Add diseases knowledge base (34 crops, 116 diseases)

diseases_knowledge_base/apple/alternaria_blotch.json

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "apple.disease_fungal.alternaria_blotch",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Alternaria leaf blotch",
+    "Alternaria mali leaf spot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "apple",
+    "scientific_name": "Malus domestica",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Alternaria Blotch",
+    "scientific_name": "Alternaria mali",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Alternaria leaf blotch"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Pleosporales",
+        "family": "Pleosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Alternaria",
+        "species": "mali"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-borne conidia",
+      "rain splash"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected fallen leaves",
+      "lesions on twigs",
+      "dormant buds"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity and frequent rainfall",
+      "Warm temperatures, typically in mid-to-late summer",
+      "Poor air circulation within the tree canopy",
+      "Presence of susceptible cultivars (e.g., 'Delicious', 'Indo', 'Jonathan')"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 8
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area affected. A few scattered, distinct lesions on some leaves. No defoliation.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area affected. Lesions are numerous, may be starting to coalesce. Some minor yellowing and premature leaf drop may be visible.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area affected. Widespread, coalesced lesions forming large necrotic blotches. Significant defoliation is evident, leading to a thin canopy.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most affected leaves and averaged across the plant. The degree of premature defoliation is a key indicator for moderate to severe ratings."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms are small (1-5 mm), circular, tan to light brown spots.",
+      "Lesions develop a distinct, dark purple or brownish border as they mature.",
+      "The center of older lesions may turn gray or brown and become necrotic.",
+      "In some cases, the necrotic center may fall out, creating a 'shot-hole' appearance.",
+      "Lesions can coalesce to form large, irregular blotches.",
+      "Affected leaves often turn yellow (chlorotic) around the lesions before dropping.",
+      "Causes premature defoliation, especially in susceptible cultivars during wet seasons."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Symptoms on stems are uncommon."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Small, dark, slightly sunken lesions may appear on the fruit surface.",
+      "Fruit spots are more common near the calyx (blossom end).",
+      "Infection can lead to core rot, which may not be visible externally."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "In severe cases, significant defoliation can lead to a sparse canopy and reduced tree vigor."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under a hand lens and high humidity, a sparse, velvety, olive-green to black fungal growth (conidia) may be visible in the center of lesions."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune trees to improve air circulation and promote rapid drying of leaves.",
+      "Collect and destroy fallen leaves in the autumn to reduce the primary inoculum source.",
+      "Maintain balanced tree nutrition to avoid excessive succulent growth.",
+      "Choose resistant or less susceptible cultivars where possible."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* may provide partial suppression when applied preventatively."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative fungicides (e.g., strobilurins, SDHIs, mancozeb, captan) during periods of high risk (warm, wet weather).",
+      "Follow local extension service recommendations for fungicide timing and rotation to manage resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is most effective when integrating cultural practices to reduce inoculum with timely fungicide applications based on weather-based disease models."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/apple/black_rot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "apple.disease_fungal.black_rot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "frogeye leaf spot",
+    "blossom end rot",
+    "canker"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "apple",
+    "scientific_name": "Malus domestica",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "black rot",
+    "scientific_name": "Botryosphaeria obtusa",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "frogeye leaf spot",
+      "canker phase",
+      "fruit rot phase"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Botryosphaeriales",
+        "family": "Botryosphaeriaceae",
+        "genus": "Botryosphaeria",
+        "species": "obtusa"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "rain splash",
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "pruning tools"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "cankers on twigs and branches",
+      "mummified fruit",
+      "dead wood"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "hail damage",
+      "insect injury (e.g., codling moth)",
+      "unpruned dead wood",
+      "high humidity",
+      "tree stress"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      20,
+      26
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      80,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 4.5
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area affected with distinct, small 'frogeye' lesions.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area affected; lesions may be coalescing. Minor fruit or stem symptoms may be present.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area affected, often with premature defoliation. Obvious cankers or multiple rotted/mummified fruit are visible.",
+    "notes": "This rubric primarily applies to the foliar 'frogeye leaf spot' phase. For cankers or fruit rot, a qualitative scale based on the extent of damage is more practical."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Small, purple flecks that enlarge to 3-6 mm circular lesions.",
+      "Mature lesions develop a distinct 'frogeye' appearance: a tan to light brown center with a prominent purple margin.",
+      "Tiny black specks (pycnidia) may be visible in the center of older lesions under magnification.",
+      "Infected leaves may turn yellow and drop prematurely, especially in severe cases."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Reddish-brown, sunken cankers on twigs, branches, or the main trunk.",
+      "Cankers can expand, girdle, and kill the affected limb.",
+      "Bark on older cankers may become cracked, blistered, or peel away."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Small, brown to black spots, often initiating at the calyx (blossom) end or at a wound.",
+      "Lesions enlarge into a firm, brown-to-black rot.",
+      "The rotted area often displays characteristic concentric rings of alternating light and dark brown/black.",
+      "Infected fruit shrivels, turns black, and becomes a hard, dry 'mummy' that may remain on the tree."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Presence of small, black, flask-shaped structures (pycnidia) embedded in the center of leaf lesions, cankers, or rotted fruit tissue."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "cedar apple rust",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.cedar_apple_rust",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Rust spots are bright orange-yellow with a reddish border, a stark contrast to the tan and purple 'frogeye' spots.",
+        "Rust produces tiny tube-like structures (aecia) on the underside of leaves, which are absent in black rot.",
+        "Black rot cankers and fruit mummies are characteristic and not produced by cedar apple rust."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "alternaria blotch",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.alternaria_blotch",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Alternaria lesions are often irregular or blotchy, lacking the distinct circular 'frogeye' shape of black rot.",
+        "Alternaria blotches are typically purplish-brown and may have a necrotic center, but lack the pronounced, well-defined purple margin.",
+        "While causing defoliation, Alternaria is not associated with the severe cankers and fruit mummification of black rot."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune out dead or cankered branches during winter dormancy, cutting well below the visible canker.",
+      "Remove and destroy mummified fruit from trees and the ground to reduce inoculum.",
+      "Promote good air circulation through proper pruning to speed up drying of foliage.",
+      "Maintain tree vigor with appropriate fertilization and irrigation to reduce stress."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply protectant fungicides (e.g., captan, mancozeb) from silver tip through petal fall.",
+      "Consider systemic fungicides (e.g., strobilurins, DMIs) for more effective control, especially after infection periods.",
+      "Ensure thorough spray coverage of all parts of the tree, including branches and fruit."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Fungicide timing is critical and should be guided by weather conditions, disease prediction models, and orchard history."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/apple/cedar_apple_rust.json

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "apple.disease_fungal.cedar_apple_rust",
+  "aliases": [
+    "CAR",
+    "apple rust"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "apple",
+    "scientific_name": "Malus domestica",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "cedar apple rust",
+    "scientific_name": "Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae",
+    "alt_names": [],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Basidiomycota",
+        "class": "Pucciniomycetes",
+        "order": "Pucciniales",
+        "family": "Pucciniaceae",
+        "genus": "Gymnosporangium",
+        "species": "juniperi-virginianae"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "wind"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "aeciospores from apple to cedar/juniper",
+      "basidiospores from cedar/juniper to apple"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "as mycelium in galls on the alternate host, Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and other susceptible junipers"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "proximity to alternate host (Eastern red cedar)",
+      "prolonged spring rain events",
+      "mild temperatures (7-25\u00b0C) during early leaf development"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      7,
+      25
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 4
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "< 5% of leaf area affected with pale yellow to small orange spots. No aecia visible.",
+    "moderate": "5-25% of leaf area affected. Spots are bright orange-yellow, some with central black dots (spermogonia). Aecia may be developing on the underside.",
+    "severe": "> 25% of leaf area affected. Lesions are large, often coalescing. Prominent aecia (spore tubes) on the underside are common, leading to premature defoliation.",
+    "notes": "This rubric focuses on leaf symptoms, the most common presentation for VQA. Severity can also be judged by the percentage of infected fruit or degree of defoliation."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Small, pale yellow spots appear on the upper leaf surface in spring.",
+      "Spots enlarge to 1/4-inch diameter, becoming bright orange-yellow, often with a reddish border.",
+      "Tiny black dots (spermogonia) may form in the center of the orange spots on the upper surface.",
+      "In late summer, distinctive brownish, fringed, tube-like structures (aecia) develop on the leaf underside, directly below the spots.",
+      "Heavily infected leaves may turn yellow and drop prematurely, especially in dry conditions."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Twig infections are rare but can cause small, slightly swollen cankers on highly susceptible cultivars."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Orange-yellow lesions, similar to leaf spots but larger, appear on the fruit, typically near the calyx end.",
+      "Fruit lesions may become raised, corky, and cracked.",
+      "Aecia (spore tubes) can also form on fruit lesions, making the fruit unmarketable."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Severe infections cause defoliation, reducing tree vigor, fruit size, and overall yield."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible sign: Brownish, fringed, tube-like aecia on the underside of apple leaves and on fruit.",
+      "Visible sign (on alternate host): Brown, kidney-shaped galls on cedar/juniper that produce gelatinous, orange, horn-like structures (telial horns) in wet spring weather."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant rust-resistant apple cultivars.",
+      "Remove nearby alternate hosts (Eastern red cedar, junipers) within a 1-2 mile radius, if feasible.",
+      "Maintain tree vigor through proper pruning, fertilization, and irrigation."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "No widely effective biological control agents are commercially available for cedar apple rust."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative fungicides from the pink bud stage through early summer.",
+      "Effective fungicide classes include DMIs (FRAC 3) and strobilurins (FRAC 11).",
+      "Fungicide timing is critical and should coincide with periods of rain and basidiospore release from cedar galls."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Integrated management combining resistant cultivars and well-timed fungicide applications is most effective. Eradication of the alternate host is often impractical."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/apple/healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "apple.healthy.healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "normal apple",
+    "unaffected apple",
+    "disease-free apple"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "apple",
+    "scientific_name": "Malus domestica",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "none",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "healthy",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Optimal growing conditions",
+      "Good air circulation",
+      "Appropriate soil moisture and nutrition",
+      "Absence of pathogen pressure"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "0% leaf area affected by symptoms.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable for a healthy condition.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable for a healthy condition.",
+    "notes": "Severity for a healthy plant is defined as the complete absence of disease or abiotic stress symptoms. Any visible symptom would classify the plant under a different condition."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniform green coloration, specific shade may vary by cultivar.",
+      "Smooth, waxy surface (cuticle) without lesions, spots, or pustules.",
+      "Leaf margins are intact, not ragged, curled, or necrotic.",
+      "No visible powdery or sooty growth on upper or lower surfaces.",
+      "Veins are normal in color and not swollen or discolored.",
+      "Petioles are firm, green, and unblemished."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Bark is smooth and intact on young shoots, becoming rougher on older wood.",
+      "No cankers, sunken areas, cracks, or oozing sap.",
+      "Color is appropriate for the age and cultivar (e.g., reddish-brown to grayish-brown)."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Skin is smooth, firm, and free of spots, scabs, cracks, or rot.",
+      "Coloration is uniform and characteristic of the cultivar at its current maturity stage.",
+      "Shape is symmetrical and not distorted.",
+      "Flesh is crisp, firm, and without internal browning or breakdown."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Vigorous and upright growth habit.",
+      "Dense, well-distributed canopy of leaves.",
+      "Evidence of new, healthy shoot and leaf development during the growing season."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "scab",
+      "condition_id": "apple.fungal.scab",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green and smooth; scab causes distinct olive-green to brown, velvety spots.",
+        "Healthy fruit has smooth skin; scab lesions on fruit become raised, dark, and corky.",
+        "Healthy leaves are flat; heavily infected leaves with scab may become distorted or curled."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "powdery_mildew",
+      "condition_id": "apple.fungal.powdery_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a clean, waxy surface; powdery mildew appears as white, felt-like patches on leaves, shoots, and blossoms.",
+        "Healthy new growth is vigorous and green; mildew-infected shoots are often stunted, curled, and covered in the white mycelium.",
+        "Healthy fruit skin is smooth; powdery mildew can cause a net-like russeting on the fruit surface."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "cedar apple rust",
+      "condition_id": "apple.fungal.cedar_apple_rust",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have no spots; cedar apple rust produces bright, conspicuous orange-yellow spots on the upper leaf surface.",
+        "The underside of a healthy leaf is plain; rust spots develop small, black specks (spermogonia) and later, tube-like structures (aecia) on the underside.",
+        "Healthy fruit is unblemished; rust lesions can appear on fruit, typically near the calyx end, as orange, slightly raised spots."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Select resistant cultivars.",
+      "Ensure proper plant spacing for good air circulation.",
+      "Maintain balanced soil fertility and pH.",
+      "Use proper pruning techniques to open the canopy.",
+      "Provide adequate and consistent irrigation, avoiding overhead watering."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management for a healthy plant focuses on preventative practices and maintaining optimal growing conditions to reduce susceptibility to future diseases."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/apple/powdery_mildew.json

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "apple.disease_fungal.powdery_mildew",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Apple mildew",
+    "PM"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "apple",
+    "scientific_name": "Malus domestica",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "powdery mildew",
+    "scientific_name": "Podosphaera leucotricha",
+    "alt_names": [],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Leotiomycetes",
+        "order": "Erysiphales",
+        "family": "Erysiphaceae",
+        "genus": "Podosphaera",
+        "species": "leucotricha"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-borne conidia",
+      "rain splash"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "as mycelium in dormant vegetative or fruit buds",
+      "as chasmothecia (fruiting bodies) on bark"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high relative humidity (not free water)",
+      "moderate temperatures",
+      "dense canopy with poor air circulation",
+      "susceptible cultivars (e.g., Jonathan, Rome, Gala)",
+      "abundant succulent new growth"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      18,
+      25
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      70,
+      90
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "< 5% of leaf surface covered with white mycelium; no leaf distortion.",
+    "moderate": "5-25% of leaf surface covered; some leaf curling or crinkling is visible.",
+    "severe": "> 25% of leaf surface covered; significant leaf distortion, stunting of shoots, and/or premature defoliation.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on actively growing shoots and young leaves, which are most susceptible. For fruit, severity can be assessed by the percentage of surface with russeting. Powdery mildew does not require leaf wetness for infection, hence the threshold is 0."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "White to light gray, felt-like patches of mycelium, often appearing first on the underside.",
+      "Infected leaves may curl, crinkle, or fold upwards along the midrib.",
+      "Young infected leaves are often narrow, stiff, and brittle.",
+      "Patches can coalesce to cover the entire leaf surface.",
+      "In late summer, tiny black specks (chasmothecia) may be visible within the white mycelial mats."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "White, powdery growth covers new, succulent shoots (terminals).",
+      "Infected shoots are stunted with shortened internodes.",
+      "Infected shoot tips may die back, appearing brown or black."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Causes a web-like or net-like russeting on the fruit skin.",
+      "Infected fruit may be dwarfed, misshapen, or cracked.",
+      "White mycelial growth is less common but can occur, especially around the calyx."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced tree vigor and stunted overall growth, particularly in young trees or highly susceptible cultivars."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible white, powdery mycelium and conidia on plant surfaces.",
+      "Small, black, spherical fruiting bodies (chasmothecia) visible with a hand lens in late season."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "scab",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.scab",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Scab lesions are distinct, olive-green to brown/black spots, not a white, powdery coating.",
+        "Powdery mildew can be rubbed off easily in early stages; scab lesions cannot.",
+        "Scab causes leaf blistering and puckering, while mildew causes upward curling and folding.",
+        "Scab fruit spots are dark and scabby, unlike the net-like russeting from mildew."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "cedar apple rust",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.cedar_apple_rust",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Rust spots are bright orange-yellow, often with a red border, not white and powdery.",
+        "Rust produces small, cup-like structures (aecia) on the leaf underside, not a mycelial mat.",
+        "Powdery mildew commonly infects and stunts entire shoot tips, which is not a primary symptom of rust."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "healthy",
+      "condition_id": "apple.healthy",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Natural leaf hairs (pubescence) on young leaves can be mistaken for mildew, but pubescence is uniform, silvery, and cannot be rubbed off like a powder.",
+        "Spray residue can leave a white film, but it is often more uniform, less 'fuzzy' or 'felt-like', and may have droplet patterns.",
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green without distortion, curling, or powdery patches."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune and destroy infected shoots and terminals during winter dormancy.",
+      "Plant resistant or tolerant cultivars.",
+      "Ensure good air circulation via proper pruning and tree spacing to reduce humidity.",
+      "Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization that encourages susceptible new growth."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* or potassium bicarbonate.",
+      "Neem oil or horticultural oils can be effective but must be applied carefully to avoid phytotoxicity."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Preventative application of fungicides (e.g., sulfur, sterol inhibitors (DMIs), strobilurins (QoIs)) starting at tight cluster or pink stage.",
+      "Rotate fungicide classes (FRAC groups) to manage and prevent resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is most critical from pre-bloom through early summer when new tissues are most susceptible to infection."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/apple/scab.json

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "apple.disease_fungal.scab",
+  "aliases": [
+    "apple scab",
+    "black spot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "apple",
+    "scientific_name": "Malus domestica",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "scab",
+    "scientific_name": "Venturia inaequalis",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "black spot"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Venturiales",
+        "family": "Venturiaceae",
+        "genus": "Venturia",
+        "species": "inaequalis"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "splashing water",
+      "airborne ascospores"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected fallen leaves on the orchard floor (as pseudothecia)",
+      "lesions on twigs and bud scales"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "prolonged leaf wetness periods",
+      "cool, wet spring weather",
+      "high relative humidity",
+      "poor air circulation within the tree canopy"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      16,
+      24
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      95,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 9
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf or fruit surface affected; a few isolated lesions.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf or fruit surface affected; multiple lesions, some may be coalescing.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf or fruit surface affected; extensive lesions, significant leaf yellowing/defoliation, or fruit distortion/cracking.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on individual leaves/fruit or as an average across the canopy. For fruit, severity can also be rated by the degree of cracking and deformation."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initially, pale yellow or olive-green spots on the upper leaf surface.",
+      "Lesions darken to a velvety, olive-brown, then black, often with a feathery, indistinct margin.",
+      "Spots become more defined and circular with age.",
+      "Infected leaves may become distorted, curled, or dwarfed.",
+      "Severe infections cause premature leaf yellowing (chlorosis) and defoliation, typically starting from lower branches."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Small, blister-like lesions can form on young twigs, becoming rough and corky over time (less common)."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Small, circular, velvety olive-green spots appear on young fruit.",
+      "Lesions on maturing fruit become dark brown to black, corky, and raised, creating a 'scabby' texture.",
+      "The skin beneath the scab may stop growing, causing the fruit to become misshapen or cracked.",
+      "Cracks in fruit can provide an entry point for secondary rot organisms."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced tree vigor and significant yield loss in severe, untreated cases."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "A velvety, olive-green to brown layer of sporulation (conidia) is visible on the surface of active lesions."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "black_rot",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.black_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Black rot lesions ('frogeye leaf spot') have distinct concentric rings, which scab lesions lack.",
+        "Black rot spots are typically tan to brown in the center with a purple border, unlike the uniform olive-green/black of scab.",
+        "Black rot lesions may contain tiny black dots (pycnidia) in the center; scab lesions are velvety."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "cedar_apple_rust",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.cedar_apple_rust",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Rust spots are bright orange-yellow, often with a reddish border, not olive-green or black.",
+        "Rust may produce tiny cup-like structures (aecia) on the underside of the leaf, which are absent in scab.",
+        "Scab causes velvety or corky lesions, while rust spots are smooth initially and may cause a thickened gall on the leaf or fruit."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "alternaria_blotch",
+      "condition_id": "apple.disease_fungal.alternaria_blotch",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Alternaria blotch lesions are often irregular, brownish, and can have a necrotic, papery texture, sometimes with a purplish halo.",
+        "Scab lesions are more distinctly circular or oval and have a velvety texture in early stages.",
+        "Alternaria blotch is often associated with mite injury and is more common on specific cultivars like Delicious."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant resistant cultivars.",
+      "Prune trees to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration, which speeds drying.",
+      "Rake and destroy or compost fallen leaves in autumn to reduce the primary source of inoculum.",
+      "Maintain proper tree nutrition and irrigation to improve overall plant health."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of microbial-based products (e.g., specific strains of *Bacillus subtilis*) can suppress pathogen growth on leaf surfaces."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative and curative fungicides based on disease prediction models (e.g., using temperature and leaf wetness duration).",
+      "Proper timing of sprays is critical, beginning at the green tip stage and continuing through early summer.",
+      "Rotate fungicide classes (FRAC groups) to manage and prevent the development of fungicide resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy that combines cultural practices with predictive modeling and targeted fungicide applications is the most effective and sustainable approach."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_anthracnose.json

