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# swap_analysis.py — Codebase Overview

## Purpose

Probes spatial understanding in VLMs (Molmo-7B, NVILA-Lite-2B, Qwen2.5-VL-3B) by analyzing
hidden representations extracted via forward hooks. The core idea is **swap pair analysis**:
two queries about the same image differ only in subject/reference order (e.g., "is A left of B?"
vs. "is B left of A?"), so their hidden-state difference (delta) should encode a consistent
spatial direction if the model truly understands the concept.

---

## High-Level Flow

```
swap_analysis.py (main)
│
├── Load swap pairs from TSV  ──► paired questions + answers + images (base64)
├── Build HF bbox cache  ──► enables cross-group quads (vertical × distance)
│
└── For each scale (vanilla / 80k / 400k / 800k / 2m / roborefer):
        │
        └── process_scale()
              ├── Phase A: extract_swap_features()       — run each pair through model × 2
              ├── Phase B: extract_cross_group_features() — run each quad × 4
              ├── Phase C: analysis (consistency, alignment, pred_stats)
              ├── Phase D: save results to csv/ json/ npz/
              └── Phase E: per-scale plots
│
└── --merge flag: run_merge()
      ├── Load per-scale JSONs / CSVs
      ├── Cross-scale consistency / alignment plots
      └── Summary CSV + ablation plot
```

---

## Model Extractors

All three extractors inherit from `BaseHiddenStateExtractor`.

### Hook Mechanism (shared by all models)

```python
# _make_hook() — registered on each transformer layer module
def hook_fn(module, input, output):
    hidden = output[0] if isinstance(output, tuple) else output
    if hidden.shape[1] > 1:          # prefill pass only (not generation)
        last_token = hidden[:, -1, :].detach().cpu().float()
        self.hidden_states[layer_idx] = last_token.squeeze(0)
```

**Key points:**
- `shape[1] > 1` — skips single-token decoding steps; captures only the prefill pass
- `hidden[:, -1, :]` — takes the **last token** of the input sequence
- Result is a 1-D float32 CPU tensor stored in `self.hidden_states[layer_idx]`
- Hooks are registered once at init; `self.hidden_states` is reset before each forward call

---

### MolmoExtractor (`allenai/Molmo-7B-O-0924`)

| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| **Format** | Native OLMo (config.yaml + model.pt) **or** HuggingFace |
| **Layer module path** | `model.transformer.blocks[i]` (native) / `model.model.transformer.blocks[i]` (HF) |
| **Number of layers** | 32 |
| **Tokenizer** | Loaded from `cfg.get_tokenizer()` (native) or `AutoTokenizer` |
| **Precision** | bfloat16 |

**Inference:**
```python
inputs = self.processor.process(images=[image], text=question)
output = self.model.generate_from_batch(inputs, max_new_tokens=20, ...)
# hooks fire during the prefill of generate_from_batch
```

---

### NVILAExtractor (`Efficient-Large-Model/NVILA-Lite-2B`)

| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| **Library** | LLaVA-style (`llava` package) — `load_pretrained_model()` |
| **LLM backbone** | **Gemma-2-2B** → **28 layers** (L0–L27), not 24 |
| **Layer module path** | Dynamically discovered; searches `model.llm.model.layers`, `model.llm.layers`, `model.model.model.layers`, `model.model.layers` in order. Falls back to scanning all `named_modules()` for a `.layers` list. Stored as `self.llm_backbone`. |
| **Layer access** | `self.llm_backbone[i]` |
| **Tokenizer / processor** | `AutoTokenizer`, `AutoProcessor` loaded from model path |
| **Precision** | bfloat16 |

**Why 28 layers?** NVILA-Lite-2B uses Gemma-2-2B as its language backbone, which has 28
transformer blocks. The `24` that appears as a fallback default in the code is never actually
used because `_find_llm_backbone()` always succeeds.

**Inference:**
```python
input_ids, images, image_sizes = prepare_inputs(tokenizer, processor, image, question)
output = model.generate(input_ids, images=images, ...)
```

---

### Qwen25VLExtractor (`Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Instruct`)

| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| **Library** | `transformers.Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration` |
| **Layer module path** | `model.model.layers[i]` |
| **Number of layers** | 36 |
| **Processor** | `AutoProcessor` (loaded from base model path for fine-tuned checkpoints) |
| **Precision** | bfloat16 |

**Inference:**
```python
messages = [{"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image", ...}, {"type": "text", ...}]}]
text = processor.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True)
inputs = processor(text=[text], images=image_inputs, return_tensors="pt")
output_ids = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=20, do_sample=False)
```

---

## Swap Pair Concept

### Input Data

Loaded from a TSV file. Each row contains:
- `image_base64` — scene image
- `original_question` / `swapped_question` — minimal pair differing in subject/reference order
- `original_answer` / `swapped_answer` — expected single-word answers (e.g., `left` / `right`)
- `category` — one of `left right above under far close`
- `group` — `horizontal` / `vertical` / `distance`
- `index`, `question_id` — identifiers for matching to the HuggingFace dataset cache

