diff --git "a/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" "b/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,930 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf,len=929 +page_content='Draft version January 13, 2023 Typeset using LATEX twocolumn style in AASTeX631 The implications of large binding energies of massive stripped core collapse supernova progenitors on the explosion mechanism Dmitry Shishkin1 and Noam Soker1 1Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='dmitry@campus.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='technion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='il;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' soker@physics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='technion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='il (Dated: January 2023) ABSTRACT We examine the binding energy of massive stripped-envelope core collapse supernova (SECCSN) progenitors with the stellar evolution code mesa, and find that only the jittering jets explosion mech- anism can account for explosions where carbon-oxygen cores with masses of ≳ 20M⊙ collapse to leave a neutron star (NS) remnant.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We calculate the binding energy at core collapse under the assumption that the remnant is a NS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Namely, stellar gas above mass coordinate of ≃ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5−2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ is ejected in the explosion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We find that the typical binding energy of the ejecta of stripped-envelope progenitors with carbon-oxygen core masses of MCO ≳ 20M⊙ is Ebind ≳ 2 × 1051 erg.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Since only jet-driven explosion mechanisms can supply such high energies, we conclude that jets must explode such cores.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We apply our results to SN 2020qlb, which is a SECCSN with a claimed core mass of ≃ 30−50M⊙, and conclude that the jittering jets explosion mechanism best account for such an explosion that leaves a NS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Keywords: stars: jets – stars: massive – supernovae: general – supernovae: individual: 2020qlb 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' INTRODUCTION The binding energy of a core collapse supernova (CCSN) progenitor plays a crucial role in determining the explosion outcome, like explosion energy and rem- nant mass.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Typical explosion energies are estimated to be in the range of Eexp ≃ 1050 − 1052 erg (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Yang & Chevalier 2015;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Utrobin et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2015;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gal-Yam 2019;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Burrows & Vartanyan 2021a).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The binding energy of the most massive pre-collapse cores have similar or even larger values than these typical explosion energies (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Pejcha & Thompson 2015;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bruenn et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chan et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wang et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Burrows et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The explosion mechanism should both overcome the binding energy and account for the explosion energy (radiation + final kinetic energy of the ejecta).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Two theoretical explosion mechanisms of non-rotating (or slowly rotating) pre-collapse cores utilize the grav- itational energy of the collapsing core to power CC- SNe.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These are the delayed-neutrino explosion mech- anism (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Bethe & Wilson 1985;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ertl et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bur- rows et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bruenn et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bollig et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Burrows & Vartanyan 2021b;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zha et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2023) and the jittering-jets explosion mechanism (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Soker 2010;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pa- pish & Soker 2011;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gilkis & Soker 2015;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker 2019, 2022a).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Studies show that the maximum energy that the delayed neutrino mechanism can supply to overcome the binding energy of the ejecta is ≃ 2 × 1051 erg, resulting in maximum explosion energies (after removing binding energy) of Eexp ≃ 2 × 1051 erg (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Fryer et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2012;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ertl et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sukhbold et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gogilashvili et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, the delayed neutrino mechanism has problems in producing the observed amount of 56Ni, in particular in stripped-envelope CCSNe (SECCSNe;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' for a recent study see Sawada & Suwa 2023) The jittering jets explosion mechanism, on the other hand, can account for much larger explosion energies (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Gilkis et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker 2022b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The mag- neto rotational explosion mechanism that works only for rapidly rotating pre-collapse cores can also account for large explosion energies (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', LeBlanc & Wilson 1970;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Khokhlov et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1999;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' L´opez-C´amara et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2013;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wheeler et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2015;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bromberg & Tchekhovskoy 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kuroda et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gottlieb et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022c,a;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fujibayashi et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Powell et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022) because the newly born neutron star (NS) launches fixed-axis jets.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Whether the explosion is by jittering jets (most CCSNe according to that model;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Soker 2022b) or by fixed-axis jets, the jets operate in a negative feedback cycle, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', the jet feedback explosion mechanism (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Soker 2016a).