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_anthracnose",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Jasmine dieback",
+    "Jasmine twig blight",
+    "Colletotrichum leaf spot of jasmine"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian Jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Jasmine Anthracnose",
+    "scientific_name": "Colletotrichum gloeosporioides",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Dieback",
+      "Twig blight"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Sordariomycetes",
+        "order": "Glomerellales",
+        "family": "Glomerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Colletotrichum",
+        "species": "gloeosporioides"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Insects (as mechanical carriers)",
+      "Humans (via contaminated pruning tools)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Rain splash",
+      "Wind-driven rain",
+      "Overhead irrigation"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Infected plant debris on the ground",
+      "As dormant mycelium in stem cankers",
+      "On infected, persistent leaves"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity",
+      "Prolonged leaf wetness (>12 hours)",
+      "Warm temperatures",
+      "Dense plant canopy with poor air circulation",
+      "Recent plant injury or pruning wounds"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      24,
+      32
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 12
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of total foliage affected. A few scattered leaf spots, minimal to no twig dieback observed.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of total foliage affected. Multiple lesions per leaf, some coalescing. Noticeable dieback on several young shoots.",
+    "severe": ">40% of total foliage affected. Widespread leaf blighting and defoliation. Significant dieback of branches, plant appears sickly.",
+    "notes": "Assessment combines the percentage of leaf surface covered by lesions with the extent of stem/twig dieback. The overall impact on the plant's canopy is considered."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Small, circular to irregular, water-soaked spots, especially on young leaves.",
+      "Lesions enlarge and turn tan to dark brown, often with a distinct, dark brown or purplish border.",
+      "Spots may coalesce to form large, irregular necrotic patches or blight.",
+      "A 'shot-hole' appearance can occur as the necrotic center of spots dries and falls out.",
+      "Infected leaves may become twisted or distorted before dropping prematurely."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Symptoms often begin at the tips of young, tender shoots, causing them to wilt and die back.",
+      "Elongated, sunken, dark brown to black lesions (cankers) form on stems and twigs.",
+      "Cankers can girdle the stem, causing all parts above the lesion to wilt and die."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Flower buds may develop brown spots, rot, and fail to open.",
+      "Opened flowers can show brown necrotic flecks on petals."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Progressive dieback of branches from the tip inward.",
+      "Stunted growth and reduced plant vigor.",
+      "Significant defoliation in severe cases."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under humid conditions, gelatinous, pink to salmon-colored spore masses (acervuli) erupt through the surface of lesions.",
+      "Using a hand lens, tiny black, bristle-like structures (setae) may be visible in the center of older lesions."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Blight",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leaf blight lesions are often larger and more rapidly expanding, engulfing entire leaves without the initial discrete, bordered spot stage of anthracnose.",
+        "Anthracnose is strongly characterized by sunken stem cankers and tip dieback, which are less prominent or absent in many leaf blight diseases.",
+        "Leaf blight (e.g., Alternaria) may produce dark, sooty mold growth, whereas anthracnose produces pink/orange spore masses in wet conditions.",
+        "Anthracnose spots can have a 'shot-hole' appearance, which is less common for leaf blights."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Cercospora leaf spots are typically more circular, smaller, and remain discrete, with a characteristic tan or grey center and a very distinct dark purple or reddish-brown border.",
+        "Anthracnose lesions are more variable in shape and tend to coalesce into larger blighted areas more readily.",
+        "Leaf spot diseases are primarily foliar, while anthracnose also causes significant cankers and dieback on stems and twigs."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune and destroy infected twigs and branches during dry weather to reduce inoculum.",
+      "Rake up and dispose of fallen leaves and plant debris.",
+      "Improve air circulation through selective pruning and proper plant spacing.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness; use drip irrigation or water the soil directly.",
+      "Maintain plant vigor with appropriate fertilization and watering, but avoid excessive nitrogen."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of biofungicides containing strains of *Bacillus subtilis* or *Trichoderma* spp. may help suppress the pathogen."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative fungicides during warm, wet periods conducive to disease development.",
+      "Effective active ingredients include mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and copper-based compounds.",
+      "For severe infections, systemic fungicides like those containing azoxystrobin or propiconazole may be necessary."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Rotate fungicide chemical groups to prevent resistance. Always read and follow the product label for application rates and timing."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_arabian_jasmine_healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.unknown.jasmine_arabian_jasmine_healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Normal Arabian Jasmine",
+    "Asymptomatic Jasminum sambac"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian Jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Healthy",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Normal",
+      "Asymptomatic",
+      "Unaffected"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "non_pathogenic",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Optimal sunlight exposure (6-8 hours/day)",
+      "Consistent and appropriate watering",
+      "Well-drained, slightly acidic soil",
+      "Good air circulation around the foliage"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      21,
+      29
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      18,
+      21
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      60,
+      80
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Not applicable.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable.",
+    "notes": "This card represents a healthy, asymptomatic plant. Severity assessment is not applicable as there are no signs or symptoms of disease or stress."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly deep green in color with no yellowing or discoloration.",
+      "Leaves are turgid, firm, and not wilted or drooping.",
+      "Leaf surfaces are glossy or waxy and free of spots, lesions, or blemishes.",
+      "Veins are a similar or slightly lighter green than the leaf blade.",
+      "Leaf shape and size are consistent with the species and age of the foliage."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems are firm, strong, and appropriately upright or vining.",
+      "Stem color is green on new growth, becoming light brown on older wood.",
+      "No cankers, galls, black streaks, or lesions are visible on stems."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Exhibits vigorous growth with new leaves and shoots.",
+      "Foliage is dense and full.",
+      "Overall appearance is robust and vibrant."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Provide 6-8 hours of direct or bright, indirect sunlight daily.",
+      "Use a well-draining potting mix or soil.",
+      "Water when the top 1-2 inches of soil feel dry to the touch.",
+      "Ensure good air circulation to reduce humidity on leaf surfaces.",
+      "Fertilize during the growing season according to product recommendations."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Not applicable for maintaining health. Chemical treatments are reactive, not preventative, in home settings."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Maintaining optimal cultural conditions is the best way to keep an Arabian Jasmine plant healthy and resilient to potential issues."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_chlorosis.json

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.nutrient_deficiency.jasmine_chlorosis",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Iron chlorosis",
+    "Nutrient deficiency yellowing",
+    "Jasmine yellowing"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian Jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Jasmine Chlorosis",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Iron deficiency",
+      "Manganese deficiency",
+      "Interveinal chlorosis"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "Abiotic",
+      "taxonomy": null
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "nutrient_deficiency",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High soil pH (alkaline soil > 7.0)",
+      "Poorly drained or waterlogged soil",
+      "Over-fertilization with phosphorus, which can inhibit iron uptake",
+      "Low soil organic matter",
+      "Compacted soil"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area on younger leaves shows yellowing, while veins remain distinctly green.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area is affected; yellowing is pronounced and may spread to older leaves. Some leaf margins may begin to turn brown.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area is affected; leaves are almost entirely yellow or white, with significant browning, stunting, and potential leaf drop.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most affected leaves, focusing on the characteristic interveinal chlorosis pattern. The overall percentage of affected leaves on the plant can also be considered."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Youngest, newest leaves show yellowing between the veins.",
+      "Leaf veins remain distinctly green, creating a netted or web-like pattern.",
+      "In severe cases, the entire leaf turns pale yellow or almost white.",
+      "Leaf margins may become necrotic (brown and dry) in advanced stages.",
+      "Affected leaves may be smaller than normal.",
+      "Older, lower leaves typically remain green, especially in early stages."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Internodes may be shortened, leading to a stunted or bunched appearance."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Overall plant growth is stunted or vigor is reduced.",
+      "Flowering may be significantly reduced or absent."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.fungal.jasmine_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leaf spot presents as discrete, circular or irregular necrotic spots, not a widespread yellowing between veins.",
+        "Spots may have a darker border or a lighter tan center, a feature absent in chlorosis.",
+        "Chlorosis affects the entire lamina between veins, while spots are localized lesions that can appear anywhere on the leaf."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Pest Damage",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.pest.jasmine_pest_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Pests like spider mites cause fine stippling (tiny yellow dots), not broad interveinal yellowing.",
+        "Pest damage may be accompanied by visible signs like webbing, insects, sooty mold, or honeydew.",
+        "Yellowing from pests is often patchy and irregular, not following the distinct vascular pattern of chlorosis."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Test soil pH and amend to be slightly acidic (6.0-6.5) using elemental sulfur or acidifying fertilizers.",
+      "Improve soil drainage and avoid over-watering.",
+      "Incorporate well-composted organic matter to improve soil structure and nutrient availability.",
+      "Mulch with acidic materials like pine bark or needles."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply chelated iron (Fe-EDDHA is most effective in high pH soils) as a soil drench.",
+      "Use a balanced fertilizer containing essential micronutrients like iron, manganese, and zinc.",
+      "For a quick but temporary fix, apply a foliar spray of chelated iron or iron sulfate."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Foliar sprays offer a rapid green-up but do not solve the underlying soil problem. Addressing soil pH is the most effective long-term solution."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_leaf_blight.json

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_leaf_blight",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Alternaria leaf blight of jasmine",
+    "Jasmine target spot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian Jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Jasmine Leaf Blight",
+    "scientific_name": "Alternaria jasmini",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Alternaria leaf spot"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Pleosporales",
+        "family": "Pleosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Alternaria",
+        "species": "jasmini"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Wind",
+      "Rain splash",
+      "Contaminated tools",
+      "Infected plant material"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Infected plant debris on the ground",
+      "On infected stems and leaves remaining on the plant"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity",
+      "Prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "Poor air circulation",
+      "Overhead irrigation",
+      "Warm temperatures"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      22,
+      28
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 10
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "< 10% of total leaf area affected with small, scattered lesions.",
+    "moderate": "10-40% of leaf area affected, with some lesions coalescing to form larger necrotic patches.",
+    "severe": "> 40% of leaf area affected, extensive blighting, and premature leaf drop (defoliation) is evident.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on individual symptomatic leaves and averaged across the plant. 'Blight' refers to the rapid browning and death of leaf tissue."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms are small, water-soaked spots.",
+      "Spots enlarge into irregular to circular lesions, 2-10 mm in diameter.",
+      "Lesions develop a tan, grayish-brown, or light brown center.",
+      "A distinct, dark brown or purplish border often surrounds the lesion center.",
+      "Concentric rings are often visible within lesions, creating a 'target' or 'bull's-eye' appearance.",
+      "A diffuse yellow halo may encircle the entire lesion.",
+      "Multiple lesions frequently coalesce, forming large, irregular blighted areas.",
+      "Infected leaves may curl, become distorted, and turn yellow before dropping.",
+      "Severe infection leads to significant premature defoliation."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "In severe cases, small, dark, slightly sunken lesions may appear on young stems."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced plant vigor and poor aesthetic quality.",
+      "Flowering may be reduced in heavily infected plants."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under high humidity, a velvety, dark gray to black fungal growth (conidia and conidiophores) may be visible on the surface of lesions, often observable with a hand lens."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Anthracnose lesions are typically dark brown to black and sunken, often lacking the distinct concentric 'target' rings of leaf blight.",
+        "Anthracnose frequently starts at leaf tips or margins, causing dieback, whereas blight lesions can appear anywhere on the leaf blade.",
+        "Under wet conditions, anthracnose may produce pinkish-orange spore masses, which are absent in Alternaria blight."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Cercospora leaf spots are generally smaller, more uniformly circular, and remain as discrete spots for longer before coalescing.",
+        "Leaf blight lesions expand more rapidly and irregularly, causing large patches of dead tissue (blight).",
+        "While both can have a gray center and dark border, the 'target' zonation is a much stronger and more common feature of Alternaria leaf blight."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Pest Damage",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.damage_insect.jasmine_pest_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Pest damage often presents as stippling (tiny yellow/white dots from mites) or holes from chewing, not expanding necrotic lesions.",
+        "Check for physical evidence of pests, such as insects themselves, fine webbing (spider mites), or sticky honeydew.",
+        "Damage from pests like thrips can cause silvery patches, which look different from the zoned, brown lesions of leaf blight."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune to improve air circulation within the plant canopy.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness duration; use soaker hoses or drip irrigation instead.",
+      "Remove and destroy fallen leaves and infected plant debris promptly.",
+      "Ensure adequate spacing between plants."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* or *Trichoderma* species may be used preventatively to suppress fungal growth."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Preventative applications of fungicides are most effective.",
+      "Use broad-spectrum fungicides with active ingredients such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil, or copper hydroxide.",
+      "Rotate fungicides with different modes of action to prevent pathogen resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Chemical control should be initiated at the first sign of disease, especially when weather conditions are favorable for development."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_leaf_spot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_leaf_spot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Cercospora leaf spot of jasmine",
+    "Jasmine leaf blotch",
+    "Frog-eye leaf spot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian Jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Jasmine Leaf Spot",
+    "scientific_name": "Cercospora jasminicola",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Cercospora leaf spot"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Capnodiales",
+        "family": "Mycosphaerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Cercospora",
+        "species": "jasminicola"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Wind-driven rain",
+      "Water splash from irrigation",
+      "Contaminated pruning tools",
+      "Movement of infected plant material"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Infected leaf debris on the ground",
+      "As mycelium in lesions on living plant tissue"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity",
+      "Poor air circulation",
+      "Overhead irrigation",
+      "Prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "Crowded planting"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      95
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 10
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "< 5% of leaf area affected on symptomatic leaves; spots are few and scattered.",
+    "moderate": "5-25% of leaf area affected; multiple spots present, some may begin to coalesce; minor yellowing of surrounding tissue.",
+    "severe": "> 25% of leaf area affected; large necrotic blotches from coalesced spots; significant leaf yellowing (chlorosis) and premature leaf drop (defoliation) is evident.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most affected leaves. Widespread infection across the whole plant increases overall plant-level severity."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Starts as small, water-soaked spots on the leaf surface.",
+      "Spots enlarge to become circular or slightly irregular, typically 2-10 mm in diameter.",
+      "Mature lesions develop a characteristic tan, grey, or whitish center.",
+      "A distinct, raised, dark brown or purplish-red border surrounds the lighter center.",
+      "A yellow halo may develop around the lesion border, especially on older leaves.",
+      "Multiple spots can merge (coalesce) to form large, irregular necrotic blotches.",
+      "Tiny, pin-point black dots (stromata) may be visible in the center of older lesions, often requiring a hand lens.",
+      "Heavily infected leaves turn yellow and drop prematurely."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Lesions on stems are uncommon but can appear as elongated, slightly sunken, dark spots."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced plant vigor and a thin, sparse canopy due to defoliation."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under high humidity, a sparse, fuzzy or velvety greyish growth (conidiophores and conidia) may appear in the lesion centers."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Anthracnose lesions are often darker brown or black, more sunken, and may show faint concentric rings ('target spot' look).",
+        "Jasmine leaf spot has a more distinct, pale tan or grey 'frog-eye' center with a prominent dark border.",
+        "Anthracnose can cause more severe tip dieback on young shoots and blight on flowers."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Blight",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.disease_fungal.jasmine_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Blight lesions are typically larger, more irregular in shape, and often start at the leaf margin or tip, spreading rapidly.",
+        "Blighted areas often appear water-soaked or scorched and lack the distinct, well-defined border of Cercospora leaf spot.",
+        "Leaf blight causes a more rapid and widespread death of leaf tissue, often affecting the entire leaf quickly."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Pest Damage",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.pest.jasmine_pest_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Damage from sucking pests like spider mites appears as fine, yellowish stippling, not distinct, bordered spots.",
+        "Chewing insect damage results in holes, skeletonization, or ragged edges, not necrotic lesions.",
+        "Physical evidence of pests, such as webbing, frass, or the insects themselves, will be present, typically on the leaf underside."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune to improve air circulation within the plant canopy.",
+      "Use drip irrigation or water at the base of the plant to keep foliage dry.",
+      "Remove and destroy fallen leaves and heavily infected plant parts.",
+      "Ensure proper plant spacing to reduce humidity.",
+      "Maintain plant health with appropriate fertilization to increase resilience."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* or *Trichoderma* species can help suppress pathogen growth."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative fungicides containing active ingredients like chlorothalonil, mancozeb, myclobutanil, or copper compounds.",
+      "Begin applications before or at the first sign of disease, especially during warm, wet weather.",
+      "Rotate fungicides with different modes of action to prevent resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Good cultural practices are the foundation of disease management. Chemical controls are most effective when used preventatively."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_pest_damage.json

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.unknown.jasmine_pest_damage",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Jasmine insect damage",
+    "Jasmine mite damage",
+    "Arabian jasmine pest feeding"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Jasmine Pest Damage",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Insect feeding injury",
+      "Mite damage"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "pest",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Animalia",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Infected plant material",
+      "Human activity (tools, clothing)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Flying (for adult winged insects)",
+      "Crawling",
+      "Wind dispersal (e.g., spider mites)"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "In plant debris",
+      "In soil near the host plant",
+      "On the host plant as eggs, pupae, or adults"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Warm, dry, and dusty conditions (favors spider mites)",
+      "High humidity (favors some caterpillars and scale)",
+      "Presence of tender new growth",
+      "Lack of natural predators",
+      "Sheltered locations with poor air circulation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      24,
+      32
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area shows damage (e.g., stippling, minor chewing). Pests are difficult to find.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area is affected. Visible webbing on some leaves; leaf curling or distortion is apparent. Pests are visible upon inspection.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area is damaged. Extensive webbing covers stems and leaves; significant defoliation or leaf browning; visible pest colonies.",
+    "notes": "Severity is estimated as the percentage of total leaf surface area showing signs of pest activity, including stippling, chewing, mining, webbing, or heavy sooty mold coverage."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Fine, pale yellow or white stippling on the upper leaf surface.",
+      "Leaves appear bronzed, silvery, or bleached from widespread stippling.",
+      "Irregular holes, notches, or skeletonized areas from chewing.",
+      "Winding, discolored trails (mines) are visible within the leaf tissue.",
+      "Leaves are curled, cupped, distorted, or stunted.",
+      "A sticky, clear substance (honeydew) coats leaf surfaces.",
+      "Black, soot-like fungal growth (sooty mold) develops on honeydew."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Fine, silk-like webbing may cover stems and new growth.",
+      "Visible scale insects or mealybugs are clustered on stems, particularly at nodes."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunted growth or reduced plant vigor.",
+      "Premature leaf drop (defoliation) in heavy infestations."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Tiny moving specks (mites) on the underside of leaves, sometimes with fine webbing.",
+      "Small, winged insects (e.g., whiteflies, thrips) that fly up when the plant is disturbed.",
+      "Visible caterpillars, aphids, or scale insects on leaves and stems.",
+      "Presence of frass (insect excrement), eggs, or cast skins."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.fungal.jasmine_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leaf spots are discrete, often circular lesions with defined, sometimes darker, borders, whereas pest damage is typically stippling, irregular chewing, or trails.",
+        "Pest damage may include physical signs like webbing, frass, or the pests themselves, which are absent in fungal leaf spots.",
+        "Pest stippling is a pattern of tiny discolored dots; leaf spots are solid necrotic lesions that can have concentric rings."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Chlorosis",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.abiotic.jasmine_chlorosis",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Chlorosis is a more uniform yellowing, often in an interveinal pattern, while pest damage appears as discrete stipples, holes, or mines.",
+        "Chlorosis often affects entire leaves or follows a pattern (e.g., only new growth), whereas pest damage is distributed randomly where the pest has fed.",
+        "No physical signs like webbing, holes, or insects are present with chlorosis."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Jasmine Leaf Blight",
+      "condition_id": "arabian.fungal.jasmine_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Blight appears as large, rapidly expanding necrotic blotches, often starting at leaf tips or margins, unlike the smaller, more distinct damage from most pests.",
+        "Blighted areas often appear water-soaked before turning brown or black, a feature not seen with pest feeding.",
+        "Blight can cause rapid dieback of entire shoots, which is a more severe outcome than typical initial pest infestations."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Regularly inspect plants, especially the undersides of leaves, for early detection.",
+      "Prune and destroy heavily infested plant parts.",
+      "Use a strong jet of water to dislodge pests like aphids and spider mites.",
+      "Encourage natural predators by planting diverse species and avoiding broad-spectrum insecticides."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Introduce or conserve predatory insects such as ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory mites.",
+      "Use microbial insecticides like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for caterpillar control."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils, ensuring thorough coverage of leaf undersides.",
+      "Use neem oil as a repellent and growth regulator for many pests.",
+      "For severe infestations, use targeted systemic or contact insecticides based on proper pest identification."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Always identify the specific pest before applying chemical controls to ensure effectiveness and minimize harm to beneficial insects."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/arabian/jasmine_senescence_or_dry.json

