Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

As the cost of reducing GHG emissions in the electricity sector appears to be lower than in other sectors, such as in the transportation sector, the electricity sector may deliver the largest proportional carbon reductions under an economically efficient climate policy.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

This would accelerate the adoption of clean energy, reduce harmful emissions and the cost of climate-related disasters and could stimulate the economy.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

The perceived slow process of efforts for countries to agree to a comprehensive global level binding agreements has led some countries to seek independent/voluntary steps and focus on alternative high-value voluntary activities like the creation of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants by the United States, Canada, Mexico, Bangladesh, and Sweden which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which together are believed to account for up to 1/3 of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

Reducing energy use reduces emissions.


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

Climate-disrupting fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy:


Question: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research, atmospheric pollution, rocket and satellite technology, his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between chlorofluoro compounds and stratospheric ozone loss, his public downplaying of the health risks of passive smoking, and as an advocate for climate change denial.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

A 1990 article for the Cato Institute identifies Singer as the director of the science and environmental policy project at the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, on leave from the University of Virginia.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

The VCR/LTER is a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network, and is administered by the Department of Environmental Sciences of the University of Virginia.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Alexander Singer (born 1932), film director


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904 -- 1991), American novelist


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues.


Question: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Singer has had a varied career, serving in the armed forces, government, and academia.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

(2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.


Question: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's reviews of scenarios of energy usage that would keep global warming to approximately 1.5 degrees, the proportion of primary energy supplied by renewables increases from 15% in 2020 to 60% in 2050 (median values across all published pathways).


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees increase for the winters over the past fifty years.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.


Question: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.


Question: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

), If the yearly average electricity production from sustained sources is higher than the total energy consumed.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

Wind and Solar are able to produce electricity for 20-40% of the year.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

One vision of a sustainable energy future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads) doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

This is often confused with renewable energy.


Question: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

Employment in large scale solar and wind power is driven primarily by installation activity, rather than ongoing operation and maintenance..


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

• Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.


Question: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

"Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now."


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Record temperatures were felt in:


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.


Question: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

In areas where the amount of water in rivers and streams depends on snow melting, warmer temperatures increase the fraction of precipitation falling as rain rather than as snow, causing the annual spring peak in water runoff to occur earlier in the year.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

During a growing season, a leaf will transpire many times more water than its own weight.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

Warmer winter temperatures cause a decrease in snowpack, which can result in diminished water resources during summer.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

The water flow in a stream can vary widely from season to season.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive.


Question: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

The CO2 also is believed to have resulted in the greening of the planet "We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning).


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.


Question: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.


Question: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

An increase in temperature has the potential to cause a widespread epidemic of the disease that has the capacity to wipe out entire populations of people.


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality


Question: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

AAWV Position Statement on Climate Change, Wildlife Diseases, and Wildlife Health "There is widespread scientific agreement that the world's climate is changing and that the weight of evidence demonstrates that anthropogenic factors have and will continue to contribute significantly to global warming and climate change.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

While there is a greater amount of agreement over whether global warming exists, there is less agreement over the appropriate response.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).

Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Polar Bears are increasing in number.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

As a result, the diet is less nutritional, which leads to reduced body size and reproduction, thus indicating population decline in polar bears.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.


Question: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

The speed at which a transition in the energy sector needs to take place will be historically rapid.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

It is also not a fast enough response to address climate change.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

According to Jacobson, a speedy transition to clean, renewable energy is required to reduce the potential acceleration of global warming, including the disappearance of the Arctic Sea ice.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

A timely implementation of the energy transition requires multiple approaches in parallel.


Question: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

The Energy transition is the shift by several countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development.


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

The satellite records used to show much smaller warming trends for the troposphere which were considered to disagree with model prediction; however, following revisions to the satellite records, the trends are now similar.


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>


Question: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

less than 14% of the observed global warming.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

The Republican Party has varied views on climate change.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

Individual and political action on climate change can take many forms.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

In 2015, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognized Tim Flannery for using dialogue and authentic engagement to build global consensus for action around climate change.His sometimes controversial views on shutting down conventional coal-fired power stations for electricity generation in the medium term are frequently cited in the media.


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

Robert K. Watson, known as Rob, American environmentalist


Question: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

The Citizens' Climate Lobby is a non-partisan organization with members throughout the United States, Canada and other countries, which advocates for effective climate legislation.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

From a global perspective, it is more likely that people living at or below poverty will be affected the most by climate change and are thus the most vulnerable, because they will have the least amount of resource dollars to invest in resiliency infrastructure.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Many studies have shown that those people who are least responsible for causing the problem of climate change are also the most likely to suffer from its impacts.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

As climate justice has revealed, the individual areas and countries that are least responsible for the phenomenon of climate change are also the ones who are going to be most negatively affected by future environmental disturbances.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Negative impacts of climate change are those that are least capable of developing robust and comprehensive climate resiliency infrastructure and response systems.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Future generations are likely to be the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, yet they are also the least represented in current decisions on climate action.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Environmental issues sometimes lead to armed conflict.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of "resource wars".


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Two groups may fight over remaining natural resources.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

This possible event is described as nuclear winter.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Overpopulation causes crowding, and conflict over scarce resources, which in turn lead to increased levels of warfare.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Water is increasingly being used as a weapon in conflict.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Hence, the adverse effects of climate crisis together with the ever-increasing number of global population would trigger intense competition for this increasingly scarce resource, leading to regional instability and even wars.


Question: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Nuclear peace is a theory of international relations that argues that under some circumstances nuclear weapons can induce stability and decrease the chances of crisis escalation.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.


Question: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

"Warming 'very likely' human-made".


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

The 2008 NIPCC document titled "Nature, Not Human Activity Rules the Climate: Summary for Policymakers of the Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel of Climate Change", published by The Heartland Institute, was released in February–March 2008.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

The controversy has focused on a small number of emails with "climate sceptic" websites picking out particular phrases, such as one in which Kevin Trenberth said, "The fact is that we can’t account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can’t".


Question: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.

Kevin E. Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said that he was appalled at the release of the emails but thought that it might backfire against climate sceptics, as the messages would show "the integrity of scientists".


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

The focus of the United States was in the Pacific Basin with funding being provided by the National Oceanic Atmospheric Association (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

The satellite time series is not homogeneous.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

There are some instances where the sources disagree.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

In addition to NSF sponsorship, funding includes grants from and contracts with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Defense (DOD), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and other agencies and organizations.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Albedo modification strategies could rapidly cool the planet’s surface but pose environmental and other risks that are not well understood and therefore should not be deployed at climate-altering scales; more research is needed to determine if albedo modification approaches could be viable in the future.The project was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, U.S. Intelligence Community, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and U.S. Department of Energy.


Question: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Olson has been criticized for potentially "dumbing down" serious science issues.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events).


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

Warmer air holds more water vapor.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.


Question: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their "utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities".


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report".


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.


Question: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.


Question: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.