The image depicts different properties that make up a strand of hair.


Appearance of a blepharoplasty on an adult male one day after surgery


Incision lines for blepharoplasty


Transconjunctival blepharoplasty: The removal of orbital fat for the cosmetic modification of the lower eyelid [ 8 ]


Initial incision along the upper left eyelid


Blepharoplasty: The yellow fat (adipose tissue) and the skin (linear tissue) removed during a quadruple blepharoplasty. The fat from the lower eyelid was removed with a transconjunctival technique.


Comparing  Mohs Surgery  Method to smashing an aluminum pie pan


How a Mohs Section is flattened with relaxing incisions


False negative in standard  bread loafing  histology:  If the pathologist looks only at the margin of the three narrow slices, the many cancerous cells on the discarded margins will be missed.


A doctor performing Microdermabrasion cosmetic skin procedure for  removal of dead skin, also known as skin polishing.


Diagram of a dermatome


Side view of a drum dermatome blade (24) removing a slice of skin (38 and 40).


Topical crude onion juice from Australian brown onion was used in a 2002 study to regrow hair in bald people. [ 63 ]


There have been advances in the  fashion industry  in  wig  design.


Hair follicle  with mesenchymal  dermal papilla , labelled at top, location of hair follicle  stem cells  and thought to be site of action of  DHT .


The size of  induration  is measured 48–72 hours later. Erythema (redness) should not be measured.


Mantoux test injection site in a subject without chronic conditions or in a high-risk group clinically diagnosed as negative at 50 hours


A person receiving a skin allergy test


Skin testing on arm


Skin testing on back


Patch test


Stroking the skin leads to a localised subcutaneous anaphylactoid reaction with mast cell degranulation and urticarial rash.


Guide to fingerprint identification


Heinrich Köbner (1838–1904)


Many  seborrheic keratoses  on the back of a person with Leser–Trélat sign due to  colon cancer


An abscess


A naturally drained abscess


Ultrasound image showing an  abscess, appearing as a mushroom-shaped dark (hypoechoic) area within the fibroglandular tissue of the breast


Abscess five days after incision and drainage


Abscess following  curettage


Diagram of the hair shaft, indicating medulla (innermost), cortex, and cuticle (exterior.)


Anatomy of hair


Comparison of sheep (top) and human (bottom) hairs with different cuticle textures


Diagram of the hair shaft, indicating medulla (innermost), cortex, and cuticle (exterior)


H&E stained  section of human skin


Diascopy of a red dot  basal cell carcinoma  on the left mid back of a 74-year-old female. The red dot basal cell carcinoma on the left mid back is circled; the tumor blanches when a glass microscope slide is pressed against it. From a case series by Philip R Cohen, 2017. [ 1 ]


A 1914 photograph for  Emily Lloyd 's dermatology book detailing the benefits of massage for all skin types; the c. 1870 text reads, "Extremely sensitive skins sometimes become irritated under even the lightest treatment but these are exceptions to the rule." [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Serpiginous rash in cutaneous larvae migrans


A dart in a target.


Perinuclear vacuolization  of epidermal keratinocytes (one indicated by arrows), in this case an insignificant incidental finding.


Subnuclear vacuolization  in  palisading  cell - vacuoles at the  basement membrane  aspect, resembling a brighter stripe in the periphery of palisades.


Rash  due to  measles


Acne vulgaris


Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp


Rhinophyma


Blau syndrome


Grover's disease


Black hairy tongue


Pyogenic granuloma


Alopecia areata


Nail–patella syndrome


Onychotillomania


Splinter hemorrhage


Chronic erythema nodosum


Mongolian spot


Frontal linear scleroderma


Localized morphea


Striae distensae


Angiokeratoma of Fordyce


Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis


Fordyce's spot


Keloid


Urticaria pigmentosa


Venous lake


Chemical burn


Toxicodendron dermatitis


Dyshidrosis


Vitiligo


Nevus anemicus


Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis


Acral dry gangrene


Acanthosis nigricans associated with obesity, insulin-resistant states, and endocrinopathy


Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa


Basal cell carcinoma


Bowen's disease


Hidradenoma


Milium


Squamous cell carcinoma


Erythema migrans


Linear Darier disease


Keratosis pilaris


Neurofibromatosis type 1


X-linked ichthyosis


Xeroderma pigmentosum


Cellulitis


External otitis


Erysipelas


Buruli ulcer


Favus


Tinea barbae


Creeping eruption


Norwegian scabies


Swimmer's itch


Eczema vaccinatum


Kaposi sarcoma


Varicella


Lichen planus actinicus


Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia


Mycosis fungoides


Becker's nevus


Nodular melanoma


Generalized granuloma annulare


Systemic sarcoidosis


Factitious dermatitis


Omenn syndrome


Kwashiorkor


Pityriasis rosea


Palmoplantar keratoderma


Linea nigra


Lichen simplex chronicus


Psoriasis vulgaris


Pyoderma gangrenosum


Erythropoietic protoporphyria


Xanthoma tendinosum


Xanthelasma palpebrarum


Chilblains


Pressure ulcer


Fluoroscopy burn


Acute urticaria


Simplistic representation of the formation of acne comedones


Hair follicle anatomy demonstrating a healthy hair follicle (pictured left), a whitehead or closed comedo (middle picture), and a blackhead or open comedo (pictured right)


Flowchart of the pathological sequence of events leading to acne


Benzoyl peroxide cream is a common treatment for acne vulgaris.