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "arabian.physiological_symptom.jasmine_senescence_or_dry",
+  "aliases": [
+    "jasmine drought stress",
+    "jasmine water stress",
+    "jasmine leaf dieback",
+    "natural leaf aging"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Arabian Jasmine",
+    "scientific_name": "Jasminum sambac",
+    "family": "Oleaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Senescence or Dryness",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Drought Stress",
+      "Water Stress",
+      "Natural Aging"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "physiological_disorder",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "physiological_symptom",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Inadequate or inconsistent watering",
+      "Low ambient humidity",
+      "High temperatures and intense sun exposure",
+      "Poorly draining or overly sandy soil",
+      "Root-bound conditions in containers"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      28,
+      38
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      0,
+      40
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaves, typically the oldest and lowest on the plant, show uniform yellowing or have brown, crispy tips.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaves are yellow or brown, with some leaf drop evident. Minor wilting may be visible on younger stems.",
+    "severe": ">40% of the plant's foliage is affected, with significant leaf drop, widespread wilting, and visible stem dieback.",
+    "notes": "Severity is based on the total percentage of foliage exhibiting symptoms like yellowing, browning, wilting, or desiccation. The pattern of symptom distribution is also a key indicator."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Older, lower leaves turn a uniform, solid yellow before browning.",
+      "Leaf margins and tips dry out, turning brown and becoming brittle or crispy to the touch.",
+      "Affected leaves may curl inwards or downwards.",
+      "Leaves lose turgor and appear limp or wilted.",
+      "Widespread, premature leaf drop, especially of older leaves.",
+      "Unlike nutrient deficiencies, yellowing is typically not interveinal.",
+      "Unlike fungal spots, browning is generalized and lacks distinct lesion borders."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Younger, green stems may droop or wilt.",
+      "In severe cases, stem tips may shrivel and die back.",
+      "Stems may become woody and brittle."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Flower buds may dry up and fall off before opening.",
+      "Open flowers may wilt and turn brown prematurely."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Overall drooping or wilting appearance.",
+      "Reduced growth rate and sparse foliage.",
+      "General lack of vigor and poor flowering."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Provide consistent moisture. Water thoroughly when the top 1-2 inches of soil are dry.",
+      "Avoid both waterlogging and complete soil dry-out.",
+      "Increase ambient humidity through misting, grouping plants, or using a pebble tray with water.",
+      "Mulch outdoor plants to conserve soil moisture.",
+      "Ensure containers have adequate drainage holes.",
+      "Protect from intense afternoon sun and hot, drying winds."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management is corrective and preventative, focusing on optimizing the plant's environment, particularly water availability and humidity."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bitter/gourd_anthracnose.json

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bitter.disease_fungal.gourd_anthracnose",
+  "aliases": [
+    "bitter gourd fruit rot",
+    "cucurbit anthracnose"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bitter gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Momordica charantia",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Gourd Anthracnose",
+    "scientific_name": "Colletotrichum orbiculare",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "anthracnose of cucurbits"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Sordariomycetes",
+        "order": "Glomerellales",
+        "family": "Glomerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Colletotrichum",
+        "species": "orbiculare"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "rain splash",
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "contaminated tools",
+      "human activity",
+      "infected seed"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop debris",
+      "infected seed",
+      "volunteer cucurbit plants"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "high relative humidity (>90%)",
+      "warm temperatures",
+      "dense canopy with poor air circulation",
+      "overhead irrigation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      22,
+      28
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 10
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf or fruit surface area affected. Lesions are few, small, and not coalescing.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of surface area affected. Multiple lesions are present, some may be coalescing. Minor fruit rot or stem cankers are visible.",
+    "severe": ">40% of surface area affected. Widespread blighting, extensive lesion coalescence, severe fruit rot, and potential vine dieback.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most affected plant part (leaf or fruit). For whole-plant assessment, consider the overall percentage of symptomatic tissue."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms are small, circular, water-soaked spots.",
+      "Spots enlarge to become dark brown or black, often with a slightly lighter center.",
+      "A distinct yellow halo may encircle older lesions.",
+      "The center of mature lesions often becomes brittle and falls out, creating a 'shot-hole' effect."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Elongated, sunken, dark-colored cankers can form on stems and petioles.",
+      "Severe cankers can girdle the vine, causing wilting and death of the plant parts beyond the canker."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Circular, water-soaked, sunken spots appear on the fruit surface.",
+      "Lesions enlarge rapidly, turning black and becoming deeply sunken.",
+      "Under humid conditions, the center of the lesion fills with a pinkish or salmon-colored gelatinous mass of spores.",
+      "Infection leads to a bitter taste and rapid rotting of the fruit."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunted growth and reduced vigor in heavily infected plants.",
+      "Widespread defoliation and vine dieback can occur in severe epidemics."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Pink, orange, or salmon-colored, moist spore masses (acervuli) visible in the center of mature lesions, particularly on fruit."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gourd Downy Mildew",
+      "condition_id": "bitter.disease_fungal.gourd_downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Anthracnose lesions are circular and dark brown/black; Downy Mildew lesions are angular (vein-limited) and initially pale green or yellowish.",
+        "Anthracnose produces pink/orange spore masses in lesion centers; Downy Mildew produces a purplish-gray, fuzzy mold on the underside of leaves.",
+        "Anthracnose causes a 'shot-hole' symptom; Downy Mildew causes leaf necrosis but not distinct holes.",
+        "Anthracnose causes severe, sunken, black rot on fruit; Downy Mildew symptoms are primarily on the leaves."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use certified, disease-free seed.",
+      "Practice a crop rotation of at least 2 years with non-cucurbit crops.",
+      "Improve air circulation by using trellises and appropriate plant spacing.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness; prefer drip or furrow irrigation.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected plant debris promptly after harvest."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* or *Trichoderma* species may help suppress the disease."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply protective fungicides like mancozeb or chlorothalonil before disease onset, especially during favorable weather conditions.",
+      "After infection, use systemic fungicides such as those in the strobilurin or triazole groups, rotating chemical classes to prevent resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated approach combining cultural practices with timely fungicide applications is most effective. Consult local agricultural extension services for currently recommended and registered products."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bitter/gourd_downy_mildew.json

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bitter.disease_fungal.gourd_downy_mildew",
+  "aliases": [
+    "downy mildew of bitter gourd",
+    "cucurbit downy mildew on bitter gourd"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bitter gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Momordica charantia",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "gourd downy mildew",
+    "scientific_name": "Pseudoperonospora cubensis",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "cucurbit downy mildew"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_oomycete",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Stramenopila",
+        "phylum": "Oomycota",
+        "class": "Oomycetes",
+        "order": "Peronosporales",
+        "family": "Peronosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Pseudoperonospora",
+        "species": "cubensis"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-borne sporangia",
+      "water splash",
+      "contaminated tools",
+      "human activity"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "on living cucurbit hosts in frost-free regions",
+      "in greenhouses on infected plant material"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high relative humidity",
+      "prolonged periods of leaf wetness",
+      "cool to moderate temperatures",
+      "dense plant canopy with poor air circulation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      15,
+      23
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      10,
+      18
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 6
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area affected. A few scattered, small, angular yellow spots are visible on the upper leaf surface.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area affected. Lesions are more numerous, larger, and may begin to coalesce. Grayish-purple sporulation is visible on the leaf underside. Some necrotic browning may appear in the center of older lesions.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area affected. Widespread leaf necrosis, blighting, and upward curling of leaf margins. Significant defoliation is occurring, exposing fruit to sunscald.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most symptomatic leaves. The presence and density of sporulation on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface is a key diagnostic and severity indicator."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms are small, pale green or water-soaked spots on the upper leaf surface.",
+      "Lesions quickly become distinctly yellow (chlorotic) and angular, bounded by leaf veins.",
+      "On the corresponding lower leaf surface, a fuzzy, downy growth that is grayish to purplish-black appears, especially during periods of high humidity.",
+      "As the disease progresses, the angular yellow spots turn brown to black and become necrotic.",
+      "Multiple lesions often coalesce, leading to large, blighted areas on the leaf.",
+      "Severely infected leaves become brittle, curl upwards, and may drop prematurely (defoliation).",
+      "Lesions are most common on older, crown leaves first."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems are typically not directly affected."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Fruit is not directly infected, but its size, quality, and quantity are reduced due to loss of photosynthetic area from defoliation.",
+      "Premature defoliation can lead to sunscald on developing fruit."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced plant vigor and stunted growth.",
+      "Significant yield loss in severe infections."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible grayish-purple, downy sporulation (sporangiophores and sporangia) on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface, corresponding to the yellow lesions on top."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "bitter.disease_fungal.gourd_anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Lesion Shape: Anthracnose lesions are circular to irregular with dark, defined borders, often developing a 'shot-hole' appearance, whereas downy mildew lesions are strictly angular and vein-limited.",
+        "Signs: Downy mildew produces a grayish-purple fuzzy growth on the leaf underside, while anthracnose may produce pinkish-orange spore masses in concentric rings within the lesion during wet weather.",
+        "Affected Parts: Anthracnose commonly causes sunken, dark cankers on stems and fruit, which is not a symptom of downy mildew."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd healthy",
+      "condition_id": "bitter.misc.gourd_healthy",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Color: Healthy leaves have a uniform green color, lacking the distinct angular yellow (chlorotic) or brown (necrotic) spots of downy mildew.",
+        "Texture: The underside of a healthy leaf is smooth and green, without the fuzzy, grayish-purple growth characteristic of downy mildew.",
+        "Overall Appearance: A healthy plant shows vigorous growth with a full canopy, not the premature leaf drop or blighting seen in severe downy mildew infections."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant resistant or tolerant cultivars when available.",
+      "Maximize air circulation by using recommended plant spacing and trellising.",
+      "Use drip irrigation instead of overhead sprinklers to minimize leaf wetness duration.",
+      "Scout fields regularly, especially after cool, moist weather events.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected plant debris at the end of the season.",
+      "Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbit crops for at least 2-3 years."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Applications of bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* or *Streptomyces* species may provide some suppression when used preventatively."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply protectant fungicides (e.g., mancozeb, chlorothalonil) before disease onset, especially when weather forecasts are favorable for infection.",
+      "Use systemic or translaminar fungicides (e.g., cymoxanil, mandipropamid, oxathiapiprolin) for curative action, following local regulations.",
+      "Rotate fungicides with different modes of action (FRAC groups) to prevent the development of pathogen resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Effective management relies on an integrated approach. Chemical control is most effective when combined with cultural practices that reduce environmental risk."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bitter/gourd_healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bitter.unknown.gourd_healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "healthy bitter gourd",
+    "normal bitter gourd",
+    "asymptomatic bitter gourd"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bitter gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Momordica charantia",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "asymptomatic",
+      "normal"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "abiotic",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Optimal growing conditions",
+      "Absence of pathogen pressure",
+      "Proper nutrition and irrigation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      32
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      18,
+      22
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      60,
+      75
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Plant is fully asymptomatic. No visible lesions, discoloration, or malformation on any plant part.",
+    "moderate": "N/A",
+    "severe": "N/A",
+    "notes": "This rubric confirms the absence of disease. Any visible symptoms would classify the plant as unhealthy and require a different diagnosis."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly green color, from light to dark green depending on variety and age.",
+      "Leaves are deeply lobed, typically with 5-7 lobes.",
+      "Leaf surfaces are free of spots, lesions, yellowing (chlorosis), or powdery growth.",
+      "Leaf blades are turgid and well-expanded.",
+      "Petioles are firm and green without cankers."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems are green, slender, and exhibit vigorous vining.",
+      "No cankers, lesions, or discoloration present.",
+      "Tendrils are green and functional."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Fruit shape is characteristic of the variety, typically oblong or ovoid.",
+      "Skin is warty or bumpy with a uniform green color (may turn yellow/orange when fully ripe).",
+      "No sunken spots, soft rots, or oozing substances."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Vigorous and upright or vining growth habit.",
+      "No stunting, wilting, or general decline."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "No visible fungal growth (mycelium, spores), bacterial ooze, or other pathogen signs."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "bitter.fungal.gourd_anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green, while anthracnose causes water-soaked, circular, dark-brown to black spots, often with a yellow halo.",
+        "Healthy fruit has firm, unblemished skin, whereas anthracnose causes circular, sunken, black cankers on the fruit, which may ooze pinkish spore masses.",
+        "Healthy stems are clean and green; anthracnose can cause elongated, dark lesions on stems."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd downy mildew",
+      "condition_id": "bitter.oomycete.gourd_downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a uniform green upper surface, whereas downy mildew causes angular, yellow to brownish spots on the upper leaf surface, bounded by leaf veins.",
+        "The underside of a healthy leaf is clean, while downy mildew produces a purplish-gray, fuzzy or 'downy' growth on the underside of leaf spots, especially in humid conditions.",
+        "Healthy leaves remain turgid, while leaves with severe downy mildew may become necrotic, curl, and die."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use certified disease-free seeds or transplants.",
+      "Ensure proper plant spacing to promote good air circulation.",
+      "Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbit crops.",
+      "Use drip irrigation or avoid overhead watering to minimize leaf wetness.",
+      "Maintain balanced soil fertility based on soil testing."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Promote beneficial soil microbes through the application of compost and organic matter."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Not applicable for a healthy plant. Management focuses on preventative cultural practices."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management practices for a healthy plant are preventative, aiming to maintain vigor and avoid conditions favorable for disease development."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/blueberry/healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "blueberry.healthy.healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "normal",
+    "asymptomatic",
+    "unaffected"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "blueberry",
+    "scientific_name": "Vaccinium corymbosum",
+    "family": "Ericaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "asymptomatic",
+      "normal growth"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "none",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "healthy",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Optimal sunlight exposure (6-8 hours/day)",
+      "Well-drained, acidic soil (pH 4.5-5.5)",
+      "Consistent soil moisture without waterlogging",
+      "Good air circulation through and around the plant canopy"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      20,
+      27
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      10,
+      18
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      50,
+      70
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Not applicable.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable.",
+    "notes": "For a 'healthy' condition, there is no severity scale. Any presence of symptoms would classify the plant under a different condition (e.g., a disease or disorder)."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly deep green color, though new growth can be reddish.",
+      "Leaves are fully expanded, smooth, and have a slightly waxy surface.",
+      "No spots, lesions, discoloration, or signs of necrosis.",
+      "Leaf margins are smooth and intact.",
+      "Seasonal color change to red or orange in autumn is normal."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "New stems (canes) are smooth, flexible, and green or reddish.",
+      "Older stems are woody, gray-brown, and firm.",
+      "No cankers, galls, cracks, or dieback is visible."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Developing fruit is small, firm, and green.",
+      "Mature fruit is plump, firm, and has a uniform dark blue color.",
+      "A waxy, silvery-white coating ('bloom') is present on mature berries.",
+      "No signs of shriveling, mold, or spots."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Exhibits vigorous, upright growth.",
+      "Possesses a full, dense canopy of leaves appropriate for the season.",
+      "Shows active new growth on cane tips during the growing season."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "No visible fungal structures (e.g., mycelium, spores), bacterial ooze, or insect colonies."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant in well-drained, acidic soil rich in organic matter.",
+      "Ensure full sun exposure for optimal photosynthesis and fruit production.",
+      "Provide consistent irrigation, especially during fruit development.",
+      "Apply a layer of mulch (e.g., pine bark, sawdust) to conserve moisture and suppress weeds.",
+      "Conduct annual dormant pruning to remove dead/weak wood and improve air circulation."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Promote biodiversity to support natural predators of common pests."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Not applicable for maintaining health; chemical controls are reactive measures for specific issues."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Maintaining plant health is primarily achieved through proactive and consistent cultural practices tailored to the crop's needs."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bottle/gourd_anthracnose.json

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bottle.disease_fungal.gourd_anthracnose",
+  "aliases": [
+    "cucurbit anthracnose",
+    "gourd fruit rot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bottle gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Lagenaria siceraria",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "gourd anthracnose",
+    "scientific_name": "Colletotrichum orbiculare",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "cucurbit anthracnose"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Sordariomycetes",
+        "order": "Glomerellales",
+        "family": "Glomerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Colletotrichum",
+        "species": "orbiculare"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "rain splash",
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "contaminated tools",
+      "field workers",
+      "infected seed"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop debris",
+      "infected seed",
+      "volunteer cucurbit plants"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "high humidity",
+      "warm temperatures",
+      "poor air circulation",
+      "overhead irrigation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      22,
+      28
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      18,
+      24
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 10
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area affected, or < 5 small lesions per leaf. No significant stem or fruit lesions.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area affected, multiple coalescing lesions on leaves, some small, non-rotting lesions on fruit or stems.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area affected, extensive stem cankers causing vine dieback, or large, sunken, rotting lesions on multiple fruits.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed based on the percentage of symptomatic tissue on the most affected leaves and the presence/size of lesions on stems and fruit. Fruit symptoms heavily increase severity rating."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Begins as small, water-soaked spots.",
+      "Spots enlarge into circular, dark brown to black lesions, often up to 1-2 cm in diameter.",
+      "Lesion centers may dry out, turn tan or gray, and crack or fall out, creating a 'shot-hole' appearance.",
+      "A distinct dark border often surrounds the lighter center of mature lesions."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Develops elongated, sunken, water-soaked cankers that turn dark.",
+      "Cankers can girdle the stem, causing wilting and dieback of the vine above the infection point."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Circular, water-soaked, and noticeably sunken spots appear on the fruit surface.",
+      "Lesions enlarge, turn black, and can coalesce to cover large areas.",
+      "During humid conditions, a pinkish or salmon-colored ooze of fungal spores may appear in the center of fruit lesions."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "General wilting or vine dieback can occur if stems are severely girdled by cankers."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Pink to salmon-colored spore masses (acervuli) visible in the center of lesions, especially on fruit, during moist weather."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd downy mildew",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.disease_fungal.gourd_downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Downy mildew lesions are angular and bounded by leaf veins, appearing yellow on top; anthracnose lesions are circular and dark.",
+        "Downy mildew produces a purplish-gray, fuzzy mold on the leaf underside; anthracnose may have a pinkish ooze in lesion centers but no fuzzy mold.",
+        "Anthracnose causes distinct, large, sunken black cankers on fruit, which is not a primary symptom of downy mildew."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd pest damage",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.pest.gourd_pest_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Pest damage often involves physical injury like chewing marks or stippling, not the characteristic water-soaked, circular, developing lesions of anthracnose.",
+        "Anthracnose lesions are a sign of infection and expand over time, while pest damage is typically static after the feeding event.",
+        "The presence of insects, eggs, or frass (excrement) indicates pest damage, whereas anthracnose may show pink spore masses."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use certified disease-free seed.",
+      "Practice a crop rotation of at least 2-3 years with non-cucurbit crops.",
+      "Promote air circulation by using trellises and appropriate plant spacing.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness; use drip irrigation.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected plant debris at the end of the season."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Biofungicides containing strains of *Bacillus subtilis* may provide some preventative suppression."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative fungicides, especially during warm, wet weather.",
+      "Effective active ingredients include mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and copper-based compounds.",
+      "For curative action, fungicides in the strobilurin class (e.g., azoxystrobin) can be used, but must be rotated to prevent resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Chemical control is most effective when used preventatively. Follow label instructions and pre-harvest intervals carefully."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bottle/gourd_downy_mildew.json