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As well, the jets can influence the direction of later jets (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Papish & Soker 2014;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gottlieb et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Even if the stochastically accreted mass has sub-Keplerian angular arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='05144v1 [astro-ph.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='HE] 12 Jan 2023 2 momentum, it might still form an accretion belt that can launch jets (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Schreier & Soker 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Garain & Kim 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The above discussion implies that CCSNe with large kinetic energies of Eexp ≳ 2 × 1051, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', SN 2020jfo (Ailawadhi et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022 – Eexp = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='9 × 1051 erg);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SN 2020qlb (West et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022 – Eexp = 20 × 1051 erg);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SN 2012au (Pandey et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021 – Eexp = 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 − 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 × 1051 erg) require jets to drive the explosion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this study we examine the interesting case of the hydrogen-poor and super-energetic CCSN SN 2020qlb.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' West et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2022) estimate the kinetic energy of SN 2020qlb as ≃ 20 × 1051 erg and suggest that a mag- netar supplies the large amount of energy of the ejecta.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' They also provide fitting parameters for the magnetar model (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Maeda et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2007;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kasen & Bildsten 2010;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Woosley 2010;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Metzger et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2015;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nicholl et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2017;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gomez et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022) and estimate the progenitor pre- explosion mass, namely, about the ejecta plus the rem- nant mass, to be Mej + Mrem ≃ few × 10M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It seems nonetheless, that there are two reasons why the explosion of SN 2020qlb must be driven by jets and not by the delayed neutrino mechanism.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The first one is that the formation of an energetic magnetar must be ac- companied by the launching of even more energetic jets at the explosion itself and possibly after the explosion as well (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker 2016b, 2017;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker & Gilkis 2017;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shankar et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker 2022c,b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The second rea- son is the new finding of the present study, where by a stellar evolutionary code (section 2) we show (section 3) that the binding energies of such massive cores are much above what the delayed neutrino mechanism can supply (Janka 2012;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker 2022b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In section 4 we summarize our results and discuss their implications in the context of the jet feedback explosion mechanism.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' NUMERICAL SCHEME We use the stellar evolution code mesa (Paxton et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2010, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019) to simulate the struc- ture of 52 CCSN progenitor models, all with initial metalicity of z = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='02.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We base our numerical rou- tine on the ‘20M pre ms to core collapse’ example from mesa r22.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='05.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1, but simulate the evolution using ver- sion r15140.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Starting from the zero age main sequence (ZAMS), we evolve the star until center He depletion (when helium abundance in the center is either ≃ 1% or ≃ 5%), at which point we numerically remove the hydrogen-rich envelope, leaving only the He core.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We then evolve the star until core-collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We introduce several changes to the example routine to both adhere to our requirements, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', having at least 21 isotopes and having sufficiently high resolution (Shishkin & Soker 2021), and to fit mesa version r15140.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We expand on the numerical scheme in appendix A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' By varying the ZAMS stellar mass, the wind parame- ters, and the exact time when we numerically remove the envelope we obtain stripped-envelope CCSN pro- genitors, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', hydrogen-poor stellar progenitors, with varying mass of a carbon-oxygen (CO) core, MCO ≃ 4 − 35M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This mass range of SECCSNe corresponds to ZAMS stellar masses range of ≃ 20 − 82M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In some cases the core contains several solar masses of helium, while in other cases the core has a much lower helium mass, depending on the above parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Because the inner part of the core collapses to form a NS or a black hole (BH) remnant, only the binding energy of the outer core is relevant to our study.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We calculate the binding energy of the outer core, Ebind(r), by integrating over the sum of the internal energy and gravitational energy from the surface down to the mass coordinate that separates the ejecta and the final rem- nant m = Min, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', the inner boundary of the ejecta.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We calculate the binding energy of the ejecta for two values of this mass coordinate Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 , 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙, because we consider cases where the remnant is a NS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We refer to the latest evolution point we simulate in the stellar evolution as collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This point of col- lapse must adhere to an iron core more massive than MFe > 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, where we assume collapse is imminent.