Domolene  ointment, a mid-1900s medication that was claimed to cure acne


Pemphigus foliaceus  in  dogs : hair loss occurs, skin becomes red, and itchy.


The same person as above shows no signs of balanitis circinata during a treatment with pimecrolimus.


Eschar on the back of the knee on a patient with  lymphangitis  caused by  Rickettsia sibirica


Circumscribed erythema related to severe mosquito bite allergy


Psoriatic plaque, showing a silvery center surrounded by a reddened border


Severe generalized pustular psoriasis


Example of  guttate psoriasis


Psoriasis of a fingernail, with visible pitting


Effect of psoriasis on the toenails


Micrograph of psoriasis vulgaris. Confluent parakeratosis, psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia [(A), EH], hypogranulosis, and an influx of numerous neutrophils in the corneal layer [(A), arrow]. (B) Transepidermal migration of neutrophils from the dermis to the corneal layer (arrows). [ 58 ]


Distribution of severity


Schematic of psoriasis treatment ladder


Pictures of a person with psoriasis (and  psoriatic arthritis ) at baseline and eight weeks after initiation of  infliximab  therapy


Filipina  with psoriasis


Commonly affected zones [ 9 ]


Topical steroid-induced rosacea  (left) ; after steroid withdrawal and photobiomodulation therapy  (right)


Rosacea on the face


Micrograph  showing rosacea as enlarged, dilated capillaries and venules located in the upper dermis, angulated telangiectasias, perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltration, and superficial dermal edema. [ 19 ]


Example of cellulitis showing 3+ edema of left leg


Skin maceration caused by bandage


Steroid-induced atrophy


Red burning skin syndrome from topical steroids. Typical pattern on lower arms and hands


Uremic frost on forehead and scalp


A  filiform wart  on the  eyelid .


Micrograph  ( H&E stain ) of a common wart ( verruca vulgaris ) showing the characteristic features ( hyperkeratosis ,  acanthosis ,  hypergranulosis ,  rete ridge  elongation, and large  blood vessels  at the  dermoepidermal junction )


Liquid nitrogen  spray tank


This image shows throat warts ( papillomas ) before treatment and during the treatment process.  Left to right: warts prior to treatment, warts on the day of  silver nitrate  treatment, warts two days after treatment, warts four days after treatment, warts six days after treatment, and warts remaining nine days after treatment.


Despite their appearance,  toads  do not cause warts


A ~7 mm plantar wart surgically removed from the sole of a person's foot after other treatments failed.


Pure allopurinol is a white powder.


A package of Milurit 100mg (a brand of allopurinol)


Barbituric acid , the  parent structure  of all barbiturates


Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in  delphic analysis  regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Barbiturates were ranked third in physical harm, fourth in social harm, and fifth in dependence. [ 18 ]


Generic structure of a barbiturate, including numbering scheme


A bottle of brand-name Wellbutrin XL 300 mg


Principal pathways of bupropion metabolism


Comparison of  steady-state  plasma bupropion levels with bupropion IR 100 mg t.i.d. (3x/day), bupropion SR 150 mg b.i.d. (2x/day), and bupropion XL 300 mg q.d. (1x/day) [ 3 ] [ 109 ]


Biosynthesis from farnesol — bonds to be formed and major atoms to be added are in  blue ; while bonds to be broken and atoms/structural segments to be removed are in  red .


Lytta vesicatoria  (a.k.a " Spanish fly "), a beetle that secretes cantharidin.


Tegretol 200-mg CR (made in  NZ )


Metabolism.  Top: carbamazepine • middle: carbamazepine-10,11- epoxide , the  active metabolite  • bottom: carbamazepine-10,11- diol , an inactive metabolite, which is then  glucuronidized


Ciprofloxacin 250-mg tablets from Ukraine


Etifoxine and  chlordiazepoxide  skeletal formulae with similarities highlighted in orange.


Example of some 200 mg ibuprofen tablets


A 150 ml bottle (100 mg/5 ml dosage) of ibuprofen, sold in Greece


Modern synthesis of ibuprofen


The  Royal Society of Chemistry blue plaque  at  BioCity Nottingham


A bottle of generic ibuprofen


Modafinil tablets – Modalert 200 (Sun Pharma)


A  generic  formulation of modafinil marketed under the Aspendos brand name


Soldier with moderate mustard agent burns sustained during  World War I  showing characteristic  bullae  on the neck, armpit, and hands


Typical appearance of  bullae  on an arm caused by vesicant burns


Mustard gas alkylating an amino group via conversion to a sulfonium ion (2-chloroethylthiiranium)


Lewisite  (top row) and mustard gas (bottom row) test with  concentrations  from 0.01% to 0.06%


Pallets of 155 mm  artillery shells  containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at the  Pueblo Chemical Depot . The distinctive  color-coding  scheme on each shell is visible


US Army World War II gas identification poster,  c.  1941 –1945


Mustard gas test subjects enter gas chamber, Edgewood Arsenal, March 1945


Arms of four test subjects after exposure to  nitrogen mustard  and  lewisite  agents


Nevirapine shown in ball and stick structure.


