Chajes was born in  Danzig ,  West Prussia ,  German Empire  (Gdańsk, Poland) to Wolf Chajes (1845–1901) and Emma née Braff (1846–1932), he passed his  Abitur  in Danzig and studied medicine at the  University of Berlin  and the  University of Freiburg . He received his doctorate in 1903 in  Freiburg  and started to practice as an assistant doctor in 1903 at the  Charité  in  Berlin . From 1904 to 1907 he worked for  Alfred Blaschko  and in 1907 at the  Hôpital Saint-Louis  in  Paris . [ 1 ]


He returned to Berlin in 1908 to work at Hans Goldschmidt's clinic and started his private practice specialising in  dermatology ,  sexual diseases  and  urology  in 1911 in  Berlin Schöneberg . From 1906 to 1921 he worked as public assistant doctor in Schöneberg, from 1915 to 1933 he was the physician of the  Deutsches Theater (Berlin) . Chajes joined the Association of socialist physicians ( Verein sozialistischer Ärzte ) in 1913 and became its deputy chairman in 1924. [ 1 ]


In  World War I  he served as a military physician from 1915 to 1918 and was awarded the  Iron Cross  second class. During the  German Revolution  he was a member of the  workers' and soldiers council  in  Frankfurt (Oder) , he is described either as chairman of the central department of the soldiers' councils in the  Province of Brandenburg [ 1 ]  or in the  Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (Oder) . [ 2 ]  Chajes was a delegate at the national congress of councils. [ 2 ]


In 1919 he started to lecture at the  Technical University Charlottenburg  on industrial hygiene. In 1922 he became a member of the Committee for industrial hygiene at the  International Labour Office  in  Geneva . He was elected a member of the Prussian Parliament in 1928 and became his fraction's expert in public health services. [ 3 ]  He followed  Alfred Grotjahn  at the University of Berlin and headed the Institute for social hygiene at the University of Berlin from 1931 on. [ 4 ]


Being Jewish, Chajes lost his positions according to the  Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service   after the  Nazi seizure of power  in 1933. He emigrated via  Switzerland  and  Turkey  to  Mandate Palestine , where he arrived in autumn 1933. In 1934 he started to practice as a physician in  Tel Aviv . [ 1 ]


Chajes was engaged in constituting  healthcare in Israel , he co-founded the  Assuta Medical Center  and the Shiloah Insurance company, today part of the  Harel Group . [ 5 ]  In 1935 Chajes became the chairman of the Committee for industrial and social hygiene of the  Histadrut  Union. [ 1 ]


He died in 1938 while on vacation in  Ascona ,  Switzerland . [ 1 ]


Chajes was married to Käte Schattner (1882–1925), step-daughter of  Eduard Bernstein , and in a second marriage to Flora Rosenbund (1898–1942). [ 6 ]


Salomon Ehrmann  (December 19, 1854 - October 24, 1926) was a Jewish-Austrian  dermatologist  and  histologist  born in the village of  Ostrovec , today part of the  Czech Republic . He was an important member of the so-called  Vienna School of Dermatology , a group founded by  Ferdinand von Hebra  (1816–1888).


Ehrmann was a pupil of  histopathologist   Carl Wedl  (1815–1891) at the  University of Vienna . He later became director of the dermatological department at  Vienna General Hospital . He specialized in the field of  syphilology , and is remembered for his research involving the parasite  Spirochaetae pallida  (the causative agent of syphilis), and its spread throughout the human body.


In 1895 he described  acne keloidalis , which he referred to as  folliculitis  nuchae sclerotisans . Among his written works was a comparative diagnostic atlas of skin diseases called  Vergleichend-diagnostischer Atlas der Hautkrankheiten und der Syphilide . Other published works by Ehrmann include:


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Irwin Mark Freedberg  ( c.  1933 ,  Brookline, Massachusetts  – July 17, 2005, New York City) was an American  dermatologist. [ 1 ]   He taught dermatology at Harvard Medical School, was director of the department of dermatology at  Johns Hopkins University , was the first chief of dermatology at  Beth Israel Hospital , and was the George Miller MacKee Professor and chairman of the Ronald O. Perelman Department of  Dermatology  at the  New York University Medical Center .  He studied the  protein   keratin  (the main component of hair, nails, and skin) and  keratinocytes  (the most common cells in the  epidermis ).


He received his undergraduate degree from  Dartmouth College  and earned his medical degree at  Harvard Medical School  in 1956, and performed his dermatology residency at the  Massachusetts General Hospital  from 1959 to 1962. [ 2 ]  He then taught at Harvard from 1962 to 1977, eventually as a professor of dermatology. [ 3 ]  He moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he was director of the department of dermatology until 1981. [ 3 ]


He was the first chief of dermatology at  Beth Israel Hospital . [ 4 ]  Subsequently, he was the George Miller MacKee Professor and chairman of the Ronald O. Perelman Department of  Dermatology  at the  New York University Medical Center , New York, from 1981 through 2005. [ 5 ]


Freedberg studied the  protein   keratin  (the main component of hair, nails, and skin) and  keratinocytes  (the most common cells in the  epidermis ). [ 3 ]


He was the former editor in chief of  The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . [ 3 ]  He also was a co-editor for a number of editions of  Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine ;  Freedberg; et al., eds. (2003).  Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine  (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.  ISBN   0-07-138067-1 . [ 3 ] [ 5 ]


In 1995, he was elected to the  National Academy of Sciences ' Institute of Medicine. [ 3 ]  Freedberg was named president of the American Dermatologic Association in 1997. [ 3 ]  He was a former president of the Association of Professors of Dermatology and of the  American Board of Dermatology . [ 3 ]


He died from a  brain tumor  at the age of 74 in New York City on July 17, 2005. [ 3 ]


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Wilhelm Siegmund Frei  (5 September 1885 – 27 January 1943) was a German  dermatologist  best known for his contributions to  Durand-Nicolas-Favre disease , a  sexually transmitted disease  found mainly in tropical and subtropical climates. He is also known for the  Frei Test , [ 1 ]  which was developed in 1925 for the detection of  lymphogranuloma venereum  (LGV). [ 2 ]


Wilhelm Siegmund Frei was born in  Neustadt ,  Upper Silesia . His father, Emil Frei, was a  mining  firm director, from Neustadt. His mother was Frederika Ring, who came from  Austria . Wilhelm had two sisters, Gerta Frei (1887 — presumably killed by Nazis) and Josephina Frei (1888).


Wilhelm studied medicine in  Freiburg , Germany, and went on to get his  doctorate  in  Göttingen  in 1913. He met  Magda Frankfurter  (1885–1973) when they were both studying medicine in Freiburg and was married on 12 January 1912. They had their first child Marianne, later that year on 7 November 1912, and their second child Fritz was born on 12 December 1915.


Due to the rise of the  Nazis  and bad times looming ahead in Germany, he immigrated to New York with his family [ 3 ]  and went to work at the  Montefiore Hospital  in the  Bronx  from 1937 until he fell ill and died on 27 January 1943, leaving behind his wife and three children at the age of 58.


Walter Freudenthal  (6 May 1893 – 27 March 1952) was a German-Jewish dermatologist who gave the earliest clear  histopathological  description of keratoma senile ( actinic keratosis ) in 1926 in  Breslau . In 1933, he moved to London to escape the Nazi regime and worked as a dermatopathologist at  University College Hospital  (UCH) in London where he coined the term  keratoacanthoma  in the 1940s.


He worked with dermatologist  Geoffrey Dowling  on the connection between  dermatomyositis  and  scleroderma  and was later appointed to the first readership in dermatological histology by London University.


In addition to lecturing, demonstrating specimens at the  Royal Society of Medicine  and postgraduate training, Freudenthal wrote many papers on his histopathological findings, and chapters in dermatology textbooks.


Walter Freudenthal was born on 6 May 1893 [ 1 ]  in Breslau (later  Wroclaw , Poland) in the  Silesia  region of Germany, into a Jewish family of physicians. [ 2 ]  In 1913 he began to study medicine in Geneva, but this was interrupted by the  First World War . [ 2 ]  Returning to Breslau in 1919, he resumed his medical education [ 2 ]  and completed it at the clinic of the  Friedrich-Wilhelms University  (now the University of Wrocław), graduating in 1920. [ 3 ]


While working in the histopathology laboratory and being in charge of the male ward in the outpatient clinic, he became a university lecturer and then full professor. He became concerned that existing skin treatments were inadequate and started to work with a pharmacist to educate himself on the chemical content of various ointments and creams. At the same time, he lectured on  sexually transmitted diseases , dermatohistopathology and related topics. [ 3 ]


He was particularly influenced by Breslau's chair of dermatology  Josef Jadassohn , [ 3 ]  and was his assistant from 1920 to 1933 at the Breslau University. [ 2 ]  He also worked alongside other well-known names in the field of dermatology, such as  W. N. Goldsmith ,  Max Jessner  and  Rudolph L. Mayer . After receiving his  MD  in 1922, he became a  privatdozent  in 1929. [ 2 ]


His most significant works were written at Breslau. [ 3 ]  He examined 14 biopsy specimens of lesions taken from the skin of either the back of the hands or the upper face from 13 people aged between 34 and 76. He gave the earliest histopathological definition of these lesions, which he called keratoma senile ( actinic keratosis ), and distinguished them from verruca senilis ( seborrheic keratosis ). [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  The description appeared in the  Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis  in 1926 and was regarded by his colleagues as important. [ 3 ] [ 5 ]  He also proposed that keratoma senile might be caused by sunlight. [ 3 ]


Like many other Jewish physicians at his university, the Nazi takeover in 1933 resulted in the withdrawal of his permission to lecture, and in due course he moved to England. [ 3 ]


On arrival in London he was asked to recertify in order to practice medicine. He opted against this and instead, with the help of  Sir Archibald Gray , [ 3 ]  who had already recruited Freudenthal's old friend from Breslau W. N. Goldsmith, [ 6 ]  took up studies in dermatohistopathology at University College Hospital (UCH) in London. It was in this field that he was eventually appointed to the teaching faculty. [ 3 ]


During the Second World War, he assisted in the outpatient department of UCH, and after the war he became active in postgraduate training of home and international dermatologists. [ 2 ]  In 1945 he was elected to the first readership in dermatological histology at UCH. [ 3 ]  He also wrote about numerous other skin conditions including   amyloidosis ,  glomus tumour , mucin in  granuloma annulare [ 2 ]  and  Kaposi’s sarcoma . [ 7 ]  Encouragement and collaboration with dermatologist Geoffrey Dowling led to an interest in the relationship between  dermatomyositis  and  scleroderma . [ 8 ]  He regularly attended the meetings of the dermatology section of the Royal Society of Medicine and demonstrated his specimens on the screen. His comments were reported in their  Proceedings . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  In addition, he noted significant  acanthosis  in a lesion he was studying and coined the term "keratoacanthoma" [ 9 ] [ 10 ]  which was adopted by dermatologist  Arthur Rook  and pathologist  Ian Whimster  in 1950. [ 11 ]


Freudenthal suffered from constant headaches [ 2 ]  and heart disease in the final five years of life and, following a morning's work in the laboratory, died in London on 27 May 1952 at the age of 58. [ 3 ]  His wife survived him. [ 2 ]


The poet Ruth Hoffmann, [ 12 ]  who was also a friend of Freudenthal, devoted a significant section of her book to him.  Meine Freunde aus Davids Geschlecht (My friends from David’s lineage)  was published in 1947 in Berlin and contained a description of him, which was quoted by a colleague:


A man with thinning, blackish hair, an unmistakable, nimble, bird-like gait, who would disappear as fast as he had approached. He would depart with a short farewell, which would not last longer than the usual good-bye on the main station of Breslau after a weekend trip, even when it involved foreign travel, the ocean, years, and war. [ 3 ]


Numerous textbooks and articles by other dermatologists refer to him as Freudenthal of Wroclaw. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 13 ]


David Gruby  (20 August 1810 – 14 November 1898) was a Hungarian  physician  born in the village of Kis-Kér (now  Bačko Dobro Polje , Serbia) to a  Jewish  farmer. [ 1 ]  He received his doctorate in  Vienna  and performed scientific research in Paris.


