Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.


Question: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

It has been proposed that the mechanism of increased Arctic surface air temperature anomalies during La Niña periods of ENSO may be attributed to the Tropically Excited Arctic Warming Mechanism (TEAM), when Rossby waves propagate more poleward, leading to wave dynamics and an increase in downward infrared radiation.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

"El Niño in a changing climate".


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.


Question: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Contaminants can enter a water source naturally through flooding.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

A tidal prism is the volume of water in an estuary or inlet between mean high tide and mean low tide, or the volume of water leaving an estuary at Ebb tide.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Lack of capacity, or poorly planned or executed drainage or grading of the surface can cause problems after severe storms or heavy extended periods of rain fall, such as flooding, washout, mud flows, sink holes, accelerated erosion, wet rot to wood elements, drowning of plants trees and shrubs and even foundation problems to an adjacent home like cracking the foundation, basement flooding due to water infiltration, pest infiltration like ants and other insects entering through damaged areas.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Flood tide is the rising tide of an ocean, the opposite of ebb tide


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Fatalities connected directly to floods are usually caused by drowning; the waters in a flood are very deep and have strong currents.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

Close to of land have been submerged.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

In addition to causing water erosion and pollution, surface runoff in urban areas is a primary cause of urban flooding, which can result in property damage, damp and mold in basements, and street flooding.


Question: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.

The two notable floods are the following :


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and levels.


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called "Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide," in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".


Question: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

Different approaches to the task of estimating climate sensitivity from the LGM are taken.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

Application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2 °C to produce "catastrophic" climate change.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

An increase of global temperature by more than 2°C has come to be the majority definition of what would constitute intolerably dangerous climate change with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels per the Paris Agreement.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

This result can change if the damage function is changed to include the possibility of catastrophic climate change impacts.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

Moreover, the impacts associated with 2°C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2°C now more appropriately represents the threshold between 'dangerous' and 'extremely dangerous' climate change.


Question: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

The Centre for Science and Environment said the repercussions for developing countries such as India, would be "catastrophic" at 2°C warming and that the impact even at 1.5°C described in SR15 is much greater than anticipated.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

LULUCF has impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere, influencing climate.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

Land-use change can be a factor in CO (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global climate change.


Question: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

According to the IPCC 2001 report, such warming would, if kept from rising further after the 21st Century, result in 1 to 5 meter sea level rise over the next millennium due to Greenland ice sheet melting.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.


Question: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".


Question: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

He said that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

Such warming over the past 15,000 years is widely accepted.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.


Question: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

In January 1999, contrarian Patrick Michaels wrote a commentary offering to "take even money that the 10 years ending on December 31, 2007, will show a statistically significant global cooling trend in temperatures measured by satellite", on the basis of his view that record temperatures in 1998 had been a blip.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

This point has been made on earlier occasions.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

Several accounts of this experience have surfaced over the years.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

Available data show, for example, that :


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

The existence of this compound has been claimed intermittently since the early 1900s.


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

It has been observed that


Question: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

However, evidence exists that a similar feedback following other volcanic eruptions could also have triggered similar long-term cooling events during the last glacial period, the Little Ice Age, and the Holocene in general, suggesting that the proposed feedback is poorly constrained but potentially common.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

A northwards branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, is part of the thermohaline circulation (THC), transporting warmth further north to the North Atlantic, where its effect in warming the atmosphere contributes to warming Europe.


Question: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.

As the vortex becomes weaker, it is more likely to allow cold arctic air to escape from the confines of the jet stream and spill over into other hemispheres.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

It stated (Forward, p. v) that, "we do not have a good quantitative understanding of our climate machine and what determines its course [so] it does not seem possible to predict climate," and (p. 2) "The climates of the earth have always been changing, and they will doubtless continue to do so in the future.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.


