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@@ -65,3 +65,23 @@ Estimates/T.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 Estimates/flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 Estimates/stocks.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 Estimates/test_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Flow_data/Facebook/facebook_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Flow_data/National_Statistics/FIN_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Flow_data/National_Statistics/NZL_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Flow_data/National_Statistics/SWE_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Flow_data/QuantMig_data/Quantmig_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Flow_data/flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/GDP_data/GDP_data.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Gravity_datasets/col.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Gravity_datasets/dist.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Gravity_datasets/lang.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Gravity_datasets/relig.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Gravity_datasets/trade_flows.csv filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Gravity_datasets/trade_flows.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/Net_migration/UN_WPP_2024_net_migration.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/UNHCR_data/refugee_data.csv filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/UNHCR_data/refugee_data_all.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/UN_WPP_data/UN_WPP_data.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/UN_stock_data/stock_data.nc filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/world_shapefile/ne_50m_admin_0_countries.dbf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Data/world_shapefile/ne_50m_admin_0_countries.shp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

Data/Coordinates.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+Country,Alpha-2 code,Alpha-3 code,Numeric code,Latitude,Longitude
+Afghanistan,AF,AFG,4,33,65
+Åland Islands,AX,ALA,248,60.116667,19.9
+Albania,AL,ALB,8,41,20
+Algeria,DZ,DZA,12,28,3
+American Samoa,AS,ASM,16,-14.3333,-170
+Andorra,AD,AND,20,42.5,1.6
+Angola,AO,AGO,24,-12.5,18.5
+Anguilla,AI,AIA,660,18.25,-63.1667
+Antarctica,AQ,ATA,10,-90,0
+Antigua and Barbuda,AG,ATG,28,17.05,-61.8
+Argentina,AR,ARG,32,-34,-64
+Armenia,AM,ARM,51,40,45
+Aruba,AW,ABW,533,12.5,-69.9667
+Australia,AU,AUS,36,-27,133
+Austria,AT,AUT,40,47.3333,13.3333
+Azerbaijan,AZ,AZE,31,40.5,47.5
+Bahamas,BS,BHS,44,24.25,-76
+Bahrain,BH,BHR,48,26,50.55
+Bangladesh,BD,BGD,50,24,90
+Barbados,BB,BRB,52,13.1667,-59.5333
+Belarus,BY,BLR,112,53,28
+Belgium,BE,BEL,56,50.8333,4
+Belize,BZ,BLZ,84,17.25,-88.75
+Benin,BJ,BEN,204,9.5,2.25
+Bermuda,BM,BMU,60,32.3333,-64.75
+Bhutan,BT,BTN,64,27.5,90.5
+"Bolivia, Plurinational State of",BO,BOL,68,-17,-65
+Bolivia,BO,BOL,68,-17,-65
+"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba",BQ,BES,535,12.183333,-68.233333
+Bosnia and Herzegovina,BA,BIH,70,44,18
+Botswana,BW,BWA,72,-22,24
+Bouvet Island,BV,BVT,74,-54.4333,3.4
+Brazil,BR,BRA,76,-10,-55
+British Indian Ocean Territory,IO,IOT,86,-6,71.5
+Brunei Darussalam,BN,BRN,96,4.5,114.6667
+Brunei,BN,BRN,96,4.5,114.6667
+Bulgaria,BG,BGR,100,43,25
+Burkina Faso,BF,BFA,854,13,-2
+Burma,MM,MMR,104,22,98
+Burundi,BI,BDI,108,-3.5,30
+Cambodia,KH,KHM,116,13,105
+Cameroon,CM,CMR,120,6,12
+Canada,CA,CAN,124,60,-95
+Cape Verde,CV,CPV,132,16,-24
+Cayman Islands,KY,CYM,136,19.5,-80.5
+Central African Republic,CF,CAF,140,7,21
+Chad,TD,TCD,148,15,19
+Chile,CL,CHL,152,-30,-71