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bottle.disease_fungal.gourd_downy_mildew",
+  "aliases": [
+    "downy mildew of bottle gourd",
+    "cucurbit downy mildew on bottle gourd"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bottle gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Lagenaria siceraria",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "downy mildew",
+    "scientific_name": "Pseudoperonospora cubensis",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "cucurbit downy mildew"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_oomycete",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Stramenopila",
+        "phylum": "Oomycota",
+        "class": "Oomycetes",
+        "order": "Peronosporales",
+        "family": "Peronosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Pseudoperonospora",
+        "species": "cubensis"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "wind",
+      "rain splash"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "airborne sporangia"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "on living cucurbit hosts in tropical/subtropical regions",
+      "as oospores in soil (less common for this pathogen)"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high relative humidity",
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "cool nights and warm, humid days",
+      "dense plant canopy with poor air circulation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      16,
+      22
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      10,
+      18
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 6
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area affected. A few scattered, pale green to yellow angular lesions, primarily on older leaves.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area affected. Lesions are numerous, may be coalescing, and some necrosis is present. Downy growth is clearly visible on leaf undersides.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area affected. Widespread necrosis and blighting of leaves, leading to significant defoliation.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed by the percentage of total foliar area showing symptoms (chlorosis and necrosis). Confirmation of diagnosis often requires checking the underside of leaves for sporulation."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms are pale green or yellowish, water-soaked spots on the upper leaf surface.",
+      "Lesions are characteristically angular or 'blocky' in shape, as their expansion is limited by major leaf veins.",
+      "Spots enlarge and turn bright yellow, eventually becoming necrotic and turning brown to dark brown.",
+      "A purplish-gray, fuzzy or 'downy' growth (sporangia) is visible on the underside of the leaf, corresponding to the upper lesions, especially in the morning or during high humidity.",
+      "Infected leaves may curl downwards, wither, and die prematurely, starting from the bottom of the plant.",
+      "Severely affected leaves can look scorched or blighted."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems are typically not directly affected."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Fruit is not directly infected by the pathogen.",
+      "Fruit may be smaller, misshapen, or have poor flavor due to reduced photosynthesis from defoliation.",
+      "Loss of leaf cover can expose fruit to sunscald, causing white, leathery patches."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "No direct symptoms on roots."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced plant vigor and stunted growth.",
+      "Significant defoliation can occur rapidly under favorable conditions, starting with lower leaves."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible sign is the characteristic purplish-gray downy mold on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use resistant or tolerant cultivars when available.",
+      "Promote good air circulation through proper plant spacing and trellising.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness duration; use drip irrigation instead.",
+      "Manage weeds to improve airflow and reduce humidity within the canopy.",
+      "Scout plants regularly, especially during cool, moist weather."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides based on Bacillus subtilis or Trichoderma species can have some suppressive effect when used preventatively."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Preventative fungicide applications are most effective.",
+      "Apply fungicides with translaminar or systemic activity that target oomycetes (e.g., products containing mandipropamid, cyazofamid, or phosphonates).",
+      "Rotate fungicide modes of action to prevent resistance development."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management must be proactive, as downy mildew can spread very quickly once established. Predictive models based on weather data can help time fungicide applications."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bottle/gourd_healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bottle.unknown.gourd_healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "healthy bottle gourd",
+    "normal bottle gourd",
+    "unaffected plant"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bottle gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Lagenaria siceraria",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "normal",
+      "asymptomatic",
+      "unaffected"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "none",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Describes optimal conditions; deviations are risks.",
+      "Poorly drained soil",
+      "Shaded conditions (<6 hours of direct sun)",
+      "Nutrient-poor soil",
+      "Extreme temperature fluctuations"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      24,
+      35
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      18,
+      24
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      60,
+      80
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Plant is vigorous with normal coloration and turgor. No visible signs of disease, pests, or nutritional stress.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable. Any deviation from 'mild' indicates a potential problem.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable. Any deviation from 'mild' indicates a potential problem.",
+    "notes": "This rubric is used to confirm the absence of symptoms. The 'mild' category represents a healthy plant."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly green color, ranging from light to dark green depending on age and variety.",
+      "Leaves are fully expanded, turgid, and appropriately sized for their developmental stage.",
+      "Surfaces are free of spots, lesions, discoloration, or powdery/fuzzy growth.",
+      "Leaf margins are smooth and intact, without yellowing, browning, or necrosis.",
+      "Petioles are strong, green, and hold the leaves firmly."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems and vines are firm, green, and show signs of active growth.",
+      "No cankers, lesions, discoloration, or gummy exudates are present.",
+      "Tendrils are green, flexible, and actively curling."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Fruit skin is firm, smooth, and has a uniform, unblemished color characteristic of the variety.",
+      "No sunken spots, soft spots, cracks, or signs of rot.",
+      "The peduncle (fruit stalk) is green, firm, and securely attached."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Exhibits a vigorous, sprawling or climbing growth habit.",
+      "Shows evidence of new, healthy growth such as young leaves, flowers, or developing fruit.",
+      "Plant is not wilted, stunted, or showing signs of dieback."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Absence of any visible fungal mycelium, spores, bacterial ooze, insect colonies, or feeding damage."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd_anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.fungal.gourd_anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green, whereas anthracnose causes distinct, water-soaked circular lesions that turn dark brown or black.",
+        "Healthy fruit is unblemished; anthracnose causes sunken, circular, dark lesions, often with pinkish spore masses in the center under moist conditions.",
+        "Healthy stems are clean; anthracnose may cause elongated, dark, sunken cankers on stems and petioles."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd_downy_mildew",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.oomycete.gourd_downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "The upper surface of healthy leaves is uniformly green, while downy mildew causes pale green to yellow, angular spots bounded by leaf veins.",
+        "The underside of a healthy leaf is plain green; downy mildew exhibits a distinct purplish-gray, fuzzy growth on the underside of lesions, especially in high humidity.",
+        "Healthy leaves do not have angular patterns; the vein-limited nature of downy mildew lesions is a key diagnostic feature."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd_nutritional_deficiency",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.abiotic.gourd_nutritional_deficiency",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a solid, uniform green color, whereas deficiencies cause specific patterns like interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between green veins) or marginal yellowing.",
+        "Healthy growth is uniform across the plant, while deficiencies often show a systematic pattern, affecting either older (mobile nutrients) or younger (immobile nutrients) leaves first.",
+        "The overall plant color is a rich green in healthy plants, but can be pale green or yellowish in the case of nitrogen deficiency."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gourd_senescence_or_dry",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.abiotic.gourd_senescence_or_dry",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are turgid and green; drought stress causes temporary wilting of the entire plant, which recovers with water.",
+        "Natural senescence is a gradual, uniform yellowing of the oldest, lowest leaves on the plant, while the rest of the plant remains healthy.",
+        "Disease or acute stress often presents as spots, lesions, or rapid, irregular browning, unlike the orderly progression of senescence."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant in well-drained, fertile soil rich in organic matter.",
+      "Ensure full sun exposure (at least 6-8 hours per day).",
+      "Provide consistent moisture, watering at the base of the plant to keep foliage dry.",
+      "Use trellises to promote air circulation and lift fruit off the ground.",
+      "Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbit crops to prevent soil-borne pathogen buildup."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Not applicable for a healthy plant. Chemical controls are reactive, not preventative for general health."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Maintaining optimal growing conditions is the key to preventing disease and stress."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bottle/gourd_nutritional_deficiency.json

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bottle.nutrient_deficiency.gourd_nutritional_deficiency",
+  "aliases": [
+    "bottle gourd nutrient stress",
+    "bottle gourd mineral deficiency",
+    "bottle gourd nutrient imbalance"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bottle gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Lagenaria siceraria",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "nutritional deficiency",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "nutrient imbalance",
+      "mineral deficiency"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "abiotic",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "nutrient_deficiency",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "improper soil pH (too high or too low)",
+      "sandy soils prone to nutrient leaching",
+      "heavy rainfall causing nutrient runoff",
+      "low soil organic matter",
+      "competition from weeds",
+      "waterlogged soil reducing nutrient uptake"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of total plant foliage shows discoloration (chlorosis) or minor stunting. Symptoms are often confined to either old or new leaves.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of foliage is affected. Chlorosis is more pronounced, and some marginal or interveinal necrosis (browning) may be present. Stunting is evident.",
+    "severe": ">40% of foliage is severely chlorotic or necrotic. Significant stunting, poor fruit development (e.g., blossom-end rot), and leaf drop are common. Plant death is possible.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed based on the percentage of the entire plant's foliage showing symptoms. The location of symptoms (old vs. new leaves) is a key diagnostic clue for specific nutrient deficiencies but overall percentage reflects severity."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "General chlorosis (pale green to yellow discoloration) across the leaf blade.",
+      "Interveinal chlorosis, where leaf veins remain green while the tissue between them turns yellow.",
+      "Yellowing, scorching, or necrosis starting at the margins of older, lower leaves (e.g., Potassium deficiency).",
+      "Uniform pale green or yellowing of older, lower leaves, which may drop prematurely (e.g., Nitrogen deficiency).",
+      "Stunted, small, and pale new leaves (e.g., Iron or Sulfur deficiency).",
+      "Leaves may appear cupped, crinkled, or distorted.",
+      "Purplish discoloration on leaves, particularly on older leaves in cool conditions (e.g., Phosphorus deficiency)."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems are thin, spindly, and weak.",
+      "Shortened internodes result in a compact, stunted appearance."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Poor fruit set or premature fruit drop.",
+      "Fruits are small, misshapen, or have poor color.",
+      "Blossom-end rot, a dark, sunken lesion at the blossom end of the fruit (Calcium deficiency)."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Poorly developed, stunted, or discolored root system (not typically visible in photos)."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Overall stunted growth and lack of vigor compared to healthy plants.",
+      "Premature senescence (aging) and death of lower leaves."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Conduct a soil test before planting to determine pH and existing nutrient levels.",
+      "Amend soil with compost or other organic matter to improve nutrient retention and availability.",
+      "Adjust soil pH to the optimal range for bottle gourds (6.0-6.8) using lime or sulfur as needed.",
+      "Ensure consistent and adequate watering to facilitate nutrient uptake and prevent drought stress.",
+      "Use a balanced fertilizer according to soil test recommendations."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply a balanced, complete fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) if a soil test is unavailable.",
+      "Use foliar sprays containing specific micronutrients (e.g., chelated iron, magnesium sulfate) for rapid but temporary correction of deficiencies.",
+      "Side-dress with nitrogen fertilizer during the growing season as gourds are heavy feeders.",
+      "Apply calcium nitrate or gypsum to prevent blossom-end rot if calcium is deficient."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Accurate diagnosis of the specific nutrient is key. Applying a nutrient that is not deficient can create further imbalances. Soil or tissue analysis is the most reliable diagnostic method."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bottle/gourd_pest_damage.json

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bottle.unknown.gourd_pest_damage",
+  "aliases": [
+    "insect damage on bottle gourd",
+    "bottle gourd pest feeding",
+    "arthropod injury on bottle gourd"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bottle gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Lagenaria siceraria",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Gourd Pest Damage",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "insect feeding injury",
+      "pest injury"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "Pest",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Animalia",
+        "phylum": "Arthropoda",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "adult insects",
+      "larvae",
+      "nymphs"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "flight",
+      "crawling",
+      "wind dispersal (for small insects)"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "in crop debris",
+      "in soil as pupae or eggs",
+      "on alternate weed hosts"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "warm, dry weather (favors mites, some beetles)",
+      "high humidity (favors some caterpillars)",
+      "presence of alternate weed hosts",
+      "monoculture planting",
+      "lack of natural predators"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      20,
+      35
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area shows signs of feeding (chewing, stippling, mining). Little to no impact on plant vigor.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area is affected. Some leaf yellowing, curling, or minor defoliation may be present.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area is affected. Significant defoliation, plant stunting, wilting, or fruit damage is evident.",
+    "notes": "Severity is estimated based on the total visible damage across the leaf surface. For fruit damage, a qualitative assessment (e.g., number of feeding sites) may be used."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Irregularly shaped holes chewed in the leaf lamina.",
+      "Skeletonization, where only the leaf veins remain.",
+      "Small, numerous yellow or white dots (stippling) on the upper leaf surface from sucking insects.",
+      "Winding, discolored trails or blotches (mines) within the leaf tissue.",
+      "Leaves appear curled, distorted, or crinkled, especially new growth.",
+      "A shiny, sticky substance (honeydew) on leaf surfaces.",
+      "Black, soot-like fungal growth (sooty mold) on honeydew.",
+      "Presence of silk webbing on or between leaves."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Boring holes or tunnels visible in vines.",
+      "Wilting of vines above the point of feeding damage."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Superficial scarring, pitting, or 'stinging' on the fruit surface.",
+      "Sunken, discolored areas from feeding.",
+      "Boring holes, sometimes with insect frass (excrement) pushed out.",
+      "Deformed or misshapen fruit growth."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunted growth or reduced vigor.",
+      "General wilting of the plant, even with sufficient soil moisture."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible adult insects, larvae (caterpillars, grubs), or nymphs.",
+      "Clusters of eggs, often on the undersides of leaves.",
+      "Frass (insect excrement) on leaves or near feeding sites."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gourd Anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.fungal.gourd_anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Anthracnose lesions are circular to angular, often water-soaked and sunken with dark borders, whereas pest damage is typically irregular holes (chewing) or fine stippling (sucking).",
+        "Pest damage may have visible signs like insects, eggs, or frass, which are absent in anthracnose.",
+        "In moist conditions, anthracnose lesions may develop pinkish-orange spore masses in the center, a feature not seen with pest damage."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gourd Downy Mildew",
+      "condition_id": "bottle.oomycete.gourd_downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Downy mildew causes angular, vein-limited yellow spots on the upper leaf surface, unlike the random stippling or irregular holes from pests.",
+        "A key sign of downy mildew is a purplish-gray fuzzy growth on the underside of the leaf spots, which is absent in pest damage.",
+        "Downy mildew does not create holes or skeletonize leaves; the tissue within the spots dies and turns necrotic but remains intact initially."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use floating row covers on young plants to create a physical barrier.",
+      "Remove and destroy heavily infested plants and crop debris after harvest.",
+      "Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbit crops.",
+      "Encourage natural enemies by planting nectar-rich flowers nearby."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Introduce or conserve predatory insects such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps.",
+      "Apply microbial insecticides like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for caterpillar control."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils for soft-bodied pests like aphids and mites.",
+      "Use selective insecticides (e.g., spinosad) to target specific pests while minimizing harm to pollinators.",
+      "For severe infestations, broad-spectrum insecticides may be used according to local recommendations and pre-harvest intervals."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Proper identification of the specific pest is critical for effective management. Always read and follow pesticide label instructions."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/bottle/gourd_senescence_or_dry.json

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "bottle.physiological_symptom.gourd_senescence_or_dry",
+  "aliases": [
+    "bottle gourd drying",
+    "natural senescence",
+    "end-of-season decline",
+    "vine decline"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "bottle gourd",
+    "scientific_name": "Lagenaria siceraria",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "gourd senescence or dry",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "drying",
+      "senescence",
+      "maturation",
+      "dieback"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "physiological_disorder",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "physiological_symptom",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "End of growing season",
+      "Drought stress",
+      "Extreme heat",
+      "Soil nutrient depletion",
+      "Maturity of fruit"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      ">35"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      "<40"
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaves are yellowing or browning, primarily the oldest, lowest leaves on the vine.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaves are yellow or brown; yellowing has progressed up into the middle section of the vine.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaves are brown, dry, and brittle; stems are also browning and the plant shows significant dieback.",
+    "notes": "Severity measures the percentage of total plant foliage showing symptoms of senescence. This is a natural process but can be accelerated by stress."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniform yellowing (chlorosis) that begins on the oldest, lowest leaves.",
+      "Yellowing progresses sequentially up the vine to younger leaves.",
+      "Affected leaves become entirely brown, dry, and brittle to the touch.",
+      "Leaf margins may curl upwards or inwards as they desiccate.",
+      "Absence of distinct spots, angular lesions, powdery growth, or pustules."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Vines lose their green color, turning tan, light brown, or straw-colored.",
+      "Stems become dry, woody, and less flexible, particularly near the plant base."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Fruit stops enlarging and begins the curing process on the vine.",
+      "The skin of the gourd hardens and may change color from green to tan or cream.",
+      "The peduncle (fruit stem) becomes dry, hard, and woody."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "General and irreversible decline in plant vigor.",
+      "Progressive wilting of the entire plant that does not recover after watering.",
+      "Overall appearance of drying up and dying back naturally at the end of the season."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Recognize senescence as a natural part of the plant's life cycle, indicating fruit maturity.",
+      "Allow gourds to cure on the drying vine for a harder shell, unless pest or rot pressure is high.",
+      "If drying occurs prematurely, investigate and correct underlying stresses like lack of water or nutrients.",
+      "Remove and compost or dispose of all plant debris after the final harvest to prevent pathogens from overwintering."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management is not about 'treating' senescence but about distinguishing it from treatable problems and managing the end-of-season harvest and cleanup."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cauliflower/bacterial_spot_rot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cauliflower.disease_bacterial.bacterial_spot_rot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "bacterial leaf spot of crucifers",
+    "bacterial spot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cauliflower",
+    "scientific_name": "Brassica oleracea var. botrytis",
+    "family": "Brassicaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "bacterial spot rot",
+    "scientific_name": "Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "bacterial leaf spot"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_bacterial",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Bacteria",
+        "phylum": "Pseudomonadota",
+        "class": "Gammaproteobacteria",
+        "order": "Pseudomonadales",
+        "family": "Pseudomonadaceae",
+        "genus": "Pseudomonas",
+        "species": "P. syringae"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_bacterial",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "insects (e.g., flea beetles)",
+      "humans (via tools and equipment)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "rain splash",
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "overhead irrigation water",
+      "infected seed"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop debris",
+      "in soil",
+      "on seeds",
+      "on volunteer crucifer plants and weeds"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "cool, wet weather",
+      "prolonged periods of leaf wetness",
+      "high humidity",
+      "overhead irrigation",
+      "dense plant canopies with poor air circulation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      12,
+      24
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 12
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf surface affected with small, distinct spots. No curd symptoms.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf surface affected; some spots may be coalescing. Minor spotting on curd.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf surface affected, with large necrotic areas or defoliation. Significant curd rot present.",
+    "notes": "Severity is typically assessed on the most affected wrapper leaves. For marketability, any visible rot on the curd (head) may be considered severe."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms are small (1-3 mm), water-soaked, circular to angular spots.",
+      "Spots rapidly turn dark brown to black.",
+      "A narrow, chlorotic (yellow) halo may surround the dark spots.",
+      "Lesions can coalesce under wet conditions to form large, irregular necrotic patches.",
+      "The center of older spots may dry out and fall away, creating a 'shot-hole' effect.",
+      "Unlike black rot, lesions are not V-shaped and are not limited by major veins."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stem infections are less common but can appear as dark, elongated lesions."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "On the curd (head), symptoms manifest as small, brown to black, sunken spots.",
+      "Spots on the curd can enlarge and merge, leading to a soft, watery rot.",
+      "Secondary pathogens often colonize the rotted curd, producing a foul odor."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Roots are not affected by this pathogen."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "In severe infections, lower wrapper leaves may yellow and drop prematurely.",
+      "The head may become unmarketable due to discoloration and rot."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under a microscope, bacterial streaming can be observed from the edge of a cut lesion in a drop of water."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "black rot",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.disease_bacterial.black_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Black rot causes distinct V-shaped lesions that start at the leaf margin and point inward.",
+        "Veins within the black rot 'V' turn black, a key diagnostic feature absent in bacterial spot.",
+        "Bacterial spot lesions are circular/angular and scattered, not typically originating at the leaf edge."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "downy mildew",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.disease_fungal.downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Downy mildew produces a visible, fluffy, grayish-white fungal growth on the underside of leaves.",
+        "Upper leaf surface symptoms of downy mildew are often yellow, angular patches bounded by veins, not small black spots.",
+        "Bacterial spot lesions are initially water-soaked and turn black, never showing fuzzy fungal growth."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant certified disease-free seed and transplants.",
+      "Practice crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops for at least 2-3 years.",
+      "Promote good air circulation by using recommended plant spacing.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness; prefer drip irrigation.",
+      "Incorporate or remove crop debris promptly after harvest to reduce pathogen survival."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* may provide partial suppression when applied preventatively."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Preventative applications of copper-based bactericides can reduce infection but are not effective once symptoms are widespread.",
+      "Always consult local extension service recommendations for currently registered and effective products."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management relies heavily on prevention, as chemical controls are often unsatisfactory once the disease is established in a field."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cauliflower/black_rot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cauliflower.disease_fungal.black_rot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Xanthomonas leaf blight",
+    "bacterial blight"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cauliflower",
+    "scientific_name": "Brassica oleracea var. botrytis",
+    "family": "Brassicaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "black rot",
+    "scientific_name": "Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris",
+    "alt_names": [],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_bacterial",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Bacteria",
+        "phylum": "Pseudomonadota",
+        "class": "Gammaproteobacteria",
+        "order": "Lysobacterales",
+        "family": "Lysobacteraceae",
+        "genus": "Xanthomonas",
+        "species": "X. campestris"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "splashing water",
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "insects (minor)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "infected seed",
+      "infected transplants",
+      "contaminated farm equipment",
+      "water splash from rain or irrigation"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop debris in soil",
+      "infected seed",
+      "cruciferous weeds (e.g., wild mustard)"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high humidity",
+      "warm temperatures",
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "dense planting",
+      "overhead irrigation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      80,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 10
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of total plant foliage is affected. One or two outer leaves show characteristic V-shaped lesions.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of foliage is affected. Multiple leaves have lesions, some vein blackening is evident beyond the initial lesion, and minor leaf drop may occur.",
+    "severe": ">40% of foliage is affected. Widespread lesions, extensive vein blackening, significant leaf drop, stunting, and/or symptoms on the curd are present.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the whole plant. Any visible symptoms (black spots, decay) on the cauliflower head (curd) automatically classifies the infection as severe."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Yellow, V-shaped lesions appear at the leaf margin, with the point of the 'V' directed towards the leaf base.",
+      "Lesions enlarge and become tan to brown with a dry, papery texture.",
+      "Veins within the V-shaped lesion turn black, a key diagnostic feature.",
+      "This blackening of veins may extend down the petiole.",
+      "Infected leaves may wilt, collapse, and drop prematurely.",
+      "Systemic infection can cause one side of a plant to yellow or wilt."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "A cross-section of an infected stem or petiole reveals a black ring in the vascular tissue."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "The cauliflower head (curd) can develop black spots or a systemic vascular discoloration.",
+      "Secondary soft rot bacteria often invade, leading to a mushy, foul-smelling decay of the head."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "No primary symptoms, but vascular discoloration from the stem can extend into the main root."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunting and uneven growth can occur, especially in young plants infected systemically.",
+      "Severe infection leads to significant defoliation and unmarketable heads."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under very humid conditions, droplets of bacterial ooze may be visible on the surface of lesions."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "downy mildew",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.disease_oomycete.downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Downy mildew produces a purplish-gray, fuzzy mold on the underside of leaves; black rot does not.",
+        "Downy mildew lesions are angular and yellow, but not typically V-shaped originating from the leaf edge.",
+        "Downy mildew does not cause the characteristic blackening of the veins seen in black rot.",
+        "Downy mildew is favored by cooler, moist conditions, whereas black rot prefers warmer temperatures."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "bacterial spot rot",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.disease_bacterial.bacterial_spot_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial spot lesions are small, circular, and water-soaked, often with a 'shot-hole' appearance, not large and V-shaped.",
+        "While lesions may darken, bacterial spot does not cause the extensive, systemic blackening of major leaf veins.",
+        "Lesions can appear anywhere on the leaf, not primarily at the margins."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "healthy",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.healthy.healthy",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green to blue-green without any yellow or tan lesions.",
+        "Veins in healthy leaves are green or pale, not black.",
+        "The plant is vigorous with no signs of wilting, stunting, or leaf drop."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use certified, disease-free seed and transplants.",
+      "Practice a crop rotation of at least 3 years, avoiding all cruciferous crops.",
+      "Control cruciferous weeds in and around the field.",
+      "Promote good air circulation through proper plant spacing.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness and water splashing.",
+      "Incorporate crop residue promptly after harvest to speed up decomposition."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some beneficial microbes have shown suppressive activity, but they are not a standalone control method."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Preventative applications of copper-based bactericides can help reduce the spread but are not curative.",
+      "Actigard (acibenzolar-S-methyl) can be used to induce the plant's natural defenses before infection occurs."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management must be preventative. Once infection is established, especially systemically, control is very difficult."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cauliflower/downy_mildew.json

