Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality


Question: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Humans have a substantial influence on the rise of sea level because we emit increasing levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through automobile use and industry.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

The seas now absorb much of human-generated carbon dioxide, which then affects temperature change.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.


Question: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.


Question: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

"Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter".


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

Following a board meeting in February 2014, Alcoa Chief Executive Klaus Kleinfeld announced that the smelter—along with two rolling mills—would close at the end of 2014.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

Carbon tax support:


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 was a federal tax act that repealed the export tax incentive (ETI), which had been declared illegal by the World Trade Organization numerous times and sparked retaliatory tariffs by the European Union, and was also composed of numerous tax credits for agricultural and business institutions, and included was the repeal of some excise taxes on fuel and alcohol, and the creation of tax credits for biofuels.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

“What the imposition of the carbon tax has done is make industry take stock of what it is currently doing and has forced it to look at doing things in a better way.


Question: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

The basis of a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme was a cap and trade system, and was a way of limiting greenhouse gas pollution, as well as giving individuals and businesses incentives to reduce their emissions (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 11).


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

"A Global Threat Emerges".


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

President Obama said in September 2009 that if the international community would not act swiftly to deal with climate change that "we risk consigning future generations to an irreversible catastrophe...The security and stability of each nation and all peoples—our prosperity, our health, and our safety—are in jeopardy, and the time we have to reverse this tide is running out.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

In 2009, President Barack Obama in the inaugural address called for the expanded use of renewable energy to meet the twin challenges of energy security and climate change.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

In his January 24, 2012, State of the Union address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy, stating that he “will not walk away from the promise of clean energy.” Obama called for a commitment by the Defense Department to purchase 1,000 MW of renewable energy.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

The 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama, gave his first public address before a joint session of the United States Congress on Tuesday, February 24, 2009.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

The White House announced on 25 November 2009 that President Barack Obama is offering a U.S. target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020.


Question: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

Executive Order 13491 is an Executive Order issued on January 22, 2009 by United States President Barack Obama ordering compliance with US domestic law, and its international agreements, in its treatment of captives.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Commercial hydrogen production uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes.


Question: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

It is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

The Younger Dryas (around 12,800 to 11,550 years BP) was a return to glacial conditions after the Late Glacial Interstadial, which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) started receding around 20,000 BP.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change".


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

Although the initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by volcanic activity, modern volcanic activity releases only 130 to 230 megatonnes of carbon dioxide each year.


Question: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

A component of climate sensitivity is directly due to radiative forcing, for instance by , and a further contribution arises from climate feedback, both positive and negative.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Positive radiative forcing results in warming.


Question: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

It is intended to form the basis of an international agreement which will reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid dangerous climate change, carbon dioxide being the gas that is primarily responsible for changes in the greenhouse effect on Earth.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Carbon Reductions.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest (see International cooperation and Emissions trading), suggesting the need for collective action.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Climate change: to guarantee achieving national carbon reduction targets.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty designed to reduce emissions of GHGs.


Question: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Some examples of climate system feedbacks thought to contribute to recent polar amplification include the reduction of snow cover and sea ice, changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation, the presence of anthropogenic soot in the Arctic environment, and increases in cloud cover and water vapor.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Lower stratospheric cooling is mainly caused by the effects of ozone depletion with a possible contribution from increased stratospheric water vapor and greenhouse gases increase.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.


Question: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 glossary definition is as follows:


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines adaptation as: 'the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Patterns of warming are independent of the locations of greenhouse gas emissions because the gases persist long enough to diffuse across the planet; however, localized black carbon deposits on snow and ice do contribute to Arctic warming.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Generally, heat energy is transported between the planet's surface layers (land and ocean) to the atmosphere, transported via evapotranspiration and latent heat fluxes or conduction/convection processes.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

The Earth's heat content is about .


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Earth's energy imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats have detected an accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC).


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

• Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.


Question: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Evidence for warming accumulated.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Heat is transported from the equator polewards mostly by the atmosphere but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean to the surface, thus cooling the ocean surface.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Ocean currents transport a lot of energy from the warm tropical regions to the colder polar regions.


Question: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Air over the continents warms, thins and rises drawing cooler moist ocean air landward, producing a wet season.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.