+China,CN,CHN,156,35,105
+Christmas Island,CX,CXR,162,-10.5,105.6667
+Cocos (Keeling) Islands,CC,CCK,166,-12.5,96.8333
+Colombia,CO,COL,170,4,-72
+Comoros,KM,COM,174,-12.1667,44.25
+"Congo, the Democratic Republic of the",CD,COD,180,0,25
+Congo,CG,COG,178,-1,15
+Cook Islands,CK,COK,184,-21.2333,-159.7667
+Costa Rica,CR,CRI,188,10,-84
+Côte d'Ivoire,CI,CIV,384,8,-5
+Croatia,HR,HRV,191,45.1667,15.5
+Cuba,CU,CUB,192,21.5,-80
+Curaçao,CW,CUW,531,12.166667,-68.966667
+Cyprus,CY,CYP,196,35,33
+Czech Republic,CZ,CZE,203,49.75,15.5
+Denmark,DK,DNK,208,56,10
+Djibouti,DJ,DJI,262,11.5,43
+Dominica,DM,DMA,212,15.4167,-61.3333
+Dominican Republic,DO,DOM,214,19,-70.6667
+Ecuador,EC,ECU,218,-2,-77.5
+Egypt,EG,EGY,818,27,30
+El Salvador,SV,SLV,222,13.8333,-88.9167
+Equatorial Guinea,GQ,GNQ,226,2,10
+Eritrea,ER,ERI,232,15,39
+Estonia,EE,EST,233,59,26
+Ethiopia,ET,ETH,231,8,38
+Falkland Islands (Malvinas),FK,FLK,238,-51.75,-59
+Faroe Islands,FO,FRO,234,62,-7
+Fiji,FJ,FJI,242,-18,175
+Finland,FI,FIN,246,64,26
+France,FR,FRA,250,46,2
+French Guiana,GF,GUF,254,4,-53
+French Polynesia,PF,PYF,258,-15,-140
+French Southern Territories,TF,ATF,260,-43,67
+Gabon,GA,GAB,266,-1,11.75
+Gambia,GM,GMB,270,13.4667,-16.5667
+Georgia,GE,GEO,268,42,43.5
+Germany,DE,DEU,276,51,9
+Ghana,GH,GHA,288,8,-2
+Gibraltar,GI,GIB,292,36.1833,-5.3667
+Greece,GR,GRC,300,39,22
+Greenland,GL,GRL,304,72,-40
+Grenada,GD,GRD,308,12.1167,-61.6667
+Guadeloupe,GP,GLP,312,16.25,-61.5833
+Guam,GU,GUM,316,13.4667,144.7833
+Guatemala,GT,GTM,320,15.5,-90.25
+Guernsey,GG,GGY,831,49.5,-2.56
+Guinea-Bissau,GW,GNB,624,12,-15
+Guinea,GN,GIN,324,11,-10
+Guyana,GY,GUY,328,5,-59
+Haiti,HT,HTI,332,19,-72.4167
+Heard Island and McDonald Islands,HM,HMD,334,-53.1,72.5167
+Holy See (Vatican City State),VA,VAT,336,41.9,12.45
+Honduras,HN,HND,340,15,-86.5
+Hong Kong,HK,HKG,344,22.25,114.1667
+Hungary,HU,HUN,348,47,20
+Iceland,IS,ISL,352,65,-18
+India,IN,IND,356,20,77
+Indonesia,ID,IDN,360,-5,120
+"Iran, Islamic Republic of",IR,IRN,364,32,53
+Iraq,IQ,IRQ,368,33,44
+Ireland,IE,IRL,372,53,-8
+Isle of Man,IM,IMN,833,54.23,-4.55
+Israel,IL,ISR,376,31.5,34.75
+Italy,IT,ITA,380,42.8333,12.8333
+Ivory Coast,CI,CIV,384,8,-5
+Jamaica,JM,JAM,388,18.25,-77.5
+Japan,JP,JPN,392,36,138
+Jersey,JE,JEY,832,49.21,-2.13
+Jordan,JO,JOR,400,31,36
+Kazakhstan,KZ,KAZ,398,48,68
+Kenya,KE,KEN,404,1,38
+Kiribati,KI,KIR,296,1.4167,173
+"Korea, Democratic People's Republic of",KP,PRK,408,40,127
+"Korea, Republic of",KR,KOR,410,37,127.5
+Kosovo,XK,XKX,95,42.583333,21
+Kuwait,KW,KWT,414,29.3375,47.6581
+Kyrgyzstan,KG,KGZ,417,41,75
+Lao People's Democratic Republic,LA,LAO,418,18,105
+Latvia,LV,LVA,428,57,25
+Lebanon,LB,LBN,422,33.8333,35.8333
+Lesotho,LS,LSO,426,-29.5,28.5
+Liberia,LR,LBR,430,6.5,-9.5
+Libya,LY,LBY,434,25,17
+Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,LY,LBY,434,25,17
+Liechtenstein,LI,LIE,438,47.1667,9.5333
+Lithuania,LT,LTU,440,56,24
+Luxembourg,LU,LUX,442,49.75,6.1667
+Macao,MO,MAC,446,22.1667,113.55
+"Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of",MK,MKD,807,41.8333,22
+Madagascar,MG,MDG,450,-20,47
+Malawi,MW,MWI,454,-13.5,34
+Malaysia,MY,MYS,458,2.5,112.5
+Maldives,MV,MDV,462,3.25,73
+Mali,ML,MLI,466,17,-4
+Malta,MT,MLT,470,35.8333,14.5833
+Marshall Islands,MH,MHL,584,9,168
+Martinique,MQ,MTQ,474,14.6667,-61
+Mauritania,MR,MRT,478,20,-12
+Mauritius,MU,MUS,480,-20.2833,57.55
+Mayotte,YT,MYT,175,-12.8333,45.1667
+Mexico,MX,MEX,484,23,-102
+"Micronesia, Federated States of",FM,FSM,583,6.9167,158.25
+"Moldova, Republic of",MD,MDA,498,47,29
+Monaco,MC,MCO,492,43.7333,7.4
+Mongolia,MN,MNG,496,46,105
+Montenegro,ME,MNE,499,42,19
+Montserrat,MS,MSR,500,16.75,-62.2
+Morocco,MA,MAR,504,32,-5
