Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.


Question: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave sounding unit and radiosonde data, but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data (see figure opposite).


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

Long-term mass balance records from Lemon Creek Glacier in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".


Question: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

The ocean is some higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

The sea level along the U.S. Pacific coast has also increased more than the global average but less than along the Atlantic coast.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

The 2011 report of the "Pacific Climate Change Science Program" published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

The western boundary is the Pacific Ocean.


Question: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.


Question: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.


Question: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

If the cycles continue as in the past, the current warm cycle should end soon and global temperatures should cool slightly until about 2035, then warm about 0.5°C from ~2035 to ~2065, and cool slightly until 2100.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.


Question: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

This law is the basis of temperature.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Research published in 2011 finds evidence that massive volcanic eruptions caused massive coal combustion, supporting models for significant generation of greenhouse gases.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.


Question: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand teragrams (Tg, which is equal to 10 kg) equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.


Question: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide equivalent concentration of 400–500 ppm by volume; the current (January 2015) level of carbon dioxide alone is 400 ppm by volume, and rising at 1–3 ppm annually.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

"Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans".


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

"Warming 'very likely' human-made".


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

He believes that most climate change is natural in origin, the result of long-term changes in the Earth's albedo and that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have caused some warming, but that its warming influence is small compared to natural, internal, chaotic fluctuations in global average cloud cover.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

Deforestation affects wind flows,


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop–based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a “biofuel carbon debt” by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

building 'green factories' is more expensive than building 'black factories.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

Air is a renewable resource.


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:


Question: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

Rates of deforestation vary around the world.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to "Global Dimming."


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

In the latter half of the century, we find that anthropogenic increases in greenhouses gases are largely responsible for the observed warming, balanced by some cooling due to anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, with no evidence for significant solar effects.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

The cooling period is reproduced by current (1999 on) global climate models (GCMs) that include the physical effects of sulfate aerosols, and there is now general agreement that aerosol effects were the dominant cause of the mid-20th century cooling.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

Anthropogenic particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere reduce the direct irradiance and reflectance (albedo) of the Earth's surface.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.

The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

The IPCC explains this as follows:


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).


Question: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Over the period 1990–2007, CO emissions from energy use have decreased on average by 0.3%/year although the economic activity (GDP) increased by 2.3%/year.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

It is estimated that Malawi loses around $12.5 million, or the equivalent of 1% of its GDP each year to drought, and $9 million or 0.7% of its GDP, to flooding in the southern regions of the country.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Total CO emissions per unit of GDP, the “CO intensity”, decreased more rapidly than energy intensity: by 2.3%/year and 1.4%/year, respectively, on average between 1990 and 2007.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

North Korea had a similar GDP per capita to its neighbor South Korea from the aftermath of the Korean War until the mid-1970s, but had a GDP per capita of less than $ 2,000 in the late 1990s and early 21st century.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Floods can be both beneficial to societies or cause damage.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.


Question: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

A small flood in 1993 ruined a marginal amount of cropland.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months".


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

Lastly, seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001 and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1995.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Volcanoes are the largest source but there are also anthropogenic sources.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

A synonym for Pressure ridge (lava) in volcanology


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

It is also well known for its volcanic topography.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Volcanic processes made the crust pull apart.


Question: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Similarly the warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic nutrients into the surface waters and eliminating the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains depend.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.


Question: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345 billion as of 2017[update].


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

"Top 50 Water Ports by Tonnage—Bureau of Transportation Statistics".


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

As of 2013[update], Port Tampa Bay ranks 16th in the United States by tonnage in domestic trade, 32nd in foreign trade, and 22nd in total trade.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

If it were a country, Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world, and the 58th most populous as of 2018[update].


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

For the five years through November 2017, Georgia has been ranked the top state (number 1) in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation, number 1 in business climate in the nation, number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a "Best in Class" state economic development agency.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

This article refers to crime in the U.S. state of Florida.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

This is a timeline of the U.S. state of Florida.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

It is in North America, including and possibly limited to Florida.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

Within the region, desert/semi-desert (California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas), Mediterranean (California), humid subtropical (Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee), and tropical (Florida) climates can be found.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

Within the state of Florida four counties (Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach) have created the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact in order to coordinate adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the impact of climate change on the region.


Question: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

Florida 's FIPS code of 12 is used to distinguish from counties in other states.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

By contrast, work on the Asymmetry of Scientific Challenge (ASC) suggests that such consensus assessments are likely to understate climate disruptions [...] new scientific findings were more than twenty times as likely to support the ASC perspective than the usual framing of the issue in the U.S. mass media.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

Consensus includes a distributed agreement that an actual threat is going to take place.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

In the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express pointed concerns.


Question: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

| width = ``40 %'' align = ``center'' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events (1970-2005)


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.


Question: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

The two warmest years were 1981 and 1987.


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.


Question: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

Warming is stronger over northern Europe, China and North America in winter, Europe and Asia interior in spring, Europe and north Africa in summer and northern North America, Greenland and eastern Asia in autumn.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C, compared with 2°C, could reduce the number of people both exposed to climate-related risks and susceptible to poverty by up to several hundred million by 2050.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

Climate change is beginning to lead the global population into a food shortage, greatly affecting our livestock supply.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

A warmer earth could serve to moderate temperatures worldwide.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.


Question: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

The cryosphere (from the Greek "kryos", "cold", "frost" or "ice" and "sphaira", "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

Analysis of ice in a core drilled from an ice sheet such as the Antarctic ice sheet, can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations.


Question: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

Antarctica is the driest continent.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

The species are also affected by climate change.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

"Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost."


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

One of the most important ways animals can deal with climatic change is migration to warmer or colder regions.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

Species of plants and animals that can't adapt quickly enough may become extinct or be replaced by other creatures.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

Climate change can be an important driver of migration, both within and between countries.


Question: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.


Question: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

The world ocean is in great danger of collapse.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

Recent studies (2017) suggest potential convection collapse (heat transport) of the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic, resulting in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

The ocean is in great danger of collapse.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

Global warming could, via a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

Possible weakening of ocean overturning and convection lead to further oxygen depletion, also in the deep ocean.


Question: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

In 2016, the longest coral bleaching event was recorded.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event occurred the indian ocean region worst affected by it due to rising of temperature of sea by 2℃ to normal temperature level coupled by strong El nino event in 1997-1998.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed "In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.


Question: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

Between 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded which corresponded with the El Nino Southern Oscillation, with significant damage to the coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

A positive externality (also called "external benefit" or "external economy" or "beneficial externality") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

Human influence on the climate system is clear.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

Externalities can be either positive or negative.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

Although humans operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects'.


Question: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

The relationship between human labour and the environment and the types of work that humans have participated in have created a negative impact on many aspects of the environment including climate change and has resulted in the emerging green economy.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body 's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.


Question: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.