Question: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

A lack of funding can be a barrier to successful strategies as there are no formal arrangements to finance climate change development and implementation.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

Public support of climate change research ultimately decides whether or not funding for the research is made available to scientists and institutions.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

The governments of four countries (the gas/oil-producers USA, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) blocked a proposal to welcome the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C at the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24).


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.


Question: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

The most cost effective way to limit global warming to 1.5°C, a target of the Paris Agreement, includes EU and OECD countries closing all coal-fired power stations by 2030, China by 2040 and the rest of the world by 2050.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty designed to reduce emissions of GHGs.


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

"U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions".


Question: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Climate change: to guarantee achieving national carbon reduction targets.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

Other modelling work suggests that the threat of climate engineering may in fact increase the likelihood of emissions reduction.<ref name="doi10.1007/s10584-011-0102-0"></ref>


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

The effective climate sensitivity is an estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity using data from a climate system, either in a model or real-world observations, that is not yet in equilibrium.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.


Question: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

A warmer earth could serve to moderate temperatures worldwide.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

On Earth, water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect, and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

The water vapor in the stratosphere arrives through tall [[thunderstorm]]s, while 15% of this vapor is delivered by tropical cyclones, and through chemical breakdown of [[methane]] into water vapor and carbon dioxide, both of which are greenhouse gases.


Question: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

The Gaia hypothesis states that there is an emergent feedback loop generated by the metabolism of living organisms that maintains the core temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions within a narrow self-regulating range of tolerance.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

The Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Climate change is projected to affect water availability.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

An example of periodic water scarcity in the United States is droughts in California.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.


Question: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC".


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".


Question: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, "The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out."


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

"Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost."


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Climate change devastated tropical rainforests causing the extinction of many plant and animal species.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Because climate change is a major and growing driver of biodiversity loss, and that biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, significantly contribute to climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction, proponents of ecosystem-based adaptation suggest that the resilience of vulnerable human populations and the ecosystem services upon which they depend are critical factors for sustainable development in a changing climate.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Severe effects are likely to occur on biodiversity.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Biodiversity loss is the extinction of species (plant or animal) worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat.


Question: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

Over the years, the definitions of "climate variability" and the related term "climate change" have shifted.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

The Bush Administration changed its name to Climate Change Science Program as part of its U.S.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

In the 2000s, the term "climate change" increased in popularity.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.


Question: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

The terms "global warming" and "climate change" are often used interchangeably.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

However, capital costs tend to be high.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

In 2010, Lomborg refined his position and stated that he believes in the need for "tens of billions of dollars a year to be invested in tackling climate change" and declared global warming to be "undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today" and "a challenge humanity must confront".


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

The nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation also estimated that the GDP level would be 0.7% higher (in aggregate, not per annum) during the 2018–2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast, employment level would be 0.6% higher and personal consumption level would be 0.6% higher during the 2018–2027 period on average due to the Act.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

The costs of mitigation and adaptation policies can be measured as a change in GDP.


Question: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

Too few allowances will result in too high a carbon price.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Although not considered emission pollutants by the original California Air Resources Board (CARB) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definitions, the most recent common use of the term also includes volatile organic compounds, several air toxics (most notably 1,3-Butadiene), and global pollutants such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Carbon dioxide removal is different from reducing emissions, as the former produces an outlet of carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere, whereas the latter decreases the inlet of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Whereas contaminants like sulfur or mercury can be removed from coal, carbon cannot be effectively removed while still leaving a usable fuel, and clean coal plants without carbon sequestration and storage do not significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.


Question: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

As climate change continues, heat will continue to rise and these problems will exacerbate.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

Unmitigated climate change (i.e., future climate change without efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions) would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

The other tradeoff is with climate change impacts.


Question: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

This also relates to the challenge of climate change.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.


Question: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.

Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Common Effluent Treatment Plant is in operation.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution).


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Large quantities and concentrations of waste are produced.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Wastewater at these treatment plants contains a cocktail of different chemical and biological contaminants which may influence surrounding ecosystems.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.


Question: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Higher temperatures will also affect water quality in ways that are not well understood.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Elevated levels of atmospheric compounds of nitrogen can increase nitrogen availability.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Until modern times, nitrogen fixation was the major source of nitrogen for ecosystems.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in 2012, adding to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen, nitrous oxide (NO) has become the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric N2 into ammonia (NH3), through the process known as nitrogen fixation.


Question: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

The combustion of fossil fuels is a large human-initiated contributor to atmospheric nitrogen pollution.