+Mozambique,MZ,MOZ,508,-18.25,35
+Myanmar,MM,MMR,104,22,98
+Namibia,NA,NAM,516,-22,17
+Nauru,NR,NRU,520,-0.5333,166.9167
+Nepal,NP,NPL,524,28,84
+Netherlands Antilles,AN,ANT,530,12.25,-68.75
+Netherlands,NL,NLD,528,52.5,5.75
+New Caledonia,NC,NCL,540,-21.5,165.5
+New Zealand,NZ,NZL,554,-41,174
+Nicaragua,NI,NIC,558,13,-85
+Niger,NE,NER,562,16,8
+Nigeria,NG,NGA,566,10,8
+Niue,NU,NIU,570,-19.0333,-169.8667
+Norfolk Island,NF,NFK,574,-29.0333,167.95
+Northern Mariana Islands,MP,MNP,580,15.2,145.75
+Norway,NO,NOR,578,62,10
+Oman,OM,OMN,512,21,57
+Pakistan,PK,PAK,586,30,70
+Palau,PW,PLW,585,7.5,134.5
+"Palestinian Territory, Occupied",PS,PSE,275,32,35.25
+Panama,PA,PAN,591,9,-80
+Papua New Guinea,PG,PNG,598,-6,147
+Paraguay,PY,PRY,600,-23,-58
+Peru,PE,PER,604,-10,-76
+Philippines,PH,PHL,608,13,122
+Pitcairn,PN,PCN,612,-24.7,-127.4
+Poland,PL,POL,616,52,20
+Portugal,PT,PRT,620,39.5,-8
+Puerto Rico,PR,PRI,630,18.25,-66.5
+Qatar,QA,QAT,634,25.5,51.25
+Réunion,RE,REU,638,-21.1,55.6
+Romania,RO,ROU,642,46,25
+Russia,RU,RUS,643,60,100
+Russian Federation,RU,RUS,643,60,100
+Rwanda,RW,RWA,646,-2,30
+Saint Barthélemy,BL,BLM,652,17.897728,-62.834244
+"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha",SH,SHN,654,-15.9333,-5.7
+Saint Kitts and Nevis,KN,KNA,659,17.3333,-62.75
+Saint Lucia,LC,LCA,662,13.8833,-61.1333
+Saint Martin (French part),MF,MAF,663,18.075278,-63.06
+Saint Pierre and Miquelon,PM,SPM,666,46.8333,-56.3333
+Saint Vincent & the Grenadines,VC,VCT,670,13.25,-61.2
+Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,VC,VCT,670,13.25,-61.2
+Samoa,WS,WSM,882,-13.5833,-172.3333
+San Marino,SM,SMR,674,43.7667,12.4167
+Sao Tome and Principe,ST,STP,678,1,7
+Saudi Arabia,SA,SAU,682,25,45
+Senegal,SN,SEN,686,14,-14
+Serbia,RS,SRB,688,44,21
+Seychelles,SC,SYC,690,-4.5833,55.6667
+Sierra Leone,SL,SLE,694,8.5,-11.5
+Singapore,SG,SGP,702,1.3667,103.8
+Sint Maarten (Dutch part),SX,SXM,534,18.033333,-63.05
+Slovakia,SK,SVK,703,48.6667,19.5
+Slovenia,SI,SVN,705,46,15
+Solomon Islands,SB,SLB,90,-8,159
+Somalia,SO,SOM,706,10,49
+South Africa,ZA,ZAF,710,-29,24
+South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,GS,SGS,239,-54.5,-37
+South Korea,KR,KOR,410,37,127.5
+South Sudan,SS,SSD,728,8,30
+Spain,ES,ESP,724,40,-4
+Sri Lanka,LK,LKA,144,7,81
+St. Vincent and the Grenadines,VC,VCT,670,13.25,-61.2
+Sudan,SD,SDN,736,15,30
+Suriname,SR,SUR,740,4,-56
+Svalbard and Jan Mayen,SJ,SJM,744,78,20
+Swaziland,SZ,SWZ,748,-26.5,31.5
+Sweden,SE,SWE,752,62,15
+Switzerland,CH,CHE,756,47,8
+Syrian Arab Republic,SY,SYR,760,35,38
+Taiwan,TW,TWN,158,23.5,121
+Tajikistan,TJ,TJK,762,39,71
+"Tanzania, United Republic of",TZ,TZA,834,-6,35
+Thailand,TH,THA,764,15,100
+Timor-Leste,TL,TLS,626,-8.55,125.5167
+Togo,TG,TGO,768,8,1.1667
+Tokelau,TK,TKL,772,-9,-172
+Tonga,TO,TON,776,-20,-175
+Trinidad and Tobago,TT,TTO,780,11,-61
+Tunisia,TN,TUN,788,34,9
+Turkey,TR,TUR,792,39,35
+Turkmenistan,TM,TKM,795,40,60
+Turks and Caicos Islands,TC,TCA,796,21.75,-71.5833
+Tuvalu,TV,TUV,798,-8,178
+Uganda,UG,UGA,800,1,32
+Ukraine,UA,UKR,804,49,32
+United Arab Emirates,AE,ARE,784,24,54
+United Kingdom,GB,GBR,826,54,-2
+United States Minor Outlying Islands,UM,UMI,581,19.2833,166.6
+United States,US,USA,840,38,-97
+Uruguay,UY,URY,858,-33,-56
+Uzbekistan,UZ,UZB,860,41,64
+Vanuatu,VU,VUT,548,-16,167
+"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of",VE,VEN,862,8,-66
+Venezuela,VE,VEN,862,8,-66
+Viet Nam,VN,VNM,704,16,106
+Vietnam,VN,VNM,704,16,106
+"Virgin Islands, British",VG,VGB,92,18.5,-64.5
+"Virgin Islands, U.S.",VI,VIR,850,18.3333,-64.8333
+Wallis and Futuna,WF,WLF,876,-13.3,-176.2
+Western Sahara,EH,ESH,732,24.5,-13
+Yemen,YE,YEM,887,15,48
+Zambia,ZM,ZMB,894,-15,30
+Zimbabwe,ZW,ZWE,716,-20,30

