of global warming we can emit only 565 more gigatons of carbon dioxide versus the 2,795 gigatons held in proven reserves by fossil fuel corporations.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

Doubling in the model's atmosphere gave a roughly 2 °C rise in global temperature.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

This particularly strong event was punctuated by drought, flooding, extreme heat events, and severe storms.


Question: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

Some of the extreme weather events responsible for these mental health changes include wildfires, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, and extreme heat.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

[vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

[citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

The feedback mechanisms involved are often complex and incompletely understood.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

The multiple simulations are conducted to account for the two usual sources of uncertainty in forecast models : (1) the errors introduced by the use of imperfect initial conditions, amplified by the chaotic nature of the evolution equations of the atmosphere, this is often referred to as sensitive dependence on the initial conditions ; and (2) errors introduced because of imperfections in the model formulation, such as the approximate mathematical methods to solve the equations.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

Positive feedback tends to cause system instability.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

This has caused some degree of confusion.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

The simulation was then designed to spiral out of control.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

The origins of the paradoxes are somewhat unclear.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

This asymmetry is believed to result from complex interactions of feedback mechanisms.


Question: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Different physicists have claimed that the results support different models.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Other scientists were skeptical.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Boucher's review concludes: "Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Since its first publication this model has come under much scrutiny and has been criticized for various reasons (described below).


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Few are supported by scientific studies.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Dielectric breakdown model (DBM) is a macroscopic mathematical model combining the diffusion-limited aggregation model with electric field.


Question: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO2) is used.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."


Question: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

In cooling down a clathrate SO2 · 5.75 H2O will crystallise which decomposes again at 7 ° C. Thus sulfurous acid H2SO3 can not be isolated.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.


Question: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

"Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

A new economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3,800 people die prematurely (approximately 14 years earlier than normal) each year because air pollution levels violate federal standards.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

The WHO estimates that air pollution causes nearly two million premature deaths per year.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Air pollution has increased the rate of hospital visits per year and is currently causing premature deaths.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million premature deaths annually.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.


Question: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000-800,000 An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature."


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

The Quaternary geological period includes the current climate.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch.


Question: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

In recent studies, geologists claim that global warming is one of the reasons for increased seismic activity.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

The implications of increasing TSI during the global warming of the last two decades of the 20th century are that solar forcing may be a marginally larger factor in climate change than represented in the CMIP5 general circulation climate models.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>


Question: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Positive radiative forcing results in warming.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Radiative forcing is the imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere resulting from a change in atmospheric composition or other changes in radiation budget prior to long-term changes in global temperature resulting from forcing.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.


Question: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

The Great Fire of 1910 (also commonly referred to as the Big Blowup, the Big Burn, or the Devil 's Broom fire) was a wildfire that burned about 3000000 acre, approximately the size of Connecticut) in northeast Washington, northern Idaho (the panhandle), and western Montana.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Climate change increases wildfire potential and activity.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Research shows that rising heat due to climate change has caused an increase in fires around the United States.


Question: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

"700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England".


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

"Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years".


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

"African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength".


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

Based on sea-level data from the Mississippi Delta, the end of the Lake Agassiz–Ojibway (LAO) drainage occurred at 8.31 to 8.18 ka and ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 m. The sea-level data from the Rhine–Meuse Delta indicate a of near-instantaneous rise at 8.54 to 8.2 ka, in addition to 'normal' post-glacial sea-level rise.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

Seas, oceans, and lakes accumulate sediment over time.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

According to statistical hurricane research between 1886 and 1996 by the North Carolina State Climatology Office, a tropical cyclone makes landfall along the coastline about once every four years.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.


Question: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.

However, palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

External forcing mechanisms can be either anthropogenic (e.g.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

"End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change".


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Global warming is widely accepted as being a contributor to extinction worldwide, in a similar way that previous extinction events have generally included a rapid change in global climate and meteorology.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of human activity.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Quaternary.


Question: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Recent extinctions are more directly attributable to human influences, whereas prehistoric extinctions can be attributed to other factors, such as global climate change.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Globally, livestock is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, according to FAO's report called "Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Greenhouse gases, specifically from livestock, are one of the leading sources furthering global warming; these emissions, which drastically effect climatic change, are also beginning to harm our livestock in ways we could never imagine.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Farm animals account for between 20% and 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

According to the 2006 United Nations/FAO report, 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions found in the atmosphere are due to livestock.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Following a life-cycle analysis approach, the report evaluates "that livestock are responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions" Greenhouse gas emissions arise from feed production (e.g.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Livestock contributes to climate change both through the production of greenhouse gases and through destruction of carbon sinks such as rain-forests.


Question: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

This would greatly decrease the temperature gradient between the arctic and the tropics, and cause the earth to flip to a hothouse state.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

A concern is that positive feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode.


Question: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a Nuclear Winter scenario.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

"Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'".


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed "In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

An effect called coral bleaching can be seen on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where ocean acidification's effects are already taking place.


Question: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

Up to 90% of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania and in the Seychelles during the massive 1997–98 bleaching event.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

That article was based on an email interview, and says that "Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline."


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

By 2008 Bossons Glacier had retreated to a point that was above sea level.Another research, published in 2019 by ETH Zurich, says that 2/3rd of the ice in the glaciers of the Alps is doomed to melt by the end of the century due to climate change In the most pessimistic scenario, the Alps will be almostly completely ice-free by 2100, with only isolated ice patches remaining at high elevation.


Question: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

During winter the lowest degree is –18 °C.


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.


Question: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) may occur where mean annual air temperatures (MAAT) are less than −1 or −2 °C and is generally continuous where MAAT are less than −7 °C.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

The Fukushima I nuclear accidents in Japan have brought new attention to how national energy systems are vulnerable to natural disasters, with climate change is already bringing more weather and climate extremes.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

The Earth's heat content is about .


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Generating electricity from heat is beyond the scope of


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.


Question: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

India, China, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by [[drought]]s in coming decades.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the Amazon River Basin, Colombia, and Central America during El Niño events.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availability of freshwater resources.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.


Question: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

In his newsletter, Peiser had cited a blog that had commented on warming observed on several planetary bodies in the Solar system.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

The Earth's heat content is about .


Question: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

The CO2 also is believed to have resulted in the greening of the planet "We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning).


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that CO2 fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend" -Nature Climate Change volume 6, pages 791–795 (2016).


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.


Question: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.