{
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  "@type": "sc:Dataset",
  "conformsTo": "http://mlcommons.org/croissant/1.0",
  "name": "RFSchemBench",
  "description": "A multimodal LLM evaluation benchmark for RF circuit schematic understanding. 2,348 questions across 590 schematic pages from 5 publicly available RF data sources, organized in a four-level semantic hierarchy: Component Understanding, Structural Understanding, Functional Understanding, and Dynamic Reasoning (simulation-grounded counterfactual plot reasoning). Constructed via expert-rule-guided programmatic generation; LLMs are deliberately excluded from the gold-answer path.",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/anonymous-submission042/RFSchemBench",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "citeAs": "@misc{rfschembench2026, title={RFSchemBench: A Multi-Source, Hierarchically-Structured Multimodal Benchmark for RF Circuit Schematic Understanding}, author={Anonymous}, year={2026}, note={Submitted to NeurIPS 2026 Evaluations \\& Datasets Track}}",
  "creator": {
    "@type": "sc:Organization",
    "name": "Anonymous (double-blind submission)"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "RF",
    "circuit",
    "schematic",
    "multimodal",
    "benchmark",
    "VQA",
    "engineering"
  ],
  "datePublished": "2026-05-01",
  "isLiveDataset": false,
  "distribution": [
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  ],
  "recordSet": [
    {
      "@type": "cr:RecordSet",
      "@id": "permissive",
      "name": "RFSchemBench - permissive subset",
      "description": "RFSchemBench rows from sources licensed under CC-BY-4.0-compatible terms (excludes the m17 NC-licensed source class). N=2,258.",
      "field": [
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/question_id",
          "name": "question_id",
          "description": "Stable unique identifier",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "permissive-parquet"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "question_id"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/item_id",
          "name": "item_id",
          "description": "Source schematic identifier",
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
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          "name": "source",
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/level",
          "name": "level",
          "description": "One of: Component Understanding / Structural Understanding / Functional Understanding / Dynamic Reasoning",
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            "fileObject": {
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            "extract": {
              "column": "level"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
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          "name": "category",
          "description": "Coarse-grained category tag",
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              "column": "category"
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/question",
          "name": "question",
          "description": "English question text (what models are evaluated on)",
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/image",
          "name": "image",
          "description": "Primary schematic rendering (PNG bytes embedded)",
          "dataType": "sc:ImageObject",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "permissive-parquet"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "image"
            },
            "transform": {
              "jsonPath": "$.bytes"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/context_images",
          "name": "context_images",
          "description": "Auxiliary context images (Dynamic Reasoning rows only). List of {caption, image-bytes}.",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "permissive-parquet"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "context_images"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/options",
          "name": "options",
          "description": "Multi-choice options for Dynamic Reasoning rows. List of {label, text, image-bytes}.",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "permissive-parquet"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "options"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/answer_type",
          "name": "answer_type",
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            "extract": {
              "column": "answer_type"
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/answer_allowed",
          "name": "answer_allowed",
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        },
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          "@type": "cr:Field",
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        },
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          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/source_schematic",
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        },
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          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "permissive/license",
          "name": "license",
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          "source": {
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            "extract": {
              "column": "license"
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          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "cr:RecordSet",
      "@id": "nc_allowed",
      "name": "RFSchemBench - NC-allowed full subset",
      "description": "Full RFSchemBench (all 5 source classes, N=2,348). Includes 90 rows under CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0. NonCommercial usage only.",
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        {
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          "description": "Stable unique identifier",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
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              "column": "source"
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "nc_allowed/level",
          "name": "level",
          "description": "One of: Component Understanding / Structural Understanding / Functional Understanding / Dynamic Reasoning",
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          }
        },
        {
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          "name": "category",
          "description": "Coarse-grained category tag",
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              "column": "category"
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          }
        },
        {
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        },
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          "description": "Primary schematic rendering (PNG bytes embedded)",
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              "column": "image"
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          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
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          "name": "context_images",
          "description": "Auxiliary context images (Dynamic Reasoning rows only). List of {caption, image-bytes}.",
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          "source": {
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              "column": "context_images"
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          }