Data/Flow_data/Facebook/facebook_flows.nc

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Data/Flow_data/National_Statistics/FIN_flows.nc

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Data/GDP_data/GDP_data.nc

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Data/GDP_data/README.md

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+GDP data for 231 nations and territories
+---
+This folder contains economic data for 231 nations and territories for the period 1960–2023. Real GDP per capita and 
+real GDP growth rates are complete for the period 1990–2023, and extend even further back in many cases. The dataset
+contains the following variables:
+
+- Nominal GDP
+- Real GDP, in 2015 USD
+- Nominal GDP/capita
+- Real GDP/capita, in 2015 USD
+- GDP real annual growth (in %)
+- GDP deflator
+- Exchange rate
+
+# Main sources
+Data is mostly taken from four sources:
+
+- The [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org)
+- [UNCTAD](https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.GDPTotal)
+- The [IMF World Economic Outlook Database](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October)
+- The [Maddison Project](https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023)
+
+Since we need complete data on real GDP/capita and real growth rates for the years 1990–2023, we fill gaps by 
+extrapolating available data back using the real growth rate, where available. Where this is impossible, we use national 
+statistics and estimates from reliable sources to infer gaps; where no data is available at all, we extrapolate using 
+neighbouring or similar countries.
+
+### World Bank
+The World Bank provides data on nominal and real GDP and GDP per capita, as well as
+growth rates, the GDP deflator, and the exchange rate.
+
+### IMF
+The IMF provides GDP/capita in current USD, current PPP, and 2021 PPP, as well as GDP at current prices
+and GDP % change in their World Economic Outlook dataset.
+
+### Maddison Project
+The Maddison Project provides [historical GDP per capita data](https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023.)
+in const. international 2011 USD.
+
+### UNCTAD
+UNCTAD provides real GDP per capita in 2015 USD.
+
+### UN DESA
+UN DESA provides some nominal GDP per capita figures [here](https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID:101;currID:USD;pcFlag:1&c=2,3,5,6&s=_crEngNameOrderBy:asc,yr:desc&v=1)
+
+# Additional Sources
+The above datasets allow us to calculate real growth rates for many missing countries and 
+territories, and extrapolate values backwards or forwards to estimate GDP/capita. However, many territories
+still lack individual values, which we estimate from national statistics (where available), or infer by 
+extrapolating back based on data (e.g. deflators) from neighbouring countries.
+
+## Caribbean Netherlands
+
+![NL_Caribbean.png](../../Images/Github/NL_Caribbean.png)
+
+UN DESA supplies data for the Former Antilles in nominal terms from 1970–2009. These broadly correspond with the WB 
+figures for Curacao, the largest of the islands (Aruba became an independent constituent in 1986). 
+[Statistics Netherlands](https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/figures/detail/85251ENG) gives data for the BES 
+islands from 2012 on, also in nominal terms. We convert and fill the gaps using the deflator for 
+neighbouring Aruba (which uses base year 2013, and is also a constituent part of the Netherlands).
+
+## French overseas territories
+![FR_overseas.png](../../Images/Github/FR_overseas.png)
+
+Data from [Statista](https://www.statista.com/statistics/1075036/gdp-french-overseas-regions/). 
+We extrapolate back to 1989 and forward to 2023 using average growth rates.
+
+## Small Pacific Islands
+
+![PacificIslands.png](../../Images/Github/Pacific_Islands.png)
+
+Source: [Pacific Community](https://sdd.spc.int/dataset/df_national_accounts). This gives nominal GDP from 2025–2023, 
+as well as country-specific inflation rates until 2022, which we use as a proxy for the GDP deflator. Additionally, we 
+infer missing values using average growth rates from neighbouring countries:
+- Niue, Wallis-Futuna, Tokelau: deflated using the inflation rate as a proxy
+- American Samoa, Niue, Wallis-Futuna: extrapolated back using the average growth rates of New Caledonia, 
+Cook Islands, and Fiji
+- Tokelau: extrpolated back using the growth rate of Fiji
+
+## Guam, Northern Marianas, U.S. Virgin Islands.
+
+![USoverseas.png](../../Images/Github/US_overseas_territories.png)
+
+These are all U.S. overseas territories. 
+We extrapolate Guam and the Marianas back from Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands 
+using an average of Puerto Rico, Antigua, and St. Kitts and Nevis.
+
+## Serbia and Montenegro
+
+![SRBMNE.png](../../Images/Github/SRB_MNE.png)
+
+We can extrapolate back using the growth rates given by the Maddison Project.
+
+## South Sudan
+
+![SRBMNE.png](../../Images/Github/SSD.png)
+
+The World Bank data for South Sudan is clearly erroneous. 
+Since we have stocks from South Sudan from before its founding (2011), 
+we can project the GDP of South Sudan back using GDP growth of Sudan 
+and adjusting to match the 2009 value.
+
+## East Timor
+The growth rate for 1990 is missing; 
+[this](https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/wopapub/senate/committee/fadt_ctte/completed_inquiries/1999_02/east_timor/report/c02_pdf.ashx#:~:text=In%20spite%20of%20the%20economic%20crisis%2C%20the,compared%20to%20the%20national%20figure%20of%206.8%.)
+report by the Australian government suggests an average 10% economic growth from 1987-1997, 
+due to heavy investment in construction. Given the data we already have, this means GDP 
+growth from 1987–1990 must have averaged 11.7%.
+
+## Western Sahara
+
+![ESH.png](../../Images/Github/ESH.png)
+
+We use GDP/capita from Morocco, since ESH is under occupation.
+
+## Saint Pierre-Miquelon
+We use GDP/capita figures from Canada.
+
+## Eritrea
+![ERI.png](../../Images/Github/ERI.png)
+We extrapolate past 1990 using data from Ethiopia.
+
+## Falklands, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, St Helena
+
+![UKoverseas.png](../../Images/Github/UK_overseas.png)
+
+- **Isle of Man**: [Government figures](https://www.gov.im/media/1386794/moodys-isle-of-man-credit-rating-report-december-2024.pdf) 
+estimate real GDP growth at 2.9% in 2022, and 1.5% in 2023.
+- **Falklands**: Some data is available from the [Falklands government](https://www.falklands.gov.fk/policy/statistics/national-accounts) 
+and [historical archives](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.fk/jdownloads/Trade%20and%20Industry/R-TRA-ECO-2-2.%20Economy%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands.pdf). 
+These datapoints match the population-scaled GDP of the Isle of Man very well, so we will the gaps using data from the Isle of Man.
+- **Gibraltar** [Government figures](https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/uploads/statistics/2024/National%20Income/2024.01.02%20Revised%202024.07.01%20National%20Income%20for%20Website%20BB24.png) 
+give GDP in nominal terms. We use the deflator for GBR. Missing values (pre-2009) are extrapolated back using Isle of Man data.
+- **St Helena**: Nominal St Helena data is available from the [government website](https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/st-helena/statistics/st-helena-in-figures/economy/#gdp). 
+We extrapolate back using data from Brazil.
+
+## Faroe Islands
+
+![FRO.png](../../Images/Github/FRO.png)
+
+We use the Danish deflator to extrapolate back.
+
+

