Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

The cryosphere (from the Greek "kryos", "cold", "frost" or "ice" and "sphaira", "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.


Question: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Species adaptation to disturbances is species specific but how each organism adapts effects all the species around them.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Diversifying selection is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different environments that select for different alleles at a particular locus.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Not all species fall into one of these categories.


Question: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Species include:


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

The largest group being electricity production accounting for 37% of carbon emissions, followed by personal ground travel at 22%, natural gas not used towards power at 11%, movement of goods by boat, truck, or air at 9%, oil refining at 6%, other uses of petroleum at 6%, jet fuel, specifically for air travel, at 4%, and the last 5% spread among other miscellaneous uses.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

At present aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO emissions.


Question: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

1000   g   NO x 1 kg   NO x × 46   kg   NO x 1   kmol   NO x × 1   kmol   NO x 22.414   m 3   NO x × 10   m 3   NO x 10 6   m 3   gas × 20   m 3   gas 1   minute × 60   minute 1   hour = 24.63   g   NO x hour {\displaystyle {\frac {1000\ {\ce {g\ NO}}_{x}}{1{\cancel {{\ce {kg\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\times {\frac {46\ {\cancel {{\ce {kg\ NO}}_{x}}}}{1\ {\cancel {{\ce {kmol\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\times {\frac {1\ {\cancel {{\ce {kmol\ NO}}_{x}}}}{22.414\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}}\times {\frac {10\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}{10^{6}\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {gas}}}}}}\times {\frac {20\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {gas}}}}}{1\ {\cancel {\ce {minute}}}}}\times {\frac {60\ {\cancel {\ce {minute}}}}{1\ {\ce {hour}}}}=24.63\ {\frac {{\ce {g\ NO}}_{x}}{\ce {hour}}}} After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NOx concentration of 10 ppmv converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

Assuming returns are reinvested, if the returns over n {\displaystyle n} successive time sub-periods are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , ⋯ , R n {\displaystyle R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},\cdots ,R_{n}} , then the cumulative return or overall return over the overall time period is the result of compounding the returns together: ( 1 + R 1 ) ( 1 + R 2 ) ⋯ ( 1 + R n ) − 1 {\displaystyle (1+R_{1})(1+R_{2})\cdots (1+R_{n})-1} If the returns are logarithmic returns however, the logarithmic return over the overall time period is: ∑ i = 1 n R l o g , i = R l o g , 1 + R l o g , 2 + R l o g , 3 + ⋯ + R l o g , n {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}R_{\mathrm {log} ,i}=R_{\mathrm {log} ,1}+R_{\mathrm {log} ,2}+R_{\mathrm {log} ,3}+\cdots +R_{\mathrm {log} ,n}} This formula applies with an assumption of reinvestment of returns and it means that successive logarithmic returns can be summed, i.e.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

For example, assuming reinvestment, the cumulative return for annual returns: 50%, -20%, 30% and -40% is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) − 1 = − 0.0640 = − 6.40 % {\displaystyle (1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)-1=-0.0640=-6.40\%} and the geometric average is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 = − 1.64 % {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{4}]{(1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)}}-1=-0.0164=-1.64\%} which is equal to the annualized cumulative return: 1 − 0.0640 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{4}]{1-0.0640}}-1=-0.0164} In the presence of external flows, such as cash or securities moving into or out of the portfolio, the return should be calculated by compensating for these movements.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

The value of an investment is doubled if the return r {\displaystyle r} = +100%, that is, if r l o g {\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {log} }} = ln($200 / $100) = ln(2) = 69.3%.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

15/19 = 0 · 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5...


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

This was nearly 15 % of the total manufactured.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum "by a hundred") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

So the summation of percentages may be lower than 100 %.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

Note: Sum of components may not equal 100% due to independent rounding.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

It can be calculated as an equivalent I2 value by multiplying result by :


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

Thus, the summation of percentages may be lower than 100 %.


Question: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

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Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called "Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide," in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

Although it is believed that the melting of floating ice shelves will not raise sea levels, technically, there is a small effect because sea water is ~2.6% more dense than fresh water combined with the fact that ice shelves are overwhelmingly "fresh" (having virtually no salinity); this causes the volume of the sea water needed to displace a floating ice shelf to be slightly less than the volume of the fresh water contained in the floating ice.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves.


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

The thickness of ice shelves can range from about to .


Question: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Since the pre-industrial era, albedo has increased due to land use change, which has a cooling effect on the planet.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

an increase in planetary albedo.