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This value of iron core mass is more or less when the iron core mass reaches its maximum value (as at the onset of collapse the iron disintegrates).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' About half of simu- lations reach infall velocities at the edge of the iron core of vfe,infall > 100 km s−1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Other simulations encounter numerical difficulties and we had to terminate them at somewhat earlier times.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' RESULTS 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Binding Energy towards Collapse As the stellar core evolves towards collapse and nu- cleosynthesis of heavier elements takes place, the core becomes denser and the binding energy of the inner lay- ers of the star increases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We demonstrate this for one stellar model of carbon-oxygen core mass (mainly oxy- gen) of MCO = 13.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='2M⊙ in Fig 1 where we present the star at three times: at center oxygen depletion, at cen- ter silicon depletion, and at collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We present the composition of the main isotopes by lines with differ- ent colors and the binding energy Ebind(m) by the black lines.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Here Ebind(m) is the binding energy (gravitational + internal) of the envelope laying above mass coordi- nate m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Relevant to this study is the binding energy of the ejecta, which is the mass above mass coordinate m = Min ≃ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The mass Min is the baryonic 3 Figure 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Abundances and the binding energy as function of mass coordinate at three times for a SECCSN (hydrogen- poor) progenitor model with carbon-oxygen core mass of M collapse CO = 13.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='2M⊙, which corresponds to a ZAMS mass of MZAMS ≈ 40M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The colored step-like lines are the abun- dances according to the inset in the lower panel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The black and smoothly varying lines represent Ebind(m), which is the binding energy of the envelope laying above mass coordi- nate m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The three panels present these quantities at three different times: center oxygen depletion (upper panel, bind- ing energy by the black solid-line), center silicon depletion (middle panel;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' binding energy by the black dashed-line), core collapse (lower panel;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' binding energy by black dotted-line).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Note that the middle panel contains the binding energy at the three times to allow for comparison.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The two vertical lines mark the mass coordinates m = Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ and m = Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Helium that appears only at collapse results from disintegration of iron.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' mass of the NS remnant (the corresponding final gravi- tational masses will be ≃ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='35, 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1M⊙).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We mark these two masses by the vertical lines.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We see that at collapse the binding energy Ebind(Min) is larger than at earlier times.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 we present composition and binding en- ergy for a model with a much more massive core of MCO = 27M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are two qualitative differences between this model and the one we present in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The first qualitative difference is that the binding en- Figure 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Similar to Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1 but for a more massive core of M collapse CO = 26.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙, which corresponds to a ZAMS mass of MZAMS ≈ 65M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Note that the left vertical axis is scaled differently than in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ergy at collapse is somewhat smaller than at the earlier time that we present in the figure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The explanation to the decreasing binding energy shortly before collapse is that the envelope expands starting from deep in the oxy- gen burning shell and outwards.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We find (by drawing the density profiles) that moving from the upper to the middle panel of Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 the density from m ≃ 10M⊙ and outward decreases, reducing the binding energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This mass coordinate is deep inside the shell where oxygen (teal line) burns to S+Si (yellow line).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The second qualitative difference comes from the much higher binding energy of the ejecta of the descendant CCSN of the more massive model, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Ebind(Min) ≳ 2× 1051 erg.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The implication is that we do not expect that the neutrino driven explosion mechanism can account for explosions of such cores.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We argue that jets explode these cores.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We leave the discussion of this point, as well as our view that jets also explode cores with lower binding energy, to section 4, where we also refer to the claim of a very massive core of SN 2020qlb (West et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We first find the range of such high-binding- energy cores.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 0 3 OCoreDepletion 2 91 erg 0 SiCoreDepletion BEatO dep.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BEatSi dep BEatCollapse 2 0 3 Collapse 2 Helium Carbon Oxygen S+Si "Fe Group" 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12Abundance6 0 4 OCoreDepletion 2 6 0 Si Core Depletion BEatOont .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' dep.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BEat Si dep "BEatCollapse 2 0 4 Collapse 2 Helium Oxygen "Fe Group\' Carbon S+Si 2 0 4 8 12 16 20 24Abundance4 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' High-binding-energy cores We search for the mass range of cores that have bind- ing energies at collapse of Ebind(Min) ≳ 2×1051 erg.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We present the results in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We present the binding en- ergy for an inner ejecta mass coordinate of Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (upper panel) and Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (lower panel).