Data/Gravity_datasets/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+Gravity covariates
+---
+This folder contains unilateral and bilateral covariates used to train the model.
+GDP data, which is stored in the `Data/GDP_data` folder. Demographic data, such as total population, and
+birth and death rates, is given in the `Data/UN_WPP_data` folder. Conflict data is stored in the
+`Data/UNCDP_data` folder, and refugee data is given in `Data/UNHCR_data`.
+
+## Bilateral trade (`trade_flows`)
+Total trade flow between origin and destination is taken from the [CEPII BACI dataset](https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37), 
+which contains data from 1995–2023. We deflate to const. 2015 USD using the World Bank GDP deflator (provided in the 
+`GDP_data` folder) and fill missing values using the growth rates from UN Comtrade and IMF data, which are also provided 
+by CEPII. Remaining NaN values are backwards-filled using the last known value. Only the `Value (2015 USD)` variable is 
+complete for the period from 1990, since this is the only covariate we are using as a training input.
+
+![Trade.png](../../Images/Github/tradeflows_extrapolation.png)
+
+## Linguistic similarity (`lang`)
+Linguistic similarity is taken from the USITC [Domestic and International Common Language Database (DICL)](https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/dicl.htm) 
+language database. We use the ``csl`` (common spoken language index). 
+As detailed in the description, data for 46 countries is missing: ``AFG, ALA, ANT, ARE, BHR, BIH, BLM, BMU, CCK, CXR, CYM, ERI, FLK, FRO, GGY, GRD, GRL, IOT, ISL, JEY, KNA, KWT, LBY, LIE, MAF, MDV, MSR, NFK, OMN, PCN, PRK, PSE, SDN, SHN, SMR, SOM,
+SPM, SXM, SYR, TCA, TJK, TKL, VAT, VCT, VGB, VNM`` 
+In these cases, we use the average of linguistic proximity (``lpn``) and common native language (``cnl``) instead, as 
+recommended by the authors. For the remaining missing datapoint (BES islands), we use Curacao as a proxy.
+
+![Ling.png](../../Images/Github/ling.png)
+
+## Religious similarity (`relig`)
+This is calculated from the ['Correlates of War'](https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/world-religion-data/) database, 
+which gives the shares of religious adherence for each country. 
+Missing values are taken from the [CIA World Factbook](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/). 
+The religious similarity between two countries is then simply $\langle \alpha_i, \alpha_j \rangle$, 
+where $\alpha_i$ is the religious makeup of country $i$. The 'other' category is excluded (``othrgenpct``).
+
+![Relig.png](../../Images/Github/relig_sim.png)
+
+## EU membership (`eu`)
+Information on EU membership is taken from the CEPII dataset. 
+Since EU membership structure has not changed since 2021 (Brexit), we can extrapolate those values forward.
+EU membership is marked with a '1', non-membership is marked with a 0.
+
+## Colonial ties (`col`)
+Colonial ties are taken from the USITC DGD gravity database (``colony_of_destination_ever``).
+
+## Geographic distance (`dist.nc`)
+Distance is taken from the CEPII dataset (``distw_harmonic``). 
+This is the population-weighted distance between countries. 
+Though the covariates in CEPII is time-dependent, we take the time-averaged value to facilitate predictions on 
+new (future/past) data. Missing datapoints are the British Virgin Islands (VGB) and the Isle of Man (IMN). For the former, 
+we use the data for the U.S. Virgin Islands and set the distance (VGB-VIR) to 80 km. For the latter, we use the UK data and
+set the distance (IMN-GBR) to 300 km.
+

Data/Gravity_datasets/col.nc

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+size 428644

Data/Gravity_datasets/dist.nc

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+size 428632

Data/Gravity_datasets/lang.nc

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:96408b41457fb7f97d9a85963af063d78241de8831f1454c5e14f6de6229a296
+size 428620

Data/Gravity_datasets/relig.nc

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:f4b1b1a28de58eba33eec60d59c1b227a042941d2423965af55a60a905cc7f57
+size 428636

Data/Gravity_datasets/trade_flows.csv

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2c1108060dc85030cd8f74c74e0abf78a8f0ff47fb77217073758fad22a6d678
+size 95985025

Data/Gravity_datasets/trade_flows.nc

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:50e5438d801ae163d118d04b9104c1a9992582afb852d5ffb0697e820067d072
+size 43544700

