Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri "et al"., 2007:393).


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Evidently drastic climate changes were possible within a human lifetime.


Question: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

An MIT peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

A 2011 study by noted climate research scientist, Tom Wigley, found that while carbon dioxide () emissions from fossil fuel combustion may be reduced by using natural gas rather than coal to produce energy, it also found that additional methane (CH4) from leakage adds to the radiative forcing of the climate system, offsetting the reduction in forcing that accompanies the transition from coal to gas.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

Speaking of the numerous assumptions and therefore wide results returned by authors of previous individual studies, the Warner and Heath Yale paper states: "the difference between nuclear power life cycle GHG emissions constructed in an electric system dominated by nuclear (or renewables) and a system dominated by coal can be fairly large (in the range of 4 to 22 g -eq/kWh compared to 30 to 110 g -eq/kWh, respectively)".


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

In their 2014 report, the IPCC comparison of energy sources global warming potential per unit of electricity generated, which notably included albedo effects, mirror the median emission value derived from the Warner and Heath Yale meta-analysis for the more common non-breeding light water reactors, a -equivalent value of 12 g -eq/kWh, which is the lowest global warming forcing of all baseload power sources, with comparable low carbon power baseload sources, such as hydropower and biomass, producing substantially more global warming forcing 24 and 230 g -eq/kWh respectively.


Question: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".


Question: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

"Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model".


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Climate patterns can last tens of thousands of years, like the glacial and interglacial periods within ice ages, or repeat each year, like monsoons.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

There are different modes of variability: recurring patterns of temperature or other climate variables.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.


Question: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

“The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Boucher's review concludes: "Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

This view contradicts the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Millions of bats in the US have been dying off since 2012 due to a fungal infection spread from European bats, which appear to be immune.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Some anti-nuclear proponents claim this statistic is exaggerated.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

In February 2014 Spencer posted on his blog that he was going to start referring to those who referred to those questioning the mainstream view of global warming (such as Spencer himself) as "climate change deniers" as "global warming Nazis", contending that "...these people are supporting policies that will kill far more people than the Nazis ever did.


Question: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

A sea surface temperature increase in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's atmosphere.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

Radiative forcing is the imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere resulting from a change in atmospheric composition or other changes in radiation budget prior to long-term changes in global temperature resulting from forcing.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

an increase in planetary albedo.


Question: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

• Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.


Question: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."


Question: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

Polar Bears are increasing in number.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.


Question: Polar bear numbers are increasing

Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").


Question: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Sea ice plays an important role in Earth's climate as it affects the total amount of sunlight that is reflected away from the Earth.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.


Question: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

Some sources of catastrophic risk are natural, such as meteor impacts or supervolcanoes.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

The IPCC explains this as follows:


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

IPCC documents detail several notable proposals.


Question: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."


Question: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

Around the middle of the 20th century, many assumptions in meteorology and climatology considered climate to be roughly constant.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

(2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had "very likely" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.


Question: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least thick.


Question: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

His findings appeared to contradict global warming — the global temperature had been generally rising since the 70s.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

The winter of 2009–10 in the United Kingdom (also called The Big Freeze of 2010 by British media) was a meteorological event that started on 16 December 2009, as part of the severe winter weather in Europe.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

The thawing of permafrost has implications for the global climate.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".


Question: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is grounded on bedrock below sea level, and its collapse has the potential of raising the world sea level 6–7 m over a few hundred years.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".


Question: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.

It has also been stated that the sea level will rise 28–43 cm by 2100; if all the ice on Earth melts, it is predicted that the ocean level will increase 75 meters, destroying many coastal cities.


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

It was above sea level during the last ice age.


Question: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.


Question: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

1888 1888 US cold wave – A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

The 1948 edition had Rhode Island in the middle of a record late August ``heat wave'' with temperatures of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

The predominant heat was recorded in July and August, partly a result of the western European seasonal lag from the maritime influence of the Atlantic warm waters in combination with hot continental air and strong southerly winds.


Question: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Tide tables, sometimes called tide charts, are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and levels of high and low tides, usually for a particular location.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

It has been observed for millennia.


Question: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

There is also a close correlation between CO and temperature, where CO has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.7 billion year history.


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate."


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

"'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!".


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

In a 2009 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, Lindzen said that the earth was just emerging from the "Little Ice Age" in the 19th century and says that it is "not surprising" to see warming after that.


Question: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

Soon and Baliunas attribute the Medieval warm period to such an increase in solar output, and believe that decreases in solar output led to the Little Ice Age, a period of cooling from which the earth has been recovering since 1890.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

"El Niño in a changing climate".


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.


Question: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

"'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel".


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

"Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'".


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

After reading a 2007 speech by US Senator James Inhofe, who maintains that global warming is a hoax, John Cook created Skeptical Science as an internet resource to counter common arguments by climate change deniers.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

The programme's publicity materials assert that man-made global warming is "a lie" and "the biggest scam of modern times.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Clark is among the scientists who reject the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change; in the 2007 UK television documentary "The Great Global Warming Swindle", he states that changes in global temperature correlate with solar activity, saying "Solar activity of the last hundred years, over the last several hundred years correlates very nicely on a decadal basis, with sea ice and Arctic temperatures.


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".


Question: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

The USA consumes about 14% of the world total, using 90% of it for generation of electricity.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

America needs renewable energy.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

Solar currently supplies only 0.1% of our world energy needs, but there is enough out there to power humanity's needs 4,000 times over, the entire global projected energy demand by 2050.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.


Question: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

About 90% of the electricity is produced by the sunlight.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

In ocean iron fertilization, for example, the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere may be much lower than predicted, as carbon taken up by plankton may be released back into the atmosphere from dead plankton, rather than being carried to the bottom of the sea and sequestered.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.


Question: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.

In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

The total fresh STEM graduates were 2.6 million in 2016.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

These scientists include:


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

Several scientists (including e.g.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

As per the latest 2011 Census, about 8.15 % (68 millions) of Indians are graduates, with Union Territories of Chandigarh and Delhi topping the list with 24.65 % and 22.56 % of their population being graduates respectively.


Question: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.