Gruby is remembered as a pioneer in the fields of  microbiology  and  medical mycology . Most of his important work was done during the 1840s, when he reported that human disease could be caused by fungi. [ 2 ]  In 1841 he described the fungus associated with  favus , a discovery that was independent of  Johann Lukas Schönlein 's (1793–1864) findings. Later, the fungal  parasite  was called  Achorion  schoenleinii  in Schönlein's honor.


In 1842 he described a microscopic  cryptogam  ( Trichophyton ectothrix ) that is associated with a  dermatological  disease known as  sycosis barbae . Gruby also discovered  Candida (Monilia) albicans , the cause of  candidiasis , and in 1843 he described a fungus ( Microsporum audouinii ) that is the cause of a type of  ringworm . This fungus was named after  naturalist   Jean Victor Audouin  (1797–1842).


Gruby also discovered a parasite in the blood of frogs he called  Trypanosoma  sanguinis . During the early years of  anaesthesia , he performed important experiments with  chloroform  and  ether  on animals.


Martin Gumpert  (13 November 1897 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born physician, dermatologist, medical historian, and author. Born in Berlin to a family of doctors, Gumpert pursued a medical career, specializing in dermatology and medical history. His early life was marked by service as a medical orderly during World War I and academic pursuits in Berlin and Heidelberg, culminating in a dissertation on syphilis in 1923. A left-wing social activist and trade unionist, Gumpert also engaged in expressionist poetry and literature.


Gumpert was born on 13 November 1897 in Berlin to his parents Ely, a doctor, and Elise. [ 1 ]  In 1923 he married Charlotte Blaschko, also a doctor, who died of tuberculosis in 1933. [ 2 ]  The couple had a daughter, Nina, who was born in around 1927. [ 2 ]


Gumpert trained as a doctor in Berlin and Heidelberg, working as a medical orderly during the First World War. [ 1 ]  His 1923 dissertation was on the history of  syphilis , and he went on to write texts on pediatrics and developmental deformity. He studied in Paris in 1928. [ 3 ]


Gumpert was a left-wing social activist and trade unionist and published expressionist poetry. [ 1 ]


In 1933 Gumpert was forced out of his medical position by the Nazi rise to power. [ 1 ]  Over the next few years he wrote several texts of literature and the history of science and  medicine. He was further excluded from the association of German writers, the   Reichsverband deutscher Schriftsteller  as a Jew in 1935 and emigrated to the United States in 1936.


Gumpert opened a dermatology practice in New York in 1936 and became a US citizen in 1942. [ 3 ]  During these years Gumpert became a friend of the siblings  Erika  and  Klaus Mann [ 4 ]  and in 1949 visited their father  Thomas Mann  in Germany. Thomas Mann used Gumpert's medical knowledge on the course of syphilis in writing his novel  Doktor Faustus. [ 5 ]


From 1952 Gumpert edited the gerontology journal  Lifetime Living   and worked as a  geriatrician  at the  Jewish Memorial Hospital , New York. [ 3 ]


Gumpert continued to write about the exile experience in poems and literary publications. [ 3 ]


Gumpert died on 18 April 1955. [ 1 ]


Salim Haim  (1919–1983) was a  dermatologist . In 1965 he described for the first time a case of  Haim–Munk syndrome . [ 1 ]


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Ludwig Halberstädter  (9 December 1876, in  Beuthen ,  Oberschlesien  – 20 August 1949) was a German-Jewish  radiologist .


In 1901 he obtained his medical doctorate from the  University of Breslau , and following graduation became an assistant to  surgeon   Carl Garré  (1857–1928) at the  University of Königsberg . Afterwards he returned to  Breslau  as an assistant to  dermatologist   Albert Neisser  (1855–1916), under whose direction he participated on a medical research mission to  Java  (1907).


In 1922 he obtained his habilitation for dermatology and  radiation therapy  in  Berlin . Here he became director of the radiation department at the  Instituts für Krebsforschung  (Institute for Cancer Research),  Berlin-Dahlem . In this capacity he used  thorium  as a treatment for  cancer . [ 1 ]  In 1933 he emigrated from Nazi Germany to  Palestine , where he became director of radiation therapy at the  Hadassah Hospital  in  Jerusalem . He died in  New York City  on August 20, 1949.


In 1905 he introduced radiation for  ablation  of the  ovaries . [ 2 ]


Hans Haustein  (August 27, 1894 – November 12, 1933) was a Jewish medical doctor and scientist in the  Weimar Republic .


Haustein was born and died in Berlin.


Hans Haustein studied medicine in  Freiburg im Breisgau  and Berlin from 1913 to 1918. In 1920, he completed a  Doctorate  in Berlin. Afterwards, he received his  medical licence  and became a  medical assistant . His teachers in the fields of  dermatology  and  venereology  were  Abraham Buschke , at Rudolf Virchow Hospital, as well as  Georg Arndt , at the dermatology clinic of the  Charité – Berlin University of Medicine .


In 1924, soon after Haustein was made a  consultant  in  skin diseases  and  sexually transmitted diseases , he opened a  surgery  on  Kurfürstendamm . This afforded him an affluent clientele of high  social status . He gained a reputation as a fashionable doctor, who also treated  prostitutes  and supplied them with  pessaries  for  birth control . As a  consultant , he was both a colleague and a rival of  Gottfried Benn , who practised on Belle-Alliance-Street, today  Mehringdamm .


He lived in a large house on 4 Bregenzer Street in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, which was a centre for high society. In these rooms, he hosted lavish parties at which writers, composers, painters and patrons gathered. At the time of the  Weimar Republic , a large proportion of  Wilmersdorf 's population was Jewish. Numerous Jewish artists and writers lived in this district. Haustein, who was known for his intellectual and erotic permissiveness, was regarded as a lounge lizard. He was in a relationship with a model called Sonja, who he is said to have been sexually dependent on. Among his closest friends were the writer  Lion Feuchtwanger , the composer  Fred Raymond  and the painter  Christian Schad , who painted a portrait of him in the style of  magical realism  in 1928. Haustein's lover Sonja can also be seen as a shadow on the wall in this painting.


Haustein was also an academic and was considered one of the leading experts in combating venereal diseases. From 1916 on, he published over 70 works, including, his seminal works such as  Venereal Diseases inclusive of Prostitution  and  The Early History of Syphilis . From 1921 until 1923, he worked for the magazine  Social Hygiene, Welfare and the Hospital System . From 1932 he led the historical section of the Department of Genetics at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in  Buch, Berlin .


When the  National Socialists   Machtergreifung  in 1933, Haustein suddenly lost his upper-class status and faced discrimination and persecution. His medical license was revoked and he had to endure house searches and interrogations. On 7 July 1933, he was arrested along with other Jewish and politically unpopular doctors and was severely maltreated in a provisional  concentration camp . After these experiences, Haustein had no illusions over his fate as a Jew. When the  Gestapo  attempted to arrest him on 12 November 1933, he killed himself with  cyanide .


As early as April 22, 1933, the Nazi regime revoked the medical license of Jewish and politically left wing doctors, applying the new  regulations of medical admission , thereby taking away their means of existence. While communist and socialist doctors had absolutely no right to object, their Jewish colleagues, who had already had a practice during World War I or had fought on the front line, could keep practicing for the time being. However, the Nazi regime restricted the opportunity increasingly in the subsequent years and eventually prohibited all of the Jewish doctors from exercising their profession from September 30, 1938 onwards by means of the fourth act of  the law of the citizens of the Third Reich  in Nazi Germany. Only a few of them were given permission – as so-called  treaters of sick people  – to take exclusively care of Jewish patients. The Nazi regime thought this gradual procedure was necessary because in Berlin in 1933 2000 out of 3600 health service doctors were Jewish according to the National Social categorisation and medical care had to be ensured.


Most doctors were presumably accepting of the procedure towards their Jewish colleagues and also profited from this. All of a sudden, the opportunity to take over a practice presented itself to young doctors in particular. This behaviour on the part of many doctors made it much more difficult to confront the past after the Second World War. It wasn't until recently that the role of the  medical profession  and  Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians  in the era of  National Socialism  began to be examined. An example of this is the medical historian Rebecca Schwoch's 2009 investigation into the history of the  Associations of SHI Physicians  in Berlin titled ‘Jewish Doctors in Berlin and their Fate in National Socialism’.
The long-lasting research work was financed by the donations of the  National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians ,  German Medical Association  and the  German Medical Journal . In the subsequent period, the  Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians  in  Bavaria  began an academic study of the fate of Jewish doctors in  Nazi Germany [ 1 ]  und die  Ärztekammer Niedersachsen  veröffentlichte eine Broschüre zum Gedenken an jüdische Kollegen. [ 2 ]  and the  Medical Association  of  Lower Saxony  published a booklet in commemoration of their Jewish colleagues. In 2018, the Scientific Services of the  German Bundestag  released a short documentary about the exclusion, disenfranchisement and  persecution of Jewish  doctors under  National Socialism  for the members of the  German Bundestag . [ 3 ]


Karl Herxheimer  ( German pronunciation:   [kaʁl   ˈhɛʁksˌhaɪmɐ] ; 26 June 1861 – 6 December 1942) was a German-Jewish  dermatologist  who was a native of  Wiesbaden .


He studied medicine at the universities of  Freiburg ,  Strasbourg  and  Würzburg , receiving his doctorate in 1885 with a thesis on cerebral syphilis. Following graduation he worked as an assistant to  Karl Weigert  at the  Institute of Pathology  in  Frankfurt am Main , and to  Albert Neisser  at the university skin clinic in  Breslau . [ 1 ]


He later worked with his older brother, Salomon Herxheimer (1841–1899) in Frankfurt, where in 1894, he became director of the municipal dermatology clinic. Along with  Paul Ehrlich , he was instrumental in founding the  University of Frankfurt . In 1914 he became a professor for skin and venereal diseases at the new university. In August 1942, at the age of 81, he was taken to the  Theresienstadt concentration camp , where he died a few months later. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Herxheimer is credited with providing an early description of  acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans  (Taylor's disease), which is a dermatological disorder associated with the later stages of  Lyme disease . This condition is sometimes referred to as "Pick–Herxheimer disease", named along with co-discoverer  Philipp Josef Pick  (1834–1910). [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  With Austrian dermatologist  Adolf Jarisch  (1850–1902), the  Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction  ("herxing") is named, which is an inflammatory reaction to  Salvarsan ,  antibiotics  or  mercury , when using these agents to treat  syphilis . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


The clinical pharmacologist  Andrew Herxheimer  was his great nephew. [ 7 ]


Joseph (Josef) Jadassohn  (10 September 1863 in  Liegnitz  – 24 March 1936 in  Zurich ) was a  German   dermatologist .