Data/Iso_code_lookup.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+Country,Alpha-2 code,Alpha-3 code,Numeric
+Afghanistan,AF,AFG,4
+Albania,AL,ALB,8
+Algeria,DZ,DZA,12
+American Samoa,AS,ASM,16
+Andorra,AD,AND,20
+Angola,AO,AGO,24
+Anguilla,AI,AIA,660
+Antarctica,AQ,ATA,10
+Antigua and Barbuda,AG,ATG,28
+Argentina,AR,ARG,32
+Armenia,AM,ARM,51
+Aruba,AW,ABW,533
+Australia,AU,AUS,36
+Austria,AT,AUT,40
+Azerbaijan,AZ,AZE,31
+Bahamas (the),BS,BHS,44
+Bahrain,BH,BHR,48
+Bangladesh,BD,BGD,50
+Barbados,BB,BRB,52
+Belarus,BY,BLR,112
+Belgium,BE,BEL,56
+Belize,BZ,BLZ,84
+Benin,BJ,BEN,204
+Bermuda,BM,BMU,60
+Bhutan,BT,BTN,64
+Bolivia (Plurinational State of),BO,BOL,68
+"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba",BQ,BES,535
+Bosnia and Herzegovina,BA,BIH,70
+Botswana,BW,BWA,72
+Bouvet Island,BV,BVT,74
+Brazil,BR,BRA,76
+British Indian Ocean Territory (the),IO,IOT,86
+Brunei Darussalam,BN,BRN,96
+Bulgaria,BG,BGR,100
+Burkina Faso,BF,BFA,854
+Burundi,BI,BDI,108
+Cabo Verde,CV,CPV,132
+Cambodia,KH,KHM,116
+Cameroon,CM,CMR,120
+Canada,CA,CAN,124
+Cayman Islands (the),KY,CYM,136
+Central African Republic (the),CF,CAF,140
+Chad,TD,TCD,148
+Chile,CL,CHL,152
+China,CN,CHN,156
+Christmas Island,CX,CXR,162
+Cocos (Keeling) Islands (the),CC,CCK,166
+Colombia,CO,COL,170
+Comoros (the),KM,COM,174
+Congo (the Democratic Republic of the),CD,COD,180
+Congo (the),CG,COG,178
+Cook Islands (the),CK,COK,184
+Costa Rica,CR,CRI,188
+Croatia,HR,HRV,191
+Cuba,CU,CUB,192
+Curaçao,CW,CUW,531
+Cyprus,CY,CYP,196
+Czechia,CZ,CZE,203
+Côte d'Ivoire,CI,CIV,384
+Denmark,DK,DNK,208
+Djibouti,DJ,DJI,262
+Dominica,DM,DMA,212
+Dominican Republic (the),DO,DOM,214
+Ecuador,EC,ECU,218
+Egypt,EG,EGY,818
+El Salvador,SV,SLV,222
+Equatorial Guinea,GQ,GNQ,226
+Eritrea,ER,ERI,232
+Estonia,EE,EST,233
+Eswatini,SZ,SWZ,748
+Ethiopia,ET,ETH,231
+Falkland Islands (the) [Malvinas],FK,FLK,238
+Faroe Islands (the),FO,FRO,234
+Fiji,FJ,FJI,242
+Finland,FI,FIN,246
+France,FR,FRA,250
+French Guiana,GF,GUF,254
+French Polynesia,PF,PYF,258
+French Southern Territories (the),TF,ATF,260
+Gabon,GA,GAB,266
+Gambia (the),GM,GMB,270
+Georgia,GE,GEO,268
+Germany,DE,DEU,276
+Ghana,GH,GHA,288
+Gibraltar,GI,GIB,292
+Greece,GR,GRC,300
+Greenland,GL,GRL,304
+Grenada,GD,GRD,308
+Guadeloupe,GP,GLP,312
+Guam,GU,GUM,316
+Guatemala,GT,GTM,320
+Guernsey,GG,GGY,831
+Guinea,GN,GIN,324
+Guinea-Bissau,GW,GNB,624
+Guyana,GY,GUY,328
+Haiti,HT,HTI,332
+Heard Island and McDonald Islands,HM,HMD,334
+Holy See (the),VA,VAT,336
+Honduras,HN,HND,340
+Hong Kong,HK,HKG,344
+Hungary,HU,HUN,348
+Iceland,IS,ISL,352
+India,IN,IND,356
+Indonesia,ID,IDN,360
+Iran (Islamic Republic of),IR,IRN,364
+Iraq,IQ,IRQ,368
+Ireland,IE,IRL,372
+Isle of Man,IM,IMN,833
+Israel,IL,ISR,376
+Italy,IT,ITA,380
+Jamaica,JM,JAM,388
+Japan,JP,JPN,392
+Jersey,JE,JEY,832
+Jordan,JO,JOR,400
+Kazakhstan,KZ,KAZ,398
+Kenya,KE,KEN,404
+Kiribati,KI,KIR,296
+Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of),KP,PRK,408
+Korea (the Republic of),KR,KOR,410
+Kosovo,XK,XKX,412
+Kuwait,KW,KWT,414
+Kyrgyzstan,KG,KGZ,417
+Lao People's Democratic Republic (the),LA,LAO,418
+Latvia,LV,LVA,428
+Lebanon,LB,LBN,422
+Lesotho,LS,LSO,426
+Liberia,LR,LBR,430
+Libya,LY,LBY,434
+Liechtenstein,LI,LIE,438
+Lithuania,LT,LTU,440
+Luxembourg,LU,LUX,442
+Macao,MO,MAC,446
+Madagascar,MG,MDG,450
+Malawi,MW,MWI,454
+Malaysia,MY,MYS,458
+Maldives,MV,MDV,462
+Mali,ML,MLI,466
+Malta,MT,MLT,470
+Marshall Islands (the),MH,MHL,584
+Martinique,MQ,MTQ,474
+Mauritania,MR,MRT,478
+Mauritius,MU,MUS,480
+Mayotte,YT,MYT,175
+Mexico,MX,MEX,484
+Micronesia (Federated States of),FM,FSM,583
+Moldova (the Republic of),MD,MDA,498
+Monaco,MC,MCO,492
+Mongolia,MN,MNG,496
+Montenegro,ME,MNE,499
+Montserrat,MS,MSR,500
+Morocco,MA,MAR,504
+Mozambique,MZ,MOZ,508
+Myanmar,MM,MMR,104
+Namibia,NA,NAM,516
+Nauru,NR,NRU,520
+Nepal,NP,NPL,524
+Netherlands (the),NL,NLD,528
+New Caledonia,NC,NCL,540
+New Zealand,NZ,NZL,554
+Nicaragua,NI,NIC,558
+Niger (the),NE,NER,562
+Nigeria,NG,NGA,566
+Niue,NU,NIU,570
+Norfolk Island,NF,NFK,574
+Northern Mariana Islands (the),MP,MNP,580
+Norway,NO,NOR,578
+Oman,OM,OMN,512
+Pakistan,PK,PAK,586
+Palau,PW,PLW,585
+"Palestine, State of",PS,PSE,275
+Panama,PA,PAN,591
+Papua New Guinea,PG,PNG,598
+Paraguay,PY,PRY,600
+Peru,PE,PER,604
+Philippines (the),PH,PHL,608
+Pitcairn,PN,PCN,612
+Poland,PL,POL,616
+Portugal,PT,PRT,620
+Puerto Rico,PR,PRI,630
+Qatar,QA,QAT,634
+Republic of North Macedonia,MK,MKD,807
+Romania,RO,ROU,642
+Russian Federation (the),RU,RUS,643
+Rwanda,RW,RWA,646
+Réunion,RE,REU,638
+Saint Barthélemy,BL,BLM,652
+"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha",SH,SHN,654
+Saint Kitts and Nevis,KN,KNA,659
+Saint Lucia,LC,LCA,662
+Saint Martin (French part),MF,MAF,663
+Saint Pierre and Miquelon,PM,SPM,666
+Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,VC,VCT,670
+Samoa,WS,WSM,882
+San Marino,SM,SMR,674
+Sao Tome and Principe,ST,STP,678
+Saudi Arabia,SA,SAU,682
+Senegal,SN,SEN,686
+Serbia,RS,SRB,688
+Seychelles,SC,SYC,690
+Sierra Leone,SL,SLE,694
+Singapore,SG,SGP,702
+Sint Maarten (Dutch part),SX,SXM,534
+Slovakia,SK,SVK,703
+Slovenia,SI,SVN,705
+Solomon Islands,SB,SLB,90
+Somalia,SO,SOM,706
+South Africa,ZA,ZAF,710
+South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,GS,SGS,239
+South Sudan,SS,SSD,728
+Spain,ES,ESP,724
+Sri Lanka,LK,LKA,144
+Sudan (the),SD,SDN,729
+Suriname,SR,SUR,740
+Svalbard and Jan Mayen,SJ,SJM,744
+Sweden,SE,SWE,752
+Switzerland,CH,CHE,756
+Syrian Arab Republic,SY,SYR,760
+Taiwan (Province of China),TW,TWN,158
+Tajikistan,TJ,TJK,762
+"Tanzania, United Republic of",TZ,TZA,834
+Thailand,TH,THA,764
+Timor-Leste,TL,TLS,626
+Togo,TG,TGO,768
+Tokelau,TK,TKL,772
+Tonga,TO,TON,776
+Trinidad and Tobago,TT,TTO,780
+Tunisia,TN,TUN,788
+Turkey,TR,TUR,792
+Turkmenistan,TM,TKM,795
+Turks and Caicos Islands (the),TC,TCA,796
+Tuvalu,TV,TUV,798
+Uganda,UG,UGA,800
+Ukraine,UA,UKR,804
+United Arab Emirates (the),AE,ARE,784
+United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the),GB,GBR,826
+United States Minor Outlying Islands (the),UM,UMI,581
+United States of America (the),US,USA,840
+Uruguay,UY,URY,858
+Uzbekistan,UZ,UZB,860
+Vanuatu,VU,VUT,548
+Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of),VE,VEN,862
+Viet Nam,VN,VNM,704
+Virgin Islands (British),VG,VGB,92
+Virgin Islands (U.S.),VI,VIR,850
+Wallis and Futuna,WF,WLF,876
+Western Sahara,EH,ESH,732
+Yemen,YE,YEM,887
+Zambia,ZM,ZMB,894
+Zimbabwe,ZW,ZWE,716
+Åland Islands,AX,ALA,248