NSAID identification on label of generic ibuprofen, an  over-the-counter  non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug


Structure of the NSAID Diclofenac


Burana 600 mg –  ibuprofen  package


One of the first advertisements for Bayer Aspirin, published in  The New York Times  in 1917


Kolbe–Schmitt reaction mechanism


Elizabeth Lee Hazen (left) and Rachel Fuller Brown in 1955.


Penicillium -infected tangerine: The spot absent of growth had nystatin applied to it before the  fungus  covered the fruit.


This is a depiction of what a fusion event may look like when seen on a current measurement. There is a sudden jump in the current, followed by a slower recover as the current returns to its baseline measurement from before the fusion event. This fusion event would interrupt the stability of a nystatin pore.


An oseltamivir capsule


Oseltamivir dry syrup type


A package of capsules


Plate from  François-Pierre Chaumeton 's 1833 "Flore Medicale"


Marketing display used at festivals features a person living in a hermetically sealed environment


Piroxicam , the most popular drug of the oxicam class. [ 1 ]


Important pathways of paracetamol metabolism


Classical methods for the production of paracetamol


Celanese method for the preparation of paracetamol


Paracetamol crystals (crystallized from an aqueous solution) under a microscope


Julius Axelrod   (pictured)  and  Bernard Brodie  demonstrated that acetanilide and phenacetin are both metabolized to paracetamol, which is a better-tolerated analgesic.


Awareness poster on acetaminophen abuse as issued by the FDA


Brown tree snake aerial bait cartridges consisting of dead mice with 80   mg paracetamol tablets


The mechanism of action of phenytoin sodium. Sodium channels are: 1) Closed 2) Open 3) Inactive (phenytoin effect)


Structures of angelicin, xanthotoxin, bergapten and nodekenetin


Synthesis of psoralen from 6-hydroxycoumaran


Sulfonamide functional group


Hydrochlorothiazide  is a sulfonamide and a  thiazide .


Furosemide  is a sulfonamide, but not a thiazide.


Sulfamethoxazole  is an antibacterial sulfonamide.


Structural similarity between sulfanilamide (left) and  PABA  (center) is the basis for the inhibitory activity of sulfa drugs on tetrahydrofolate (right) biosynthesis.


Simplified biosynthesis of the T-2 Mycotoxin in F. sporotrichioides


Tetracycline hydrochloride is available as yellow crystalline powder.


Basic mechanism of Urushiol causing allergic dermatitis


Girl with albinism from  Papua New Guinea


Malian   Mandinka  singer  Salif Keita  with albinism


Family with albinism, showing inheritance


The man seated left is a Zuni with albinism. The  Zuni  people and other indigenous tribes of the  American Southwest  have a very high incidence of albinism. [ 33 ]


Often called " albino ", this amelanistic python owes its yellow color to unaffected carotenoid pigments.


The normal zebrafish embryo, above, shows the migration and maturation of melanocytes. The amelanistic embryo, below, has melanocytes but no melanin.


Amelanistic laboratory mice, such as these, have no pigment in their skin, hair, or eyes. Their eyes are reddish.


Without melanocortin 1 receptor to signal eumelanin production in melanocytes, this Labrador retriever has a yellow coat. His eyes and skin are normal.


Amelanistic ("lutino") cockatiels retain their carotenoid-based red and yellow pigments.


The  bay  horse, left, has both eumelanin and phaeomelanin in her coat; the  agouti  signaling peptide suppresses black color to the  "points"  v the mane, tail, ear tips, and legs. The horse at right lacks the agouti signalling protein, and has a uniformly black or aphaeomelanistic coat. In a  chestnut horse , the solid red coat is created by a recessive aeumelanic mutation in MC1R and agouti, if present, is masked. In all cases, the eyes and skin are unaffected.


Marked atypia of  type 2 pneumocytes  is a characteristic finding in association with treatment with  busulfan  and other chemotherapeutic agents.


A woman's bruising after a severe fall


Bruise caused by colliding with a  handrail , typical of  extreme sports  such as  skateboarding  and  rollerblading .


Bruise caused by a  sprained ankle


Black eye  and  subconjunctival hemorrhage  after a punch to the face


Severe bruising resulting from yard work injury


Healing of a  black eye  over a nine-day period caused by a  wisdom tooth  extraction


Multiple open comedones at the nasolabial fold and the alar of the nose


Benign cyst kidney; radiological appearances mimic renal cancer,


Relative incidences of different types of  ovarian cysts [ 4 ]


Relative incidence of  odontogenic cysts [ 7 ]


Polarized light dermatoscope.


An erythristic  Welsh polecat


Modified Ferriman-Gallwey score


The Fitzpatrick scale and the risk of skin cancer [ 1 ]


Smooth rupturewort  ( Herniaria glabra ) - a creeping plant with glabrous leaves and stems


Leaves emerging from buds of  Oldenburgia grandis  are densely  tomentose  with a dense  indumentum , but their upper surface is  glabrescent ; as seen here they lose their white felt as they mature.


Naked mole-rat  ( Heterocephalus glaber ) in a zoo.


The distinctive solid black colour of the  Ayam Cemani  (rooster shown) chicken breed is due to hyperpigmentation, with the bird's feathers, skin, beak and internal organs all being affected.