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cauliflower.disease_fungal.downy_mildew",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Staghead"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Cauliflower",
+    "scientific_name": "Brassica oleracea var. botrytis",
+    "family": "Brassicaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Downy mildew",
+    "scientific_name": "Hyaloperonospora parasitica",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Peronospora parasitica"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_oomycete",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Stramenopila",
+        "phylum": "Oomycota",
+        "class": "Oomycetes",
+        "order": "Peronosporales",
+        "family": "Peronosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Hyaloperonospora",
+        "species": "parasitica"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Wind-dispersed sporangia",
+      "Water splash"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Oospores in soil",
+      "Infected crop debris",
+      "On weedy brassica hosts"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity",
+      "Cool temperatures",
+      "Poor air circulation",
+      "Overhead irrigation",
+      "Crowded plantings"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      10,
+      16
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      8,
+      15
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 4
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area affected with scattered, small lesions.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area affected; lesions are numerous and may be coalescing.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area affected; extensive necrosis, defoliation, or systemic curd infection is present.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most affected leaves. Presence of any systemic infection in the curd automatically classifies as severe due to marketability loss."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Small, pale green to yellow, angular spots appear on the upper leaf surface.",
+      "Lesions are often bounded by leaf veins, creating a distinct blocky or angular shape.",
+      "A white to grayish, downy or fuzzy growth (sporangiophores) appears on the underside of leaves, directly below the upper spots.",
+      "Lesions enlarge and turn tan, brown, or necrotic with age.",
+      "Severely infected leaves can become brittle and may drop prematurely."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Systemic infection can cause purplish discoloration or dark streaks on stems and petioles."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Systemic infection causes dark brown to black internal discoloration of the curd.",
+      "Infected curds may show a fuzzy, gray mold-like growth in very humid conditions.",
+      "The surface of the curd can develop sunken, dark spots or blemishes."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunting may occur in young plants that are infected systemically early in development."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible white to grayish fuzzy mold (sporangiophores and sporangia) on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface.",
+      "Microscopically, dichotomously branched sporangiophores with lemon-shaped sporangia are present."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Black rot",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.disease_bacterial.black_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Black rot causes large, V-shaped yellow lesions starting at the leaf margin, while downy mildew spots are angular and can appear anywhere on the leaf.",
+        "Black rot lesions feature distinct blackened veins within the yellow 'V', a symptom absent in downy mildew.",
+        "Downy mildew produces a characteristic fuzzy, white growth on the leaf underside; black rot does not produce any visible growth."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial spot rot",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.disease_bacterial.bacterial_spot_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial spots are small, dark, and water-soaked ('greasy'), often purplish-black, whereas early downy mildew spots are pale green or yellow.",
+        "Bacterial spots can appear on both leaf surfaces and lack the white, fuzzy growth that is exclusive to the underside of leaves with downy mildew.",
+        "Bacterial spots may develop a 'shot-hole' appearance as necrotic centers fall out, which is not typical for downy mildew."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Healthy",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.healthy.healthy",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a uniform green or blue-green color without any yellow spots, lesions, or necrosis.",
+        "The underside of a healthy leaf is smooth and lacks any white, fuzzy, or downy growth.",
+        "A healthy cauliflower curd is uniformly white or cream-colored, firm, and free of dark spots or internal discoloration."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant resistant or tolerant cauliflower cultivars.",
+      "Increase plant spacing to promote good air circulation and faster leaf drying.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness; prefer drip or furrow irrigation.",
+      "Implement a crop rotation of at least 2-3 years with non-brassica crops.",
+      "Control weedy brassica species in and around the field.",
+      "Incorporate crop debris after harvest to speed up decomposition of oospores."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Biofungicides containing strains of *Bacillus subtilis* or *Streptomyces* may provide some suppression when applied preventatively."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply protectant fungicides (e.g., mancozeb, chlorothalonil) before disease onset in high-risk conditions.",
+      "Use systemic fungicides (e.g., metalaxyl/mefenoxam, fosetyl-al) for curative action, following a resistance management program.",
+      "Ensure thorough spray coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Fungicide applications are most effective when timed preventatively based on weather forecasts favoring disease development (cool, humid nights)."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cauliflower/healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cauliflower.healthy.healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "normal",
+    "asymptomatic",
+    "unaffected"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cauliflower",
+    "scientific_name": "Brassica oleracea var. botrytis",
+    "family": "Brassicaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Healthy",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Asymptomatic",
+      "Normal Growth"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "none",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "healthy",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [],
+    "temp_c_day": [],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Not applicable",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable",
+    "severe": "Not applicable",
+    "notes": "Severity is not applicable for a healthy plant. The plant is either healthy (asymptomatic) or it is not."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Leaves are turgid, fully expanded, and uniformly green to blue-green in color.",
+      "Leaf surfaces are free of spots, lesions, pustules, or powdery residue.",
+      "The natural waxy (glaucous) coating on the leaves is intact and evenly distributed.",
+      "Leaf margins are smooth and intact, without yellowing, browning, or water-soaked areas.",
+      "No signs of yellowing (chlorosis) or browning (necrosis) are present."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems are firm, upright, and uniformly green.",
+      "No cankers, streaks, or soft spots are visible on the main stem."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "The curd (head) is compact, firm, and uniformly white or cream-colored (or variety-specific color).",
+      "Florets are tightly packed with no separation, browning, or black spots.",
+      "No fuzzy mold growth is visible on or between the florets.",
+      "The curd is free from a 'ricey' texture (elongated floral parts) or bracts growing through it."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Plant exhibits vigorous, upright growth appropriate for its age.",
+      "No stunting, wilting, or dieback is observed."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "black_rot",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.bacterial.black_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green, whereas black rot causes distinct V-shaped yellow lesions starting at the leaf margin.",
+        "Veins in healthy leaves are green; in black rot, veins within the lesion turn black.",
+        "A healthy plant shows no systemic symptoms, while black rot can cause systemic vascular blackening visible in cut stems."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "downy_mildew",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.oomycete.downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "The underside of a healthy leaf is smooth and green; downy mildew produces a fluffy, grayish-white mold growth on the leaf underside.",
+        "The upper surface of a healthy leaf is unblemished, whereas downy mildew causes angular, yellow to pale green spots that later turn necrotic.",
+        "Healthy curds are clean; downy mildew can systemically infect the head, causing dark discoloration and rot."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "bacterial_spot_rot",
+      "condition_id": "cauliflower.bacterial.bacterial_spot_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy curds are uniformly white and firm; bacterial spot rot causes small, water-soaked, brownish-black spots directly on the florets.",
+        "Wrapper leaves on a healthy plant are clean, whereas bacterial spot rot can cause similar dark, greasy spots on leaves and midribs.",
+        "A healthy curd has no off-odors; advanced bacterial rot often leads to a foul-smelling secondary soft rot."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use certified disease-free seed and transplants.",
+      "Practice a 3-4 year crop rotation with non-brassica crops.",
+      "Ensure proper plant spacing to promote air circulation and rapid leaf drying.",
+      "Manage irrigation to avoid overhead watering and prolonged periods of leaf wetness.",
+      "Maintain good soil drainage and fertility."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management for a healthy plant focuses on preventative cultural practices that create optimal growing conditions and minimize disease pressure."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cherry/healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cherry.healthy.healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "normal cherry",
+    "unaffected cherry",
+    "asymptomatic cherry"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cherry",
+    "scientific_name": "Prunus avium",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "asymptomatic",
+      "normal"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "none",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "healthy",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Describes optimal growing conditions, not risk factors for a condition.",
+      "Full sun exposure (6-8 hours/day).",
+      "Well-drained, fertile soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.",
+      "Good air circulation to keep foliage dry.",
+      "Consistent moisture, avoiding both drought and waterlogged conditions."
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Plant is completely free of any visible symptoms of disease, stress, or nutrient deficiency.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable. Any deviation from 'mild' indicates a potential issue, not a moderate level of health.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable.",
+    "notes": "This rubric is used to confirm the absence of symptoms. The only applicable rating is 'mild' for a healthy plant."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly green color, appropriate for the cultivar.",
+      "Smooth, glossy, or matte surface without spots, lesions, or residue.",
+      "Elliptical to ovate shape with characteristic serrated margins.",
+      "No curling, puckering, distortion, or significant chlorosis (yellowing).",
+      "Normal size and density for the age and cultivar of the tree.",
+      "Petioles are firm, green, and turgid."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Bark is smooth on young wood, becoming rougher with horizontal lenticels on older wood.",
+      "Color is typically reddish-brown to grayish-brown.",
+      "No cankers, gummosis (oozing sap), cracks, or unusual swellings."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Skin is smooth, glossy, and uniformly colored when ripe.",
+      "Flesh is firm and free of brown spots, rot, or pits.",
+      "No cracks, lesions, sunken areas, or deformities.",
+      "Stem (pedicel) is green, turgid, and firmly attached."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Vigorous, upright growth habit with a well-developed canopy.",
+      "No signs of wilting, stunting, or branch dieback."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Absence of any fungal growth (e.g., mycelia, spores), bacterial ooze, or insect-related signs like frass or webbing."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "powdery mildew",
+      "condition_id": "cherry.fungal.powdery_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a clean, uniform green surface, whereas powdery mildew appears as distinct white, powdery patches on leaves and shoots.",
+        "Healthy leaves maintain their normal shape, while leaves with severe powdery mildew can become distorted, curled, or puckered.",
+        "Healthy fruit has a smooth, glossy skin, whereas powdery mildew can cause rough, russeted patches on the fruit surface."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant in locations with full sun and good air circulation.",
+      "Prune annually to maintain an open canopy, which promotes rapid drying of foliage.",
+      "Provide consistent and appropriate irrigation, avoiding overhead watering.",
+      "Maintain balanced soil fertility based on regular soil testing.",
+      "Select cultivars known for good vigor and disease resistance in your region."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management for a healthy plant focuses on preventative care and maintaining optimal growing conditions to minimize stress and susceptibility to future issues."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cherry/powdery_mildew.json

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cherry.disease_fungal.powdery_mildew",
+  "aliases": [
+    "cherry powdery mildew",
+    "white mold on cherry"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cherry",
+    "scientific_name": "Prunus spp.",
+    "family": "Rosaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "powdery mildew",
+    "scientific_name": "Podosphaera clandestina",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "white mold"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "fungus",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Leotiomycetes",
+        "order": "Erysiphales",
+        "family": "Erysiphaceae",
+        "genus": "Podosphaera",
+        "species": "clandestina"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-borne conidia"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "as chasmothecia (fruiting bodies) on bark, fallen leaves, or in dormant buds"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high humidity (but not free water)",
+      "moderate temperatures",
+      "dense canopy with poor air circulation",
+      "succulent new growth"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      18,
+      25
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      70,
+      95
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf or fruit surface area covered by white mycelium.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf or fruit surface area covered; some leaf curling or distortion may be present.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf or fruit surface area covered; significant leaf distortion, yellowing, defoliation, or fruit cracking/russeting.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed by estimating the percentage of the visible surface area of symptomatic leaves or fruit that is covered by the white, powdery fungal growth. Powdery mildew does not require free water (leaf wetness) to infect, hence the threshold is 0."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "White, powdery, circular patches appear on the upper or lower leaf surface.",
+      "Patches can coalesce to cover the entire leaf surface.",
+      "Infected young leaves may become distorted, twisted, or curled upwards.",
+      "The white fungal growth can be rubbed off, revealing the leaf tissue underneath.",
+      "Older, established infections may cause leaves to yellow and drop prematurely."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "White mycelial growth can develop on young, succulent shoots and suckers."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "White, circular lesions appear on the fruit surface, often near the stem end.",
+      "Infected areas on developing fruit may stop growing, leading to pitting or deformation.",
+      "On mature fruit, infection causes circular to irregular, leathery, russeted patches.",
+      "Severe fruit infections can lead to cracking."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced vigor and stunted growth, especially in heavily infected young trees."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Visible white to grayish, powdery mycelium and conidia on plant surfaces."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "healthy",
+      "condition_id": "cherry.healthy.none",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green without any white, powdery coating.",
+        "Healthy leaves have a smooth, flat surface, whereas infected leaves may be curled or distorted.",
+        "Healthy fruit has a smooth, glossy, unblemished skin, unlike the pitted or russeted surface of infected fruit."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Prune to improve air circulation and light penetration within the canopy.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected shoots and suckers during the growing season.",
+      "Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, which promotes susceptible new growth.",
+      "Select more resistant cherry varieties if available."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus subtilis* or potassium bicarbonate.",
+      "Neem oil or horticultural oils can be effective but may cause phytotoxicity in hot weather."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Application of protective or systemic fungicides (e.g., sulfur, strobilurins, DMIs) beginning at petal fall or first sign of disease.",
+      "Rotate fungicide classes (FRAC groups) to prevent the development of resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is most effective when initiated preventatively based on weather conditions, disease models, and orchard history."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/bacterial_leaf_streak.json

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.disease_bacterial.bacterial_leaf_streak",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Xanthomonas leaf streak",
+    "bacterial streak"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "bacterial leaf streak",
+    "scientific_name": "Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "BLS"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_bacterial",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Bacteria",
+        "phylum": "Pseudomonadota",
+        "class": "Gammaproteobacteria",
+        "order": "Lysobacterales",
+        "family": "Lysobacteraceae",
+        "genus": "Xanthomonas",
+        "species": "vasicola"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_bacterial",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "sprinkler irrigation",
+      "movement of contaminated equipment",
+      "infected crop residue"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop residue",
+      "weedy grass hosts"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high humidity and rainfall",
+      "warm temperatures",
+      "overhead irrigation",
+      "continuous corn or corn-on-corn rotation",
+      "susceptible hybrids",
+      "no-till or minimum tillage systems"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      80,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 6
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area affected. Lesions are small, scattered, and primarily on lower leaves.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area affected. Lesions are more numerous, beginning to coalesce, and present on middle leaves.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area affected. Extensive lesion coalescence, large necrotic areas, and symptoms present on upper leaves and husks.",
+    "notes": "Severity is typically assessed on the ear leaf and the leaves above it at the R3-R5 (milk to dent) growth stages. The value represents the percentage of leaf surface covered by symptomatic tissue."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial lesions are narrow, water-soaked streaks between leaf veins.",
+      "Streaks elongate to become tan, brown, or bright orange.",
+      "Lesion margins are wavy and irregular, not sharply defined like fungal diseases.",
+      "When held to light, lesions appear translucent or greasy.",
+      "Lesions range from less than an inch to several inches in length.",
+      "Multiple streaks can coalesce to form large, irregular blotches of dead tissue.",
+      "Symptoms typically appear first on lower leaves and progress up the plant.",
+      "Unlike gray leaf spot, lesions are not perfectly rectangular or vein-limited."
+    ],
+    "stems": [],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "In high humidity, tiny droplets of sticky bacterial ooze may be visible on lesion surfaces.",
+      "This ooze dries into small, yellow, crystalline flakes on the leaf."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gray leaf spot",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.gray_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Lesion Shape: Gray leaf spot lesions are distinctly rectangular with straight, parallel sides, strictly limited by leaf veins.",
+        "Lesion Margin: Bacterial leaf streak lesions have wavy, irregular margins.",
+        "Lesion Appearance: Gray leaf spot lesions are opaque and grayish-tan, while bacterial streak lesions can appear greasy or translucent when backlit."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "northern leaf blight",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.northern_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Lesion Size & Shape: Northern leaf blight produces very large (up to 6 inches), cigar-shaped, elliptical lesions.",
+        "Lesion Appearance: Bacterial leaf streak lesions are much narrower, streak-like, and lack the distinct concentric zones sometimes seen in NLB.",
+        "Lesion Color: NLB lesions are typically tan or grayish, while BLS can have a more vibrant orange or yellowish hue."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "common rust",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.common_rust",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Symptom Type: Common rust produces raised, circular-to-oval pustules that rupture the leaf epidermis.",
+        "Texture: Rust pustules are powdery and release cinnamon-brown spores when touched.",
+        "Appearance: Bacterial leaf streak lesions are flat, non-powdery streaks within the leaf tissue."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Select resistant or tolerant corn hybrids.",
+      "Rotate to non-host crops like soybeans or alfalfa.",
+      "Use tillage to bury and encourage decomposition of infected crop residue.",
+      "Manage grassy weeds that can serve as alternative hosts."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Efficacy of biological control agents is not well-established for this disease."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Foliar fungicides are ineffective as this is a bacterial disease.",
+      "Copper-based bactericides may provide some suppression if applied preventatively, but efficacy is often inconsistent and may not be economical."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Preventative management through hybrid selection and cultural practices is the most effective strategy."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/common_rust.json