        },
        {
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          "description": "Multi-choice options for Dynamic Reasoning rows. List of {label, text, image-bytes}.",
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              "@id": "nc_allowed-parquet"
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              "column": "options"
            }
          }
        },
        {
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          "source": {
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            "extract": {
              "column": "answer_type"
            }
          }
        },
        {
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          "@id": "nc_allowed/answer_allowed",
          "name": "answer_allowed",
          "description": "Permitted enum values (empty for non-enum types)",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
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            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "nc_allowed-parquet"
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            "extract": {
              "column": "answer_allowed"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "nc_allowed/answer",
          "name": "answer",
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              "column": "answer"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "nc_allowed/source_schematic",
          "name": "source_schematic",
          "description": "Provenance: original .kicad_sch / .sch path",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "nc_allowed-parquet"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "source_schematic"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "nc_allowed/license",
          "name": "license",
          "description": "Per-row license tag (CC-BY-4.0 or CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0)",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "nc_allowed-parquet"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "license"
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "rai:dataCollection": "Schematic source files (.kicad_sch, .qucs) were collected from publicly available GitHub repositories for the qucs / kicad / myriadrf / m17 / oresat ecosystems. Pages were rendered to PNG via KiCad CLI and Qucs native renderers. A page-level Qwen3.6 RF-relevance gate filtered out non-RF pages.",
  "rai:dataCollectionType": "Crawled / programmatically rendered from authoritative open-source schematic repositories.",
  "rai:dataCollectionRawData": "Original `.kicad_sch` and `.qucs` files plus their rendered images.",
  "rai:dataPreprocessingProtocol": "Each schematic page is rendered to a primary PNG image. For Dynamic Reasoning, ngspice simulation outputs and counterfactual variant plots are pre-computed. RF-relevance gating applied at the page level.",
  "rai:dataAnnotationProtocol": "Gold answers are produced deterministically by Python rules authored by domain experts, extracting structured ground truth from KiCad CLI / Qucs / ngspice outputs. LLMs are NOT used in the gold-answer path. Iterative rule refinement: experts review generated questions and patch rules when systematic errors are found; the released release reflects the latest revisions.",
  "rai:dataAnnotationPlatform": "Custom Python pipelines under `qa_pipelines/<source>/` in the source repository.",
  "rai:dataAnnotationAnalysis": "An independent post-hoc gold audit on a stratified sample is planned as part of the validity protocol; results will be reported in the camera-ready paper.",
  "rai:annotationsPerItem": "1 gold answer per question, deterministic from rules.",
  "rai:annotatorDemographics": "Gold answers produced by deterministic rule code; no human annotators per item.",
  "rai:dataUseCases": [
    "Evaluation of multimodal LLMs on RF circuit schematic understanding.",
    "Diagnostic analysis of structural connectivity reasoning in vision-language models.",
    "Reasoning-mode (thinking on/off) ablation studies."
  ],
  "rai:dataLimitations": "Per-source-class question counts are imbalanced (40 to 974); per-source claims should be reported with N. Dynamic Reasoning subset (N=55) exists only on simulation-capable source class. Questions evaluated in English; Chinese parallel translations provided for reference. Single-image-per-question protocol.",
  "rai:dataBiases": "Source-class bias: the largest source class contributes ~41% of questions, which can dominate micro accuracy. We provide a `permissive` config that excludes the NonCommercial source and recommend reporting both micro and source-balanced macro accuracy. Domain bias: schematics are biased toward open-source SDR / amateur radio / satellite hardware; commercial proprietary RF designs are not represented.",
  "rai:dataReleaseMaintenancePlan": "Versioned releases under semver. Discussion thread is open for gold-answer corrections and parser / scorer disputes. After acceptance, this anonymous repository will be transferred to a maintainer account.",
  "rai:personalSensitiveInformation": "None. The dataset contains schematic images from open-source hardware projects, with no personally identifiable information, biometric data, or sensitive content.",
  "rai:dataSocialImpact": "Positive: enables systematic evaluation of multimodal LLMs on RF engineering tasks, supporting safer deployment in EE / RF design workflows. Risk: LLMs that perform well on this benchmark are not certified for production EE design. Use as evaluation tool, not deployment certification.",
  "rai:hasSyntheticData": false,
  "prov:wasDerivedFrom": [
    {
      "@type": "sc:Dataset",
      "name": "Qucs-S example library (RF subset)",
      "description": "Educational RF circuit examples shipped with Qucs-S; rendered to PNG via Qucs native renderer.",
      "url": "https://github.com/ra3xdh/qucs_s"
    },
    {
      "@type": "sc:Dataset",
      "name": "KiCad public RF schematic projects",
      "description": "Curated set of public GitHub KiCad projects with RF subsystems; rendered to PNG via KiCad CLI."
    },
    {
      "@type": "sc:Dataset",
      "name": "MyriadRF / LimeSDR hardware schematics",
      "description": "Professional SDR board schematics released by Lime Microsystems and the MyriadRF community.",
      "url": "https://github.com/myriadrf"
    },
    {
      "@type": "sc:Dataset",
      "name": "M17 Project digital radio hardware",
      "description": "Open-source digital radio community hardware schematics (CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0 — used in nc_allowed config only).",
      "url": "https://github.com/M17-Project"
    },
    {
      "@type": "sc:Dataset",
      "name": "OreSat satellite GPS module",
      "description": "OreSat space hardware schematics covering RF / GPS subsystems.",
      "url": "https://github.com/oresat"
    }
  ],
  "prov:wasGeneratedBy": {
    "@type": "prov:Activity",
    "name": "RFSchemBench construction pipeline",
    "description": "(1) Schematic source files from open-source repos rendered to PNG via KiCad CLI / Qucs native; (2) Page-level RF-relevance gate (Qwen3.6, used only as filter, not for gold answers); (3) Domain-expert-authored Python rules (`qa_pipelines/<source>/build_tier{1..4}_question_bank.py`) deterministically extract structured ground truth from KiCad netlist / Qucs schematic graph / ngspice simulation outputs and emit (question, gold) tuples; (4) Iterative rule refinement: experts review samples and patch rules upon discovering systematic errors."
  }
}