Leucistic  white lions  owe their colouring to a recessive allele. Note the eyes and lips remain the normal colour. Studies have shown that the reduced pigment comes from a mutation in the gene for  tyrosinase , the same as causes Type I  oculocutaneous albinism  in humans. [ 1 ]


This  white horse  owes its coloring to a dominant allele ( dominant white ).


A leucistic  rock dove . Both the eyes and legs are still of the normal colour.


Maculopapular rash  on the abdomen after 3 days of measles infection


Histologic image of the  epidermis  with its layers named in white text.


Melanistic black   eastern grey squirrel  ( Sciurus carolinensis )


Melanistic  guinea pigs  ( Cavia porcellus ) are rare, and are used in rituals by Andean  curanderos . [ 1 ]


A melanistic  European adder  ( Vipera berus ) compared to a normal-colored adder


Melanistic and normally coloured jaguars


Pseudomelanism on a  cheetah


Melanistic eastern gray squirrel


White Silkie rooster


Black Silkie rooster


Various  differential diagnoses  of pigmented skin lesions, by relative  rates  for biopsied lesions, and malignancy potential, including "nevus" at left and top.


Cryotherapy


Spitz nevus  with pagetoid spread (some of pagetoid nests annotated by white arrows).


Portrait of Richard Parkes Bonington  by  Margaret Sarah Carpenter . Bonington was suffering from  tuberculosis  and the paleness of his face was noted by critics.


Papule and plaque


Early  actinic keratosis  with parakeratosis, with black arrows indicating one of multiple retained nuclei in the stratum corneum


Patch test  for identifying possible allergens


Schematic image comparing a skin fissure to an  erosion  and an  ulcer .


The surface of the knuckles of a hand with xeroderma, showing  skin cracking  (generalized skin fissuring).


Histopathological image of dyshidrotic dermatitis, showing focal spongiotic change in the epidermis.


Evolution of inflammatory processes in the three points described by Lewis.


Vacuolar interface dermatitis, with lymphocytes in the dermis and epidermis (black arrow indicates one), and  vacuolization  (white arrow) at the  dermoepidermal junction .


Micrograph  of a vacuolar interface dermatitis with dermal mucin, as may be seen in  lupus .  H&E stain .


A Cupid's bow on the upper lip.


Effects of xeroderma on the hand


Diagram depicting mouth acidity changes after consuming food high in  carbohydrates . Within 5 minutes the acidity in the mouth increases as the pH drops. In persons with normal salivary flow rate, acid will be neutralized in about 20 minutes. People with dry mouth often will take twice as long to neutralize mouth acid, leaving them at higher risk of tooth decay and acid erosion


[Fe 3 (μ 3 –O)(OAc) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ] + , the cation found in  iron(III) acetate


Kiel and Heertjes' structure for the anion of  Ca[Al(H 2 O)(OH)Az 2 ]•2H 2 O , [ 36 ]  which  alizarin  forms with an aluminium mordant


Wunderlich and Bergerhoff's structure for  alizarin  bound to an aluminium mordant as  CaAz 2 Al(μ-OH) 2 AlAz 2 Ca [ 11 ]


Biscayne American crocodile


Crocodile oil colour


Nile Crocodile, also known as  Crocodylus niloticus


Structure of  diethyl dixanthogen disulfide .


Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives, where R is a variable functional group


Euphorbia peplus


Floral wreath of jasmine representing the shield of Pakistan


Essential oil


Plasma concentration of pyrilutamide and metabolite KX-982 in different dose groups in phase Ib clinical trials in China


Origin of this  essential oil , the tea tree,  Melaleuca alternifolia


Tea tree plantation,  Coraki, New South Wales


A Cosmetic dermatology unit in  SM City North Edsa , Philippines


Facial cleansing pores in Meditec at ITESM CCM (2012)


Close-up view of an actinic keratosis lesion


Multiple lesions of actinic keratosis on the scalp.


Hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis on lip ("cutaneous horn")


Actinic keratoses on the forehead of a male


Actinic keratosis, left upper paraspinal back


Normal skin (left) and actinic keratosis (right) with the defining characteristic of atypical basal keratinocytes that do not involve the full thickness of the epidermis.


Actinic keratosis, atrophic form


Cryosurgery instrument used to treat actinic keratoses


Interim result of phototherapy for actinic keratosis with  methyl aminolevulinate  one week after exposure. Patient has light skin, blue eyes.


Squamous cell carcinoma of the nose.  This skin cancer can develop from actinic keratoses if they are not treated.


Structure of a hair follicle.


Anterior view of major and minor (lighter color)  body hair  growth areas in anatomically typical females and males.


Vintage advert for the Milady Décolleté Gillette women's safety razor – 1916


Leg shaving  using a  razor


Very pronounced upper body hair growth, probably  hypertrichosis , on an adult male.