He was an assistant to  Albert Neisser  at the Allerheiligen Hospital in  Breslau  until 1892, the director of the university skin clinic in  Bern  (1896–1917), and later a professor of dermatology at  Breslau University  (1917–1932).


Jadassohn was among the first to take an  immunological  approach in research of dermatological disorders, and contributed to the understanding of the  immunopathology  of  tuberculosis  and  trichophytosis . He was a pioneer in the field of  allergology , and is credited for introducing  patch testing  for diagnosis of  contact dermatitis . [ 1 ]  In 1901 he described a rare childhood dermatological disorder known as  granulosis rubra nasi .


Two dermatological disorders that are named after him are: "Jadassohn's disease I" (a skin disorder originating at the  elbow ) and "Jadassohn's disease II" (a natal skin disorder affecting the face and scalp). Together with his assistants, Walter Dössekker (1868–1962), Max Tièche (1878–1938), and  Felix Lewandowsky  (1879–1921), he shares the following eponymous medical conditions:


Jadassohn published a revision of  Edmund Lesser ’s  Lehrbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten  (14th edition, 1927–30), and from 1927 published the multi-volume  Handbuch für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten . Other noted written works of his include:


Max Jessner  (2 November 1887 – 27 August 1978) [ citation needed ]  was a German dermatologist and university professor. In 1928 he travelled to  Buriat-Mongolia  on an expedition to study  syphilis  and the effects of the anti-syphilitic drug  Salvarsan . After escaping Nazi occupied Europe in the mid-1930s, he settled in New York. Jessner is remembered for the development of the chemical peel known as  Jessner's solution  and the description of  Jessner-Kanof disease .


Max Jessner was born on 2 November 1887 in  Stolp  (now Słupsk in  Poland ), the son of the dermatologist and lecturer at the University of Königsberg  Samuel Jessner  (1859–1929). [ 1 ]  He studied medicine at the universities of Munich and Königsberg. [ 2 ]


Jessner did his dermatological training at clinics in Breslau (now  Wroclaw ) under  Albert Neisser . [ 1 ]


He became assistant to  Joseph Jadassohn  at the University Department of Dermatology in Bern from 1912 to 1914. [ 2 ]  Following the interruption of the First World War, in which he also fought, [ 3 ]  he followed Jadassohn to the  University of Breslau  in 1917. [ 2 ]  After his  habilitation  there in 1922, he was appointed associate professor in 1926. [ 4 ]


In April 1928, [ 5 ]
Jessner travelled to  Buriat-Mongolia  as part of the  Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition , an expedition to study  syphilis  and the effects of the anti-syphilitic drug  Salvarsan . The mission involved eight Soviet and eight German researchers. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]   For post-revolutionary Russia, the expedition marked an opportunity to use science to solidify political relations and improve communication. For the Germans, it was an opening to the east. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


In 1931, he was appointed to Josef Jadassohn's chair. [ 4 ]  In either 1934 [ 4 ]  or 1935, [ 2 ]  he was forced to resign, along with  Hans Biberstein , because of his Jewish descent. [ 3 ] [ 2 ] [ 8 ]  His successor was  Heinrich Gottron  who was favoured by the  National Socialist  regime. [ 4 ]  Biberstein later became professor of dermatology at New York University [ 4 ]  like many other dermatologists who escaped Nazi-occupied Europe by travelling to North America. [ 9 ]


Jessner first emigrated to Switzerland in 1935, [ 4 ]  then in 1941 to New York, [ 10 ]  where he was reunited with Biberstein. [ 11 ]  At first, he found work at the New York Postgraduate Medical School and later, he was appointed to the teaching staff of New York University School of Medicine's Skin and Cancer Unit. [ 4 ]


Also known as the Coombe's formula, [ 12 ]  Jessner developed it to form  Jessner's solution , [ 13 ]  a liquid peeling treatment for hyperkeratotic epidermal lesions, containing  salicyclic acid ,  resorcinol , and  lactic acid  in 95%  ethanol , and works by breaking intracellular bridges between  keratinocytes . He reduced the concentration of resorcinol due to its associated  allergic contact dermatitis ,  irritant contact dermatitis  and skin discolouration. Modified Jessner's solutions, replacing resorcinol with  TCA  are available. [ 14 ]


In New York, he was assisted, like many others, by  Marion Sulzberger  at the New York Skin and Cancer Unit. [ 15 ]  It was here that in 1953, with Kanof, he became renowned for the description of  Jessner-Kanof disease , a lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin where the lesions were asymptomatic, presenting as red spots or plaques with spontaneous recurrences. [ 2 ] [ 16 ]


After retiring, Jessner moved back to Switzerland, where he died on 27 June 1978. [ citation needed ] [ 2 ]


Samuel Jessner  (5 January 1859 - 7 December 1929) was a German dermatologist known for his work on the skin and hair symptoms of patients with  syphilis . [ 1 ]


Jessner was born in Dorbian (now Darbėnai),  Russian Empire , and studied medicine at the  University of Königsberg . After completing his doctorate, he habilitated there as well. He dealt mainly with skin and venereal diseases. He was chairman of the Königsberg branch of the free-religious Deutschen Gesellschaft für ethische Kultur (German Society for Ethical Culture). His sons were the dermatologist  Max Jessner [ 2 ]  and the theater director and director  Fritz Jessner .


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Ricky Kanee Schachter ,  FRCP(C) ,  CM  (December 23, 1918 – July 1, 2007) was a  dermatologist  who practiced in the  Toronto  area, and was invested as a Member of the  Order of Canada  in 1998, as "a researcher, teacher, administrator and healer, whose work in the areas of skin cancer and psoriasis has improved the lives of her patients, and inspired fellow researchers across Canada." [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Schachter grew up in  Melville ,  Saskatchewan , at a time when women were not generally accepted as professionals in Canada. [ 5 ]  When she decided to go to university at the age of 16, to become a doctor, even her father, an educated Russian immigrant and community leader, said to her that she would "be taking up a space for a man." [ 6 ]


In 1940, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Saskatchewan. [ 3 ]  Dr. Schachter then graduated from the  University of Toronto ’s Faculty of Medicine in 1943, and pursued post-graduate training in dermatology at  Columbia University  in New York from 1944 to 1945. [ 3 ]  She began working at the  Women's College Hospital , in  Toronto  in 1946 and became a Fellow of the Royal College, in Canada, in 1950. She was appointed associate professor at the  University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine  in 1961. [ 7 ]


Her husband, Benjamin Schachter, was a Torontonian biochemist, working at the  University of Toronto , who, from 1934 to 1939, conducted research on female sex hormones. He isolated and identified conjugated  oestrone  sulphate ( Premarin ). [ 8 ]  Her late brother,  Sol Kanee , also received the  Order of Canada  for his work with the  Bank of Canada  and the  Canadian Jewish Congress . [ 9 ]


She began working at  Women's College Hospital , in Toronto in 1946 where she was appointed the head of the Division of Dermatology. [ 3 ]  Schachter became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Canada, in 1950. [ 3 ]  In 1976 she established the Psoriasis Education and Research Centre (PERC) at Women's College Hospital and became its first director. [ 3 ]  This centre was the first of its kind in Canada to specialize in treatment, education and research on psoriasis. [ 3 ]


Dr. Schachter retired from her position at Women's College Hospital on June 30, 1985. [ 3 ]


A chair in dermatology was established to honour her, and in 1985, the Dr. Ricky Kanee Schachter Dermatology Fund was established in recognition of her commitment to patient care. In July 1991, the Dr. Ricky Kanee Schachter Dermatology Centre opened its doors [ 10 ]  at  Women's College Hospital  to treat a variety of skin conditions, through several out-patient clinics:


In addition to being at the forefront of her field, and a pioneer in the treatment of  psoriasis  on an out-patient basis, [ 11 ]  Schachter worked for the promotion of women's rights, Jews' rights, and for gender equality in the medical profession. [ 12 ]  She was a devoted teacher and healer, and received numerous recognitions of her work. With her appointment in 1978 as the president of the  Canadian Dermatological Association —the first female in Canada to lead specialists in her field. She was also the first woman to win the Canadian Dermatology Foundation's Practitioner of the Year award, in 2005, [ 11 ]  and received an honorary  Doctor of Laws , by  Queen's University , in 2006. [ 13 ]


During her time at Women's College Hospital, Schachter was also the president of the medical staff and Medical Advisory Committee from 1958 to 1959. [ 14 ]


Moritz Kaposi  ( Hungarian :  Kaposi Mór ,  pronounced   [ˈkɒpoʃi   ˈmoːr] ; 23 October 1837 – 6 March 1902) was a  physician  and  dermatologist  from the  Austro-Hungarian Empire  who discovered the skin tumor that received his name ( Kaposi's sarcoma ).


Born in  Kaposvár ,  Hungary ,  Austrian Empire , to a  Jewish  family, originally his surname was Kohn; but, with his conversion to the  Catholic  faith, he changed it to Kaposi in 1871, in reference to his town of birth. One purported reason behind this is that he wanted to marry a daughter of current dermatology chairman,  Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra , and advance in the society, which he could not have done being of Jewish faith. This seems unlikely because he married Martha Hebra and converted to Catholicism several years prior to changing his name, by which time he was already well established in the Vienna University faculty and a close associate of her father, Ferdinand. A more plausible explanation is based on his own comments to colleagues that he changed his name to avoid confusion with five other similarly named physicians on the Vienna faculty. Rumors about the sincerity of both his marriage and his concerns about his Jewish ancestry may have arisen through professional jealousy ( William Dubreuilh  (1857–1935), first professor and chairman of dermatology in Bordeaux: "On disait de Kaposi qu'il avait pris la fille de Hebra, sa maison, sa chaire et sa clientèle, laissant le reste à son beau-frère Hans Hebra." ("It was said of Kaposi that he had taken the daughter of Hebra, his home, his chair and his clientele, leaving the rest to his brother-in-law, Hans Hebra.") [ This quote needs a citation ]


In 1855, Kaposi began to study  medicine  at the  University of Vienna  and attained a  doctorate  in 1861.  In his dissertation, titled  Dermatologie und Syphilis  (1866) he made an important contribution to the field.  Kaposi was appointed as professor at the University of Vienna in 1875, and in 1881 he became a member of the board of the  Vienna General Hospital  and director of its clinic of  skin diseases .