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We focus on the binding energy of these two mass coordi- nates Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 − 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ as the iron core masses at col- lapse falls within this mass range.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The horizontal line at 2 × 1051 erg is the approximate energy above which we do not expect that neutrino heating by itself can ex- plode the core.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In appendix B we provide linear fits to the binding energy at collapse as function of CO core mass for these two mass coordinates Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (table B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We simulated 52 stripped-hydrogen envelope cases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In 27 cases the cores reach collapse as we present by the red circles in the figure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In 25 cases cases the numeri- cal code encountered difficulties and we had to stop the simulation before reaching collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In these cases we extrapolate from an evolutionary time before collapse to the collapse time as we explain in appendix B (red stars in the figure).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also include 35 in the figure the binding energies of models with hydrogen-rich envelope that we take from Shishkin & Soker (2022), as we mark by open purple circles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' From Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3 (with a more rigorous derivation in ap- pendix B) we draw our conclusion that in cases where the inner mass of Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ of the core collapses to form a NS, the delayed neutrino mechanism cannot explode cores with masses of MCO ≳ 15M⊙ (or maybe rarely do so).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ we find this limit to be MCO ≳ 13M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 we present a more detailed binding energy profile of the pre-collapse stripped-envelope models that we simulated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' When we take the lowest binding energy of the inner core at the onset of collapse we find the limit of core mass that the neutrino-driven explosion cannot account for to be MCO > 20M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Namely, still a large range.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In table B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 we provide the linear fit parameters for the binding energy at collapse for the edge of the iron core (gray squares in the figure) and the binding energy curve break (black circles).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The binding energy curve break is point we refer to as separating the inner core from the outer core, and is the point of lowest binding energy for most simulated cases that reached collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY We simulated the evolution of 52 massive SECCSN progenitor models corresponding to ZAMS masses of 20 ≲ MZAMS ≲ 82.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We removed the entire hydrogen- rich envelope, and calculated the binding energy just before core collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The final core mass depends on the ZAMS mass and on the mass loss parameter (ap- pendix C).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We present the structure of the pre-collapse progenitor for two cases in Figs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1 and 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We find that to a fare accuracy we can linearly fit the binding energy of these stripped-envelope progenitors to the CO core mass MCO (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3 and table B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We present our main results in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In those figures the horizontal gray line represents the approx- imate maximum energy that the neutrino-driven mech- anism can supply, Emax ν = 2 × 1051 erg.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We find that the binding energy calculated at Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ and Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙, of progenitors with a carbon-oxygen core mass of MCO ≳ 13M⊙ and MCO ≳ 15M⊙, respectively, are larger than Emax ν .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Namely, Emax ν ≲ � � � Ebind,1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 for MCO ≳ 13M⊙ Ebind,2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 for MCO ≳ 15M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (1) The main conclusion is that the delayed neutrino ex- plosion mechanism cannot explode stars with a core mass of MCO ≳ 13 − 15M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The jittering jets explosion mechanism, on the other hand, has no limiting explosion energy in these ranges as it is fueled by accretion onto the compact remnant (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', (Gilkis et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2016;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soker & Gilkis 2017)).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Let us apply our results to a specific SECCSN.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In a recent paper West et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2022) deduce that SN 2020qlb had an explosion energy of ≃ 20×1051 erg and estimate the progenitor pre-explosion mass, ejecta plus remnant mass, to be Mej + Mrem ≃ 30 − 50M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' According to our results the binding energy alone of such cores is Ebind > 3 × 1051 erg.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We therefore conclude that jets must have exploded SN 2020qlb.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Jets can also supply the kinetic energy of the ejecta.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Namely, jet-driven ex- plosions might make the magnetar powering less criti- cal or not needed at all (although a magnetar might be present).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Most likely the explosion is via jittering jets.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The reason is that an explosion driven by a fixed-axis jets, like if the core is rapidly rotating, will not expel mass from the equatorial region, which it turn is ac- creted by the newly formed central object.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, the final mass of the remnant will be large and the rem- nant will be a BH (see discussion in Soker 2022b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On a large scope, our study adds to the growing evi- dence pointing to the major roles that jets play in the explosion, as well as pre-explosion and post-explosion, of CCSNe (for a recent review see Soker 2022b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation (769/20).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5 Figure 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The binding energies of the simulated models as a function of the carbon-oxygen core mass nearing collapse (vertical axis).