Jesus on the Mount of Olives


An abbreviated  periodic table of elements  showing metals implicated in allergic reactions (blue bordered-boxes), most of them  heavy metals  (blue background). Better-studied allergens nickel, cobalt and palladium bordered in red, (likely) essential trace elements in green text, non-metals in grey text. [ 1 ]


Powder glass beads . Metal-containing jewellery can cause and worsen metal allergies


Polymorphous light eruptions on the face of a 6-year-old girl, with scarring from past eruptions


Skin  epithelium  (purple) with  lamina propria (underlying connective tissue)  (pink) -- the epithelium exhibits rete pegs. Rete pegs protect the tissue from shearing. [ 1 ]


A toe post wedge resection with an image of the removed nail


Surgical procedures for nail disorders


A resected wedge from the left side of the left big toe, shown to scale


Toe healing process after nail removal


Skin care cosmetics at a  pharmacy


Young vs old skin


A woman applying sunscreen


Representation of acne


Goldbeating


Ahava factory


Models wearing and distributing Ahava products at  New York Fashion Week  in 2009


Ahava store in  Jaffa, Israel , in 2021


Code Pink  staging a protest against Ahava in Los Angeles in 2009


Anti-aging cream. The manufacturer of these products received an FDA warning letter in February 2015 for falsely advertising its cosmetics products as drugs. [ 2 ]


Aqueous cream B.P.


Baby oil is often used in the skin care of newborns.


Ingredients of a baby oil product based on mineral oil with paraffinum liquidum,  isopropyl palmitate  and  parfum .


List of ingredients (INCI-code) of a baby oil based on vegetable oils


Johnson's  baby powder made from  talc  in an old  tin  with a shaker on top


Traditional container for baby powder and puff in South India, made of silver


Baby powder might be applied after changing a  diaper  and cleaning the  baby .


Bath salts from  Radox


A selection of bathing products, including bath salts.


Bottle of bath salts by Morny, England


A bath salt tablet shaped like a seashell.


Christine Schrammek Blemish Balm from 1960s


Sama woman from  Semporna , Sabah, Malaysia, with  borak


Callus shaver


Callus shaver in use


An example of a cream marketed as CC, standing for "Colour Correcting"


Salicylic Acid used for treatment for acne


Cream cleansers and mask


Liquid concealer


An assortment of cosmetics and tools


An actor applying bold makeup for a stage performance


Actor Marcus Stewart wearing bold face makeup in the play  Oresteia  by  Aeschylus  (2019)


A bust of the Egyptian queen  Nefertiti  showing the use of  eye liner  made of  kohl


An 1889  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec  painting of a woman applying facial cosmetics


Kissproof  brand face powder from 1926, from the permanent collection of the  Museo del Objeto del Objeto  in Mexico City


Nail art


Broadway  actor  Jim Brochu  applies makeup before the opening night of a play


Imaginary depiction of an  ancient Egyptian woman applying makeup . Painting from the  Royal Ontario Museum , Canada.


Eyeshadow being applied


Cosmetics at department store  Farmers   Centre Place  in  Hamilton, New Zealand


Cosmetics at  Life Pharmacy  at  Westfield Albany  on the  North Shore  of  Auckland , New Zealand


An 1889 U.S. newspaper ad for  arsenic  complexion wafers decried blotches, moles, pimples, freckles, and "all female irregularities". [ 54 ]  Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the  Victorian era . [ 55 ]


Patch test


Cucumber juice


Orange juice


A bunch of semi-spherical crystals of Dead Sea salt at the bottom of the sea near a beach


A handful of Dead Sea salt


Destination spa in  Bormio ,  Italy


An intact yolk surrounded by  egg white


Extracted egg oil


Cosmetic Electrotherapy micro-current machine together with a selection of electrodes, made by Silver Fox (China)


" Galvanism " Electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position [ 1 ]


1909 cosmetic electrotherapy advert reads: The White Cross Electric Vibrator [..] gives you your choice of Vibration, Faradic and Galvanic Electricity [..] tones up your nerves and muscles" [ 13 ]


Cross-section of all skin layers


Exfoliation methods used in Canada, 2011. Shown: top right, a bath sponge made of plastic mesh; lower right, a brush with a  pumice  stone on one side and a natural bristle brush on the other side, for foot exfoliation; lower left, a mud mask package for facial exfoliation; top left, a jar of perfumed body scrub to be used while bathing.


Pumice stone


Fractional ablative laser resurfacing procedure


Loose face powder in three different shades


A stone cosmetics jar retrieved from ancient Egyptian remains


Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I with whitened, powdered skin


Pale compact face powder with a powder puff applicator from the 1930s


An advertisement for Max Factor's 'Creme Puff' face powder from 1954


Loose mineral face powder


Facials may include the use of a  facial mask .


A woman wearing a facial mask.


Doctor performs Fraxel laser procedure


Sheet (or leaf) gelatin for cooking


Amino acid  composition


[ citation needed ]


Gelatin production by geographical region [ citation needed ]


Eggs  in  aspic


Congealed into jelly  gelatin of boiled fish with  soy sauce  and kept around at 8 °C. In Japan, it is called  煮凝り  ( Niko-gori ), literally 'boiled then become  flocculated /stiffened'. Not intended cooking, occurs naturally in winter, historically tasted.


Capsules made of gelatin


Hand alcohol in a hospital


A  pump  with hand alcohol in a square in  Ystad ,  Sweden , on 28 November 2020.


An automated hand sanitizer dispenser


Alcohol free hand sanitizer


A notice about hand sanitizer coronavirus  shortages  at a  CVS Pharmacy  on 17 March 2020


A typical bottle of indoor tanning lotion.


