Question: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.


Question: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.


Question: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Current studies indicate that the increase in greenhouse gases, most notably , is mostly responsible for the observed warming.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.


Question: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

An example is the phrase ``common stocks rose <Number> to <Number>'', e.g., ``common stocks rose 1.72 to 340.36''.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Rates may be higher than reported in some regions.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Typically the asymmetry is seen in cases where there 's a investor that has other interests in addition to straight profit generation through the investment, such as tax income in case of public investors.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

The buy trigger is the rise through that high.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

The following phrases explain the above figure.


Question: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Most of the predicted increase was expected to be in Asia.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

Boucher's review concludes: "Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".

The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder, because of the inhomogeneities in the surface.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in relatively close proximity (<2 KM typically).


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

: Radar-Derived Statistics and the Behavior of Moist Convection'' examined 28 target cities and random control points in the U.S..


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Weather was reportedly in bad condition.


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Conceptually, an average temperature of 0 ° C or colder is assumed to be necessary to bring this about ; thus the climate of a location where at least one full month is this cold is classified as microthermal (however, at least one month in the summer must average 10 ° C or higher ; otherwise the climate would be reckoned as polar).


Question: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

No climate station directly at site but in the general area.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

In August 2006, Bill Clinton started a program to fight climate change, the Clinton Foundation's Climate Initiative (CCI)


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Upon the start of his presidency in 1993, Bill Clinton committed the United States to lowering their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000 through his biodiversity treaty, reflecting his attempt to return the United States to the global platform of climate policy.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

In its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.”


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Obama attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, which drafted the non-binding Copenhagen Accord as a successor to the Kyoto Protocol.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

In the 2016 presidential campaigns, the two major parties established different positions on the issue of global warming and climate change policy.


Question: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see "The Climate War" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

"Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill".


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was a major industrial accident on the Gulf of Mexico, which killed 11 people and injured 16 others, leaked about of oil with plus or minus 10% uncertainty, which makes it the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, and cost to the company more than $65 billion of cleanup costs, charges and penalties.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

Hall of Famer Connie Mack was part owner and catcher for the Bisons.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

The 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, resulted in severe environmental, health and economic consequences, and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

Chevron Corporation is the primary operator in the area.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

He is credited as discovering Connie Mack.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

The Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act of 2014 is a bill that would prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) from implementing or enforcing certain proposed regulations regarding the use of the nation 's waters and wetlands.


Question: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

So-called Big Oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Total S.A., Chevron Corporation, and ConocoPhillips are amongst the largest corporations associated with the fossil fuels lobby.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005–10 period.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Carbon Reductions.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

emissions were reduced 20 percent.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Total CO emissions per unit of GDP, the “CO intensity”, decreased more rapidly than energy intensity: by 2.3%/year and 1.4%/year, respectively, on average between 1990 and 2007.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

In 2000, the carbon intensity (CO emissions) of U.S. coal thermal combustion was 2249 lbs/MWh (1,029 kg/MWh) while the carbon intensity of U.S. oil thermal generation was 1672 lb/MWh (758 kg/MWh or 211 kg/GJ) and the carbon intensity of U.S. natural gas thermal production was 1135 lb/MWh (515 kg/MWh or 143 kg/GJ).


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

It is part of the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand teragrams (Tg, which is equal to 10 kg) equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Where total land coverage by tropical rainforests decreased from 14% to 6%.


Question: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.


Question: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

The most recent climate model simulations give a range of results for changes in global average temperature.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

The most recent climate model simulations give a range of results for changes in global-average temperature.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

IPCC estimates that land-use change (e.g.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

New approaches retrieve data such as content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO concentrations.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Many desert plants have a special type of photosynthesis, termed crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis, in which the stomata are closed during the day and open at night when transpiration will be lower.


Question: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types.


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

Marinebased studies suggest sea-level rise from the Antarctic or rapid ice-shelf basal melting.