Data/Net_migration/Net_migration_data.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,1021 @@
+,Year,Country ISO,Net Number of Migrants
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Data/Net_migration/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+ Net migration data from national statistical offices
+---
+This folder contains net migration figures from around 30 countries from 1990 to 2023. The data is provided both in `.csv`
+and `.nc` (netcdf) format, indexed by `Year` and `Country ISO` (the ISO3 code of country, following the UN norm). 
+For some countries, we include the UN WPP figures for missing years -- this is specified below:
+All UN WPP figures relate to the 2024 report. All figures are given in units of 1.
+
+**Sources**
+- Australia: [Australian Bureau of Statistics](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/overseas-migration/latest-release#data-downloads). WPP data is included.
+Austria: [Statistik Austria](http://statcube.at/statcube/opendatabase?id=debevwan010). WPP data is included.
+- Belgium: [StatBEL](https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/population-movement/migration). WPP 2024 data is included. 
+- Bulgaria: [National Statistics Institute of Bulgaria](https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/3072/international-migration-age-and-sex), data given from 2010. 
+- Canada: [Statistics Canada](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000801). 
+  These figures are mid-year to mid-year, so we take midpoint averages. WPP data is included.
+- Czech Republic: [Czech Statistical Database](https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&z=T&f=TABULKA&skupId=4791&katalog=33157&pvo=DEMDCR1&pvo=DEMDCR1#w=).
+- Denmark: [Statistics Denmark](https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/borgere/flytninger/ind-og-udvandring)
+- Germany: [Statistisches Bundesamt](https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Wanderungen/Tabellen/wanderungen-zwischen-deutschland-und-dem-ausland-jahr-02.html). WPP data is included.
+- Estonia: [Statistics Estonia](https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikusundmused__ranne/RVR03). WPP 2024 data is included.
+- Finland: [Statistics Finland](https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__muutl/statfin_muutl_pxt_11ab.px/).
+- France: [INSEE](https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2381468)
+- Iceland: [Statistics Iceland](https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflmillilanda/MAN01400.px/)
+- Ireland: [CSO Ireland](https://data.cso.ie), PEA03 - Estimated Migration (Persons in April). 
+  Data is given April-April needs to be shifted back by 4 months. Figures from 2017 onwards do not agree with UN WPP 
+  estimates due to a revision of the Irish census.
+- Italy: Istat [historical](https://seriestoriche.istat.it/index.php?id=1&no_cache=1&L=1&tx_usercento_centofe%5Bcategoria%5D=32&tx_usercento_centofe%5Baction%5D=show&tx_usercento_centofe%5Bcontroller%5D=Categoria&cHash=04e5a2e51acfa92f173aac082f0d8872) and [current](https://www.istat.it/it/files/2024/05/Migrazioni-interne-e-internazionali-della-popolazione-residente.pdf) datasets.
+- Japan: Data is provided by the Japanese [Immigration Services Agency](https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/policies/statistics/toukei_ichiran_nyukan.html?hl=en)
+- Latvia: [Official statistics of Lativa](https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IB__IBE/IBE010/)
+- Lithuania: [Statistics Lithuania](https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?indicator=S3R363#/)
+- Netherlands: [Statistics Netherlands](https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-asiel-migratie-en-integratie/hoeveel-immigranten-komen-naar-nederland). WPP 2024 data is included.
+- New Zealand: [StatNZ](https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/international-migration-september-2024/#annual). WPP data is included.
+- Norway: [Statistics Norway](https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/05426/). Pre-1999 we use UN WPP data.
+- Poland*: [Statistics Poland](https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/internationa-migration/main-directions-of-emigration-and-immigration-in-the-years-1966-2020-migration-for-permanent-residence,2,2.html). WPP data is included. 
+  This data is currently not included in to train the model, since it is based on registrations and thus presumably
+  significantly underestimates the real flows.
+- Portugal: Data from Statistics Portgual ([from 2002](https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0006200&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2) and [from 2013](https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008269&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2))
+- Slovenia: [Statistical Office Slovenia](https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/en/Data/Data/05N1002S.px/)
+- South Korea: [Statistics Korea](https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20108050000&bid=11745) International Migration Statistics. WPP data is not included.
+- Spain: [INE](https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177000&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735573002). WPP data is included.
+- Sweden: [Statistics Sweden](https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101J/ImmiEmiFlyttN/)
+- Switzerland: Source: [Bundesamt für Statistik](https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/migration-integration/internationale-wanderung.assetdetail.32229097.html). WPP data is included.
+- Taiwan: [Statistics Taiwan](https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4302&s=232173). WPP data is included.
+- United Kingdom: [ONS](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/longterminternationalimmigrationemigrationandnetmigrationflowsprovisional). WPP data is included.
+- United States: We combine various estimates:
+  - https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/net-international-migration-returns-to-pre-pandemic-levels.html
+  - https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59683
+  - https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2024/12/international-migration-population-estimates.html
+  - https://www.brookings.edu/articles/immigration-is-driving-the-nations-modest-post-pandemic-population-growth-new-census-data-shows/
+  - https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb/#/dashboard?dashboard_page=country&COUNTRY_YR_ANIM=2025
+
+![Netmigrationoverview.png](../../Images/Github/net_migration_overview.png)