An exfoliating mitt


K-Beauty Expo Korea


K-Beauty brand, Tonymoly


Goryeo dynasty  cosmetic box


Kabuki brush


Homemade lip balms


Lotion and  shampoo  at the  Banff Centre


Calamine lotion  is used to treat itching.


Makeup brushes


Makeup brush tips used for face makeup


A Malagasy woman wearing protective masonjoany and  head-carrying  laundry


A Malagasy girl in  Nosy Be  wearing ornamental masonjoany


White petrolatum


Jojoba  oil is easily refined to be odorless, colorless and oxidatively stable, and is often used in cosmetics as a moisturizer and as a carrier oil for specialty fragrances


Stamnos women bath Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2411


Hair styling of a  Himba woman  using otjize


The female herder wears otjize


Eye bags  – minor periorbital puffiness usually detectable below the eyes only.


Periorbital  edema .


Specimen of highly porous pumice from  Teide  volcano on  Tenerife ,  Canary Islands .  Density  of specimen approximately 0.25 g/cm 3 ; scale in  centimeters .


Kutkhiny Baty, a pumice rock formation outcrop located 4 km from the source of the  Ozernaya River  (Lake Kurile), near the southern tip of the  Kamchatka Peninsula , Russia.


Pumice soap bars


Bar of solid pumice stone


Helena Rubinstein's birth house (green) in  Kraków 's  Kazimierz  district


Helena Rubinstein by  Paul César Helleu  (1908)


Helena Rubinstein 1959  Tel Aviv Museum of Art


Children transporting crushed shea nuts in  Jisonaayili , Ghana


Wala  women selling shea butter in Ghana


Traditional preparation of shea butter in  Mali


A young woman selling shea butter in  Ghana .


Shea butter soap


Whipped Shea butter


A handmade soap bar


Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of  sodium stearate , a typical ingredient found in bar soaps


A collection of decorative bar soaps, as often found in  hotels


Structure of a  micelle , a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap subunits (such as  sodium stearate ): The exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the interior is lipophilic (attracted to oils).


Twentieth century packaging of Amigo del Obrero (Worker's Friend) soap, part of the  Museo del Objeto del Objeto  collection


Caricature of  Lillie Langtry , from  Punch , Christmas 1890: The soap box on which she sits reflects her endorsements of cosmetics and soaps.


Malagasy  woman from  Madagascar  wearing  masonjoany , a traditional sunscreen whose use dates back to the 18th century


Burmese girls wearing  thanaka  for sun protection and cosmetic purposes


A tube of SPF 30 sunscreen on sale in the United States


Sunscreen helps prevent  sunburn , such as this, which has blistered.


Two photographs showing the effect of applying sunscreens in visible light and in UVA. The photograph on the right was taken using  ultraviolet photography  shortly after application of sunscreen to half of the face.


UV sunlight spectrum (on a summer day in the Netherlands), along with the CIE Erythemal action spectrum. The effective spectrum is the product of the former two.


The UVA seal used in the  EU


A tube of SPF 15 sun lotion


“Advanced Protection” sunscreens from around the world, all utilizing different additives to protect the wearer beyond the ultraviolet spectral range


Village girls wearing thanaka at  Ava , Burma


Thanaka wood ( Hesperethusa  crenulata ) for sale


Kyauk pyin  stone slabs for grinding thanaka at a pagoda market in  Sagaing


Thuja plicata  Donn ex D. Don  (Western red cedar) – a tree belonging to the  Cupressaceae  family from which thujaplicins were first purified


Toner


Geisha historically used  uguisu no fun  to remove their  white makeup , and to whiten and condition their skin.


The  Japanese bush warbler  ( Cettia diphone ) produces  uguisu no fun .


Heinrich Auspitz


Iwan Bloch.


Abraham Buschke (1868–1943)


Portrait of Salomon Ehrmann by  Lazar Krestin  (Vienna, 1913, oil on canvas). The Viennese dermatologist Salomon Ehrmann is shown in a white doctor's coat, treating a female patient in his surgery. Ehrmann had initially studied art history and he also painted. He created pictures based on his medical observations. Two of these works hang on the wall behind him, the one on the right bearing his signature.


University of Wrocław


University College Hospital in 2017


Grave of David Gruby,  Saint-Vincent Cemetery ,  Montmartre


Ludwig Halberstädter (left) and  Stanislaus von Prowazek  (center) conduct an experiment on a man holding an orangutan during their research into cytoplasmic  inclusion bodies  of  trachoma  c. 1907.


Hans Haustein 1925


Abraham Buschke , a teacher of Hans Hausteins, was a senior doctor at Rudolf Virchow Hospital in Berlin. He died in 1943 in the concentration camp in  Theresienstadt .


Hans Haustein:  Sexual diseases and prostitution in Scandinavia  (1925)


Karl Herxheimer


Stolperstein  commemorating Karl Herxheimer at Westendstraße 92 in Frankfurt


Josef Jadassohn


Patch test


Moritz Kaposi


Albert Kligman


Oskar Lassar (1849-1907)


Edmund Lesser


Stumbling block for Emil Meirowsky in Cologne-Lindenthal


Philipp Josef Pick


Silhouette of Joseph Jakob Plenck


Paul Gerson Unna


Burt's Bees Hand Salve, Sep 2012


Burts Bees Lip Balm. Top to down: Cucumber Mint, Watermelon, Coconut & Pear, Sweet Mandarin, Original.