Question: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The amount of correlation between human arrival and megafauna extinction is still being debated: for example, in Wrangel Island in Siberia the extinction of dwarf woolly mammoths (approximately 2000 BCE) did not coincide with the arrival of humans, nor did megafaunal mass extinction on the South American continent, although it has been suggested climate changes induced by anthropogenic effects elsewhere in the world may have contributed.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

Some models of modern climate exhibit Arctic amplification without changes in snow and ice cover.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

His conclusions have been disputed by other researchers.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.


Question: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Extreme weather events cause negative changes to landscape and agriculture.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.


Question: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

While researchers acknowledge there are possible benefits of global warming, most agree that the negative consequences of climate change will outweigh any potential benefits and instead the shifting climate will result in more benefits to developed countries and more detriments to developing countries; exacerbating the discrepancy between wealthy and impoverished nations.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.


Question: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification".


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Elevated levels of atmospheric compounds of nitrogen can increase nitrogen availability.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

A vast release of methane might cause significant global warming since methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

The thawing of permafrost has implications for the global climate.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.


Question: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

Researchers that studied effects of close by supernovae on earth and uncovered suggestive correlating evidence during the Younger Dryas, including depletion of the ozone layer, increased UV exposure, nitrogen changes on the Earth's surface and troposphere, evidence of global cooling, changes in C and Be in ice cores, a thin layer (about 30 cm) of “black mats”, and many extinctions that may have been caused by the explosion of the Vela supernova.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.


Question: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

The above equation states that the entropy of the atmosphere does not change with height.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


Question: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the "water vapour feedback".


Question: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

"Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film".


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Data in "An Inconvenient Truth" have been questioned.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

AIBS Position Statements "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver."


Question: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.

Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that "whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report."


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Recent scientific assessments find that most of the warming of the Earth's surface over the past 50 years has been caused by human activities (see also the section on scientific literature and opinion).


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

At one extreme of this scale is climatology.


Question: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration, resulting in more land becoming unproductive.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.


Question: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

(2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

and higher per-person infrastructure costs.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

More than $ 300,000 (USD) ($ in today 's dollars) in damage was reported.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Millions can be impacted.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

In 1997–1998 the costs of damages reached US$2 billion.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

Furthermore, increasing reliance infrastructure system interdependence, in combination with the effects of climate change and population growth all contribute to increasing vulnerability and exposure, and greater probability of catastrophic failures.


Question: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

As indicated by the I=PAT equation, environmental impact (I) or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population (P), continually increasing economic growth or per capita affluence (A), and the application of resource-depleting and polluting technology (T).


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

Global warming is increasing growth of algae on the ice sheet.


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

The Antarctic ice sheet, however, is expected to grow during the 21st century because of increased precipitation.


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".


Question: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see "The Climate War" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

BP plc (formerly The British Petroleum Company plc and BP Amoco plc) is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

When the Washington Post reported in June 2010 that BP North America "donated at least $4.8 million in corporate contributions in the past seven years to political groups, partisan organizations and campaigns engaged in federal and state elections", mostly to oppose ballot measures in two states aiming to raise taxes on the oil industry, the company said that the commitment had only applied to contributions to individual candidates.


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

According to Democracy Now, BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive greenwashing public-relations spin campaign given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy.


Question: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide equivalent concentration of 400–500 ppm by volume; the current (January 2015) level of carbon dioxide alone is 400 ppm by volume, and rising at 1–3 ppm annually.


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).


Question: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C, and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C death is almost inevitable.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

The health burden could be relatively small for moderate heatwaves in temperate regions, because deaths occur primarily in susceptible persons.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

The biology of life operates within a certain range of temperatures.


Question: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms".


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

Carbon tax support:


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost of environmental pollution in China, it has been suggested by Nicholas Stern and Fergus Green of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with high-tech, low carbon emissions with better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China 's heavy industry.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

While there is general agreement among scientists and economists on the need for a carbon tax, economists are generally neutral on specific uses for the revenue, though there tends to be more support than opposition for returning the revenue as a dividend to taxpayers.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

Joseph Stiglitz, William Nordhaus and James Hansen have been prominent proponents of carbon taxes.


Question: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

A number of papers in the economics literature suggest that carbon taxes should be preferred to carbon trading (Carbon Trust, 2009).


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

"Oil Production Is at Record Levels.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

To achieve stabilization, global GHG emissions must peak, then decline.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.


Question: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

As of 2016, emissions of CO from burning fossil fuels had stopped increasing, but The Guardian reports they need to be "reduced to have a real impact on climate change".


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).