Together with his mentor, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, he authored the book  Lehrbuch der Hautkrankheiten  (Textbook of Skin Diseases) in 1878.  Kaposi's main work, however, was   Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten in Vorlesungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende  (Pathology and Therapy of the Skin Diseases in Lectures for Practical Physicians and Students), published in 1880, which became one of the most significant books in the history of  dermatology , being translated to several languages.  He is credited with the description of  xeroderma pigmentosum , a rare genetic disorder now known to be caused by defects in  nucleotide excision repair  ("Ueber Xeroderma pigmentosum. Medizinische Jahrbücher, Wien, 1882: 619–633").  Among other diseases, Kaposi was the first to study  lichen scrofulosorum  and  lupus erythematosus . In all, he published over 150 books and papers.  He is widely credited with advancing the use of  pathologic examination  in the diagnosis of dermatologic diseases.


He died on 6 March 1902 in  Vienna ,  Austria-Hungary .


His name entered into the  history of medicine  in 1872, when he described for the first time  Kaposi's sarcoma , a  cancer  of the  skin , which he had discovered in five elderly male patients and which he initially named "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma".  More than a century later, the appearance of this disease in young gay men in  New York City ,  San Francisco  and other coastal cities in the  United States  was one of the first indications that a new disease, now called  AIDS , had appeared.  Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor that is caused by a virus,  Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus  or KSHV, discovered in 1993.  Kaposi's sarcoma is now the most commonly reported cancer in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.


According to J. D. Oriel, "in his lifetime, Moritz Kaposi was acknowledged as one of the great masters of the  Vienna School of Dermatology , a superb clinician and renowned teacher". [ 1 ]  While his mentor, Ferdinand von Hebra, is considered the "father of German dermatology", [ 2 ]  Kaposi was one of the first to establish dermatology on its anatomical  pathology  scientific basis. He became the chairman of the  Vienna School of Dermatology , after Hebra's death in 1880.


Arnold William Klein  (February 27, 1945 – October 22, 2015) was an American  dermatologist . [ 2 ]


In the infancy of the  AIDS  epidemic, Klein became one of the first doctors in Los Angeles to diagnose a case of  Kaposi's sarcoma  in a young patient. [ 3 ]  He also worked closely with American pop musician  Michael Jackson , diagnosing him with  discoid lupus erythematosus  and  vitiligo  and supplying him with over 200 shots of  pethidine , aiding his addiction, starting in the mid-1980s.


Klein was born on February 27, 1945, in  Mt. Clemens, Michigan , the son of a Jewish Orthodox rabbi. He was raised in Michigan and  North Miami, Florida , graduating with hall of fame pitcher  Steve Carlton  from  North Miami High School  in 1963. [ 4 ]


In 1967, Klein earned his  bachelor's degree  in biology from the  University of Pennsylvania . He attended the  University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , earning his  Doctor of Medicine  degree in 1971. He completed an internship at  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center  in Los Angeles and his residency in dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania and the  University of California at Los Angeles  (UCLA). In 1975, he served as Chief Resident in Dermatology at UCLA. [ 2 ]


Klein was an unpaid, volunteer professor of Medicine and Dermatology at the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Klein was an outspoken critic of the misuse of  prescription drugs , toxins, and certain synthetic dermal fillers, including  ArteFill . [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  He was responsible for the FDA giving Allergan's  Botox  a black box warning. [ 9 ]  Klein was named a consultant to the FDA. [ 10 ]  He died on October 22, 2015, at the age of 70 at the  Eisenhower Medical Center  in Rancho Mirage, California. [ 11 ]


Klein served as the dermatologist for  Michael Jackson . Following Jackson's death, Klein claimed to be a  sperm donor , but stated that he did not believe he was the biological father of Jackson's children. [ 12 ]  However, Klein had multiple health problems such as  multiple sclerosis , which would've prevented him from donating sperm as sperm donors are not allowed to donate if they have genetic disorders or other medical concerns. [ 13 ]


In August 1985, Klein joined the board of the  National AIDS Research Foundation  (NARF). A month later, the Foundation merged with the  AIDS Medical Association  and are now known as  amfAR . [ 14 ]
As of 2012 [update] , Klein was also a member of the Advisory Board of the AIDS Services Foundation Orange County, now known as Radiant Health Centers. [ citation needed ]


Over the next two decades, they additionally established the  Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation  and  Art for AIDS  in  Orange County . [ 15 ]


In 2007, Klein founded  The Elizabeth Taylor Endowment  for the  UCLA CARE Center , a facility that focuses on advancing HIV/AIDS research and treatment. [ 16 ]  In the November 2008 issue of  L'Uomo Vogue , in an article related to AIDS in Africa, it was reported that Klein and the organizations which he founded have raised in excess of $274 million for HIV research and care. [ 17 ]


Klein served as a trustee to various boards of directors, some of which included the Jennifer Jones-Simon Foundation and The  Hereditary Disease Foundation . [ 18 ]  Klein, alongside his friend  Frank Gehry , helped the foundation to raise funds and awareness for inherited diseases. [ citation needed ]


Klein also co-founded the Rose Tarlow-Arnold W. Klein Breast Cancer Foundation at UCLA which provides breast cancer treatment for individuals who are unable to afford it. [ 17 ]


He received numerous awards and honors including Who's Who in the World, Best Doctors in America, Men of Achievement, AIDS Services Foundation of Orange County, Award of Merit, Los Angeles Magazine, The Best of L.A., Los Angeles Business Journal, 10 Masters of Medicine in Los Angeles, Haney Scholar, University of Pennsylvania, Inaugural Visiting Professor in Cosmetic Dermatology, Harvard School of Medicine, Inaugural Visiting Professor in Cosmetic Dermatology, University of Vermont, Measey Scholar, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Foundation Fellow, Public Health Service Post – Doctoral Fellow, and Top Doctors of America. [ 19 ]
In 2004, Klein was given a chair in his name at the UCLA Division of Dermatology. [ 20 ]


Klein died on October 22, 2015, at  Eisenhower Medical Center  in  Rancho Mirage, California . [ 21 ]


Edmund Klein  (22 October 1922 – 23 July 1999) was an Austrian-born American dermatologist.


He was born in  Vienna ,  Austria , to David Klein, a  cantor , and Helen Bibelman Klein. [ 1 ]  Jewish, he escaped from Austria in 1938, during the  Anschluss . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


He was a research professor at the  University at Buffalo  and served as chief of dermatology at  Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center . Klein developed a topical treatment for  skin cancer  with  5-fluorouracil , developed one of the first effective treatments for  Kaposi's sarcoma , and was amongst the first to clinically explore the use of  lymphocytes  to help cancer patients, earning him the nickname "the Father of Immunotherapy." He won the 1972  Lasker Award . [ 1 ]


Klein developed a technique that allowed the separation of whole human blood into its component parts of  plasma ,  platelets ,  white blood cells , and  red blood cells , greatly increasing the efficiency of the entire transfusion process; now three people could benefit from a single donor instead of one, with red blood cells used for anemic individuals, platelets for cancer patients, and plasma for those with decreased blood volume. Klein's results were published in both the  New England Journal of Medicine  and the  Journal of Pediatrics  and earned him the first prize for originality of research from the International Society for Hematology in 1956. [ 1 ]


Albert Montgomery Kligman  (March 17, 1916 – February 9, 2010) [ 1 ]  was an American  dermatologist  who co-invented  Retin-A , the acne medication, with  James Fulton  in 1969. [ 2 ]  Kligman performed human experiments on inmates at  Holmesburg Prison  in Philadelphia, which led to a well-documented scandal years later. The experiments intentionally exposed humans to pathogens and  dioxin , and later became a  textbook example  of unethical experimenting on humans. He and others involved were sued for alleged injuries, but the lawsuit was dismissed due to the  statute of limitations  expiring. [ 1 ]


Albert Montgomery Kligman was born in Philadelphia on March 17, 1916, the son of Jewish immigrants. His father, born in Ukraine, was a newspaper distributor; his mother, born in England, was a sales clerk. As a child, he was a  Boy Scout , developing a love of plants on scouting trips to the countryside. [ 3 ]


With financial support from  Simon Greenberg , a major rabbi of the time, he attended  Pennsylvania State University , earning a bachelor's degree in 1939. He was captain of the gymnastics team. [ 4 ]


He went on to receive a Ph.D. in  botany  from the  University of Pennsylvania  in 1942, specializing in the study of fungi. He continued at the University of Pennsylvania, enrolling in  its medical school , earning his  M.D.  in 1947. He chose dermatology as his specialty in order to apply his expertise in fungi.


Upon graduation, he joined the dermatology faculty as an associate, also signing on at the  Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania . [ 4 ]


Kligman was a prolific scholar and was known for bringing scientific rigor to a field that, at the time, was lacking it. Kligman wrote numerous papers on run-of-the-mill dermatological conditions such as  athlete's foot  and  dandruff . He also worked at the intersection of cosmetics and medicine.  [ citation needed ]


The identification of the use of  tretinoin  along Dr.  James E. Fulton  and Dr. Gerd Plewig as a treatment for  acne  and wrinkles was perhaps their best-known contribution to dermatology. Sold as  Retin-A , this innovation earned Kligman significant royalties. He was a generous supporter of the department of dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania and donated over $4 million by 1998. [ 5 ]


Kligman is best known for having conducted human experiments on prisoners at  Holmesburg Prison  in Philadelphia. Stemming from early testing of treatments for  ringworm , his work there started with an effort to control athlete's foot at the invitation of prison officials. He found the environment fraught with possibilities, and undertook dozens of experiments there for pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. Between 1951 and 1974, Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to high doses of  dioxin , [ failed verification ]  the contaminant responsible for  Agent Orange 's toxicity to humans.  Dow Chemical  paid Kligman $10,000 [ failed verification ]  to conduct these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their primary source of income, in 1959 acquiring in total $73,000 by volunteering to test pills and creams. Little effort was taken to assure the safety of the test subjects, some of whom were intentionally exposed to pathogens causing infections, including  herpes ,  staphylococcus , and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's payment of subjects had other unintended consequences: the economic power gained by subjects was used by some of them to "coerce sexual favors from other inmates". [ 6 ]


Kligman's prisoner testing for the government was not limited to dermatology, extending even to the testing of  psychoactive drugs  for the  Department of Defense . [ 7 ]


While Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with scientific and ethical norms of the era, nearly 300 subjects tested while in prison sued him, the University of Pennsylvania, and  Johnson & Johnson . The lawsuit was brought because of violations of the  Nuremberg Code . Though the suit was dismissed under the  statute of limitations , the public reaction to the testing program contributed to the enactment of federal regulations restricting medical studies in prisons. [ 1 ]  Later commentators, including Senator  Ted Kennedy , remarked how, in spite of the sets of ethical principles laid out in the 1947 Nuremberg Code and (much later) the  Declaration of Helsinki , the poorer members of society typically bore the brunt of unethical biomedical research; Kligman's research at Holmesburg prison has become a textbook example of such unethical experimenting, [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]  and has been denounced as equivalent to "the barbarity and sadism of Auschwitz and Dachau." [ 12 ]


Beyond the controversies relating to the testing on prisoners, Kligman was found to have discrepancies in the data underlying his experiments. This led to his research being barred by the  Food and Drug Administration  for a period. [ 1 ]


Kligman was married three times. He divorced from his first wife and became a widower from his second. He died of a heart attack in February, 2010, at age 93. He was survived by his third wife. [ 1 ]


Oskar Lassar  (11 January 1849 – 21 December 1907) was a German  dermatologist  who was a native of  Hamburg .