Question: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

As a result of historical sea level rise, the king tide events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by La Niña effects or local storms and waves.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

The 2010 -- 11 Australian bushfire season was notable for a relative lack of bushfires along Eastern Australia due to a very strong La Niña effect, which instead contributed to severe flooding, in particular the 2010 -- 2011 Queensland floods and the 2011 Victorian floods.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

This has an effect on sea levels as El Niño events can actually result in sea levels falling by 11 inches (28.4 centimeters) as compared to the sea level during a La Niña events.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

For example, in 2000 there was a switch from periods of downward pressure of El Niño on sea levels to an upward pressure of La Niña on sea levels, which upward pressure causes more frequent and higher high tide levels.


Question: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling, or lesser warming, in that region.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

It is thought to have been caused by a decline in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which transports warm water from the Equator towards the North Pole, in turn thought to have been caused by an influx of fresh, cold water from North America to the Atlantic.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

The meltwater pulse may have affected the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, reducing northward heat transport in the Atlantic and causing significant North Atlantic cooling.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

Currently, there are some concerns about the possible regional cooling effects of a slowdown or shutdown of thermohaline circulation, which might be provoked by an increase of fresh water mixing into the North Atlantic due to glacial melting.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

Global warming could, via a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.


Question: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

A 2015 study by climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggests that the observed cold blob in the North Atlantic during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean's Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

It found that the CRU's work had been "carried out with integrity" and had used "fair and satisfactory" methods.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

EPA carefully reviewed the CRU emails and found no indication of improper data manipulation or misrepresentation of results.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

The report was not properly peer reviewed.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

Cru is ``a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized quality''.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

It said that "even if the data that CRU used were not publicly available—which they mostly are—or the methods not published—which they have been—its published results would still be credible: the results from CRU agree with those drawn from other international data sets; in other words, the analyses have been repeated and the conclusions have been verified.


Question: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Seasonally, sea-ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere varies by a factor of 5, from a minimum of 3–4 million km in February to a maximum of 17–20 million km in September.


Question: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44" N), or the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

The recent warmth has been greatest over North America and Eurasia between 40 and 70°N.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

The meridian 90 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

The north temperate zone extends from (approximately 23.5° north) to the Arctic Circle (approximately 66.5° north latitude).


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Climate models show that while some regions should expect an increase in precipitation, such as in the tropics and higher latitudes, other areas are expected to see a decrease, such as in the subtropics.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

It has distinct dry - and wet-season forms.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Rising temperatures will increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation, though there will be regional variations in rainfall.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Most desert and arid climates receive between of rainfall annually.


Question: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Styles P raps "Past is the past, just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on", which Sanneh writes "Cheerfully out of place, he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party, but so what?


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K -- T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

For other past climate fluctuation see : Paleoclimatology


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

The application of alkenone paleothermometers to high-resolution paleotemperature reconstructions of older glacial terminations have found that very similar, Younger Dryas-like paleoclimatic oscillations occurred during Terminations II and IV.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.


Question: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Higher global temperatures melt glaciers such as the one in Greenland, which flow into the oceans, adding to the amount of seawater.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".


Question: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

"Greenland enters melt mode".


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Carbon tax support:


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

A carbon tax is a price-based policy since the regulator sets the price directly.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11%.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11 percent.


Question: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Carbon pricing support:


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Similarly, if the Greenland or Antarctic land ice retreats, the darker underlying land is exposed and more solar radiation is absorbed.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Dust particles in the air scatter incoming radiation from the sun.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

There are several measured types of solar irradiance.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

In particular, the Southern Hemisphere, with more ocean area and less land area, has a lower albedo ("whiteness") and absorbs more light.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.


Question: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

It is as if the Earth is covered by a blanket that allows high frequency radiation (sunlight) to enter, but slows the rate at which the low frequency infrared radiant energy emitted by the Earth leaves.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Scientific understanding of abrupt climate change is generally poor.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.


Question: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.


Question: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's 4.54 billion year history.


Question: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.