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.disease_fungal.common_rust",
+  "aliases": [
+    "maize common rust",
+    "Puccinia sorghi rust"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Common Rust",
+    "scientific_name": "Puccinia sorghi",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Maize Rust"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Basidiomycota",
+        "class": "Pucciniomycetes",
+        "order": "Pucciniales",
+        "family": "Pucciniaceae",
+        "genus": "Puccinia",
+        "species": "sorghi"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Wind-borne urediniospores"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "On alternate hosts (Oxalis spp.)",
+      "In southern regions on corn debris or volunteer corn"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity",
+      "Cool to moderate temperatures",
+      "Frequent dews or light rains",
+      "Susceptible hybrid planted"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      16,
+      25
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      95,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 6
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area covered in pustules. Pustules are scattered and infrequent.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area covered. Pustules are numerous on multiple leaves, some may be coalescing.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area covered. Pustules are dense, covering large portions of leaves, leading to chlorosis, necrosis, and premature leaf death.",
+    "notes": "Severity is often assessed on the ear leaf at the R3 (milk) to R5 (dent) growth stage. Percentage refers to the symptomatic leaf area, not the whole plant."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Small, circular to oval, cinnamon-brown pustules (uredinia) appear on both upper and lower leaf surfaces.",
+      "Pustules are typically scattered randomly across the leaf, not limited by veins.",
+      "The pustules rupture the epidermis, creating a powdery, rust-colored deposit of spores.",
+      "A faint yellow or chlorotic halo may surround individual pustules.",
+      "As pustules age, they turn darker, becoming brownish-black (telia formation) late in the season.",
+      "In severe infections, leaves may become covered in pustules, leading to yellowing and premature drying."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Pustules can occasionally appear on the husk and stalk, but are most common on leaves."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "In highly susceptible hybrids, severe infections can cause reduced vigor and yield loss."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Cinnamon-brown, powdery urediniospores visible when pustules rupture.",
+      "Dark brown to black teliospores in older pustules (telia)."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gray Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.gray_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Gray leaf spot lesions are rectangular and vein-limited, while common rust pustules are oval to circular and scattered.",
+        "Common rust pustules are raised and rupture to release powdery spores; gray leaf spot lesions are flat and tan-to-gray.",
+        "Gray leaf spot lesions are typically gray or tan, not cinnamon-brown like active rust pustules."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Northern Leaf Blight",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.northern_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Northern leaf blight causes large, cigar-shaped, tan lesions, which are much larger than individual rust pustules.",
+        "Common rust features small, raised, powdery pustules, whereas NLB lesions are flat and necrotic.",
+        "NLB lesions do not rupture the epidermis to release powdery spores."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial Leaf Streak",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_bacterial.bacterial_leaf_streak",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial leaf streak lesions are narrow, wavy-edged, and often appear water-soaked or greasy, unlike the dry, powdery rust pustules.",
+        "Bacterial lesions are translucent and yellow to brown, not the distinct cinnamon-brown of common rust.",
+        "Bacterial leaf streak does not produce raised pustules that rupture the epidermis."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting resistant or tolerant corn hybrids.",
+      "Managing alternate hosts like Oxalis spp. (wood sorrel).",
+      "Early planting to avoid high spore loads later in the season."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some bio-fungicides containing Bacillus species may offer suppression but are generally less effective than chemical options for severe disease pressure."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Application of foliar fungicides (e.g., strobilurins, triazoles, SDHIs) based on scouting and economic thresholds.",
+      "Seed treatments may provide limited early-season protection."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Fungicide application is most effective when applied early in the disease cycle, often between the VT (tasseling) and R2 (blister) growth stages, to protect the ear leaf and upper canopy."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/gray_leaf_spot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.disease_fungal.gray_leaf_spot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "GLS",
+    "Cercospora leaf spot of maize"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "gray leaf spot",
+    "scientific_name": "Cercospora zeae-maydis",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "GLS"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Capnodiales",
+        "family": "Mycosphaerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Cercospora",
+        "species": "zeae-maydis"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind-blown conidia",
+      "rain splash"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected corn residue (stalks, leaves)",
+      "debris on soil surface"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high relative humidity",
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "warm temperatures",
+      "continuous corn cropping",
+      "minimum or no-tillage systems",
+      "susceptible hybrids"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      22,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      20,
+      28
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      90,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 12
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area affected; lesions are few and primarily on lower leaves.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area affected; lesions are numerous on lower leaves and are progressing to the ear leaf and middle canopy.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area affected; significant lesion coalescence on lower and middle leaves, with lesions prevalent in the upper canopy, causing premature leaf death.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the total foliar area of the plant, but often focuses on the ear leaf and above, as these contribute most to yield. Assessment is most critical from tasseling (VT) through dough (R4) stages."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial lesions are small, tan, necrotic spots, sometimes with a faint yellow halo.",
+      "Mature lesions are long (1-6 cm), narrow, and distinctly rectangular.",
+      "Lesions are sharply restricted by leaf veins, giving them parallel sides and a blocky look.",
+      "Mature lesion color is typically tan, light brown, or gray.",
+      "Under humid conditions, lesions may appear grayish or olive-colored due to fungal sporulation.",
+      "Symptoms first appear on the lowest leaves and progress up the plant.",
+      "In severe cases, lesions merge (coalesce) to blight large sections of the leaf.",
+      "Affected leaves may die prematurely, appearing dried and gray-brown."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Symptoms are not typically found on the stalk."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "The ears and kernels are not directly infected by this pathogen."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "No direct symptoms on roots."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Reduced photosynthetic area from leaf blighting can lead to reduced grain fill, lower test weight, and weakened stalks.",
+      "Severe infections can cause premature plant death."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "With a hand lens, grayish tufts of conidiophores and conidia (fungal spores) may be visible on the lesion surface, especially on humid mornings."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "northern leaf blight",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.northern_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Lesion Shape: NLB lesions are large (up to 15 cm), elliptical or 'cigar-shaped', not rectangular like GLS.",
+        "Vein Limitation: NLB lesions are not strictly limited by leaf veins and can cross them.",
+        "Lesion Color: NLB lesions are typically tan or grayish-green, and may have distinct dark zones of sporulation."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "bacterial leaf streak",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_bacterial.bacterial_leaf_streak",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Lesion Margins: Bacterial leaf streak lesions have wavy, irregular margins, while GLS lesions have straight, parallel sides.",
+        "Lesion Appearance: Bacterial lesions often appear water-soaked or greasy, especially when young, and can be translucent when held to light.",
+        "Lesion Color: Bacterial lesions are often bright yellow, orange, or brown, not the typical tan or gray of mature GLS."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Select resistant or tolerant corn hybrids.",
+      "Implement crop rotation with non-host crops like soybeans or wheat.",
+      "Use tillage to bury and encourage decomposition of infected corn residue.",
+      "Avoid irrigation methods that extend periods of leaf wetness."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some bio-fungicides containing *Bacillus* species may provide partial suppression but are generally less effective than chemical options for severe disease pressure."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply foliar fungicides from classes such as Qols (strobilurins), DMIs (triazoles), and SDHIs.",
+      "Scout fields near the tasseling (VT) growth stage to determine if fungicide application is warranted based on disease presence and environmental conditions.",
+      "Ensure thorough coverage, especially in the middle and upper canopy."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Integrated pest management (IPM) combining resistant hybrids, cultural practices, and judicious fungicide use is the most effective and sustainable strategy."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.healthy.healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "normal corn",
+    "asymptomatic corn",
+    "unaffected corn"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "asymptomatic"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "none",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "healthy",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Optimal growing conditions",
+      "Adequate sunlight and soil moisture",
+      "Balanced soil fertility",
+      "Use of disease-resistant hybrids",
+      "Absence of significant pathogen pressure or environmental stress"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      33
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      17,
+      23
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "0% of leaf area affected by symptoms.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable. Any presence of symptoms indicates a non-healthy state.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable. Any presence of symptoms indicates a non-healthy state.",
+    "notes": "This rubric defines the 'healthy' state as the complete absence of disease or stress symptoms. Any deviation from 0% affected area would classify the plant under a different condition."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly green color, appropriate for the hybrid and growth stage.",
+      "Leaf surfaces are smooth and unblemished, without spots, lesions, streaks, or pustules.",
+      "Leaves are fully expanded and turgid, not showing signs of wilting, curling, or stunting.",
+      "No widespread premature yellowing (chlorosis) or browning (necrosis), except for natural senescence on the lowest leaves of mature plants.",
+      "Midrib is pale green or whitish and structurally sound."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stalk is thick, sturdy, upright, and green.",
+      "Internodes are well-formed and free of discoloration, lesions, or physical damage."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Ears (if present) are well-formed with green, tight husks.",
+      "Developing kernels are plump and arranged in uniform rows.",
+      "No visible mold, rot, or insect damage on husks or silks."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Exhibits vigorous, upright growth with a stature normal for its developmental stage and variety.",
+      "Normal plant architecture, including tassel and ear placement."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gray Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "corn.fungal.gray_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green, while early GLS appears as tiny, tan, rectangular spots bounded by veins.",
+        "Healthy leaves have a smooth texture; GLS lesions are visually distinct interruptions in the leaf color.",
+        "Natural senescence on healthy plants causes lower leaves to yellow uniformly from the tip down the midrib in a 'V' shape, whereas GLS lesions are distinct, blocky spots that can appear on any leaf."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Common Rust",
+      "condition_id": "corn.fungal.common_rust",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a smooth epidermis, whereas common rust produces raised, cinnamon-brown, powdery pustules (uredinia) that rupture the leaf surface.",
+        "The pustules of common rust can be physically felt as rough bumps, unlike the smooth surface of a healthy leaf.",
+        "Pustules are scattered on both upper and lower leaf surfaces, which is a clear deviation from the unblemished surface of a healthy plant."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial Leaf Streak",
+      "condition_id": "corn.bacterial.bacterial_leaf_streak",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves show no streaking, while BLS is characterized by long, narrow, wavy-edged, tan or water-soaked streaks between leaf veins.",
+        "BLS streaks often appear oily or translucent when backlit, a feature absent in healthy leaf tissue.",
+        "The streaks in BLS are a distinct discoloration, unlike the uniform green of a healthy leaf."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting high-quality, certified seed of resistant hybrids.",
+      "Maintaining balanced soil fertility based on soil testing.",
+      "Ensuring proper plant spacing to allow for good air circulation.",
+      "Managing irrigation to provide adequate water without causing waterlogging or drought stress.",
+      "Implementing crop rotation to break potential disease cycles."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management for a 'healthy' state is preventative, focusing on optimal agronomic practices to minimize plant stress and prevent disease establishment."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/maize_lethal_necrosis.json

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.unknown.maize_lethal_necrosis",
+  "aliases": [
+    "MLN",
+    "Corn Lethal Necrosis"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Maize Lethal Necrosis",
+    "scientific_name": "Caused by co-infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and a potyvirus (e.g., Sugarcane mosaic virus, SCMV)",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "MLN",
+      "Corn Lethal Necrosis Disease (CLND)"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_viral",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Corn thrips (Frankliniella williamsi)",
+      "Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)",
+      "Rootworms (Diabrotica spp.)",
+      "Aphids (e.g., Rhopalosiphum maidis)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Infected seed",
+      "Mechanical transmission via tools or equipment",
+      "Vector movement between plants and fields"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Infected crop residues",
+      "Perennial grass hosts",
+      "Infected seed lots"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Continuous maize cropping",
+      "High populations of insect vectors",
+      "Planting of susceptible maize varieties",
+      "Late planting dates"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      24,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Mild chlorotic mottling or mosaic on a few young leaves, with minimal or no stunting.",
+    "moderate": "Extensive mottling and streaking, noticeable stunting, and necrosis beginning at leaf margins. Some plants may show early 'dead heart' symptoms.",
+    "severe": "Severe stunting, extensive leaf necrosis, 'dead heart' symptom leading to plant death, and poorly formed or absent ears.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on a whole-plant basis due to the systemic nature of the disease. 'Dead heart' refers to the necrosis of the central whorl, which kills the plant's growing point. Leaf wetness is not a primary driver for this vector-borne viral disease, hence the threshold is 0."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial fine chlorotic mottle, mosaic, or speckling on young leaves.",
+      "Chlorotic streaks develop parallel to leaf veins.",
+      "Leaf margins turn necrotic (brown and dry), progressing inward and upward from lower leaves.",
+      "In severe cases, entire leaves become desiccated, giving the plant a burnt appearance."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Significant stunting of the plant is a key symptom.",
+      "Internodes are often shortened."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Poor or no ear development.",
+      "Ears that form are typically small, malformed, and have poor kernel fill.",
+      "Husks may be prematurely dry and tight around the ear."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Root systems are often underdeveloped as a secondary effect of overall plant stunting."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Necrosis of the growing point in the whorl, causing a 'dead heart' symptom which is often lethal.",
+      "Plants may die prematurely, before reaching maturity.",
+      "Tassels may be malformed, sterile, or produce little pollen."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Maize Streak Virus",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_viral.maize_streak_virus",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "MLN causes progressive, widespread necrosis and plant death; MSV causes chlorosis and stunting but is less rapidly lethal.",
+        "MLN features a 'dead heart' symptom (whorl necrosis), which is absent in MSV.",
+        "MSV streaks are very fine and dense ('dots and dashes'), while MLN symptoms begin as a more blotchy mottle before becoming necrotic.",
+        "MLN causes distinct necrosis starting from leaf margins, a symptom not typical of MSV."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Northern Leaf Blight",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.northern_leaf_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "NLB produces large (2-15 cm), distinct, cigar-shaped tan lesions, whereas MLN symptoms are systemic (mottle, streaks, marginal necrosis).",
+        "MLN symptoms are often most severe on young, upper leaves, while NLB lesions typically start on lower leaves and move up.",
+        "MLN causes whole-plant stunting and death, which are not primary symptoms of NLB."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant certified disease-free seed from reputable sources.",
+      "Use MLN-tolerant or resistant maize hybrids.",
+      "Implement crop rotation with non-cereal crops to break the disease cycle.",
+      "Enforce a 'maize-free' period to eliminate local inoculum and vector hosts.",
+      "Control weed and volunteer grass hosts in and around fields."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Conserve and promote natural enemies of insect vectors like aphids and thrips."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Use seed treatments with systemic insecticides to protect seedlings from early vector feeding.",
+      "Apply foliar insecticides to manage high vector populations, though this is often not economically viable for controlling MLN alone."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated approach combining host resistance, clean seed, cultural practices, and vector management is essential for controlling MLN. There are no virucides to treat infected plants."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/maize_streak_virus.json

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.disease_viral.maize_streak_virus",
+  "aliases": [
+    "MSV",
+    "Maize streak disease",
+    "MSD"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Maize Streak Virus",
+    "scientific_name": "Maize streak virus",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "MSV"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_viral",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Orthornavirae",
+        "phylum": "Cressdnaviricota",
+        "class": "Repensiviricetes",
+        "order": "Geplanavirales",
+        "family": "Geminiviridae",
+        "genus": "Mastrevirus",
+        "species": "Maize streak virus"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_viral",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae), primarily species in the genus Cicadulina (e.g., Cicadulina mbila)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Movement of infective leafhopper vectors between plants and across fields."
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Infected perennial grasses, volunteer maize plants, and within the adult leafhopper vector."
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Presence of leafhopper vector populations.",
+      "Warm, humid conditions that favor vector breeding and movement.",
+      "Planting of susceptible maize varieties.",
+      "Staggered planting dates which allow vectors to move from older infected crops to younger susceptible ones."
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      35
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      60,
+      90
+    ]
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area shows chlorotic streaks. Stunting is minimal or not apparent.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area is covered in streaks. Noticeable stunting and some reduction in ear size is visible.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area is affected; leaves may be almost entirely yellow or white. Severe stunting, poor or no ear formation, and potential plant death.",
+    "notes": "Severity is strongly linked to the plant's growth stage at the time of infection. Early infections (before V6 stage) result in the most severe symptoms and yield loss."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial symptoms appear as small, circular, pale-yellow to white spots on the youngest leaves.",
+      "Spots elongate into narrow, broken, chlorotic streaks that run parallel to the leaf veins.",
+      "Streaks are typically 1-2 mm wide and can be several centimeters long.",
+      "Streaks are sharply defined and do not cross leaf veins.",
+      "In severe cases, streaks can merge, causing the entire leaf to appear yellow or white.",
+      "Symptoms are most prominent on new leaves that emerge after infection; older leaves may remain green.",
+      "Streaks are often more concentrated at the base of the leaf blade."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Internodes may be shortened, contributing to a stunted plant."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Ears (cobs) are often small, deformed, or have poor kernel fill.",
+      "Tassels may be small or emerge late in severely affected plants."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunting is a characteristic symptom, with severity depending on the age of the plant at infection.",
+      "Early infection can lead to premature plant death."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "No visible signs of the pathogen (e.g., fungal growth, bacterial ooze) are present."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial Leaf Streak",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_bacterial.bacterial_leaf_streak",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial streaks have wavy, irregular margins, whereas MSV streaks are straight and strictly parallel to veins.",
+        "Bacterial streaks often appear oily or water-soaked, especially when young, unlike the dry, chlorotic streaks of MSV.",
+        "When held to the light, bacterial streaks are translucent, while MSV streaks are opaque yellow/white."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Maize Lethal Necrosis",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_viral.maize_lethal_necrosis",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "MLN causes a general mosaic or mottle, often starting from leaf margins, not the fine, discrete parallel streaks of MSV.",
+        "MLN frequently causes a 'dead heart' symptom where the whorl dies and dries out; this is not typical for MSV.",
+        "MLN progresses rapidly to extensive necrosis (browning/death) of leaf and plant tissue, while MSV is primarily a chlorotic (yellowing) disease."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting resistant or tolerant maize varieties is the most effective control measure.",
+      "Early and synchronized planting to help the crop escape peak vector populations.",
+      "Removal and destruction (roguing) of infected plants early in the season to reduce inoculum.",
+      "Control of alternative hosts like wild grasses and volunteer maize plants."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Conservation of natural predators and parasitoids of leafhoppers."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Seed treatment with systemic insecticides to protect young seedlings from vector feeding.",
+      "Foliar insecticide applications to control leafhopper populations, though often not economically feasible for subsistence farmers."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated approach combining host resistance, cultural practices, and targeted chemical control (if necessary) is most effective. Management is focused on the vector, not the virus itself."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/corn/northern_leaf_blight.json

