Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened".


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

The timing of mitigation responses is critical.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Few are supported by scientific studies.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

There are various versions/subsets of the data set used in economic papers and text books, some of which contain errors at some data points.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

There are some instances where the sources disagree.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for such problems can produce misleading results.


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Economists point out several flaws with the assumption :


Question: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Although the term climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by CO, it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m).


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

By contrast, simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.


Question: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Due to climate inertia, the climate sensitivity depends upon the timescale in which one is interested.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

Windmill: a disconnected but free-spinning miniature, typically in the American Aermotor style having about a dozen metal vanes, or the traditional Dutch style having four wood vanes.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

If wind speed is too low (less than about 2.5 m/s) then the wind turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is too high (more than about 25 m/s) the turbines will have to be shut down to avoid damage.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

Although no longer operational, the turbine (and associated mill structure) is a rare example of wind power technology in the United States.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

Originally a windmill was atop the structure to lift the water, but is no longer present.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

If investment is greater than the value of the energy produced by the resource, it is no longer an effective energy source.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

Even though a source of renewable energy may last for billions of years, renewable energy infrastructure, like hydroelectric dams, will not last forever, and must be removed and replaced at some point.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

An example of a non-renewable energy source is coal, which does not form naturally at a rate that would support human use.


Question: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

At this time steam power was available, but not electricity.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

Though extending the Antarctic sea-ice record back in time is more difficult due to the lack of direct observations in this part of the world.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.


Question: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

This article is about climate change scenarios.


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

After this calibration period the model may be run in climate mode.


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

Insertion of bugs into climate models?


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

<poem>Models consistently suggest that SRM would generally reduce climate differences compared to a world with elevated GHG concentrations and no SRM; however, there would also be residual regional differences in climate (e.g., temperature and rainfall) when compared to a climate without elevated GHGs...


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

Climate models include different external forcings for their models.


Question: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

Projections were made over future climate change impacts.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

The phenomenon was first described by Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian Arctic explorer.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Massive icy beds have a minimum thickness of at least 2 m and a short diameter of at least 10 m. First recorded North American observations were by European scientists at Canning River, Alaska in 1919.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in 1896.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Svante Arrhenius was the first person to quantify global warming as a consequence of a doubling of .


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Arctic permafrost has been diminishing for many centuries.


Question: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

In contrast, sea ice is formed on water, is much thinner (typically less than ), and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Research from the University of Auckland suggests that Tuvalu may remain habitable over the next century, but as of March 2018 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, stated that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Despite these findings the Prime Minister of Tuvalu maintains that "Tuvalu [is] not expanding" and that "the expansion of Tuvaluan shoreline did not equate to habitable land.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Global warming (recent climate change) is dangerous in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about above sea level.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels, however results of research from the University of Auckland challenge the existing narratives by showing that island expansion has been the most common physical alteration throughout Tuvalu over the past four decades.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".


Question: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

There are observable changes that have occurred over the last ten to fifteen years that show Tuvaluans that there have been changes to sea levels.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.


Question: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

The Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

It has distinct dry - and wet-season forms.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

The wet season is from April to October or November while the dry season is November to March.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian, the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding per year.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis.


Question: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

Savanna climates and areas with monsoon regimes have wet summers and dry winters.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

Food availability decline ; see Theories of famines


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

Global warming will reduce access to clean water and food supplies, particularly in Africa and Asia.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

Food security will become more difficult to achieve as resources run out.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

Most food has its origin in renewable resources.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

This results in decreased production, increased food prices, and potential starvation in parts of the world.


Question: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

It shows a general warming in global temperatures.


Question: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

Industries may successfully lobby to exempt themselves from a carbon tax.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a "carbon tax", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the "Clean Energy Act 2011" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

Carbon tax support:


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate to abolish the carbon pricing scheme.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.


Question: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (or CPRS) was a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme for anthropogenic greenhouse gases proposed by the Rudd government, as part of its climate change policy, which had been due to commence in Australia in 2010.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.


Question: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Processing of the greenhouse gas CO, explained below, plays a critical role in the maintenance of the Earth temperature within the limits of habitability.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.


Question: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

"A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error "Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help".


