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Quickstart
==========
If you haven't done so already, please take a moment to
:ref:`install <install>` the Falcon web framework before
continuing.
Learning by Example
-------------------
Here is a simple example from Falcon's README, showing how to get
started writing an API:
.. code:: python
# things.py
# Let's get this party started!
import falcon
# Falcon follows the REST architectural style, meaning (among
# other things) that you think in terms of resources and state
# transitions, which map to HTTP verbs.
class ThingsResource(object):
def on_get(self, req, resp):
"""Handles GET requests"""
resp.status = falcon.HTTP_200 # This is the default status
resp.body = ('\nTwo things awe me most, the starry sky '
'above me and the moral law within me.\n'
'\n'
' ~ Immanuel Kant\n\n')
# falcon.API instances are callable WSGI apps
app = falcon.API()
# Resources are represented by long-lived class instances
things = ThingsResource()
# things will handle all requests to the '/things' URL path
app.add_route('/things', things)
You can run the above example using any WSGI server, such as uWSGI
or Gunicorn. For example:
.. code:: bash
$ pip install gunicorn
$ gunicorn things:app
On Windows where Gunicorn and uWSGI don't work yet you can use Waitress server
.. code:: bash
$ pip install waitress
$ waitress-serve --port=8000 things:app
Then, in another terminal:
.. code:: bash
$ curl localhost:8000/things
Curl is a bit of a pain to use, so let's install
`HTTPie <https://github.com/jkbr/httpie>`_ and use it from now on.
.. code:: bash
$ pip install --upgrade httpie
$ http localhost:8000/things
.. _quickstart-more-features:
More Features
-------------
Here is a more involved example that demonstrates reading headers and query
parameters, handling errors, and working with request and response bodies.
.. code:: python
import json
import logging
import uuid
from wsgiref import simple_server
import falcon
import requests
class StorageEngine(object):
def get_things(self, marker, limit):
return [{'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'color': 'green'}]
def add_thing(self, thing):
thing['id'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
return thing
class StorageError(Exception):
@staticmethod
def handle(ex, req, resp, params):
description = ('Sorry, couldn\'t write your thing to the '
'database. It worked on my box.')
raise falcon.HTTPError(falcon.HTTP_725,
'Database Error',
description)
class SinkAdapter(object):
engines = {
'ddg': 'https://duckduckgo.com',
'y': 'https://search.yahoo.com/search',
}
def __call__(self, req, resp, engine):
url = self.engines[engine]
params = {'q': req.get_param('q', True)}
result = requests.get(url, params=params)
resp.status = str(result.status_code) + ' ' + result.reason
resp.content_type = result.headers['content-type']
resp.body = result.text
class AuthMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, req, resp):
token = req.get_header('Authorization')
account_id = req.get_header('Account-ID')
challenges = ['Token type="Fernet"']
if token is None:
description = ('Please provide an auth token '
'as part of the request.')
raise falcon.HTTPUnauthorized('Auth token required',
description,
challenges,
href='http://docs.example.com/auth')
if not self._token_is_valid(token, account_id):
description = ('The provided auth token is not valid. '
'Please request a new token and try again.')
raise falcon.HTTPUnauthorized('Authentication required',
description,
challenges,
href='http://docs.example.com/auth')
def _token_is_valid(self, token, account_id):
return True # Suuuuuure it's valid...
class RequireJSON(object):
def process_request(self, req, resp):
if not req.client_accepts_json:
raise falcon.HTTPNotAcceptable(
'This API only supports responses encoded as JSON.',
href='http://docs.examples.com/api/json')
if req.method in ('POST', 'PUT'):
if 'application/json' not in req.content_type:
raise falcon.HTTPUnsupportedMediaType(
'This API only supports requests encoded as JSON.',
href='http://docs.examples.com/api/json')
class JSONTranslator(object):
def process_request(self, req, resp):
# req.stream corresponds to the WSGI wsgi.input environ variable,
# and allows you to read bytes from the request body.
#
# See also: PEP 3333
if req.content_length in (None, 0):
# Nothing to do
return
body = req.stream.read()
if not body:
raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest('Empty request body',
'A valid JSON document is required.')
try:
req.context['doc'] = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError):
raise falcon.HTTPError(falcon.HTTP_753,
'Malformed JSON',
'Could not decode the request body. The '
'JSON was incorrect or not encoded as '
'UTF-8.')
def process_response(self, req, resp, resource):
if 'result' not in req.context:
return
resp.body = json.dumps(req.context['result'])
def max_body(limit):
def hook(req, resp, resource, params):
length = req.content_length
if length is not None and length > limit:
msg = ('The size of the request is too large. The body must not '
'exceed ' + str(limit) + ' bytes in length.')
raise falcon.HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge(
'Request body is too large', msg)
return hook
class ThingsResource(object):
def __init__(self, db):
self.db = db
self.logger = logging.getLogger('thingsapp.' + __name__)
def on_get(self, req, resp, user_id):
marker = req.get_param('marker') or ''
limit = req.get_param_as_int('limit') or 50
try:
result = self.db.get_things(marker, limit)
except Exception as ex:
self.logger.error(ex)
description = ('Aliens have attacked our base! We will '
'be back as soon as we fight them off. '
'We appreciate your patience.')
raise falcon.HTTPServiceUnavailable(
'Service Outage',
description,
30)
# An alternative way of doing DRY serialization would be to
# create a custom class that inherits from falcon.Request. This
# class could, for example, have an additional 'doc' property
# that would serialize to JSON under the covers.
req.context['result'] = result
resp.set_header('Powered-By', 'Falcon')
resp.status = falcon.HTTP_200
@falcon.before(max_body(64 * 1024))
def on_post(self, req, resp, user_id):
try:
doc = req.context['doc']
except KeyError:
raise falcon.HTTPBadRequest(
'Missing thing',
'A thing must be submitted in the request body.')
proper_thing = self.db.add_thing(doc)
resp.status = falcon.HTTP_201
resp.location = '/%s/things/%s' % (user_id, proper_thing['id'])
# Configure your WSGI server to load "things.app" (app is a WSGI callable)
app = falcon.API(middleware=[
AuthMiddleware(),
RequireJSON(),
JSONTranslator(),
])
db = StorageEngine()
things = ThingsResource(db)
app.add_route('/{user_id}/things', things)
# If a responder ever raised an instance of StorageError, pass control to
# the given handler.
app.add_error_handler(StorageError, StorageError.handle)
# Proxy some things to another service; this example shows how you might
# send parts of an API off to a legacy system that hasn't been upgraded
# yet, or perhaps is a single cluster that all data centers have to share.
sink = SinkAdapter()
app.add_sink(sink, r'/search/(?P<engine>ddg|y)\Z')
# Useful for debugging problems in your API; works with pdb.set_trace(). You
# can also use Gunicorn to host your app. Gunicorn can be configured to
# auto-restart workers when it detects a code change, and it also works
# with pdb.
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = simple_server.make_server('127.0.0.1', 8000, app)
httpd.serve_forever()
To test this example go to the another terminal and run:
.. code:: bash
$ http localhost:8000/1/things authorization:custom-token
|