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坐标系约定和四元数工具
ERPT_native 坐标系标准:
- 世界坐标系:右手系 [X右, Y上, Z前]
- 满足:X × Y = Z(右手法则)
- ERP投影约定:
- lon = atan2(x, z):经度,范围 [-π, π]
- lat = asin(y):纬度,范围 [-π/2, π/2]
- 图像中心(u=W/2, v=H/2)看向 +Z 方向
- 图像顶部是 +Y 方向(上)
位姿格式:
- position: [x, y, z],相机中心在世界坐标系的位置(米)
- rotation_quaternion: [w, x, y, z],表示 camera->world 旋转 (R_cw)
数学约定:
- P_world = R_cw @ P_cam + t(相机坐标系到世界坐标系)
- P_cam = R_wc @ (P_world - t)(世界坐标系到相机坐标系)
- R_wc = R_cw^T
"""
import numpy as np
from typing import Tuple
def quat_wxyz_to_rotation_matrix(q: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
四元数转旋转矩阵
输入四元数表示 camera->world 旋转 (R_cw)
Args:
q: (4,) 四元数 [w, x, y, z],需归一化
Returns:
R: (3, 3) 旋转矩阵 R_cw
"""
q = np.asarray(q, dtype=np.float64).flatten()
assert q.shape == (4,), f"Expected shape (4,), got {q.shape}"
# 归一化
norm = np.linalg.norm(q)
if norm < 1e-9:
raise ValueError(f"Quaternion norm too small: {norm}")
q = q / norm
w, x, y, z = q[0], q[1], q[2], q[3]
# 旋转矩阵公式
R = np.array([
[1 - 2*(y*y + z*z), 2*(x*y - w*z), 2*(x*z + w*y)],
[2*(x*y + w*z), 1 - 2*(x*x + z*z), 2*(y*z - w*x)],
[2*(x*z - w*y), 2*(y*z + w*x), 1 - 2*(x*x + y*y)]
], dtype=np.float64)
return R
def rotation_matrix_to_quat_wxyz(R: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
旋转矩阵转四元数
Args:
R: (3, 3) 旋转矩阵
Returns:
q: (4,) 四元数 [w, x, y, z]
"""
R = np.asarray(R, dtype=np.float64).reshape(3, 3)
# 确保正交性(SVD正交化)
U, _, Vt = np.linalg.svd(R)
R = U @ Vt
if np.linalg.det(R) < 0:
U[:, -1] *= -1
R = U @ Vt
# Shepperd's method
trace = np.trace(R)
if trace > 0:
s = 2.0 * np.sqrt(trace + 1.0)
w = 0.25 * s
x = (R[2, 1] - R[1, 2]) / s
y = (R[0, 2] - R[2, 0]) / s
z = (R[1, 0] - R[0, 1]) / s
elif R[0, 0] > R[1, 1] and R[0, 0] > R[2, 2]:
s = 2.0 * np.sqrt(1.0 + R[0, 0] - R[1, 1] - R[2, 2])
w = (R[2, 1] - R[1, 2]) / s
x = 0.25 * s
y = (R[0, 1] + R[1, 0]) / s
z = (R[0, 2] + R[2, 0]) / s
elif R[1, 1] > R[2, 2]:
s = 2.0 * np.sqrt(1.0 + R[1, 1] - R[0, 0] - R[2, 2])
w = (R[0, 2] - R[2, 0]) / s
x = (R[0, 1] + R[1, 0]) / s
y = 0.25 * s
z = (R[1, 2] + R[2, 1]) / s
else:
s = 2.0 * np.sqrt(1.0 + R[2, 2] - R[0, 0] - R[1, 1])
w = (R[1, 0] - R[0, 1]) / s
x = (R[0, 2] + R[2, 0]) / s
y = (R[1, 2] + R[2, 1]) / s
z = 0.25 * s
q = np.array([w, x, y, z], dtype=np.float64)
# 归一化
q = q / np.linalg.norm(q)
# 确保 w >= 0(唯一性)
if q[0] < 0:
q = -q
return q
def R_cw_to_R_wc(R_cw: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
camera->world 旋转矩阵转换为 world->camera
R_wc = R_cw^T
Args:
R_cw: (3, 3) camera->world 旋转矩阵
Returns:
R_wc: (3, 3) world->camera 旋转矩阵
"""
return R_cw.T
def R_wc_to_R_cw(R_wc: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
world->camera 旋转矩阵转换为 camera->world
R_cw = R_wc^T
Args:
R_wc: (3, 3) world->camera 旋转矩阵
Returns:
R_cw: (3, 3) camera->world 旋转矩阵
"""
return R_wc.T
def validate_rotation_matrix(R: np.ndarray, tol: float = 1e-5) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
"""
验证旋转矩阵的有效性
Args:
R: (3, 3) 待验证的矩阵
tol: 容差
Returns:
(is_valid, message)
"""
R = np.asarray(R, dtype=np.float64).reshape(3, 3)
# 检查正交性:R^T @ R = I
I = R.T @ R
orth_err = np.max(np.abs(I - np.eye(3)))
if orth_err > tol:
return False, f"Orthogonality error: {orth_err:.6e} > {tol}"
# 检查行列式:det(R) = +1
det = np.linalg.det(R)
if np.abs(det - 1.0) > tol:
return False, f"Determinant error: det(R)={det:.6f}, expected 1.0"
return True, "Valid rotation matrix"
def orthonormalize_rotation(R: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""
使用SVD正交化旋转矩阵
Args:
R: (3, 3) 近似旋转矩阵
Returns:
R_orth: (3, 3) 正交化后的旋转矩阵
"""
U, _, Vt = np.linalg.svd(R)
R_orth = U @ Vt
if np.linalg.det(R_orth) < 0:
U[:, -1] *= -1
R_orth = U @ Vt
return R_orth
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