After earning his medical doctorate in 1872, he worked briefly as a hospital assistant at the  Berlin   Charité . He later started a private hospital for  dermatology  and  syphilis  in Berlin. His clinic was known for being technologically advanced, and it was the first to have a Finsen  ultraviolet light therapy  device and  X-ray machine . [ 1 ]  In 1902 he became a professor at the  University of Berlin .


Lassar is remembered for the creation of public  bath houses  for low-income individuals in Germany and  Austria . These bath houses were constructed in the interest of public  hygiene , at a time when poorer people didn't have private baths or showers. In Germany, the bath-houses were called  Volksbad , and in Austria-  Tröpferlbad . In 1899, Lassar was founder of the German Society for Volksbädern. One of his slogans was "a weekly bath for every German." [ 1 ]


He was very social, and he invited physicians who made referrals to his clinic to a  champagne breakfast  twice a year. [ 1 ]


Lassar was among the first physicians in  Europe  to employ  X-ray  technology for therapeutic purposes. Also, he developed a  zinc  paste for treatment of  eczema , an  ointment  that is still used today and known as "Lassar's paste". [ 2 ]  In addition, Lassar was the first to assemble a collection of  moulage  (model injuries for training purposes) in Germany.


He was founder of the dermatology journal  Dermatologische Zeitschrift  and was its editor from 1893 until his death in 1907.


Ernő László  (11 July 1897 – March 1973) was a Hungarian-born American  dermatologist  and  cosmetics  businessman who founded The Ernő László Institute.


László was born in the Kingdom of Hungary and raised in  Budapest . [ 1 ]  He studied skin  pathology  and skin disease at the  Royal Hungarian University of Medical Sciences  in Budapest, and completed his clinical studies in Berlin, Germany, under Max Joseph.


In 1927, László opened his first institute in Budapest with his brother, William Laszlo, the dr. Med. László Institute for Scientific Cosmetology. [ 2 ]  He achieved fame when he created a special  foundation cream  for  Princess Stéphanie of Belgium  who lost her self-confidence due to an acute case of acne. His reputation was further solidified after he treated actress Frida Gombaszoegi's facial scars after being shot in the face by a man she rejected. [ 3 ]  Soon, women from all ranks of society wanted to see László for skin and make-up advice.


In 1939, at the onset of World War II, László moved to New York. On 3 November 1939, the  New York Herald Tribune  reported that the Ernő László Institute, specializing in beauty treatments and cosmetics, had leased a floor in a building on 677  Fifth Avenue , Manhattan. László's poor command of the English language threatened his institute, for despite the efforts of a language coach he could not pass the  American Medical Association's   accreditation examinations. [ 2 ]


The Ernő László Institute was aimed at the rich, famous and powerful. One needed to be recommended to gain admittance. Among his clients were the  Duchess of Windsor ,  Doris Duke ,  Marjorie Merriweather Post ,  Greta Garbo ,  Lillian Gish ,  Grace Kelly ,  Ava Gardner ,  Cecil Beaton ,  Katharine Hepburn ,  Paulette Goddard ,  Audrey Hepburn ,  Marilyn Monroe , and  Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


In the early 1940s,  Helena Rubinstein  approached László and offered to buy his business, but he declined. In 1945, László became a United States citizen. In 1966, László entered the retail marketplace, with partner  Chesebrough-Ponds , which later bought the Ernő László Institute.


László married actress  Irén Gombaszögi  [ hu ] , whom he met while treating her sister, fellow actress  Frida Gombaszögi  [ hu ] . His wife died of  leukemia  in 1967. Three years later, in 1970, he married Sibille Schulz in a ceremony near  Lugano , Switzerland.


László died of  heart failure  in March 1973. [ 1 ]


In 1995, the company László founded was bought by Mana Products from  Elizabeth Arden . Mana Products' founder, Nikos Mouyiaris, had once worked for Ernő László as a chemist. The company was purchased in 2002 by Cradle Holdings Inc., a division of corporate finance group Fox Paine.  In February 2011, the  RBS  Special Opportunities Fund, managed by RBS Equity Finance, backed Charles Denton in the acquisition of Ernő László.


Aaron Bunsen Lerner  (September 21, 1920 – February 3, 2007) [ 1 ]  was an American physician, researcher and professor who is known for the discovery of  melatonin . He was the first chair of the Department of Dermatology at  Yale University .


Born in 1920 in  Minneapolis , Lerner received his medical degree and a PhD in chemistry from the  University of Minnesota  in 1945. After teaching at the universities of Michigan and Oregon, he joined the  Yale University School of Medicine  as an associate professor of medicine in 1955. [ 2 ]  The following year he became director of the  dermatology  section within the Department of  Internal Medicine , and when the Department of Dermatology was established in 1971 he was appointed its first chair. [ 3 ]  When Professor Lerner retired in 1991, he was named a Professor Emeritus of Dermatology. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ]  He was in 1973 elected to membership in the  National Academy of Sciences  (Medical physiology and metabolism).


Lerner is perhaps best known for leading the team of researchers who isolated and named, in 1958, the hormone  melatonin . He was an expert in the metabolic basis of  inherited diseases , particularly  vitiligo  for which he, in the 1980s, developed a skin transplantation therapy. Lerner also isolated the compound  melanocyte-stimulating hormone  (MSH). [ 2 ]


Lerner was married to Marguerite Rush Lerner,, an author of children's books and a book about admission to medical school ( Medical School: The Interview and the Applicant ). Their two sons are both dermatologists. [ 6 ]


Edmund Lesser  (12 May 1852 – 7 June 1918) was a German  dermatologist  who was a native of  Neisse .


He studied medicine at the universities of  Berlin ,  Bonn  and  Strasbourg , earning his medical doctorate in 1876. Later he became an assistant to  Oskar Simon  (1845–1892) at the dermatological clinic in  Breslau , and in 1882 received his  habilitation  at the  University of Leipzig . In 1892 he was an associate professor at the  University of Bonn , and several years later was appointed chief physician of the  syphilitic  department at the Berlin- Charité  (1896). The following year he became head of the dermatological and syphilitic dispensary at the University of Berlin.


Lesser was a leading authority in the field of  syphilis  research. He was the author of  Lehrbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten für Studirende und Ärzte  (Textbook of skin and  venereal diseases  for students and physicians), a publication that ran for numerous editions. With  zoologist   Richard Hertwig  (1850–1937), he was co-author of  Über Rhizopoden und denselben nahestehende Organismen . Other publications by Lesser include:


Felix Lewandowsky  (1 October 1879,  Hamburg  – 31 October 1921,  Basel ) was a German  dermatologist .


In 1902, he earned his doctorate at the  University of Strassburg . From 1903 to 1907, he worked at the dermatological clinic in  Bern , where he served as an assistant to  Josef Jadassohn  (1863–1936). Afterwards, he returned to his hometown of Hamburg, where he worked in dermatologist  Eduard Arning ’s department at St. Georg's Hospital. In 1917, he was appointed director of the dermatological clinic at  Basel . While at Basel, he was the author of works on  leprosy . [ 1 ]


Lewandowsky specialized in the study of  tuberculosis  and pediatric skin diseases, and published an important work in 1916 on tuberculosis of the skin titled  Die Tuberkulose der Haut . With Jadassohn, he described an ectodermal  dysplasia  now known as  Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome . Just prior to his death, he described  epidermodysplasia verruciformis , a rare skin disorder sometimes known as "Lewandowsky–Lutz dysplasia" (named along with dermatologist Wilhelm Lutz 1888–1958). [ 2 ]


He died on 31 October 1921 in Basel.


Georg Richard Lewin  (19 April 1820 – 1 November 1896) was a German  dermatologist , known for his research into  syphilis  and various skin diseases.


Lewin was born in  Sondershausen  in the principality of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen  (modern-day  Thuringia ), attending  Gymnasium  there and later in  Magdeburg  and  Mühlhausen . He completed his  Abitur  in 1841. [ 1 ]


He was further educated at the universities of  Halle  and Berlin, graduating as  doctor of medicine  in 1845. After a postgraduate course at the universities of  Vienna ,  Würzburg , and  Paris  he settled in Berlin, where he practised as a specialist first in  otology , and later in dermatology and  syphilis . In 1862 Lewin was admitted to the medical faculty of his alma mater as  privat-docent  in otology.


In 1865 he became chief physician in the Syphilis and Skin Diseases Department at the  Charité hospital  in Berlin, replacing  Felix von Bärensprung . [ 1 ]  In 1868 he was appointed associate professor for  laryngology  and dermatology at the  Friedrich Wilhelm University . [ 2 ]  The following year published his influential research on the treatment of syphilis using  subcutaneous injections  of  mercuric chloride . [ 3 ]


In 1880 Lewin became a member of the imperial department of health, and in 1884 received the title of "Geheimer Medicinalrat." In the same year, through the influence of  Otto von Bismarck , Lewin's clinic was divided into two departments, Lewin retaining the class in syphilis, while  Ernst Schweninger , Bismarck's physician, was appointed chief physician for dermatology. This action of the government aroused much indignation in the medical faculties of most of the universities of Germany, and much public sympathy was expressed for Lewin.


He was an industrious writer, and contributed many essays to the medical journals:


Pagel,  Biog. Lex. ;
Meyers  Konversations-Lexikon


Max Marcuse  (April 14, 1877,  Berlin  – June 24, 1963,  Tel Aviv ) was a German  dermatologist  and  sexologist . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]   He became an editor for  Magnus Hirschfeld ’s  Journal of Sexology  in 1919 and continued editing the journal until 1932. Marcuse immigrated to  Palestine  in 1933, following the  Nazi  rise to power. Several of Marcuse's unpublished writings are being preserved at the  Kinsey Institute .


Emil Meirowsky  (March 9, 1876, in Guttstadt, Germany – January 22, 1960, in  Nashville ) was a German dermatologist.


Meirowsky studied at the universities of Berlin and Königsberg, where he received his doctorate in 1901. He interned at the Berlin Polyclinic with Oscar Werler, in  Breslau  with  Albert Neisser , with  Paul Gerson Unna  and in Paris. From 1908 the family lived in Cologne-Lindenthal. He opened a practice with his own laboratory. [ 1 ]  In 1919 he received the title of professor. In 1920 he received his habilitation at the  University of Cologne , which appointed him associate professor a year later. He was chairman of the Cologne Medical Association and a member of the German Democratic Party.


When the  Nazis  came to power in 1933, Meirowsky was persecuted because of his Jewish heritage. On November 24, 1933, his teaching license at the University of Cologne was revoked, in February 1936 his academic titles were revoked, and in 1938 he was forced to give up his practice. In 1939 he emigrated to England with his wife Clara and their 29-year-old son Arnold. From 1942 he worked at the Royal Surrey Hospital in Guilford. In 1946 he received an offer to return to teaching at Cologne University. After the war, when the Meirowsky couple learned that their daughter Lisamaria had been murdered in the  Holocaust , the family decided never to return to Germany. [ 2 ]  On May 2, 1947, Emil Meirowsky emigrated to the United States with his wife and son. There he taught at Indiana University Medical School until 1953.