### swap_record Structure

```python
{
    'index':           int,
    'group':           str,          # 'horizontal' | 'vertical' | 'distance'
    'category':        str,          # 'left' | 'right' | 'above' | 'under' | 'far' | 'close'
    'pred_orig':       str,          # model output for original question
    'pred_swap':       str,          # model output for swapped question
    'is_correct_orig': bool,
    'is_correct_swap': bool,
    'hs_orig':         {layer_idx: np.ndarray},   # hidden state vectors
    'hs_swap':         {layer_idx: np.ndarray},
    'delta':           {layer_idx: np.ndarray},   # hs_swap[L] - hs_orig[L]
}
```

### Answer Checking

```python
def check_answer(generated_text, expected_category):
    # Find earliest position of expected word (+ synonyms) and opposite word
    pos_exp = find_earliest_position(text, expected)
    pos_opp = find_earliest_position(text, opposite)
    return pos_exp != -1 and (pos_opp == -1 or pos_exp < pos_opp)
```

Synonyms handled: `under → [below, beneath]`, `close → [near, nearby]`, `far → [distant]`

---

## Analysis Metrics

### 1. Within-Category Consistency

For each category and layer, compute mean pairwise cosine similarity among all delta vectors
of that category. High similarity means the model encodes the concept consistently.

```
similarity_matrix = cosine_similarity(delta_vectors)   # shape: (n, n)
mean = upper_triangle(similarity_matrix).mean()
```

### 2. Sign-Corrected Group Consistency

Flip deltas from the *opposite* category (e.g., flip `right` deltas by −1) so all deltas
point in the canonical direction (e.g., toward `left`). Then compute mean pairwise cosine
similarity across the entire group.

```
for each delta in group:
    if category == opposite_category:  d = -d
mean_pairwise_cosine(all_deltas)
```

### 3. Cross-Group Alignment (Vertical × Distance)

Each **quad** provides two deltas from the same scene:
- `delta_vert`: hidden state difference for a vertical swap (above/under)
- `delta_dist`: hidden state difference for a distance swap (far/close)

If `cosine(delta_vert, delta_dist)` is consistently positive, the model may conflate
vertical position with depth (perspective bias hypothesis).

Significance is assessed with a **permutation test** (100 shuffles of distance deltas).

---

## Saved Outputs (per model, per scale)

```
results/{model}/
├── csv/
│   ├── delta_similarity_{scale}_L{n}_all_pairs.csv   # pairwise category similarity matrix
│   └── summary.csv
├── json/
│   ├── pred_stats_{scale}.json                        # per-group accuracy (orig/swap/both)
│   ├── category_validity_{scale}.json                 # per-category accuracy + reliable flag
│   ├── sign_corrected_consistency_{scale}_{tag}.json  # {group_L{n}: {mean, std, n}}
│   ├── within_cat_consistency_{scale}_{tag}.json      # {cat_L{n}: {mean, std, n}}
│   └── cross_alignment_{scale}.json                   # {L{n}: {per_sample_mean, mean_delta_alignment, ...}}
├── npz/
│   ├── vectors_{scale}.npz                            # orig/swap/delta vectors + metadata (5 rep layers)
│   └── cross_group_vectors_{scale}.npz               # delta_vert / delta_dist per quad
└── plots/
    ├── all/
    │   ├── pca/                pca_{scale}_L{n}.png
    │   ├── pca_3d/             pca_{scale}_L{n}.png   (from pca_3d.py)
    │   └── ...
    ├── both_correct/
    ├── all_with_validity/
    └── accuracy/               (from accuracy_chart.py)
```

---

## Scales

| Scale key | Samples seen | Global steps (batch=64) |
|---|---|---|
| `vanilla` | 0 (base model) | — |
| `80k` | 80,000 | 1,250 |
| `400k` | 400,000 | 6,250 |
| `800k` | 800,000 | 12,500 |
| `2m` | 2,000,000 | 31,250 |
| `roborefer` | NVILA only — RoboRefer fine-tuned | — |

---

## Key Scripts in This Directory

| Script | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `swap_analysis.py` | Main extraction + analysis + plotting |
| `unify_consistency_ylim.py` | Post-hoc: unify y-axis across scales for consistency plots |
| `pca_2d_recolor.py` | Post-hoc: overwrite 2D PCA plots with unified color scheme |
| `pca_3d.py` | Post-hoc: generate 3D PCA plots from existing NPZ files |
| `accuracy_chart.py` | Post-hoc: generate accuracy bar/trajectory plots from saved JSONs |
| `run_molmo.sh` / `run_nvila.sh` / `run_qwen.sh` | Shell wrappers for running all scales + merge |