Burt's Bees Products, Sep 2012


ChapStick Classic range


Dr. Hauschka products on display at a German drug store.


A product from Dr. Jart+'s Water Fuse collection on display.


A Dr. Jart+ gift set featuring an assortment of samples from its Cicapair and BB Cream lines.


The Face Shop shop front in  Myeong-dong , Seoul in 2012


Forever Living Products headquarters in McCormick Ranch in Arizona in 2007. The company's resort division owns several similar properties.


Johnson's Baby products at a  Kroger  store


Johnson's Baby products at a  Chinese  store


Johnson's Baby Powder ( 50s )


Johnson's Baby Powder (2014)


"No More Tears" Johnson's Baby shampoo advertising from the "Family Circle" magazine (1956)


Jurlique counter at  David Jones   Elizabeth Street, Sydney


Neutrogena "Norwegian Formula" hand cream


The version of the pink grapefruit "Oil-Free Acne Wash" available in Quebec, Canada.


Prachi Desai at an event for Neutrogena


Original Oil of Olay c. 1952


Oil of Olay c. 1992


Origins at  DFS Galleria Customhouse  in  Auckland ,  New Zealand .


Palmolive bar soap advertisement, The Oshkosh Northwestern, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, May 20, 1899


1922 advertisement for Palmolive soap


The influential  Soong sisters  were among the major patrons of Pechoin. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]


One of Pechoin's modern products.


A skin reaction from benzoyl peroxide


Proactiv vending machine,  Indianapolis International Airport , 2008


Rozalex original tin


Rozalex - 1956 Advertising


A bottle of Tecnu, a cleanser which prevents the oils which cause poison oak rash from bonding to the skin.


The GISED group at the XIX annual meeting in Benevento


Logo of Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft


Logo of the German Society of Dermatology


A 77-year-old male presented with facial redness and discomfort for the past year.


This 70-year-old presented with a scaly, tender, itchy nodule on the back of her right hand.


15-year-old with discolouration on abdomen and neck


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45-year-old with progressive facial discolouration


33-year-old with pink scaly facial papules


60-year-old with multiple crusted plaques on the scalp


This 18-year-old male presented to ED with a 1 week history of widespread target shaped lesions on his trunk, legs, and arms as well as severe oral mucositis. The rash had initially started around his eyes, progressing to a widespread eruption of discrete lesions affecting his hands, trunk and limbs, with  erosion of his oral and genital mucosa. He had very poor oral intake for 3 days prior to admission.


30-year-old woman with chronic axillary and submammary plaques


13-year-old with a facial flush


A 3-year-old boy presented with multiple pigmented skin lesions on his trunk. The initial lesion started on his left knee at 6 months of age. The lesions became more erythematous on hot days or in warm temperature environments, and were otherwise asymptomatic.


He previously worked as a farmer and spent a lot of time under the sun during his working years.


A 65-year-old man presented with a one week history of a widespread, itchy, painful rash affecting various parts of his body. The itchy weals progressed and expanded over a few hours and were persistent, lasting 48 hrs, painful, and resulted in some bruising.


A 34-year-old woman with trisomy 21 presented with a rapidly worsening rash of 4 months. The rash was associated with marked scratching that started on her hands then spread throughout the body. She had no preceding skin disorders.


A 30-year-old male patient hailing from Bihar, India, presented with multiple hypopigmented hypoesthetic patches over his trunk along with the pictured erythematous skin lesion with a punched-out centre.


A 12-week-old girl presented with a persistent rash on the thigh and armpit since her birth. Her parents had noted that she appeared persistently irritable, with no social smile, and was unable to fix on and follow objects or faces. She had a normal antenatal and birth history.


A 58-year-old male presents with a six month history of erythroderma, non-responsive to topical and oral steroids. He is otherwise well and has no mucosal lesions or ocular involvement.


Blisters after protracted sepsis


A 25-year-old male was referred to our skin cancer clinic with a one year history of an asymptomatic, slowly enlarging lesion in the right postauricular area. A biopsy showed focal hypergranulosis, basal cell liquefactive degeneration, and a dense upper dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes and melanophages.


Farmer with enlarging finger lesion


This 78-year-old lady presented with a new reddish-orange spreading rash on the right side of her face overnight. The affected skin was raised with a demarcated border and areas of blistering. Her white cell count and C-reactive protein were very raised and she described an episode of fever and rigors.


An otherwise healthy 3-week-old girl presented to the children’s assessment unit with a rapidly progressing red patch on the left lateral periorbital region.


This 11-year-old female presented with disseminated flaccid blisters which were easily torn, exposing a red oozing dermis. These blisters mainly affected the mucosal membrane of the eyes, mouth, and genitalia, in addition to the skin of the face, trunk, and proximal extremities two days prior to presentation.


52-year-old with expanding abdominal plaques


A 6-hour-old male neonate presented with a shiny membrane covering his body since birth. The baby was born at term and was the second child in the family with the same skin abnormality.