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "corn.disease_fungal.northern_leaf_blight",
+  "aliases": [
+    "NLB",
+    "Turcicum leaf blight"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Corn",
+    "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
+    "family": "Poaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Northern Leaf Blight",
+    "scientific_name": "Exserohilum turcicum",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Turcicum leaf blight"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Pleosporales",
+        "family": "Pleosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Exserohilum",
+        "species": "turcicum"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "windborne conidia",
+      "rain splash"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infested corn residue on soil surface",
+      "infected seed (rare)"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high humidity",
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "moderate temperatures",
+      "susceptible hybrid",
+      "no-till or reduced tillage systems"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      18,
+      27
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      80,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 6
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area affected; few, scattered lesions, primarily on lower leaves.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area affected; numerous lesions on lower and middle leaves, some coalescence.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area affected; extensive lesions on all leaves, significant coalescence, and leaf death.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the whole plant, considering the percentage of total photosynthetic area destroyed by lesions. Focus on leaves at and above the ear leaf for yield impact assessment."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial lesions are small, water-soaked, and elliptical.",
+      "Mature lesions are large, cigar-shaped or elliptical, and tan-to-gray in color.",
+      "Lesions range from 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches) in length.",
+      "Lesions typically have distinct, darker borders.",
+      "Under humid conditions, lesions appear olive-green to black due to fungal sporulation.",
+      "Lesions often start on lower leaves and progress up the plant.",
+      "Multiple lesions can coalesce, blighting large areas of the leaf.",
+      "Lesions run parallel to the leaf veins but are not strictly limited by them."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Typically unaffected."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Husks may develop lesions in severe cases, but kernels are not directly infected."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Unaffected."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "In severe infections, plants appear blighted or fired, resembling frost or drought damage."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Dark, olive-green to black sporulation (conidia and conidiophores) visible within lesions, especially with a hand lens or under humid conditions."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gray Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_fungal.gray_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "GLS lesions are narrow, rectangular, and strictly limited by leaf veins, unlike the wider, cigar-shaped NLB lesions.",
+        "GLS lesions are typically gray to tan, while mature NLB lesions are tan with darker borders.",
+        "GLS lesions are generally smaller (up to 5 cm) than mature NLB lesions (up to 15 cm)."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial Leaf Streak",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_bacterial.bacterial_leaf_streak",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial streak lesions are very narrow, have wavy edges, and appear oily or water-soaked, especially when backlit.",
+        "Bacterial streak lesions are often yellow or tan and can produce ooze, unlike the dry, cigar-shaped NLB lesions.",
+        "NLB lesions are much wider and more elliptical than the fine streaks of bacterial leaf streak."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Maize Lethal Necrosis",
+      "condition_id": "corn.disease_viral.maize_lethal_necrosis",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "MLN causes systemic yellowing and streaking that often starts from the leaf base or whorl, not discrete, scattered lesions like NLB.",
+        "MLN causes severe stunting of the whole plant and often leads to premature plant death ('dead heart'), which is not a primary symptom of NLB.",
+        "MLN symptoms include malformed ears and tassels, which are not caused by NLB."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting resistant hybrids",
+      "Crop rotation with non-host crops (e.g., soybeans, alfalfa)",
+      "Tillage to bury infected residue",
+      "Managing irrigation to reduce leaf wetness duration"
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some bio-fungicides based on Bacillus species may offer suppression."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Foliar fungicide application (e.g., strobilurins, triazoles, SDHIs) timed around tasseling (VT) is most effective for yield protection.",
+      "Seed treatments may offer early-season protection in some cases."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Integrated management combining resistant hybrids, cultural practices, and judicious fungicide use is the most effective strategy."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/alternaria_leaf_spot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.alternaria_leaf_spot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Alternaria leaf blight",
+    "Target spot of cotton"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "alternaria leaf spot",
+    "scientific_name": "Alternaria macrospora, Alternaria alternata",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Alternaria leaf blight"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Dothideomycetes",
+        "order": "Pleosporales",
+        "family": "Pleosporaceae",
+        "genus": "Alternaria",
+        "species": "macrospora, alternata"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "wind",
+      "rain-splash",
+      "infected seed",
+      "contaminated farm equipment"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop debris",
+      "volunteer cotton plants",
+      "weed hosts"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high humidity",
+      "frequent rainfall or overhead irrigation",
+      "prolonged leaf wetness",
+      "potassium deficiency",
+      "plant stress from other diseases or pests",
+      "late-season plant senescence"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      20,
+      30
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 8
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area is affected. A few small, scattered lesions, primarily on lower leaves.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area is affected. Lesions are numerous, may be coalescing, and some defoliation of lower leaves is evident.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area is affected. Widespread lesion coalescence, significant defoliation extending into the mid and upper canopy, and potential boll lesions.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on the most affected leaves to represent the disease pressure. The disease typically progresses from the bottom of the plant upwards."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial lesions are small (1-2 mm), circular, grey-brown to reddish-brown spots.",
+      "Lesions expand to 0.5-2 cm, developing a classic 'target spot' or 'bull's-eye' appearance with distinct concentric rings.",
+      "A dark purple or brown border often surrounds mature lesions.",
+      "A yellow halo may appear around the lesion, especially on younger leaves.",
+      "Lesion centers can become necrotic and brittle, sometimes falling out to create a 'shot-hole' effect.",
+      "Under severe pressure, multiple lesions coalesce, causing large blighted areas.",
+      "Premature defoliation occurs, starting with the oldest, lowest leaves.",
+      "Infection is often more severe on plants under nutrient stress, particularly potassium deficiency."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stem lesions are uncommon but can occur as elongated, dark, slightly sunken areas in severe infections."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Lesions on bolls appear as circular, sunken, dark brown to black spots.",
+      "Boll infections can lead to premature opening and lint staining."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Infected plants show reduced vigor and premature senescence.",
+      "Disease is often first observed and most severe in the lower canopy."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under high humidity, a dark, velvety or sooty mold (fungal spores and conidiophores) may be visible in the center of older lesions, often requiring a hand lens."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "bacterial blight",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_bacterial.bacterial_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial blight lesions are angular and vein-limited, while Alternaria spots are circular with concentric rings.",
+        "Bacterial blight spots often appear water-soaked initially and turn black, lacking the distinct 'target' pattern.",
+        "Bacterial blight can cause long, black lesions on stems ('blackarm'), a symptom not typical of Alternaria."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "leaf reddening",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.physiological_symptom.leaf_reddening",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leaf reddening is a diffuse discoloration (red, purple) across the leaf lamina, not discrete, circular spots with necrotic centers.",
+        "Reddening lacks the concentric rings and defined borders characteristic of Alternaria lesions.",
+        "Alternaria causes distinct spots of dead tissue, whereas reddening is a change in leaf pigment due to stress or senescence."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "herbicide growth damage",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.herbicide_injury.herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Herbicide spots (from contact types) are often irregular in shape with bleached white or tan centers and lack organized concentric rings.",
+        "Herbicide damage may follow a distinct spray pattern on the plant or in the field, unlike the more random distribution of a fungal disease.",
+        "Other signs of herbicide injury, such as leaf cupping, strapping, or stunting, may be present on the plant."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant resistant or tolerant cotton varieties.",
+      "Maintain balanced plant nutrition, especially adequate potassium levels.",
+      "Practice crop rotation with non-host crops.",
+      "Manage irrigation to minimize leaf wetness duration.",
+      "Destroy crop residue after harvest to reduce pathogen inoculum."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Use of registered bio-fungicides containing Bacillus species may offer some suppression."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply foliar fungicides (e.g., strobilurins, triazoles) preventatively or at first sign of disease, especially during favorable weather conditions.",
+      "Consult local extension recommendations for effective and registered products and timing."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated approach combining cultural practices and chemical control when necessary is most effective."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/bacterial_blight.json

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.disease_bacterial.bacterial_blight",
+  "aliases": [
+    "angular leaf spot",
+    "blackarm",
+    "bacterial boll rot",
+    "vein blight"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Bacterial Blight",
+    "scientific_name": "Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Angular Leaf Spot",
+      "Blackarm"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_bacterial",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Bacteria",
+        "phylum": "Pseudomonadota",
+        "class": "Gammaproteobacteria",
+        "order": "Xanthomonadales",
+        "family": "Xanthomonadaceae",
+        "genus": "Xanthomonas",
+        "species": "X. citri"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_bacterial",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Wind-driven rain",
+      "Insects (minor)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Rain splash",
+      "Irrigation water",
+      "Contaminated seed",
+      "Mechanical (tools, human contact)"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Infected crop debris",
+      "On or within seeds",
+      "Volunteer cotton plants"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High humidity",
+      "Frequent rainfall",
+      "Overhead irrigation",
+      "Susceptible cultivars",
+      "High nitrogen fertilization"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      30,
+      36
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 10
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-5% of leaf area affected. A few small, scattered, angular, water-soaked lesions are visible, often on lower leaves.",
+    "moderate": "6-25% of leaf area affected. Lesions are numerous, may be coalescing along veins, and are present on middle and upper canopy. Some stem lesions ('blackarm') may be present.",
+    "severe": ">25% of leaf area affected. Widespread lesion coalescence causing large necrotic areas, significant defoliation, and/or visible boll rot.",
+    "notes": "Severity is primarily assessed by the percentage of symptomatic leaf area. The presence of stem (blackarm) or boll infections automatically elevates the assessment to at least 'moderate'."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Small, water-soaked spots on the underside of the leaf, initially appearing translucent.",
+      "Lesions become angular (vein-limited) as they expand.",
+      "Spots turn dark brown to black and may look greasy.",
+      "Lesions can coalesce along major veins, causing 'vein blight' and necrosis.",
+      "A faint yellow halo may surround older lesions.",
+      "Infected leaves may become distorted, tattered, and shed prematurely."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Elongated, sunken, dark brown to black lesions, a phase known as 'blackarm'.",
+      "Stem girdling by lesions can cause wilting and death of the plant part above."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Circular, water-soaked spots on bolls (fruit capsules).",
+      "Boll lesions become sunken, turn black, and may feel firm.",
+      "Infection can penetrate the boll, causing internal rot and staining of the lint.",
+      "Young, infected bolls may drop from the plant."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Seedling infection causes water-soaked lesions on cotyledons, potentially leading to 'damping-off'.",
+      "Severe infections lead to stunted growth and reduced plant vigor."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Under high humidity, bacterial ooze (slime) may be visible on the surface of fresh lesions."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Alternaria Leaf Spot",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.alternaria_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Alternaria lesions are circular with characteristic concentric 'target-like' rings, not angular and vein-limited.",
+        "Alternaria spots often have a tan or gray center with a dark or purplish border.",
+        "Bacterial blight lesions appear water-soaked or greasy when fresh, while Alternaria spots are typically dry."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Verticillium Wilt",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.verticillium_wilt",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Verticillium causes large areas of interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, often starting at the leaf margin, not distinct, small spots.",
+        "Foliar symptoms from wilt often appear on only one side of a leaf or one side of the plant.",
+        "Bacterial blight does not cause the characteristic brown or black discoloration of the vascular tissue seen when a wilt-infected stem is cut open."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant certified, disease-free seed.",
+      "Use acid-delinted seed to remove surface bacteria.",
+      "Select and plant resistant cotton varieties.",
+      "Promote good air circulation through proper plant spacing.",
+      "Avoid overhead irrigation to minimize leaf wetness.",
+      "Plow under crop debris after harvest to speed decomposition.",
+      "Rotate with non-host crops for at least one year."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Some products containing *Bacillus* species are marketed for suppression, but efficacy varies."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Use of bactericidal seed treatments.",
+      "Preventative foliar sprays with copper-based bactericides can reduce spread but are not curative."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated approach using resistant cultivars and clean seed is the most effective and economical control strategy."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/fusarium_wilt.json

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.fusarium_wilt",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Fusarium wilt of cotton",
+    "Panama disease of cotton"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Fusarium Wilt",
+    "scientific_name": "Fusarium wilt",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Panama disease"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Sordariomycetes",
+        "order": "Hypocreales",
+        "family": "Nectriaceae",
+        "genus": "Fusarium",
+        "species": "oxysporum"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Infected soil",
+      "Contaminated farm equipment",
+      "Infected seed",
+      "Water (irrigation/runoff)"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "Chlamydospores in soil",
+      "Infected crop debris"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High soil temperatures",
+      "Low soil pH (acidic)",
+      "Presence of root-knot nematodes",
+      "Poorly drained soils",
+      "Sandy soils"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      32
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": []
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "One or a few lower leaves showing yellowing or wilting. No significant stunting.",
+    "moderate": "Significant portion of the plant (25-75%) shows wilting, chlorosis, and some leaf drop. Plant is visibly stunted.",
+    "severe": "Entire plant is wilted, necrotic, or dead. Severe stunting. Vascular discoloration is prominent if stem is cut.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on a whole-plant basis, considering the percentage of foliage affected by wilting and chlorosis, and the degree of stunting compared to healthy plants."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between veins), often starting on lower leaves.",
+      "Leaf margins turn yellow, then brown and necrotic.",
+      "Affected leaves wilt, sometimes on only one side of the plant or one side of a leaf (sectoring).",
+      "Premature defoliation (leaf drop), starting from the bottom of the plant."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Dark brown to black vascular discoloration (streaking) visible when the stem is cut longitudinally.",
+      "Stunting of the main stem and branches."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Bolls may be smaller than normal or fail to open properly."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Darkening or decay of the root system, though often not the primary external symptom."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Sudden wilting of the entire plant, especially during the heat of the day, which may recover at night initially.",
+      "Overall stunting and reduced plant vigor.",
+      "Symptoms often appear in patches within a field."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Verticillium Wilt",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.verticillium_wilt",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Verticillium wilt symptoms (leaf mottling, chlorotic blotches) often appear higher on the plant first, while Fusarium typically starts on lower leaves.",
+        "Vascular discoloration in Verticillium is often a lighter brown and may appear as flecks, whereas Fusarium is typically a dark brown to black continuous streak.",
+        "Verticillium is favored by cooler temperatures (22-25\u00b0C), while Fusarium is favored by warmer temperatures (>27\u00b0C).",
+        "Leaf symptoms in Verticillium often include large, angular, necrotic areas, which is less typical for Fusarium."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Herbicide Growth Damage",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.abiotic.herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Herbicide damage often shows distinct patterns related to spray application (e.g., rows, field edges), while Fusarium appears in more random patches.",
+        "Herbicide-induced chlorosis may be uniform or have specific patterns (e.g., vein clearing, cupping) not typical of Fusarium's interveinal pattern.",
+        "Herbicide damage will not show the characteristic dark vascular discoloration inside the stem.",
+        "Wilting from herbicide is often accompanied by leaf distortion or strapping, which is absent in Fusarium wilt."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Leaf Reddening",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.abiotic.leaf_reddening",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leaf reddening is a uniform or blotchy red/purple discoloration, not the distinct yellowing (chlorosis) followed by browning seen in Fusarium.",
+        "Reddening is often a late-season physiological response to stress (e.g., nutrient deficiency, cool nights) and doesn't typically cause wilting.",
+        "Fusarium causes wilting and necrosis, while physiological reddening is primarily a color change without significant tissue death or loss of turgor."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting resistant varieties (most effective method).",
+      "Crop rotation with non-host crops for several years.",
+      "Managing root-knot nematodes populations.",
+      "Improving soil drainage and avoiding waterlogging.",
+      "Maintaining optimal soil pH and fertility to reduce plant stress."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Use of commercial biocontrol agents like *Trichoderma* spp. or non-pathogenic *Fusarium* strains."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Soil fumigation in high-value or nursery situations (not typically economical for large-scale production).",
+      "Fungicide seed treatments can provide some early-season protection against seedling infection."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated management approach focusing on resistant cultivars and nematode control is the most effective and sustainable strategy."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/healthy.json

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.healthy.healthy",
+  "aliases": [
+    "normal cotton",
+    "unaffected cotton",
+    "healthy growth"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "healthy",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "normal"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "physiological",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "healthy",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Optimal growing conditions",
+      "Adequate sunlight (6+ hours direct)",
+      "Balanced soil nutrition (especially Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium)",
+      "Consistent and adequate water supply",
+      "Well-drained soil"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      35
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      18,
+      24
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      50,
+      70
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Not applicable. Plant is healthy.",
+    "moderate": "Not applicable. Plant is healthy.",
+    "severe": "Not applicable. Plant is healthy.",
+    "notes": "Severity is not applicable for a healthy condition. This rubric is a placeholder. Any visible defect would classify the plant as having a different condition."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Uniformly green color, without spots, lesions, or discoloration.",
+      "Fully expanded and turgid, showing no signs of wilting or drooping.",
+      "Characteristic palmate shape with 3-5 lobes, free from distortion, cupping, or puckering.",
+      "Smooth leaf surfaces and margins, without pustules, webbing, or frass.",
+      "Veins and interveinal areas are the same shade of green."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Sturdy, upright, and typically green to reddish-brown.",
+      "Free of cankers, galls, lesions, or unusual swelling."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Squares (flower buds) are green, firm, and well-formed without spots or insect damage.",
+      "Flowers open as creamy-white or yellow and senesce to pink/purple normally.",
+      "Bolls (fruit) are green, firm, and uniformly shaped, free from spots, rot, or staining."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Exhibits vigorous, upright growth appropriate for its developmental stage.",
+      "Appears well-hydrated and robust.",
+      "Produces squares, flowers, and bolls in a normal developmental sequence."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "leaf_reddening",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.physiological.leaf_reddening",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green, while reddened leaves display a distinct reddish-purple discoloration, often starting at the margins.",
+        "In reddening, interveinal areas turn red while veins may remain green; healthy leaves have uniform color across both.",
+        "Reddening is a sign of stress (e.g., nutrient deficiency, cool temperatures), whereas healthy plants show no stress symptoms."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.abiotic.herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a normal, well-defined palmate shape; herbicide damage often causes distorted, cupped, or strapped (narrowed) leaves.",
+        "Healthy growth is uniform and upright; herbicide damage can cause twisted stems and abnormal growth, especially at the terminals.",
+        "Healthy leaves are uniformly green; some herbicide damage can cause chlorosis (yellowing) or bleaching, particularly on new growth."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "leaf_variegation",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.genetic.leaf_variegation",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Healthy leaves have a solid, uniform green color, while variegated leaves show stable, patterned patches of white, yellow, or light green.",
+        "Variegation is typically a genetic trait with a distinct, often symmetrical pattern; a healthy leaf's color is homogenous.",
+        "The boundary between colors is sharp in variegation, unlike the diffuse discoloration from disease or deficiency."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant certified, high-quality seed of an appropriate variety.",
+      "Maintain optimal soil fertility based on soil testing.",
+      "Provide consistent and timely irrigation to avoid water stress.",
+      "Implement effective weed management to reduce competition.",
+      "Monitor for pests and diseases regularly."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "Management for a healthy crop focuses on proactive cultural practices that provide optimal growing conditions and minimize plant stress."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/herbicide_growth_damage.json

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.unknown.herbicide_growth_damage",
+  "aliases": [
+    "herbicide injury",
+    "herbicide drift damage",
+    "2,4-D damage",
+    "dicamba damage",
+    "phenoxy herbicide injury"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Herbicide Growth Damage",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Herbicide phytotoxicity",
+      "Phenoxy herbicide injury"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "abiotic",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": null,
+        "phylum": null,
+        "class": null,
+        "order": null,
+        "family": null,
+        "genus": null,
+        "species": null
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Wind drift (spray particles)",
+      "Vapor drift (volatilization)"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High wind speeds during application (>10 mph)",
+      "High temperatures causing volatilization",
+      "Low humidity",
+      "Temperature inversions",
+      "Proximity to fields where phenoxy or other susceptible herbicides are applied"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      29
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Slight cupping or strapping on a few new leaves; plant growth is not significantly stunted.",
+    "moderate": "Pronounced cupping, strapping, and distortion on most new growth; some stunting of the plant is visible.",
+    "severe": "Severe distortion, epinasty, and 'strapping' of most leaves; significant stunting or death of the terminal growing point.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed based on the degree of malformation of new growth and overall plant stunting, as damage typically affects the growing points active at the time of exposure."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Newest leaves are malformed, often cupped downwards or upwards.",
+      "Leaves appear narrow and elongated, a symptom known as 'strapping'.",
+      "Leaf veins appear parallel and closely spaced, resembling 'parallel veining' of a monocot.",
+      "Leaf margins are crinkled, puckered, or have a savoyed (bumpy) texture.",
+      "Petioles are twisted or bent downwards (epinasty)."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems, especially near the terminal, may be twisted, bent, or brittle.",
+      "Callus tissue or swelling may form on the stem."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Young squares (flower buds) may be deformed, turn yellow, and be shed from the plant.",
+      "Bolls that form after exposure may be small, misshapen, or fail to develop properly."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Overall plant growth is stunted compared to healthy plants.",
+      "Symptoms are most prominent on the newest growth that was developing at the time of exposure.",
+      "Damage may appear in a pattern across the field (e.g., on the edge) corresponding to drift direction."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Leaf Curl",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.viral.leaf_curl",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Viral leaf curl often causes upward leaf curling and prominent, thickened, darkened veins on the underside of leaves.",
+        "Herbicide damage causes strapping (narrowing) and parallel-looking veins, which are not typical of leaf curl virus.",
+        "Viral leaf curl may be accompanied by small, leaf-like outgrowths (enations) on the veins, which are absent in herbicide damage.",
+        "The presence of whiteflies, the vector for the virus, may suggest leaf curl as a possibility."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Avoid spraying phenoxy-type herbicides near susceptible cotton fields, especially during windy conditions.",
+      "Use drift-reducing nozzles, lower spray pressure, and appropriate boom height.",
+      "Follow herbicide label instructions regarding wind speed, temperature, and required buffer zones.",
+      "If damage is suspected, document it with photos and collect tissue samples promptly for residue analysis."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "There is no chemical treatment to reverse herbicide damage.",
+      "Applying supplemental nutrients or biostimulants may help the plant mitigate stress and recover, but will not cure the damage."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is entirely preventative. Once damage has occurred, the focus is on mitigating stress to encourage new, unaffected growth, assuming the growing point survives."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/leaf_curl.json