Meirowsky researched the origins of  melanin . In 1906 he proved (in Unna's laboratory) that the epidermis can produce melanin. The  Meirowsky phenomenon  (1909), the tanning of the skin by high temperatures, is named after him. He also researched the life cycle of the syphilis pathogen and the etiology of moles and congenital malformations of the skin. Meirowsky also discovered the viral etiology of  psoriasis . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


His daughter  Lisamaria Meirowsky  was also a doctor and was murdered in the  Auschwitz-Birkenau  concentration camp. [ 6 ]  His youngest son Arnold became a renowned neurosurgeon in the United States, and his oldest son,  Werner Leopold  (1907-1994), emigrated to England. Werner helped his parents escape the Nazi persecution and  took the name William Merrow. In England,  he worked in business and built the successful  multilingual recruitment company: Merrow Language Recruitment, he also worked as an actor after World War II. His daughter, Emil's granddaughter, is the actress  Jane Merrow . Emil's brother was the entrepreneur and art collector  Max Meirowsky . [ 7 ]


In March 2015, a commemorative stumbling stone was laid in front of his last residence in  Cologne-Lindenthal , Fürst-Pückler-Strasse 42, in his memory as part of the art and memorial project by Cologne artist  Gunter Demnig .


Alan Menter  (born 30 October 1941, in  Doncaster ) is an English-born  dermatologist , and former flyhalf  rugby union  player for the  Springboks . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Menter played his first international game on the South African tour of France in 1968. The Springboks won both games.  He captained both the Universities of Witwatersrand and Pretoria in South Africa through his University career (1961–70) as well as playing for Guys' Hospital Rugby team and the Harlequins during his Fellowship years in London from 1971 to 1973. He also represented the South African Universities Cricket team against New Zealand in 1961.


Menter attended  Parktown Boys' High School , followed by medical school at the  University of Witwatersrand , South Africa in 1968. [ 3 ]  He completed his  dermatology  residency at Pretoria General Hospital at the  University of Pretoria .  Menter is Jewish. He has resided in Dallas, USA since 1975 [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Menter is a dermatologist, Chairman of the Division of Dermatology and Director of the Dermatology Residency program for Baylor University Medical Center, Clinical Professor of Dermatology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, and Principal Faculty at Texas A&M College of Medicine, all in Dallas.


After obtaining his medical degree from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, Menter completed his residency in dermatology at the  University of Pretoria  in South Africa and fellowships at  Guy's Hospital  in London and St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin in London, as well as the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School. Menter is board-certified in dermatology. In August 2004, he founded the International Psoriasis Council, an international organization dedicated to raising international consciousness and understanding of psoriasis as a serious immune-mediated disease. He served as its initial President until December 2010


He is also a member of the  American Academy of Dermatology , American Dermatological Association, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Society of Dermatologic Surgery,  British Association of Dermatologists , and The  Society for Investigative Dermatology . He is past President of the Texas Dermatology Society (1995–96) and has been an honorary member of Solapso (Latin America Society for Psoriasis) since 2009. He has authored or co-authored more than 255 scientific journal articles, four books and multiple book chapters. [2]  Professor Menter was honored at the 2015 American Academy of Dermatology meeting by the Dermatology Foundation with the Clark W. Finnerud Award, intended to honor a dermatologist whose contributions as a clinical educator are exemplary. [ 6 ]


Herman Musaph  ( Dutch :  Heijman Musaph ) (7 January 1915 – 18 November 1992) was a Dutch  Holocaust survivor ,  psychiatrist , dermatologist and  sexologist . [ 1 ]


Musaph was born in  Amsterdam . He studied medicine at the  University of Amsterdam . In 1977 Musaph became Professor of Medicine at the  University of Utrecht . He wrote various works on  dermatology .


Musaph founded the  Dutch Society for Sexual Reform  and he wrote the "Handbook of Sexology".


He was the winner of the  Magnus Hirschfeld Medal  in 1990. The  Herman Musaph Foundation for Psychodermatology  is named in his honor.


Herman was married to  Rosetta Andriesse  and had no children.


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Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser  (22 January 1855,  Schweidnitz  – 30 July 1916,  Breslau ) was a German  physician  who discovered the causative agent ( pathogen ) of  gonorrhea , a strain of  bacteria  that was named in his honour ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ).


Neisser was born in the  Silesian  town of Schweidnitz (now Świdnica, in Poland), the son of a well-known  Jewish  physician, Moritz Neisser. After he completed the elementary school in  Münsterberg , Neisser enrolled in the St. Maria Magdalena School in  Breslau  (now Wrocław, in Poland). In this school, he was a contemporary of another great name in the history of medicine,  Paul Ehrlich . He obtained the  Abitur  in 1872.


Neisser began to study  medicine  at the  University of Breslau , but later moved to  Erlangen , completing his studies in 1877. Initially Neisser wanted to be an  internist , but did not find a suitable place. He found work, however as an assistant of the dermatologist  Oskar Simon  (1845–1892), concentrating on  sexually transmitted diseases  and  leprosy . During the following two years he studied and obtained experimental evidence about the pathogen for gonorrhea,  Neisseria gonorrhoeae .


Neisser was also the co-discoverer of the causative agent of leprosy. In 1879 the Norwegian physician  Gerhard Armauer Hansen  gave to young Neisser (who had visited him in Norway to examine some 100 leprosy patients) some tissue samples of his patients. Neisser successfully stained the bacteria and announced his findings in 1880, claiming to have discovered the pathogenesis of leprosy. There was some conflict between Neisser and Hansen, because Hansen had failed to culture the organism and demonstrate unequivocally its link to leprosy, although he had observed the bacterium since 1872.


In 1882 Neisser was appointed  professor extraordinarius  by the University at the age of 29, and worked as a  dermatologist  in the university hospital of Breslau. Later he was promoted to the head of the hospital. In the following year he married Toni Neisser, née Kauffmann.


In 1898 Albert Neisser published clinical trials on serum therapy in patients with syphilis. He injected cell free serum from patients with syphilis into patients who were admitted for other medical conditions. Most of these patients were prostitutes, who were neither informed about the experiment nor asked for their consent. When some of them contracted syphilis Neisser argued that the women did not contract syphilis as a result of his serum injections but contracted the disease because they worked as prostitutes. [ 1 ]


In 1905 and 1906 Neisser travelled to  Java , in order to study the possible transmission of  syphilis  from  apes  to humans. He later cooperated with  August Paul von Wassermann  (1866–1925) to develop the famous diagnostic test for detecting  Treponema pallidum  infections, and also in the testing of the first chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis,  Salvarsan , which was discovered by his former school fellow  Paul Ehrlich  in 1910. In 1907, Neisser was promoted to  professor ordinarius  of dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases at Breslau.


As a scientific leader, Neisser was also very active. In the field of  public health , he promoted vigorously  preventive  and educational measures to the public, and the better sanitary control of  prostitutes , in order to combat venereal diseases. He was one of the founder of the  Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Geschlechtskrankheiten  (German Society for the Fight Against Venereal Diseases) in 1902, and of the Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (German Dermatological Society) in 1888.


Neisser died of  sepsis  on 30 July 1916, at the age of 61 years, in  Breslau .


The Albert Neisser Lectureship has been awarded since 2005 by the Department of Dermatology at the  University of Wrocław  to dermatologists who have made significant clinical and research contributions to the field. Past awardees include:


Brigadier   Kenneth Ocen Obwot , is a  Ugandan   physician ,  military officer  and medical administrator in  the  Uganda People's Defence Forces  (UPDF). He serves as the Deputy Director of Medical Services in the UPDF. [ 1 ]


He was born in the  Acholi sub-region  of the  Northern Region  of Uganda circa 1954. After attending local elementary and secondary schools, he was admitted to  Makerere University , Uganda's oldest and largest public university in 1974. He entered  Makerere University School of Medicine , graduating with a  Bachelor of Medicine  and Bachelor of Surgery  degree, in 1979. In 1990, he obtained a  Master  of Medicine  in  Internal Medicine , also from Makerere University. [ 2 ]


In 1996, he was admitted to the  Cardiff University School of Medicine  (at that time  University of Wales College of Medicine ), where he graduated with a  Diploma in Dermatology . The following year he obtained a  Master of Science  degree in  Dermatology . Later, in 2000, he successfully studied for a  Postgraduate Diploma in Health Management , from the same university. He specialized in  dermatology  (skin diseases). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Dr Ocen Obwot, when on military duty, is based at  Bombo Military Hospital , in  Luweero District . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  In February 2019, as part of a promotions exercise that involved 2,031 UPDF men and women, Dr. Kenneth Ocen Obwot was promoted from the rank of  colonel  to that of  brigadier general . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Berta Ottenstein  (born 27. March 1891 in  Nuremberg , died 17. June 1956 near  Concord (Massachusetts) ) was a German dermatologist who was the first woman to obtain her habilitation at the  University of Freiburg im Breisgau  and the first woman in Germany to habilitate in  dermatology . [ 1 ]


Ottenstein, the youngest of six children born into a Nuremberg merchant family, studied at the University of Erlangen, where she received her doctorate in chemistry in 1914. After a position at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry in Berlin-Dahlem (1927), she moved to the University of Freiburg in 1928, where she received an assistant post. [ 2 ]  As early as 1930, her superior, hospital director Georg Alexander Rost, expressed his intention to propose her for habilitation in the foreseeable future. The habilitation was approved by the Senate on 3 June 1931 and confirmed by the responsible Ministry in Karlsruhe on 11 June. Three weeks earlier, Ottenstein had already been awarded the degree at the medical faculty, so that she could take up a position as a private lecturer in the winter semester of 1931/32. The title of her habilitation thesis was "Untersuchungen über den Gehalt der Haut und des Blutes an diastatischem Ferment und dessen biochemische Bedeutung bei Hautkrankheiten" (Studies on the content of diastatic ferment in the skin and blood and its biochemical significance in skin diseases).


Ottenstein's contract with the University of Freiburg was extended for the last time in 1932, but even before it expired in autumn 1934 she was "granted leave" by the National Socialists because of her Jewish ancestry. Together with many other lecturers she had to leave the university on April 12, 1933. [ 3 ]


1933-35 she held an assistant position at the dermatological clinic of Budapest before she changed to the University of Istanbul in 1935, where she worked as lecturer and head of the dermatological clinic until 1945. She then emigrated to the US, where she received a position as research fellow at Harvard University and worked at the New England Medical Center in Boston.


In 1951 Ottenstein was awarded an extraordinary professorship by the University of Freiburg and she received American citizenship. [ 2 ]


The University of Freiburg's Women's Promotion Prize has been called the Bertha Ottenstein Prize since 2005. [ 4 ]  According to the university's website, the prize is awarded for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of women's and gender studies, teaching concepts and seminar forms, training and further education programmes that integrate the aspect of gender equality in a cross-sectional way and stimulate gender-oriented processes of awareness building, networking, event or exhibition organisation on gender issues, above-average commitment to the implementation of Faculty Equality Plans and/or the Central Equality Plan, recruitment and staff development measures that are likely to increase the proportion of women at the individual skill levels at which they are under-represented, and innovative measures to improve the living, studying and working conditions of student and employed parents at the university. In Freiburg, a street in the Brühl-Beurbarung district on the former freight station site was named after Berta Ottenstein.