This 40-year-old man has had three attacks of lesions which affect both his palms and soles. These attacks have occurred over the last three months, and last about 10 days.


This 25-year-old man has got round, brown, scaly patches over his chest. It has been diagnosed as a fungal infection but has not responded to oral terbinafine for two weeks.


This elderly lady has a rash affecting both lower legs. It is weepy and itchy. She has not responded to a week of oral antibiotics.


This 15-year-old boy has intensely itchy, excoriated, and weepy patches on both legs. They have not responded to oral flucloxacillin.


A 23-year-old female presents with a six-week history of an erythematous rash starting around the feet then spreading cephalically until covering 60% of the skin surface, predominantly over the torso.


This 15-year-old boy has just returned from a holiday in Thailand. He had a beach “tattoo” undertaken 10 days ago. Within a few days he developed persisting, itchy, red areas where the tattoo had been applied.


This man has had recurring sore lesions always on the left side of his palate.


19-year-old female presented with:


50-year-old lady with erythroderma


A 47-year old man with a recent acute myeloid leukaemia relapse presented with multiple purple lesions on the anterior chest and forearms. The lesions were not itchy or tender.


A 52-year old gentleman presented with widespread rash of one week's duration - it started 3 days following commencement of oral flucloxacillin and fluconazole for oral thrush and possible candida infection at the groin.


A 25-year old female presented with rapid swelling, mottling and pain on both palms when exposed to water for a brief time (3-5 minutes). The symptoms resolve within 30 minutes after the hands are dried.


A 4-month old infant presented with severe exacerbation of eczema and poor feeding.


This 3-month old infant presented with a rapidly growing lesion on the back of her ear. The plaque is bright red, non-pulsatile, and non-tender.

She also has another similar lesion on her anterior abdomen.


A newborn presents with an unusual birthmark confined to one leg.


A 12-day-old neonate presents with a large thickened area of skin discoloration on the back.


A 12-year-old boy with a history of atopic dermatitis presents with bilateral, itchy, swollen, and painful nipples.


This forty-six year old lady has had a pink weeping lesion under her chin for the last eight months.


This 80-year-old man has had large crusted lesions over his bald anterior scalp for some months. A large scab has been removed revealing the appearance seen in the photograph.


This 18-year-old man has had a rash on his abdomen for 8 months. Mycology has been negative on 3 occasions and it has not responded to oral itraconazole.


This 69-year-old woman has noticed a rash over her upper chest in the last 2 years. It is non-itchy.


This 33-year-old man presented in the summer with a streaky rash over his trunk of 2 days duration. In some areas, it is starting to blister. He denies any drug ingestion.


This 35-year-old woman has had three episodes of redness and blistering affecting the same area on only one foot in the last four years.


This elderly man is undergoing terminal care – he is receiving opiates for pain relief. He has developed constipation and overflow incontinence. In the last few days, he has developed this florid rash on his posterior thighs.


This 80-year-old lady has atrial fibrillation and has been on warfarin for 2 years. Her anticoagulation control has been erratic in the last months.


This 20-year-old woman has noticed that the skin under both eyes has changed over the last few years.


This 55-year-old woman has a 3-month history of an unusual eruption over her trunk and limbs. She is otherwise well.


This 6-year-old boy has problems with both feet — they are dry and split producing painful fissures.


This 60-year-old man has noticed a change in the appearance of one thumbnail. The rest of his nails are normal and there is no history of skin disease.


This seven-day-old girl has developed a rash distributed only on the left forearm in the last few days. There are some vesicles and pustules, and a biopsy of one of these has shown an epidermal vesicle full of eosinophils.


This 40-year-old lady has developed an itchy eruption over her neck and upper back.  It has not improved with the use of emollients and topical steroids.


Fingernail groove with sticky discharge


Changes to all nails on hands and feet


Unusual facial rash of 3 months


58-year-old with red tight skin on upper back


This patient, now in her early 60s, is concerned about the appearance of her nails. Over the years she has found that they grow much more slowly than when she was younger.


Papulosquamous rash over trunk and chest


This 8-year-old boy has returned from a hiking holiday with his parents in rural England. He has developed a slowly spreading red ring over his chest. He does not recall any bites. He is otherwise well.


This 20-year-old woman has sore red spots around both eyes; her only other problem is allergic rhinitis for which she uses a steroid nasal spray.


26-year-old with spots on her back


A 67-year-old man gives a six-week history of a progressive, itchy, and blistering eruption affecting his limbs. There has been no involvement of his mucous membranes. He has a 10-year history of Crohn disease.


3-year history of scalp lesions with discharge


Female with slow spreading plaque on forehead


This 18-year-old girl has noted a scaly and slightly tender lesion on her chin; she has had a similar lesion on her scalp which has resulted in a patch of hair loss.


This 46-year-old man has itchy lesions symmetrically on his elbows and knees, sacrum, scalp, and beard area. The lesions started six months ago and topical steroids have been of little help in reducing the itch. There is a family history of atopic eczema, although he has never had any atopic symptoms.


White lesion on cheek


This 75-year-old woman has developed a painful haemorrhagic lesion in the last 2 days on her lateral calf. She has coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation.


This 83-year-old lady has had recurrent attacks of bruise-like lesions on the eyelids. They are sometimes provoked by bouts of coughing.