Question: Humans survived past climate changes

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

23 March 2015.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

22 January 2008.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

13 August 2010.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

26 April 2008.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

Flowering in Britain is in June to July, but earlier in the south of Europe.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

Flowering occurs in summer and early fall.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

They note that FFD is sensitive to temperature, as is generally agreed, that "150 to 200 species may be flowering on average 15 days earlier in Britain now than in the very recent past" and that these earlier FFDs will have "profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences".


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

It is one of the earliest buttercups to flower.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

There are flowers such as fen bedstraw and early marsh orchid.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

Flowering may occur at any time of the year.


Question: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

Flowers in cultivation last a month or more.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

[citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

There has been a cycle of ice ages for the past 2.2–2.1 million years (starting before the Quaternary in the late Neogene Period).


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''


Question: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

"Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says".


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).


Question: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

The CVF Declaration committed to achieve a concentration of no more than 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere and limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (or less) above preindustrial levels.


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Exposure at 100 ppm or greater can be dangerous to human health.


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or greater


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10–12 atmospheres or parts-per-trillion (ppt).


Question: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Dry air in the atmosphere of Earth contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases including methane.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

A volcano is a geological landform usually generated by the eruption through a vent in a planet 's surface of magma.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Although a comparatively unusual type of volcano, they are widespread in the world and in geologic history.


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics


Question: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

And whatever the regional effects, few imagined that humans could affect the climate of the planet as a whole.


Question: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.


Question: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

It shows a general warming in global temperatures.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

Changes in the speed of sound are primarily caused by changes in the temperature of the ocean, hence the measurement of the travel times is equivalent to a measurement of temperature.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

The slab model needs a calibration phase in which the ocean temperatures are held to climatology while it calculates the "flux correction", i.e., extra ocean-atmosphere fluxes needed to keep the model ocean in balance (the model ocean does not include currents; these fluxes to some extent replace the heat that would be transported by the missing currents).


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

The new measurements require climate model parameter adjustments.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

When adjustment was made for transient events the data showed a slight warming, and research suggested that the discrepancy between surface and satellite data was largely accounted for by problems such as instrument differences between satellites.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

The first is a change in the Earth's orbit around the sun, or eccentricity.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

By this measure, the U.K. is still the largest single cause of climate change, followed by the U.S. and Germany, even though its current emissions are surpassed by the People's Republic of China.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

Climate change is globally believed and scientifically proven to have incurred from the economic activities of developed and developing nations and regions such as China, the United States, and Europe.


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due "soon" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use "soon" to refer to periods of thousands of years.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

Ice sheet dynamics and continental positions (and linked vegetation changes) have been important factors in the long term evolution of the earth's climate.


Question: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

Polar Bears are increasing in number.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.


Question: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.


Question: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

According to PolitiFact in May 2014, "...relatively few Republican members of Congress...accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made...eight out of 278, or about 3 percent.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''


Question: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.


Question: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

The US EPA has estimated that limiting ground-level ozone concentration to 65 parts per billion, would avert 1,700 to 5,100 premature deaths nationwide in 2020 compared with the 75-ppb standard.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Higher air temperature also increase the concentration of ozone at ground level.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

In the lower atmosphere, ozone is a harmful pollutant.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Ozone in smog is formed through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and other compounds.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.


Question: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Summer smog, which is common in major cities such as London, Birmingham, New York City and Los Angeles, is caused by pollutants, mainly ozone, which collect in large cities, especially during the summer.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.


Question: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Increasing heat content in the ocean is also consistent with sea level rise, which is occurring mostly as a result of [[thermal expansion]] of the ocean water as it warms.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

An "ice-free" Arctic Ocean is often defined as "having less than 1 million square kilometers of sea ice", because it is very difficult to melt the thick ice around the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

Frozen ground (permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) occupies approximately 54 million km of the exposed land areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Zhang et al., 2003) and therefore has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere.


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free".


Question: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage


Question: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

* to calculate a current situation based on existing physics, mostly when a physical measurement at a location is impractical


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

Satellites do not measure temperature.


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

This yields an apparent effective average earth temperature of .


Question: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

An even more recent study of the contributions to global sea level due to melting of the two large ice sheets based on satellite measurements of gravity fluctuations suggests that the melting of these alone are causing global sea level to about 1 mm/yr.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Tide tables, sometimes called tide charts, are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and levels of high and low tides, usually for a particular location.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.


Question: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950."


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

2016 was the warmest year on record.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

"El Niño in a changing climate".


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño.


Question: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.


Question: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

Boucher's review concludes: "Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.


Question: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Nick Bostrom argues that it would be "misguided" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be "a tall order" for the human race to "get our precautions sufficiently right the first time", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

An event that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's potential is known as an existential risk.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Existential risks pose unique challenges to prediction, even more than other long-term events, because of observation selection effects.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

The existential risk from artificial general intelligence is the hypothetical threat that dramatic progress in artificial intelligence (AI) could someday result in human extinction (or some other unrecoverable global catastrophe).


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Some economists have discussed the importance of global catastrophic risks, though not existential risks.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

While this does not mean that it will not be in the future, it does make modelling existential risks difficult, due in part to survivorship bias.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Unlike with most events, the failure of a complete extinction event to occur in the past is not evidence against their likelihood in the future, because every world that has experienced such an extinction event has no observers, so regardless of their frequency, no civilization observes existential risks in its history.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

An existential risk, on the other hand, is one that either destroys humanity (and, presumably, all but the most rudimentary species of non-human lifeforms and/or plant life) entirely or at least prevents any chance of civilization recovering.


Question: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Handled poorly, this philosophy could be disastrous.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

For example, if the reference value is 15 °C, and the measured temperature is 17 °C, then the temperature anomaly is +2 °C (i.e., 17 °C −15 °C).


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation."


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.


Question: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

Over sixteen chapters the authors present their view of the natural cycles in the earth's climate and argue that the current warming period is not caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions.