Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

There is a possible corresponding change in the rate of change of sea level rise seen in the data from both Barbados and Tahiti.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

Renewables contributed and nuclear power .


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

America needs renewable energy.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

These are lists about renewable energy:


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

The Green Jobs Act of 2007 (H.R.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

The impulse of renewable energy can create jobs through the construction of new power plants and the manufacturing of the equipment that they need, as could be seen in the case of Germany and the wind power industry.


Question: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

an increase in planetary albedo.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

It shows a general warming in global temperatures.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

Recent technological advances in studying the earth from space have resulted in a new field of phenological research that is concerned with observing the phenology of whole ecosystems and stands of vegetation on a global scale using proxy approaches.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time.


Question: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Pluto, circling the Sun in 248 years, has a rather elliptical orbit, which means that it stays in the sign it rules, Scorpio, for a mere 9 years, and the sign of its fall, Taurus for 30!


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

The Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical (its eccentricity varies).


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

The first is a change in the Earth's orbit around the sun, or eccentricity.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

The Earth's orbit approximates an ellipse.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Orbital mechanics require that the length of the seasons be proportional to the swept areas of the seasonal quadrants, so when the eccentricity is extreme, the seasons on the far side of the orbit can last substantially longer.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

As the orientation of Earth's orbit changes, each season will gradually start earlier in the year.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Precession means the Earth's nonuniform motion (see above) will affect different seasons.


Question: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

As axial precession changes the place in the Earth's orbit where the solstices and equinoxes occur, Northern Hemisphere winters will get longer and summers will get shorter, eventually creating conditions believed to be favorable for triggering the next glacial period.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Those that are at least "trans-generational" (affecting all future generations) in scope and "terminal"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

assessed the literature on global futures scenarios.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Projections were made over future climate change impacts.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Climate change scenarios or Socioeconomic scenarios are projections of future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions used by analysts to assess future vulnerability to climate change.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


Question: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

It is generally necessary that the upper of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

As sea water freezes in the polar oceans, salt brine concentrates are expelled from the sea ice, creating a downward flow of dense, extremely cold and saline water with a lower freezing point than the surrounding water.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

The evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface.


Question: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

Because the economics of climate change mitigation depend a lot on how quickly carbon neutrality needs to be achieved, climate sensitivity is very important economically: one study suggests that halving the uncertainty of the transient climate response could save trillions of dollars.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

It rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, and says that policies to fight it would be damaging to the economy.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

The governmental endeavours to reduce climate costs have direct effects on economy.


Question: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

This article is about climate change, industry and society.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

Global Change Research Program, over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

It is designed to be a powerful, scientifically authoritative document of high policy relevance, which will be a major contribution to the discussions at the 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali during December 2007.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

The key message and supporting text summarizes extensive evidence documented in the peer-reviewed detection and attribution literature, including in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

Detection and attribution of climate signals, as well as its common-sense meaning, has a more precise definition within the climate change literature, as expressed by the IPCC.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

It would be correct to describe a scientist who was involved with AR4 or earlier IPCC reports in this way: 'X contributed to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

The IPCC explains this as follows:


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community:


Question: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

It recognizes that warming of the climate system is scientifically verified and that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid twentieth century are very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, as assessed by the IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.


Question: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

Recent scientific assessments find that most of the warming of the Earth's surface over the past 50 years has been caused by human activities (see also the section on scientific literature and opinion).


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace "integer" by "element of the domain" and Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\displaystyle ax\equiv 1{\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

Russian MS-DOS 4.01, a special Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (RDOS) in 1990


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

Cromemco DOS (CDOS), an CP/M-like operating system


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

Satellite Record:


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

This is modified MediaWiki software and shown in the edit history mode.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

Network-Attached Secure Disks, a 1997 -- 2001 research project of Carnegie Mellon University, with the goal of providing cost-effective scalable storage bandwidth


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

The original SMM has been modified in multiple ways, including :


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

In database management systems, a journal is the record of data altered by a given process.


Question: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) (previously known as the ``Myocardial Infarction National Audit Database'') began in late 1998 when a broadly based steering group developed a dataset for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

These scientists include:


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

The petition has also been signed by at least two Nobel Prize winners and Jonas Salk.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

Numerous scientists, including the Council for Sustainable Development


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

Another group of Danish scientists collected signatures in support of the DCSD.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

ICSU: International Council for Science


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.


