Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.


Question: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as this century.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.


Question: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

"The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought."


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

The "global mean sea level is projected rise (relative to 1986-2005) by 0.26 to 0.77m by 2100 for 1.5°C global warming" and about 0.1m more for 2°C.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.


Question: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

(the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

The distance from the sun is


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

There are some recent speculations that cycle 4, the longest solar cycle since 1755, was actually two cycles, based on the appearance of new sunspots at high solar latitudes in 1793-1796 and a reconstruction of the sunspot butterfly diagram for cycles 3 and 4, although total sunspot numbers only show a single-peaked distribution.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

Solar sunspot maximum occurs when the magnetic field of the sun collapses and reverse as part of its average 11 year solar cycle (22 years for complete North to North restoration).


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

Irradiance in space is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes.


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere).


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

A 2015 study published in "Nature Climate Change", states:


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

The climate of the Pacific region at the equator is influenced by a number of factors; the science of which is the subject of continuing research.


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.

The authors of the study also acknowledged that plays an important role in climate change.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC".


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.


Question: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record.


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".


Question: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa".


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

This figure accounts for CO 2 molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean, photosynthesis, and other processes.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since then.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

In May 2013, two independent teams of scientists measuring CO near the summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million, probably for the first time in more than 3 million years of Earth history.


Question: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

As the Greenland ice sheet loses mass from calving of icebergs as well as by melting of ice, any such processes tend to accelerate the loss of the ice sheet.


Question: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


Question: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

"A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times".


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels, however results of research from the University of Auckland challenge the existing narratives by showing that island expansion has been the most common physical alteration throughout Tuvalu over the past four decades.


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

Tuvaluan [tuːvəˈluːən], often called Tuvalu, is a Polynesian language of or closely related to the Ellicean group spoken in Tuvalu.


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

It is threatening the livelihood, security and wellbeing of all Tuvaluans.


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

Save Tuvalu in order to save yourself, the world".


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

Tuvalu faces challenges which will be exacerbated by climate change, those challenges are:


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

Cockburn Island (Polynesia), the former name of Fangataufa in French Polynesia


Question: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

The Wallis and Futuna Islands are a Polynesian French island territory in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest, Rotuma of Fiji to the west and the main part of Fiji to the southwest.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

Typically, for a gas-fired plant the fully installed cost per kW electrical is around £400/kW ($577 USD), which is comparable with large central power stations.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world".


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

In total, electrical station construction and well drilling costs about 2–5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the levelised energy cost is 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The cost of electricity production is estimated at /kWh.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export.


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

"Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".


Question: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.


Question: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

The Ice Age reached its peak during the last glacial maximum, when ice sheets commenced advancing from 33,000 years BP and reached their maximum positions 26,500 years BP.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

In the early Phanerozoic, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been linked to driving or amplifying increased global temperatures.


Question: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong

In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong

The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong

Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

On a longer time scale, geologists must refer to the sedimentary record for data.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Numerous fossil species have been described.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Today, a variety of organisms live in and disturb the sediment.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Heinrich events are clearly observed in many North Atlantic marine sediment cores covering the last glacial period; the lower resolution of the sedimentary record before this point makes it more difficult to deduce whether they occurred during other glacial periods in the Earth's history.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

The trace fossil is found in marine and freshwater environments.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Although once thought to be a living fossil, the Chambered Nautilus is now considered taxonomically very different from ancient ammonites, and the recent fossil record surrounding the species shows more genetic diversity among Nautiluses now than has been found since the extinction of the dinosaurs.


Question: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

The interaction between marine biota and geologic processes is very important to shoreline stability, especially in soft sedimentary environments where sediments are more likely to erode away.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence."


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The Media and Climate Change Observatory team at the University of Colorado Boulder found that 2017 “saw media attention to climate change and global warming ebb and flow” with June seeing the maximum global media coverage on both subjects.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human-caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming.


Question: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

Play media Play media In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, "In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord," adding "The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States."


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a “hoax.”


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

Although Donald Trump has tried to remove the United States from the Paris Agreement, other states such as New York have been creating greener spaces by installing more solar panels and creating 'green building' which mitigate pollution in an effort to make New York city 'cleaner'.


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."


Question: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

The United States Climate Alliance is a group of states committed to meeting the Paris Agreement emissions targets despite President Trump's announced withdrawal from the agreement.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

Some aerosols like carbon black have warming effects.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

The presence of aerosols in the earth's atmosphere can influence its climate, as well as human health.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

In general, aerosol particles can affect the radiation balance leading to a cooling or heating effect with the magnitude and sign of the temperature change largely dependent on aerosol optical properties, aerosol concentrations, and the albedo of the underlying surface.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.


Question: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C).


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

Translation: Once human beings start to warm the climate, they do so at a constant rate.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.


Question: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

... for centuries to come, if man's industrial growth continues, the earth's climate will continue to grow warmer.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

June was one of the wettest months on record in Britain (see List of weather records).


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.


Question: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

ESA: European Space Agency


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

less than 14% of the observed global warming.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.


Question: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

The group claims that many scientists choose to endorse prevailing theories of global warming to protect their research funding by the government, a view that is held by French climatologist and author Marcel Leroux, and was the subject of the book "Meltdown: The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians, and the Media" by Patrick Michaels.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon dioxide is colorless.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Tetrafluorohydrazine or dinitrogen tetrafluoride,, is a colourless, reactive inorganic gas.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

At standard temperature and pressure it is a colorless flammable gas.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas.


Question: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

In physiology, carbonic acid is described as volatile acid or respiratory acid, because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

These factors have led to the average climate of cities to be warmer than surrounding areas.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

There are a couple factors why the climate of large city landscapes differs from the climate of rural areas.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").


Question: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

Many of the most memorable and devastating storms in eastern North America and western Europe, popularly known as superstorms, have been winter cyclonic storms, though sometimes occurring in late fall or early spring, that generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.


Question: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.

This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

The observed changes in some climate variables, such as Arctic sea ice, some aspects of precipitation, and patterns of surface pressure, appear to be proceeding much more rapidly than models have projected.


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

Arctic climate is believed to be now rapidly warming and much larger Arctic shrinkage changes are projected.


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

Glaciers are melting at an alarming rate which is causing the ocean to rise faster than predicted.


Question: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Climate Change Myths and Realities.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.


Question: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Travis Le ; Honolulu, HI ; ``Determining ` Hot Spots ' through Correlations of CMEs and Solar Flares.''


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Changes of water level in wells and ditches were reported.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

When there are more sunspots, the total solar output increases, and when there are fewer sunspots, it decreases.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Between 1847 and 1849, he made important observations regarding sunspots.


Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Changes of 3–4% in cloudiness and concurrent changes in cloud top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar (sunspot) cycles, with increased GCR levels during "antiparallel" cycles.