Thelma Phillip-Browne  (born in  Newtown, Basseterre , St Kitts) is the  Ambassador to the United States from Saint Kitts and Nevis . [ 1 ]


Phillip-Browne attended Girls High School and Basseterre High School before graduating with a medical degree from the  University of the West Indies  (UWI) in 1978. She attended  Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  and earned a Diploma in Dermatological Science from the  Cardiff University School of Medicine . She obtained a Master of Theological Studies (MTS) degree from  Anderson University  in 2011. [ 1 ]


Besides working as a dermatologist in private practice, she was Director of Primary Health Care and later Chief Medical Officer of the Federation of St Kitts and Nevis. [ 1 ]


Phillip-Browne has served as a lay preacher and member of the Women of the Church of God. She has two daughters and one son, and has two granddaughters. She has seven siblings. [ 1 ]


This Saint Kitts and Nevis biographical article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


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Philipp Josef Pick  (14 October 1834,  Neustadt an der Mettau  - 3 June 1910,  Prague ) was a  dermatologist  from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.


He studied medicine at the  University of Vienna  as a pupil of  Josef Hyrtl  and  Carl von Rokitansky . He obtained his doctorate in 1860 and served as an assistant to  Joseph Škoda ,  Carl Ludwig Sigmund  and  Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra  in Vienna. [ 1 ]  In 1867 he received his  habilitation  at the  University of Prague , becoming an associate professor six years later. From 1896 to 1906 he was a full professor of dermatology at the University of Prague. [ 2 ]


He was the first to describe the bacterial infection  Trichomycosis palmellina , [ 1 ]  and independent of  Heinrich Köbner  (and shortly afterwards), he discovered  Trichophyton tonsurans  in  eczema marginatum . [ 2 ]  He also made contributions in his research of  molluscum contagiosum , melanosis lenticularis progressiva,  urticaria pigmentosa ,  erythromelia  and  acne frontalis . [ 1 ]  With German dermatologist  Karl Herxheimer , the eponymous "Pick-Herxheimer disease" is named, a disorder also known as  acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans . [ 3 ]  He is credited for introducing  iodoform  into dermatology and for employing emplastrum saponatum salicylicum for the treatment of  eczema . [ 1 ]


In 1869, with  Heinrich Auspitz , he founded the journal  Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis , later to be known as the " Vierteljahresschrift für Dermatologie und Syphilis ". [ 4 ]  In 1889, with  Albert Neisser , he founded the " Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft ". [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  In 1888 he became an honorary member of the American Dermatological Association. [ 1 ]


Philipp Josef Pick is the father of the internist and medical historian  Friedrich Pick  (1867-1926), the dermatologist  Walter Pick  (1874-1932) and the chemist Hans Pick (1879-1942), who was deported from Prague to Theresienstadt on May 12, 1942, victim of the Holocaust in  Lublin .


Joseph Jakob Ritter Plenk  or  Plenck  (28 November 1738 – 24 August 1807) was a physician and polymath in the  Holy Roman Empire . He is now known as a pioneer  dermatologist . [ 1 ]


Plenck was born on 28 November 1738 in  Vienna , although some sources give a birth year of 1732. [ 2 ]  He graduated at the  University of Vienna  in 1763, and was a follower of Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz. An academic at the  University of Basel  in 1770, he then taught at  Tymau ,  Buda  and  Pesth . In 1783 he moved to the  Josephinum  in Vienna. [ 1 ]  He died on 24 August 1807. [ 2 ]


In 1861, botanist  Siegfried Reisseck  published  Plenckia , a genus of  flowering plants  from South America, belonging to the family  Celastraceae  and named in honour of Joseph Jakob Plenck. [ 3 ]


Plenck was a prolific writer, on subjects including  surgery . [ 4 ]  In 1776 he published a classification of skin diseases,  Doctrina de morbis cutaneis . [ 1 ] [ 5 ]  It introduced a consistent system, dividing  dermatosis  into 14 classes. [ 6 ]


Oskar Simon  (2 January 1845 – 2 March 1882) was a German  dermatologist  who was a native of  Berlin .


He studied medicine in  Berlin , where he earned his doctorate in 1868. He furthered his education in  Vienna , where he took classes from  Ferdinand von Hebra  (1816-1880) and  Hermann Edler von Zeissl  (1817-1884). During the  Franco-Prussian War  he was an assistant- surgeon , and in 1872 became a lecturer of skin diseases and  syphilis  in Berlin.


In 1878 he succeeded  Heinrich Koebner  (1838-1904) as professor of dermatology at the  University of Breslau , and also became chief physician at Allerheiligen Hospital. Among his students were  Albert Neisser  (1855-1916),  Edmund Lesser  (1852-1918) and  Eduard Arning  (1855-1936). Oskar Simon died from  carcinoma  of the  stomach  on 2 March 1882 at the age of 37.


Desmond John Tobin  is an Irish academic, researcher and author. He is a full professor of dermatological science at  University College Dublin  and the director of the Charles Institute of Dermatology. He was chair of British Society for Investigative Dermatology from 2018 to 2020. [ 1 ]  Tobin is a fellow of The  Royal College of Pathologists , of the  Higher Education Academy , of the  Royal Society of Biology ,  Institute of Biomedical Science , and of the Institute of Trichologists (where he is currently vice-president). [ 2 ]


Tobin's research is focused on  pigmentation  and hair follicle health. He has conducted extensive research on  Alopecia areata , where he was the first researcher to show that patients with AA have circulating antibodies to hair follicle-specific antigens, including  trichohyalin . [ 3 ]  He is also a regional editor for the  International Journal of Trichology .


A native of  Navan ,  County Meath , Ireland, Tobin completed high school education at St Patrick’s Classical School, Navan, and was awarded a B.Sc. from  Maynooth University  in 1986. [ citation needed ]


Tobin then joined  North East Surrey College of Technology  where he completed his G.I. in Biology (immunology) in 1987. In 1991, he received his Ph.D. from St John's Institute of Dermatology at  King's College London . Subsequently he moved to the  United States , where he completed his research post-doctoral training at the Dept. of Dermatology NYU, New York. [ 4 ]


Tobin briefly worked as Assistant Research Professor at the Department of Dermatology,  New York University  and Adjunct Assistant Professor at  City University of New York  before moving back to the  Europe  in 1996. There he joined  University of Bradford  as a lecturer in Biomedical Sciences. He moved up in the ranks becoming a Full Professor in 2004. From 2005 to 2008, he served as the director of the Medical Biosciences Research Group. In 2008, he was appointed the Associate Dean for Research and Knowledge Transfer at the Faculty of Life Sciences. [ 5 ]


Tobin founded the Center for Skin Sciences at University of Bradford in 2009 and served as its director until 2018. In 2018, he left University of Bradford to return home to Ireland to join the University College Dublin, where he was appointed the director of Charles Institute of Dermatology. [ 5 ]


In 2018, Tobin was appointed the chair of British Society for Investigative Dermatology. In May 2021, he was made a member of the  Royal Irish Academy . [ 6 ]


Tobin’s lab developed an assay for tracking melanin transfer events, followed by a study on a key motor protein to drive melanin transfer between  melanocytes  and  keratinocytes  in human skin. [ 7 ]  These latter findings were translated in product development for pigmentation spots and potentially also melasma. Via university-owned IP, his team discovered a potential new ‘sun-less tanning’ small peptide technology. [ 8 ]


Tobin identified the basis for the clinically-observed preferential targeting of pigmented hair (and relative sparing of white hair) in  Alopecia areata  (AA), with his data showing that pigmented hair follicle melanocytes are destroyed in acute AA. This also explains rapid so-called ‘going white overnight’. [ 9 ]  Tobin's laboratory was the first to report that the opioid b-endorphin acts a surprising and potent pigmentary molecule. [ 10 ]


Tobin’s work is also interested in the life and death of pigment cells; key not only for those with age-related loss of hair pigmentation, but also for those with malignant pigment cells. He reported the first recognized spontaneous and cyclical programmed cell death in the melanocyte system in humans, during the regression phase of the hair growth cycle. This may be harnessed in apoptosis-resistant malignant melanoma. [ 11 ]  With vitiligo, he and his colleagues challenged the prevailing view that all melanocytes were lost/destroyed in epidermis of patients with this skin-depigmenting disorder. He proposed that these cells survived best if un/dedifferentiated, opening up possibilities of treating even fully-white vitiligo skin of long duration. [ 12 ]


Tobin with others has assessed the genetics of hair traits, and revealed several novel genes including the first gene associated with gray hair, in addition to other hair traits like mono-brow, [ 13 ]  beard density, and straight vs curly hair. [ 14 ]  He has also advanced the understanding of how oxidative stress can weaken the melanocyte system of both the skin and aging hair follicle, and how this may be stabilized via anti-oxidant protection. [ 15 ]


Tobin has conducted extensive research on Alopecia areata (AA). He was the first to show that patients with AA have circulating antibodies to hair follicle-specific antigens, including trichohyalin. [ 16 ]


Paul Gerson Unna , (September 8, 1850,  Hamburg  – January 29, 1929, Hamburg) was a German physician specialized in  dermatology  and one of the pioneers in dermatopathology.


Paul Unna was born to German Jewish parents Moritz Adolph Unna, a  physician  from  Hamburg . Unna was educated at the  Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums  and Ida Gerson, who descended from a long line of physicians. [ 1 ]  He began to study   medicine  at the  University of Heidelberg , but had to interrupt it in order to fight in the  Franco-Prussian war , where he was severely wounded. In 1871, he resumed his studies in Heidelberg and later went to the  University of Leipzig , finally attaining a  doctorate  under  Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer  in  Strasbourg . His doctoral work was on the subject of the  histology  and development of the  epidermis , and was published in 1876. The thesis contained a set of new ideas and aspects that were met with hard criticism. They were accepted only after some corrections were made.


He went on to receive his training in dermatology in  Vienna , where he worked in cooperation with  Ferdinand von Hebra ,  Moritz Kaposi  and  Heinrich Auspitz , among others.


After his return to Hamburg, Unna started working in the clinical practice of his father, then in the  Sankt Georg  Hospital. Unna's main interest resided on dermatology: he opened his own practice for skin diseases in Hamburg in 1881, and later opened the  Dermatologikum  private dermatological hospital in Hamburg  Eimsbüttel , so that he could concentrate entirely on the field, beginning in 1884. In that year, Unna published his first book,  Histopathologie der Hautkrankheiten  (Histopathology of Skin Diseases), which exposed the entire knowledge in the field at that time and which made him one of the most prominent dermatologists of his time. Besides describing all known skin diseases, Unna proposed new therapies. Among the innovations, in 1886 he proposed the use of  ichthyol  and  resorcinol  against skin diseases.


He coined the term  acanthosis nigricans  in 1889. [ 2 ]


He investigated the biochemical processes of the skin and was the first to describe the  stratum granulosum . In 1894 he introduced layer projection as a method for skin investigations.