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

hypothesis:


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Several studies have explored this:


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Various academic studies have given alternative results.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

The hypothesis is generally not accepted by mainstream psychologists.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

It is recently discovered and still under research.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

The Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) were a series of events conducted and managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for projects on technology development and evaluation for iris recognition.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

It has been in research since the early 1970s.


Question: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Research by Rau et al.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks, whereas carbon dioxide () has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.


Question: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Methane is a significantly more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the amount of heat it can trap, especially in the short term.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

There is concern over increases in atmospheric methane in the context of the global carbon cycle, because methane is a greenhouse gas that is 23 times more effective at absorbing long-wave radiation than CO on a 100-year time scale.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).


Question: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.

While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

This was a common misconception in the 1970s.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

However, comprehensive satellite data go back only to 1979.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

Additional information is incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

By the end of the 1970s, this prediction proved to be incorrect.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

The earliest recorded example is from 1970.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

Data in "An Inconvenient Truth" have been questioned.


Question: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

However, data on EQSOI goes back only to 1949.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.


Question: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Drought intensifies through positive feedback.


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al.


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

, the paleoclimate temperature reconstruction by Moberg et al.)


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

2009 which reconstructed the climate of the Arctic over the last 2,000 years, and a new method of analysis using Bayesian statistics developed by Martin Tingley and Peter Huybers.


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

The application of alkenone paleothermometers to high-resolution paleotemperature reconstructions of older glacial terminations have found that very similar, Younger Dryas-like paleoclimatic oscillations occurred during Terminations II and IV.


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph".


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".


Question: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.


Question: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


Question: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

... even with the most optimistic set of assumptions -- the ending of deforestation, a halving of emissions associated with food production, global emissions peaking in 2020 and then falling by 3 per cent a year for a few decades -- we have no chance of preventing emissions rising well above a number of critical tipping points that will spark uncontrollable climate change.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

In the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions could rise significantly over the 21st century.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

Emissions of carbon dioxide () might be irreversible on the time scale of millennia (Halsnæs "et al.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

increases in the scale and ambition of emissions reductions after 2030.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.


Question: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

It is considered to be a health hazard.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Excess greenhouse gases are a threat to our health and welfare.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Particulate matter from coal-fired plants can be harmful and have negative health impacts.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

These processes also have an impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon which have effect on the quality of human health and biodiversity.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard.


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".


Question: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease, coalworker's pneumoconiosis.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the atmosphere.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

emissions.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

The inefficient atmospheric combustion (burning) of fossil fuels in vehicles, buildings, and power plants contributes to urban heat islands.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

The other large factor is the burning of fossil fuels from buildings and vehicles.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Others suffer from increasing pollution.


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

('' (It must be that) Spring is here in the street : outhouse smells strong shit.'')


Question: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

(2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

The warming has not been globally uniform.


Question: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that "more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached" and that the uncertainties were "the point of the article".


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

The Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change — named in honour of George Hadley — is one of the United Kingdom's leading centres for the study of scientific issues associated with climate change.


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

Richard A. Betts, climate scientist at the Met Office Hadley Centre


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research is an organisation based in the United Kingdom that brings together scientists, economists, engineers and social scientists to ` research, assess and communicate from a distinct trans-disciplinary perspective, the options to mitigate, and the necessities to adapt to current climate change and continuing global Warming, and to integrate these into the global, UK and local contexts of sustainable development '.


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

The volunteer computing project ClimatePrediction.net is a research team based at the University of Oxford conducting research into global climate change using adapted versions of the climate models developed at the Hadley Centre.


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

HadCRUT, a collaboration between the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

HadCM3 (abbreviation for "Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3") is a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom.


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".


Question: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

When temperatures increased to 2–3°C (3.6–5.4°F) above today's level 3.5 million years ago, sea levels rose not by 59 centimeters but by .


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Question: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

For example, in regards to safety, the report found a "[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects", and that ocean fertilization "may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')".


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from extreme weather patterns and food scarcity to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect human health.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

The effects of ocean acidification decrease population sizes of marine life and may cause an economic disruption if enough fish die off, which can seriously harm the global economy as the fishing industry makes a lot of money worldwide.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.


Question: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

Climate change also influences the average sea level.


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...


Question: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

"The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes".


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

Evidently drastic climate changes were possible within a human lifetime.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri "et al"., 2007:393).


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.


Question: Humans survived past climate changes

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.