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The panels show the final binding energy at two mass coordinates: Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (top) and Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (bottom).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The red data points (filled circles and stars at the outer panels) are stripped-envelope (SE) models (SECCSNe), whilst purple empty- circles data points are models from Shishkin & Soker (2022) that have hydrogen rich envelopes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Red stars are extrapolated data points, as explained in appendix B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The horizontal line at 2 × 1051 erg denotes the binding energy above which we do not expect the neutrino delayed explosion mechanism to explode the core.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Data availability The data 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'/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Weir, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', & Heger, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='00359.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://arxiv.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/abs/2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='00359 9 APPENDIX A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' NUMERICAL PRESCRIPTION DETAILS Our numerical scheme files (‘inlists’) are a modified version of the ‘20 pre ms to cc’ mesa version r22.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='05.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 ‘test suite’ example.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We adapted this example to run on mesa version r15140 and incorporated certain parameters (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', over- shooting and mesh resolution) according to our previous works (Shishkin & Soker 2021;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shishkin & Soker 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The full ’inlists’ that we used are available online1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Here we mention some of the important parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In a similar fashion to our previous works which focus on the convective profile of the inner layers of massive stars (Shishkin & Soker 2021;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shishkin & Soker 2022), we use the exponential overshooting prescription (Herwig 2000) with symmetrical (both ‘bottom’ and ‘above’) and uniform (all burning regions) settings and f = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='01, f0 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='004 parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We chose the Henyey scheme (Henyey et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1965) for mixing length theory (MLT, B¨ohm-Vitense 1958) with αMLT = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also enable the Ledoux criterion (Ledoux 1947) and set thermohaline option to ‘Kippenhahn’ with ‘thermohaline coeff = 1’ alongside ‘alpha semiconvection = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='01.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We make use of the ’Dutch’ wind loss scheme (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Vink et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nugis & Lamers 2000), and vary the scaling factor (along with the initial mass) to achieve different core masses.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the nuclear network we use the 22 isotopes of ‘approx21 cr60 plus co56’ (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Timmes 1999), aimed at stellar evolution up to collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This network includes hydrogen, He3 and He4 up to the heavier isotopes of Fe52 , Fe54 , Fe56 , Co56 , Ni56 , Cr60.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We scale mesh refinement gradually up to ‘max dq’ values of 1d − 4 at the later stages (from the default value of 1d − 2) to properly resolve the fine burning features close to core collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The mesa equation of state (EOS) is a blend of the OPAL (Rogers & Nayfonov 2002), SCVH (Saumon et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1995), FreeEOS (Irwin 2004), HELM (Timmes & Swesty 2000), PC (Potekhin & Chabrier 2010), and Skye (Jermyn et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021) EOSs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nuclear reaction rates are from JINA REACLIB (Cyburt et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2010), NACRE (Angulo et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1999) and additional tabulated weak reaction rates Fuller et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (1985);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Oda et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (1994);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Langanke & Mart´ınez-Pinedo (2000).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Screening is included via the prescription of Chugunov et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2007).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thermal neutrino loss rates are from Itoh et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (1996).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Radiative opacities are primarily from OPAL (Iglesias & Rogers 1993, 1996), with low-temperature data from Ferguson et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2005) and the high-temperature, Compton-scattering dominated regime by Poutanen (2017).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Electron conduction opacities are from Cassisi et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2007) and Blouin et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2020).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BINDING ENERGY ESTIMATION Because of numerical difficulties of stripped-envelope progenitors (specifically some steep gradients) some simulations did not reach the phase of core collapse, although they did reach oxygen depletion and/or silicon depletion at the center.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Time steps became much too short and we had to terminate the simulations before core collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In these cases we estimated the binding energy at collapse (red-stars in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3) by extrapolating the binding energy during earlier phases using linear fits.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We made linear fits to the binding energies as function of the CO core masses at three evolutionary phases: oxygen depletion, silicon depletion, and core collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 we present these three fittings by blue, orange, and red lines, respectively, for Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (upper panel) and Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (lower panel).