In 1907 he received the title of professor from the  Hamburg senate , and in the following year he became the chief physician of the  Eppendorf   hospital . In 1919 he became a professor at the  University of Hamburg , receiving the first chair for dermatology.


In 1927 he described for the first time what was to be called  Unna's disease , a chronic disease of the skin with  seborrhea  of the  scalp  and of the areas in the face and trunk that are rich in  sebaceous follicles . Along with  Arthur Thost ,  Unna–Thost syndrome  is named after Unna; it is a rare hereditary skin disease affecting the soles and palms. Also, a compression gauze used to treat venous leg problems is named  Unna's boot .


For many years Unna cooperated closely with the pharmacist  Paul Beiersdorf . The street in Hamburg where the  Beiersdorf  company is located is named Unnastrasse in his honor. [ 3 ]


Erich Urbach  (29 July 1893,  Prague  – 17 December 1946) was an  Austrian   dermatologist  from  Vienna  who, in conjunction with  Camillo Wiethe , an  otorhinolaryngologist , first described  lipoid proteinosis . [ 1 ]


As a lieutenant in the Austrian army during  World War I , he was a member of a surgical group serving under professor  Anton von Eiselsberg . In 1919 he obtained his medical doctorate from the  University of Vienna . He worked in the  internal medicine  and dermatology departments at  Vienna General Hospital  and also at the  Breslau  skin clinic, where he was an assistant to  Josef Jadassohn . From 1936 to 1938, he was head physician in the dermatology department at Merchant's Hospital in Vienna, but in order to escape Nazi persecution, he emigrated to the  United States  in 1938. Here, he served as an associate of dermatology at the  University of Pennsylvania . From 1939 onward, he was head of the allergy department at the Jewish Hospital in  Philadelphia . [ 2 ]


His book,  Hautkrankheiten und Ernährung mit Berücksichtigung der Dermatosen des Kindesalters , was translated into English and published in 1932 as  Skin Diseases and Nutrition, Including the Dermatoses of Children . [ 3 ]


Jonathan Zizmor  (born 1945) is an American  dermatologist  in  New York City  famous for his television commercials and prolific, colorful subway ads promising that "Now you can have beautiful clear skin!" [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Zizmor received his MD from the  Albert Einstein College of Medicine .


Zizmor was born to Julius and Felice Zizmor and grew up in New York City. He attended high school at  Yeshiva University High School for Boys . Zizmor completed his internship in internal medicine at the hospitals of  Albert Einstein College of Medicine  and his residency in dermatology at New York University Hospital.


Comedian Nick Kroll has a sketch comedy series on Comedy Central "partially based on Zizmor" according to the  Daily News . [ 3 ]  Zizmor was the subject of a  Saturday Night Live  sketch featuring  Taran Killam  as Brad Pitt in a parody of a  Chanel  ad. [ 4 ]


Zizmor has authored seven books on skin care, including Dr. Zizmor's Skin Care Book and Dr. Zizmor's Guide To Clearer Skin.


Zizmor has been certified by the  American Board of Dermatology  and is a member of it. [ 5 ]  He served for over 10 years as Chief of Dermatology at St. Vincent's Hospital. [ 6 ]


Zizmor was offered a cameo appearance on  30 Rock , but turned it down, according to Tina Fey. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


On January 4, 2016, it was announced that Zizmor had retired, and will study Talmud. [ 9 ]


A 2021 fashion review noted that people in New York City enjoy showcasing their particular local culture, and described this love as "Zizmorcore". [ 10 ]


Zizmor's first subway advertisements appeared in 1981, with a tagline that promised "Now You Can Have Beautiful, Clear Skin". [ 11 ]  The subway advertisements appear in one out of every five subway cars, by some estimates, [ 12 ]  and were all created by Zizmor himself. [ 11 ]  They feature his face, often superimposed on a rainbow and/or a photograph of the New York skyline. [ 11 ] [ 13 ]


Alchimie Forever  is an anti-aging skin care line by  Swiss  dermatologist Dr. Luigi Polla.


Upon completing his studies, Polla opened a  dermatology  practice in  Geneva ,  Switzerland  in 1986 [ 1 ]  and was the first dermatologist to offer pulsed dye laser technology to treat children with  Port-wine stains  and  hemangiomas . [ 2 ]


Polla's eldest daughter, Ada Polla, worked the practice's front desk during those years. She recalls her father's motivation to find products that would assist the skin in healing from these painful treatments. When he could not find products to calm the skin post-procedure, he decided to create them himself. The products were originally created at a nearby compounding pharmacy, and the first product Polla formulated was the Kantic Brightening Moisture Mask. Because the children's mothers also loved the products, that led to the development of additional products, which became the Alchimie Forever brand. [ 3 ]


The products sold well, and the Pollas decided to expand distribution beyond Geneva. [ 4 ]   Ada, started Alchimie Forever LLC, in  Washington, D.C. , to distribute Alchimie Forever products in the  United States . [ 5 ]


Alchimie Forever is distributed throughout UK, Switzerland,  France , and the United States. The products are distributed online, in independent beauty boutiques, pharmacies, drugstores, and by skincare professionals. In an interview with  PETA Prime , Polla says the product line is vegan and cruelty free. [ 6 ]  Ada Polla is the president and CEO of Alchimie Forever.


Alchimie Forever products have appeared in numerous fashion magazines, including   Shape   Elle ,  Vogue ,  Glamour ,  Redbook , and  Men's Journal . [ 7 ]


The Best Drugstore Skin Treatments According to Pros,  People , ' [ 8 ]  Ashley Scott, a skin therapist at Heyday in N.Y.C., says that this pink-tinted brightening mask looks radiant when you apply it: "Wear it on Zoom calls!" Bonus: It also comes in travel size for an on-the-go glow.


Baby Bottom Butter  is a  balm  sold by English  supermarket  chain  Waitrose , used upon  babies '  bottoms  to soothe them and prevent  nappy rash .  It is also popular as a  face cream  for women.


The natural ingredients now include  olive oil ,  camomile  oil and  vanilla . [ 1 ]  When it was reformulated in 2008 to remove preservative  parabens  and other  petrochemicals , sales increased significantly as mothers started to use it themselves, in place of expensive  face cream . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]   As the word spread through  parenting  websites, with many women praising its softening and firming effect, the product sold out at many stores. [ 4 ]  In 2008, the product sold eight years worth of stock in just four months following this buzz. [ 5 ]  Enthusiasm for the balm continued, and in 2011, it was announced to be Waitrose's best-selling skincare product. [ 1 ]  It is produced in  Hampshire . [ 2 ]


People living in  New Zealand  made special arrangement to have it shipped to them and, in 2014, the luxury supermarket chain, Nosh, started stocking it. [ 6 ]  In 2016, Waitrose started exporting the product to China. [ 7 ]


Banila Co. ( Korean :  바닐라코 ) is a South Korean cosmetics brand that is owned by F&F.[1] It was established by F&F in 2005. [ 1 ]


Banila Co. offers a range of cosmetic products including:


Banila Co. also offers different varieties of products that are free of alcohol, artificial coloring, artificial fragrances, essential oil, parabens, and silicone. [ 2 ]


On March 9, 2011, actress  Min Hyo-rin  became the new model of Banila Co. [ 3 ]


On August 8, 2011,  SISTAR's   Hyorin  was named the new model of Banila Co. [ 4 ]


On September 25, 2012, it was announced that  Girls' Generation's   Jessica Jung  would be the new endorser of Banila Co. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


On June 20, 2013, Banila Co. announced that singer  Roy Kim  will be their first male model. [ 7 ]


On August 19, 2014,  Song Ji-hyo  was named as the new model of Banila Co.


On September 28, 2016, singer  Taeyeon  (Girls' Generation) was chosen as the new spokesmodel for Banila Co. [ 8 ]


On August 21, 2019,  Kim Min-kyu  was selected as new male model for Banila Co.


On January 26, 2020, actor  Song Kang  was chosen as the new model for Banila Co. [ 9 ]


On February 26, 2020, actress  Shin Se-kyung  was chosen as the new model for Banila Co. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]


On October 21, 2021, singer  Jeonghan  ( Seventeen ) was chosen as the new ambassador for Banila Co. [ 12 ]


Bayankala  is a natural  skincare  brand originating from  Shanghai ,  China , that was conceived of by a French entrepreneur and long-time resident and  "old China hand" , Jean Zimmermann. [ 1 ]  Zimmermann founded the brand together with a Chinese herbalist. The inspiration for the brand came during his time as General Manager of Lane Crawford department stores in China when he decided to create a high-end Chinese brand. [ 2 ]


The brand itself is named after the  Bayan Har Mountains  in south-central  Qinghai , which contain the source of the  Yellow River . The symbol of the brand is the "hulu," (葫芦  pinyin : húlu) the Chinese  bottle gourd  that was traditionally used as a vessel by and hung out front as a sign of the  Chinese pharmacy . [ 2 ]


Bayankala claims to be the first Chinese "luxury skin care brand"  [ 1 ]  with recipes from traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The brand concept features 5 traditionally used ingredients from  Chinese herbology . The brand is manufactured in  Guangzhou  in  Southern China , and some product has been certified organic in China. [ 3 ]  Zimmermann claims that the active ingredients are cultivated and harvested according to the wisdom of the traditional  Chinese lunar calendar  and each product is formulated using pure water from the source of the Yellow River. [ 2 ]


Beautycounter  was an American  direct to consumer  and  multi-level marketing [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  company that sold skin care and cosmetic products. [ 1 ]  As of 2018, the company had 150 products with over 65,000 independent consultants, and with national retailers. [ 4 ]  In April 2021, Beautycounter was acquired by  The Carlyle Group  in a deal that valued the company at $1 billion. In March 2024, Carlyle wrote off its investment in the company and the company went into administration in April 2024.


Beautycounter was founded by  Gregg Renfrew  in 2013. [ 5 ]  Renfrew had previously worked with merchandising executives such as  Martha Stewart  and Susie Hilfiger. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]  Beautycounter released nine products in March 2013, including facial cleansers, eye creams, and shampoo. [ 4 ]  The company launched as a direct retail brand, selling through its website, independent consultants, and retailers including  J.Crew ,  Target  and  Sephora . [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 1 ]


Beautycounter was one of  Allure  magazine's Best of Beauty award recipients for their lip sheer in twig (2014) [ 8 ]  and dew skin tinted moisturizer (2015). [ 9 ]  Beautycounter became a founding member of the nonprofit Environmental Working Group's verification program, which aims to make it easier for consumers to identify consumer goods that do not contain toxic ingredients. [ 10 ]  The company compiled a "never list" of reportedly harmful chemicals omitted from their products. [ 11 ]


In 2016, Beautycounter launched its first mascara line. [ 12 ]  Later that year, Beautycounter's Lengthening Mascara was one of Allure's Best of Beauty products in the natural category. [ 13 ]  In June 2016, Beautycounter acquired the worldwide assets of Nude Skincare, Inc. and Nude Brands, Ltd.,  Ali Hewson 's natural beauty line, from  LVMH . As part of the acquisition, Hewson's husband  Bono  became an investor in Counter Brands, LLC., Beautycounter's parent company, and Hewson became a board member. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ]