Question: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Level of Neutral Buoyancy, equilibrium level, a meteorological term


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

The geological record, however, shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".


Question: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines, as there are around other artificial structures.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

In 2015, electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota, Vermont, and Texas.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidences of removal of forests to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise, and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

When the combined immediate and indirect fatalities from nuclear power and all fossil fuels are compared, including fatalities resulting from the mining of the necessary natural resources to power generation and to air pollution, the use of nuclear power has been calculated to have prevented about 1.8 million deaths between 1971 and 2009, by reducing the proportion of energy that would otherwise have been generated by fossil fuels, and is projected to continue to do so.


Question: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".


Question: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc..


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Moreover, it is unlikely that a fundamental change has occurred in either how often or where severe droughts have occurred over the continental United States during the past half-century.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

These come and go due to the effect of storms.


Question: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

Researchers are now asking a new question: can we condition corals, that are not from this area, in this manner and slowly introduce them to higher temperatures for short periods of time and make them more resilient against rising ocean temperatures.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

This gives researchers hope that with rising temperatures due to global warming, coral reefs will develop tolerance for different species of symbiotic algae that are resistant to high temperature, and can live within the reefs.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

They are trying to make "super corals" that can withstand some of the environmental factors that the corals are currently dying from.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

Corals have shown to be resilient to short-term disturbances.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.


Question: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.

There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day".


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Of the ~340 W/m² of solar radiation received by the Earth, an average of ~77 W/m² is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and ~23 W/m² is reflected by the surface albedo, leaving ~240 W/m² of solar energy input to the Earth's energy budget.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Higher values indicate that a cloud reflects a larger amount of solar radiation and transmits a smaller amount of radiation.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Globally, over the course of the year, the Earth system—land surfaces, oceans, and atmosphere—absorbs and then radiates back to space an average of about 340 watts of solar power per square meter.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Thick clouds (such as stratocumulus) reflect a large amount of incoming solar radiation, meaning they have a high albedo.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

The SI unit of irradiance is watt per square metre (W/m, which may also be written Wm).


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

To quantify Earth's "heat budget" or "heat balance", let the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere be 100 units (100 units = about 1,360 watts per square meter facing the sun), as shown in the accompanying illustration.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

There are several other effects such as clouds.


Question: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

Cloud cover may change in the future.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Climate change has many potential impacts on the production of food crops—from food scarcity and nutrient deficiency to possible increased food production because of elevated carbon dioxide () levels—all of which directly affect human health.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

For example, lifting people out of poverty can increase consumption and drive climate change.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

Residential demographics affect perceptions of global warming.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

Some sources of catastrophic risk are natural, such as meteor impacts or supervolcanoes.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.


Question: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.


Question: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

Well-known historical droughts include:


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

Cloud cover may change in the future.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a Nuclear Winter scenario.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

If there are little clouds in a particular year, there is an energy imbalance and extra heat can be absorbed by the oceans.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.


Question: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

There is a degree of scientific uncertainty about the contribution of contrail and cirrus cloud formation to global warming and attempts to estimate aviation's overall climate change contribution do not tend to include its effects on cirrus cloud enhancement.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed "The Great Snow of 1717" hit the colonies of New England in 1717.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Notable ice storms include an El Niño-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Hurricane Earl was the first major hurricane to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob in 1991.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

The storm was the last storm to strike the region with a Regional Snowfall Index rating of Category 5, ``Extreme'' intensity, until roughly 38 years later, when another crippling and historic blizzard struck the Northeast, mainly to the south, where numerous records were broken, more than the Blizzard of 1978 broke.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

"700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England".


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

The 1775 Newfoundland hurricane, not to be confused with the Independence Hurricane, was a hurricane that hit the Colony of Newfoundland on September 12, 1775.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962, a strong nor'easter which battered the East Coast of the United States in 1962


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

The 1940 New England hurricane moved off of the U.S. East Coast and Atlantic Canada in August and September 1940, producing strong winds and torrential rainfall.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Many of the most memorable and devastating storms in eastern North America and western Europe, popularly known as superstorms, have been winter cyclonic storms, though sometimes occurring in late fall or early spring, that generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall.


Question: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.

Category : Blizzards in the United States


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.


Question: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.

Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

Climate models of earth, for example the Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP), are used to simulate the quantity of warming that will occur with rising CO 2 concentrations.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

He has repeatedly criticized the climate models that predict global warming.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere."


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.


Question: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

AIBS Position Statements "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver."


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

...Carbon dioxide removal strategies address a key driver of climate change, but research is needed to fully assess if any of these technologies could be appropriate for large-scale deployment.


Question: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established."


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

To some extent moisture in the atmosphere accelerates the probability of a global warming event.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

Coal fires in China burn an estimated 120 million tons of coal a year, emitting 360 million metric tons of CO, amounting to 2–3% of the annual worldwide production of CO from fossil fuels.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

In 2016 world gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage were 14.5 giga tonnes.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

In the United States, electric power plants emit about 2.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year, or roughly 40 percent of the nation's total emissions.


Question: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere).


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

These observations are on a global scale.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.


Question: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free".


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report".


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

From sea ice models and recent satellite images it can be expected that a sea ice free summer will come before 2020.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.


Question: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

"United States delivers first payment to global climate fund".


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

The Green New Deal (GND) is a proposed United States legislation that aims to address climate change and economic inequality.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a fund established within the framework of the UNFCCC as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

As part of the Energy Security Fund, $1 billion was promised to highly emissions-intensive coal-fired generators.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.


Question: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

"Warming 'very likely' human-made".


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").


Question: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

These observations are on a global scale.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Greenhouse gas concentrations are aggregated in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Now measurements are made at many sites globally.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations, buoys and ships around the globe.


Question: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry).


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.


Question: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania, Africa.


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

In a section called "The Politicization of Global Warming", Al Gore stated:


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, when speaking at the UN's COP 15 meeting in December 2009 said "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years.


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

Kilimanjaro, at , is the highest peak on the continent.


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

As scientists define global warming a problem of the future, a liability in "attention economy", pessimistic outlooks in general and assigning extreme weather to climate change have often been discredited or ridiculed (compare Gore effect) in the public arena.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties (principally its mean and spread) of meteorological variables when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.


Question: Climate change is normal and continual.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.