Data/Net_migration/UN_WPP_2024_net_migration.nc

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Data/README.md

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+Data used as input, training targets, and validation
+---
+This folder contains all the data used to train, evaluate, and test the neural network.
+It is stored thematically in different folders, and most folders again contains its own `README` file to further
+explain the specific sources and imputation methods. All data is given *both* as a `.csv` file and a `.nc` file, and 
+follows the ISO3-naming convention outlined in the main README.
+
+> [!NOTE] 
+> This is a reminder that all data is stored in this repository using git LFS (large file
+> storage); if you wish to clone the repository with the data, you should follow the instructions
+> from the main README. You can still download the files manually from the webpage.
+
+## Training_data
+This folder contains all the tensors used to train the neural network. All data is given as a PyTorch
+tensor (`.pt`) and can be loaded using `torch.load()`. The folder contains targets, weights, masks, input covariates (scaled
+and unscaled), and the edge indices of each input. See the folder README for further details.
+
+## Net migration (`Net_migration`)
+This folder contains net migration data, sourced from national statistical offices, together with a list of sources 
+and the UN WPP net migration figures.
+
+## GDP indicators (`GDP_data`)
+This folder contains data on GDP/capita, GDP growth, nominal GDP, and other GDP-related indicators for all countries and
+years included in the training period.
+
+## Gravity covariates (`Gravity_datasets`)
+
+## Demographic indicators (`UN_WPP_data`)
+
+## Migrant stocks (`UN_stock_data`)
+
+## Refugee figures (`UNHCR_data`)
+Total number of refugees, asylum-seekers, and other people in need of international protection, taken from the 
+[UNHCR dataset](https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/download).
+
+## Conflict deaths (`UCDP_data`)
+This folder contains data on deaths in conflict provided by
+[UCDP Georeferenced Event](https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#ged_global) dataset.
+NaN values are filled with 0.
+
+## Bilateral flows (`Flow_data`)

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