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' From these three lines we can find the ratio of the binding energy at core collapse to the binding energy at oxygen depletion and to the binding energy at silicon depletion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In cases where we did not reach core collapse we use this ratio at the given CO core mass to calculate the expected binding energy at core collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We mark these energies by red-stars in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 and use them in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Error bars attached to the red stars signify the 1σ intervals of the this extrapolation procedure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We note that the CO core mass does not change much after oxygen depletion in the non-extended helium phase.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The average difference between the CO core mass at central oxygen depletion and at core collapse is ∆mcore CO = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='06 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='33M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1 Zenodo: Modified inlists to reproduce the models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Also included a full simulation list and the simulated models at different time points.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10 Figure B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The binding energy of the envelope above mass coordinate Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (upper panel) and Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ (lower panel) as a function of the final carbon-oxygen core mass.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The blue circles are at central oxygen depletion (5% oxygen in the center), the orange circles are at silicon depletion (5% silicon in the center), and red circles are at core collapse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The three respective lines are the linear fit to the points.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Red stars are the extrapolated values for the binding energy at collapse based on available earlier data points (oxygen depletion or silicon depletion) for the cases that did not reach collapse (see text).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We fit the binding energy Ebind versus the CO core mass MCO by a linear fit Ebind = aMCO + b.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Table B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 we list the values of the two coefficients for the six lines (three stage for two values of the mass that collapses to form the NS).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also list (last column) the number of data points that were used at each fitting.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11 aMCO + b Fit1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ Fit2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ FitBEbreak FitFecore No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' of points Collapse a [1051erg/M⊙] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='122 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='024 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='137 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='024 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='117 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='021 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='114 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='02 27 b [1051erg] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='537 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='46 −0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='053 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='444 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='165 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='423 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='442 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='406 Sicntr depletion a [1051erg/M⊙] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='132 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='017 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='145 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='02 −− −− 43 b [1051erg] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='159 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='38 −0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='099 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='445 −− −− Ocntr depletion a [1051erg/M⊙] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='15 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='017 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='175 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='02 −− −− 47 b [1051erg] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='002 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='394 −0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='447 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='479 −− −− Table B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The linear fits to the lines in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 and the number of data points for each of the simulation groups: at collapse (second row), at center silicon depletion (third row) and center oxygen depletion (bottom row).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The third and fourth columns are the fits to the binding energy Ebind,1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, Ebind,2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 at mass coordinates Min = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙ and Min = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5M⊙, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the fifth column we present the linear fit to the variation of the binding energy at the black dots in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 with the CO core mass.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the fifth column we present the linear fit to the variation of the binding energy at the edge of the iron core (gray squares in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4) with the CO core mass.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Linear fits are in units of energy Ebind [1051erg] to CO core mass MCO [M⊙].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Values and errors (2σ) are in accordance with Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 12 C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SIMULATIONS LIST In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 we present the simulations that we conducted in a three-parameters space.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As input we show the dutch wind scaling factor in mesa in the range of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 < αDutch,wind < 1 and the zero age main sequence (ZAMS) mass in the range of 20M⊙ < MZAMS < 82M⊙.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As an output we present the final CO core mass (mainly oxygen mass) in units of solar mass according to the color bar.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wind (Dutch scheme) scaling factors (vertical axis) and the ZAMS masses of the cases (horizontal axis) that we simulated, and the final CO core mass (by color bar).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We denote with a black X the cases where we extended the He burning to a later stage before removing the hydrogen envelope.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/N9E4T4oBgHgl3EQfjw0A/content/2301.05144v1.pdf'}