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

In 2016, a team of 19 researchers led by Hansen published a paper "Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" describing the effect of meltwater from ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (slowing it or even stopping) and Antarctic bottom water formation.


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

i) Coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion and increasing vector and water borne diseases due to sea level rise;


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

According to the report's abstract, rising sea level can inundate low areas and increase flooding, coastal erosion, wetland loss, and saltwater intrusion into estuaries and freshwater aquifers.


Question: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Projections were made over future climate change impacts.


Question: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

During this six-month "night", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F).


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0 ° C, 32 ° F, 273.15 K).


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

Permafrost, permanently frozen ground found in periglacial zones


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

2–3 times higher in the Arctic.


Question: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

By definition, permafrost is ground that remains frozen for two or more years.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

In addition to referring to the IPCC as "[the] world's best climate scientists", they stated that climate change is happening as "the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming – what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get."


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

Over the years, the definitions of "climate variability" and the related term "climate change" have shifted.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

While the term "climate change" now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

In the 2000s, the term "climate change" increased in popularity.


Question: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Methane is a significantly more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the amount of heat it can trap, especially in the short term.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

Methane is a major target greenhouse gas and in the 4th protocol report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is recommended to increase from a x23 to x72 multiplier because of the magnitude of its effect relative to carbon dioxide and short longevity in Earth 's atmosphere.


Question: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Organisms are subject to environmental pressures, but they also modify their habitats.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Changes in species diversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

All life that has survived must have adapted to conditions of its environment.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

We Adapt


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments.


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".


Question: Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy.This plan intended to battle climate change by reducing emissions through a switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, resulting from a potential increase of innovation in both public transit and electric vehicle production in the United States.The President stated that the revitalization of the infrastructure would not only create jobs, but also allow for quicker deliveries of goods, and allow for a greater variety of transportation options that would facilitate travel for Americans.The President's multibillion dollar proposal provided incentives to reduce reliance on international oil and fossil fuels.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."


Question: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

An ice age would have a serious impact on civilization because vast areas of land (mainly in North America, Europe, and Asia) could become uninhabitable.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

Some areas of the world would start to surpass the wet-bulb temperature limit of human survivability with global warming of about 6.7 °C (12 °F) while a warming of 11.7 °C (21 °F) would put half of the world's population in an uninhabitable environment.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

In billion-year timescales, it is predicted that plant, and therefore animal, life on land will die off altogether, since by that time most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere will be sequestered underground, and natural releases of by radioactivity-driven tectonic activity will have continued to slow down.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

Some scientists predict that a global ecological collapse will occur after 50% of the natural landscape is gone due to human development.


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".


Question: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases".


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

The Mpumalanga highveld in South Africa is the most polluted area in the world due to the mining industry and coal plant power stations and the lowveld near the famous Kruger Park is under threat of new mine projects as well.


Question: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced \'naks\) are standards for harmful pollutants.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Meltwater from melting ice sheets and glacier retreat contributes to a rise in the future sea level.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.


Question: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.


Question: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011".


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.


Question: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

The satellite time series is not homogeneous.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Many climate changes have a random aspect and a cyclical aspect.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".


Question: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

From one year to another, ecosystems experience variation in their biotic and abiotic environments.


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The committee criticised a "culture of non-disclosure at CRU" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' "rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt," that the investigators "did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments," but that there had been "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness."


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The "rigour and honesty" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from the summary conclusions of the IPCC.


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

It would be correct to describe a scientist who was involved with AR4 or earlier IPCC reports in this way: 'X contributed to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The Muir Russell report exonerated the scientists, but found "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness, both on the part of CRU scientists and on the part of the UEA".


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

However, it does not reject the concepts of global climate change or greenhouse theory (or other well-established and widely accepted scientific theories or empirical studies), in general attempting to engender itself as giving a well balanced and scientific view of the sources (though often at a contrary expense of its perceived adversaries: the aforementioned alleged 'Global Warming Alarmists').


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community:


Question: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

Projections were made over future climate change impacts.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.