Question: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

Several scientists (including e.g.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.

The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.


Question: Solar cycles cause global warming.


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

How much are we willing to spend to avoid a 23 foot rise in sea level?


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

This enables those who study Earth's history to apply knowledge of how earth processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved and changed throughout long history.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Scientists can get a grasp of long term climate by studying sedimentary rock going back billions of years.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth works and evolves.


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Future Earth


Question: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fröhlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, "no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height."


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

(2007) state:[..] the cosmic ray time series does not appear to correspond to global total cloud cover after 1991 or to global low-level cloud cover after 1994.


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.


Question: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

In the three days following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, when no commercial aircraft flew in the United States, climate scientists measured the daily temperature range over 5000 weather stations across the USA.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

On September 11, 2001, 19 Arab-Muslim hijackers took control of four commercial aircraft and used them as suicide weapons in a series of four coordinated acts of terrorism to strike the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and an additional target in Washington, D.C. Two aircraft hit the World Trade Center while the third hit the Pentagon.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

September 11, 2001 : Five Al-Qaeda hijackers fly a commercial jet American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon, as part of the September 11 attacks.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

American Airlines Flight 444 was a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. 's National Airport, which on November 15, 1979, was attacked by the Unabomber.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

There are several causes for a flight to be delayed.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

ATC Zero (Air Traffic Control Zero) is an official term used by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that means the FAA is unable to safely provide the published ATC (air traffic control) services within the airspace managed by a specific facility.


Question: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

A flight delay is when an airline flight takes off and/or lands later than its scheduled time.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Scientists rely on such studies to attribute observed changes in climate to a particular cause or set of causes.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.


Question: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Snow tends to be rare in regions with this climate.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Over the last 800,000 years, climate sensitivity has been found to be larger in cold periods than in warm periods.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

The climate is a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.


Question: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Evidence exists of past warm periods in Earth's climate when polar land masses similar to Antarctica were home to deciduous forests rather than ice sheets.


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

"Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again".


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

"Islands disappear under rising seas".


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

They fled to Hawaii, leading to their dramatic demise.


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

"A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

The ocean is in great danger of collapse.


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

Atoll lagoons are often much deeper than coastal lagoons.


Question: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

Close to of land have been submerged.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

As climate change continues, heat will continue to rise and these problems will exacerbate.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.


Question: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum."


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

During the minimum transit from solar cycle 19 to 20, there were a total of 227 days with no sunspots.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19-24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

Solar sunspot maximum occurs when the magnetic field of the sun collapses and reverse as part of its average 11 year solar cycle (22 years for complete North to North restoration).


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

There are some recent speculations that cycle 4, the longest solar cycle since 1755, was actually two cycles, based on the appearance of new sunspots at high solar latitudes in 1793-1796 and a reconstruction of the sunspot butterfly diagram for cycles 3 and 4, although total sunspot numbers only show a single-peaked distribution.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

While there is a Milankovitch cycle in the range of 100,000 years, related to Earth 's orbital eccentricity, its contribution to variation in insolation is much smaller than those of precession and obliquity.


Question: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

In the modern era the Sun has operated within a band sufficiently narrow that climate has been less affected.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.


Question: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

Application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

The cryosphere (from the Greek "kryos", "cold", "frost" or "ice" and "sphaira", "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

The water vapor in the stratosphere arrives through tall [[thunderstorm]]s, while 15% of this vapor is delivered by tropical cyclones, and through chemical breakdown of [[methane]] into water vapor and carbon dioxide, both of which are greenhouse gases.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

Level of free convection, a specific altitude in the atmosphere


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.


Question: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet, and widely used as the source of energy in thermal power stations and is a relatively cheap fuel.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Renewables contributed and nuclear power .


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

The "Energiewende" (German for "energy transition") is the transition by Germany to a low carbon, environmentally sound, reliable, and affordable energy supply.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Integration of renewable energy has caused some grid stability problems in Germany.


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant).


Question: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels "(see solar power by country)".


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").


Question: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.