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.unknown.leaf_curl",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Cotton Leaf Curl Disease",
+    "CLCuD",
+    "CLCV"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "leaf curl",
+    "scientific_name": "Cotton leaf curl virus complex",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Cotton Leaf Curl Disease"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "unknown",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Insect vector movement",
+      "Infected planting material"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "On perennial and alternate host plants (weeds)",
+      "In surviving adult whiteflies"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High whitefly populations",
+      "Warm, humid conditions favorable for vector multiplication",
+      "Presence of alternate weed hosts near fields",
+      "Monoculture of susceptible varieties"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      38
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      60,
+      90
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Slight upward or downward curling on a few young leaves. Vein thickening may be subtle or absent.",
+    "moderate": "Pronounced curling and cupping on multiple leaves, especially in the upper canopy. Vein thickening is obvious and small leaf-like enations may appear on the underside of veins.",
+    "severe": "Severe stunting of the whole plant. Leaves are small, distorted, and leathery with prominent vein thickening and large enations. Boll formation is significantly reduced or absent.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed based on the degree of leaf deformation and whole-plant stunting, as these are the most visually consistent indicators. Leaf wetness is not a primary driver for this vector-borne viral disease."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Upward or downward curling of leaf margins.",
+      "Leaf cupping, sometimes forming a distinct cup shape.",
+      "Veins appear thickened and may darken.",
+      "Development of small, leaf-like outgrowths (enations) on the underside of veins.",
+      "Affected leaves feel leathery and brittle.",
+      "Overall leaf size is reduced compared to healthy plants.",
+      "In some cases, veins may appear transparent (vein clearing) in early stages."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Shortened internodes."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Reduced number and size of bolls.",
+      "Bolls may open prematurely or fail to develop."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Stunted growth, resulting in a smaller plant.",
+      "A bushy, compact appearance due to shortened internodes."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "herbicide growth damage",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.abiotic.herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Herbicide damage often appears in a distinct field pattern (e.g., edge of field, spray drift lines), while leaf curl distribution is tied to whitefly movement and can be more random.",
+        "Hormone herbicide (e.g., 2,4-D) damage causes leaf strapping and parallel veins, which is distinct from the net-like vein thickening and enations of leaf curl.",
+        "Leaf curl symptoms are systemic and progress on new growth, whereas herbicide injury affects all leaves present at the time of exposure.",
+        "Enations (leaf-like outgrowths on veins) are unique to leaf curl and absent in herbicide damage."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting of resistant or tolerant cotton varieties.",
+      "Timely sowing to avoid peak whitefly populations.",
+      "Removal and destruction of infected plants (roguing) early in the season.",
+      "Management of alternate weed hosts in and around the field.",
+      "Use of yellow sticky traps to monitor whitefly populations."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Conservation and encouragement of natural predators of whiteflies, such as lacewings and lady beetles."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Seed treatment with systemic insecticides.",
+      "Foliar application of appropriate insecticides to control whitefly vector populations, following economic thresholds."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is primarily focused on controlling the whitefly vector and using resistant cultivars, as there is no direct chemical cure for the viral disease in an infected plant."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/leaf_hopper_jassids.json

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.pest_insect.leaf_hopper_jassids",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Jassids",
+    "Cotton jassids",
+    "Leafhopper burn",
+    "Hopperburn"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Leaf hopper jassids",
+    "scientific_name": "Amrasca biguttula biguttula",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Cotton jassid",
+      "Leafhopper"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "insect",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Animalia",
+        "phylum": "Arthropoda",
+        "class": "Insecta",
+        "order": "Hemiptera",
+        "family": "Cicadellidae",
+        "genus": "Amrasca",
+        "species": "biguttula biguttula"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "pest_insect",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Adult insect flight",
+      "Wind-assisted dispersal of adults"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "On alternate host plants (e.g., okra, potato, eggplant)",
+      "In crop debris",
+      "As adults in sheltered locations"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Warm and humid conditions, especially during the rainy season followed by dry spells.",
+      "Lush, succulent plant growth, often from excessive nitrogen fertilizer.",
+      "Presence of alternate weed hosts near the field.",
+      "Absence or reduction of natural predators."
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      25,
+      35
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      60,
+      85
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Slight yellowing along leaf margins on a few upper leaves. Nymphs or adults may be visible on the underside of leaves.",
+    "moderate": "Pronounced yellowing and downward curling of leaf margins ('hopperburn') on multiple leaves. Some leaves show reddening or browning at the edges.",
+    "severe": "Widespread 'hopperburn' with leaves turning brick red, becoming brittle, and eventually shedding. Plant growth is visibly stunted.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed based on the extent of 'hopperburn' symptoms (yellowing, reddening, curling of leaf margins) and the proportion of foliage affected, which reflects pest population density."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Initial yellowing appears along the margins and tips of leaves.",
+      "Leaf margins curl downwards and inwards, creating a cupped or inverted boat shape.",
+      "Affected leaf edges progressively turn reddish-brown to brick red, a symptom known as 'hopperburn'.",
+      "In severe cases, the entire leaf becomes brittle, dries up, and sheds prematurely.",
+      "Tiny, pale green, wedge-shaped nymphs are visible on the underside of leaves.",
+      "Nymphs characteristically move sideways (crab-like) when disturbed.",
+      "Honeydew excretions on lower leaves may support the growth of black sooty mold."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Internodal length may be reduced under heavy infestation."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Poor boll development and shedding of young bolls can occur due to reduced plant vigor."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Overall plant growth is stunted, resulting in a withered appearance."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Presence of pale green, wedge-shaped nymphs on leaf undersides.",
+      "Presence of mobile, greenish-yellow adult leafhoppers that jump or fly when disturbed.",
+      "White, shed skins (exuviae) of nymphs stuck to the undersides of leaves."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Leaf curl",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.viral_disease.leaf_curl",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leafhopper damage causes downward curling of margins; Leaf Curl Virus causes upward or downward curling of the entire leaf, often with thickening and swelling of veins.",
+        "Hopperburn's characteristic marginal yellowing and reddening is not a primary symptom of Leaf Curl Virus.",
+        "Leaf Curl Virus can cause enations (small leaf-like outgrowths) on veins, which are absent with leafhopper damage.",
+        "The insect present for Leaf Curl is the whitefly, not the greenish, wedge-shaped leafhopper jassid."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Herbicide growth damage",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.abiotic.herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Herbicide damage often causes strapping, cupping, or uniform twisting of new growth, whereas leafhopper damage is more randomly distributed based on pest location.",
+        "The distinct 'hopperburn' symptom (marginal yellowing to reddening) is absent in most cases of herbicide injury.",
+        "Leafhopper insects (nymphs/adults) are present with jassid damage but absent with herbicide damage."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting early-maturing and tolerant/resistant varieties.",
+      "Avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilization which promotes succulent growth favored by jassids.",
+      "Maintaining field sanitation and removing weed hosts from around the field.",
+      "Timely sowing to avoid peak pest populations."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Conservation and encouragement of natural predators like lacewings, lady beetles, and spiders."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Application of systemic insecticides as seed treatments to protect early growth stages.",
+      "Foliar sprays with recommended insecticides when pest populations cross the economic threshold level (ETL).",
+      "Rotating insecticide classes to prevent the development of resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Monitor fields regularly, especially during early crop stages. Economic Threshold Levels (ETLs) are typically based on the number of nymphs per leaf."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/leaf_reddening.json

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.physiological_symptom.leaf_reddening",
+  "aliases": [
+    "red leaf disorder",
+    "autumn reddening",
+    "physiological red leaf",
+    "anthocyanosis"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "leaf reddening",
+    "scientific_name": null,
+    "alt_names": [
+      "red leaf",
+      "anthocyanin accumulation"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "physiological",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "physiological_symptom",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Nutrient deficiency (especially Nitrogen, Magnesium, Phosphorus)",
+      "Cool temperatures, particularly at night, late in the season",
+      "Drought stress or waterlogged soil",
+      "Soil compaction restricting root growth",
+      "Heavy boll load placing high demand on the plant",
+      "Natural late-season senescence"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      10,
+      20
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [
+      5,
+      15
+    ],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "< 25% of the leaf surface shows reddening, often confined to margins or interveinal areas.",
+    "moderate": "25-75% of the leaf surface is red or purplish; veins may still be green.",
+    "severe": "> 75% of the leaf surface is deep red or bronze; leaves may be brittle and senesce.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed on individual, fully expanded leaves in the upper to mid canopy. Can also be assessed at the whole-plant level by estimating the percentage of affected leaves."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Leaves turn from green to yellow, then to shades of red, purple, or bronze.",
+      "Discoloration often begins at the leaf margins and progresses inward between the main veins.",
+      "Major leaf veins frequently remain green, creating a stark contrast with the red tissue.",
+      "Symptoms typically appear first on older, lower leaves, but can affect the whole plant under severe stress.",
+      "The entire leaf blade may become uniformly deep red in advanced stages.",
+      "Affected leaves can become thick, leathery, and brittle.",
+      "Premature defoliation of red leaves can occur."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Stems generally remain green and appear healthy."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Boll size and development may be reduced if reddening is caused by severe, early-season stress."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Symptoms may appear on scattered individual plants or in patches across a field, corresponding to soil variations or stress patterns.",
+      "Plant growth may be stunted if the underlying stress factor is chronic."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Absence of any pathogen signs, such as fungal growth, spores, pycnidia, or bacterial ooze."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "verticillium_wilt",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.fungal.verticillium_wilt",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Verticillium wilt causes interveinal chlorosis (yellowing) that turns into brown necrosis (dead tissue), not a primary red color.",
+        "Wilt symptoms are often one-sided, affecting half a leaf, a single branch, or one side of the plant.",
+        "Cutting the main stem of a wilted plant will reveal distinct browning or streaking of the vascular tissue.",
+        "Affected leaves typically wilt during the day and may recover at night, which is not characteristic of reddening."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "leaf_hopper_jassids",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.insect.leaf_hopper_jassids",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Jassid damage ('hopperburn') creates a V-shaped yellowing and browning pattern starting at the leaf tip and margins.",
+        "Leaf margins curl downwards and become brittle and brown, not uniformly red.",
+        "Small, green, wedge-shaped jassid insects or their white cast skins may be visible on the underside of leaves.",
+        "The discoloration is a result of toxin injection during feeding, not a systemic physiological response."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "alternaria_leaf_spot",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.fungal.alternaria_leaf_spot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Alternaria presents as discrete, circular lesions, often with a characteristic 'target spot' or concentric ring pattern.",
+        "Lesions are typically tan, grey, or dark brown, sometimes with a purple border, but do not cause the entire leaf to turn red.",
+        "Lesions can fall out, creating a 'shot-hole' appearance.",
+        "This is a fungal disease, so it presents as spots, not a uniform blush of color across the leaf lamina."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Maintain balanced soil fertility through soil testing, paying close attention to nitrogen, magnesium, and phosphorus levels.",
+      "Ensure proper irrigation to avoid both drought stress and waterlogging.",
+      "Alleviate soil compaction to promote healthy root development.",
+      "Select cotton varieties that are well-adapted to the local environment and less prone to premature senescence."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply foliar sprays of specific nutrients (e.g., magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate) if a deficiency is confirmed by tissue analysis.",
+      "Use plant growth regulators judiciously to manage plant growth and boll load, reducing plant stress."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is preventative and focuses on identifying and correcting the underlying abiotic stressor. Once leaves turn red, the condition is often irreversible for that leaf."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/leaf_variegation.json

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.physiological_symptom.leaf_variegation",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Genetic variegation",
+    "chimerism",
+    "mosaic pattern variegation"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "Cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Leaf Variegation",
+    "scientific_name": "",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Genetic variegation",
+      "Chimerism"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "physiological_symptom",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "",
+        "phylum": "",
+        "class": "",
+        "order": "",
+        "family": "",
+        "genus": "",
+        "species": ""
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "physiological_symptom",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Genetic (seed-borne mutation)",
+      "Somatic mutation (chimera)"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": []
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "Genetic predisposition"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "Less than 10% of the leaf surface shows variegation; patterns are small or isolated to a few leaves.",
+    "moderate": "10-40% of the leaf surface shows variegation; patterns are distinct and present on multiple leaves.",
+    "severe": "Over 40% of the leaf surface is variegated, potentially affecting entire leaves or large sectors of the plant.",
+    "notes": "Severity measures the extent of the variegated tissue on a single representative leaf. It is not an indicator of plant health decline, as variegation is often a stable genetic trait."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Irregular patches of white, cream, or yellow tissue on an otherwise green leaf blade.",
+      "The boundary between green and non-green areas is typically sharp and well-defined.",
+      "Variegated patterns can be splotchy, sectoral (affecting a large wedge of the leaf), or marginal (along the edges).",
+      "Affected areas lack normal green chlorophyll pigmentation.",
+      "Variegation patterns are often asymmetrical and do not follow vein patterns.",
+      "The leaf shape and texture are generally normal, without distortion, curling, or necrosis.",
+      "Symptoms are stable throughout the season and do not spread from plant to plant."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Occasionally, stems may also show streaks or sectors of non-pigmented tissue."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Bolls (fruit) are typically unaffected and appear normal."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Variegation may affect a single branch, a few leaves, or the entire plant, depending on the nature of the mutation (chimera)."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": []
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Herbicide Growth Damage",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.physiological_symptom.herbicide_growth_damage",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Herbicide damage often causes leaf distortion, cupping, or strapping, which is absent in genetic variegation.",
+        "Chlorosis from herbicide is often mottled or interveinal, not the sharply defined white/cream patches of variegation.",
+        "Herbicide damage patterns often relate to spray drift (e.g., affecting one side of the plant), whereas variegation is typically random or sectoral."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial Blight",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_bacterial.bacterial_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial blight lesions are initially water-soaked and angular (limited by veins), later turning black and necrotic, unlike the stable, non-necrotic patches of variegation.",
+        "Variegated areas are defined by a lack of pigment, not by tissue death (necrosis).",
+        "Blight lesions often have a greasy appearance and can affect leaf veins, causing 'blackarm' on stems, which is absent in variegation."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Verticillium Wilt",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.verticillium_wilt",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Verticillium wilt causes chlorosis that is typically interveinal, starting at the leaf margins and progressing inward, often affecting one side of the leaf or plant.",
+        "Wilt symptoms (drooping leaves) and vascular discoloration (browning inside the stem) are key signs of Verticillium, absent in variegation.",
+        "The chlorotic tissue in Verticillium wilt often becomes necrotic and brown over time, unlike the stable white/yellow of variegation."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "No management is required as this is a physiological/genetic trait and not a disease.",
+      "If variegation is severe and associated with poor vigor, rogueing affected plants may be considered in breeding programs."
+    ],
+    "biological": [],
+    "chemical": [],
+    "notes": "This condition does not spread and typically has a negligible impact on yield unless a very large portion of the plant's photosynthetic area is affected."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cotton/verticillium_wilt.json

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.verticillium_wilt",
+  "aliases": [
+    "vert wilt",
+    "cotton wilt"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cotton",
+    "scientific_name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
+    "family": "Malvaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Verticillium wilt",
+    "scientific_name": "Verticillium dahliae",
+    "alt_names": [],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "fungus",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Sordariomycetes",
+        "order": "Glomerellales",
+        "family": "Plectosphaerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Verticillium",
+        "species": "dahliae"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "contaminated farm equipment",
+      "irrigation water"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "soilborne microsclerotia",
+      "infected plant debris",
+      "windblown soil"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "microsclerotia in soil",
+      "infected crop residue"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "cool soil temperatures during early season growth",
+      "excessive nitrogen fertilization",
+      "high soil moisture or poor drainage",
+      "co-infection with nematodes"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      22,
+      28
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Scattered lower leaves show marginal or interveinal chlorosis. No significant stunting or wilting.",
+    "moderate": "Widespread chlorosis and necrosis on lower and mid-canopy leaves. Some defoliation and moderate stunting are visible. Wilting may occur during peak heat.",
+    "severe": "Extensive defoliation, severe stunting, and permanent wilting of the entire plant, often leading to plant death. Bolls are small, fail to open, or are shed.",
+    "notes": "Severity is best assessed at the whole-plant level, focusing on the extent of wilting, defoliation, and stunting. Vascular staining in the stem is a key diagnostic but requires destructive sampling. Leaf wetness is not a primary driver for this soilborne disease."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between veins), often starting on lower leaves.",
+      "Chlorotic areas develop into necrotic (brown, dead) tissue, creating a mottled or 'tiger-stripe' pattern.",
+      "Symptoms often appear on only one side of a leaf or one side of the plant (sectoring).",
+      "Affected leaves may wilt and curl upwards at the margins.",
+      "Premature shedding of symptomatic leaves, starting from the bottom of the plant."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Dark brown to black discoloration of the vascular tissue (xylem) visible when the stem is cut longitudinally or in cross-section.",
+      "Stunting of the main stem and branches, leading to a compressed plant structure."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Bolls may be smaller than normal or fail to develop.",
+      "Premature opening of bolls, resulting in low-quality, discolored lint."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Vascular discoloration from the stem often extends into the taproot."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "General stunting and reduced vigor compared to healthy plants.",
+      "Wilting during the hottest part of the day, which may recover overnight in early stages.",
+      "Asymmetrical growth or dieback on one side of the plant."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Microsclerotia (small, black, persistent fungal structures) may form in dead plant tissue but are difficult to see without magnification."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Fusarium wilt",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_fungal.fusarium_wilt",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Fusarium wilt is favored by warmer temperatures (>29\u00b0C), while Verticillium prefers cooler temperatures (<28\u00b0C).",
+        "Fusarium wilt often causes a more rapid, uniform yellowing and wilting of the entire plant, whereas Verticillium symptoms can be one-sided (sectoring).",
+        "Vascular discoloration in Fusarium is typically a lighter brown, whereas Verticillium causes a very dark brown or black discoloration.",
+        "Fusarium wilt is almost always associated with root-knot nematode damage, which causes galls on roots."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Bacterial blight",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.disease_bacterial.bacterial_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Bacterial blight lesions are distinctly angular and water-soaked, confined by leaf veins, unlike the interveinal pattern of Verticillium.",
+        "Bacterial blight does not cause systemic wilting or internal vascular discoloration of the main stem.",
+        "Bacterial blight can also cause black, elongated lesions on stems ('blackarm') and water-soaked spots on bolls."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Leaf reddening",
+      "condition_id": "cotton.physiological_disorder.leaf_reddening",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Leaf reddening is characterized by a red or purple pigmentation, not the yellow (chlorosis) and brown (necrosis) of Verticillium.",
+        "Reddening is a physiological response (e.g., to nutrient deficiency, cool nights) and does not involve wilting or vascular discoloration.",
+        "The discoloration in leaf reddening often starts at the leaf margin and progresses inward, affecting the entire leaf."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Planting resistant or tolerant cultivars is the primary management strategy.",
+      "Crop rotation with non-host crops like sorghum or wheat for at least two years.",
+      "Manage irrigation to prevent waterlogging and reduce soil moisture stress.",
+      "Maintain balanced soil fertility, avoiding excessive nitrogen.",
+      "Sanitation by shredding and incorporating crop residue deeply to speed decomposition."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of soil amendments or beneficial microbes (e.g., Trichoderma spp.) may help suppress the pathogen, but results can be inconsistent."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Pre-plant soil fumigation in severely infested fields, though often not economically feasible.",
+      "Fungicide seed treatments can provide some early-season suppression but do not offer season-long control."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Effective management requires an integrated approach centered on cultivar resistance and cultural practices. In-season fungicide applications are not effective for controlling this soilborne disease."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cucumber/anthracnose.json

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cucumber.disease_fungal.anthracnose",
+  "aliases": [
+    "cucurbit anthracnose"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cucumber",
+    "scientific_name": "Cucumis sativus",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "anthracnose",
+    "scientific_name": "Colletotrichum orbiculare",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "leaf spot",
+      "fruit rot"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "disease_fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Ascomycota",
+        "class": "Sordariomycetes",
+        "order": "Glomerellales",
+        "family": "Glomerellaceae",
+        "genus": "Colletotrichum",
+        "species": "orbiculare"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_fungal",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "rain splash",
+      "wind-driven rain",
+      "contaminated equipment",
+      "infected seed",
+      "field workers"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "infected crop debris",
+      "on volunteer cucurbit plants",
+      "in or on seed"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "high humidity",
+      "frequent rainfall",
+      "overhead irrigation",
+      "warm temperatures",
+      "poor air circulation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      22,
+      28
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      90,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 8
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "percent_leaf_area",
+    "mild": "1-10% of leaf area affected with small, distinct lesions. No stem or fruit symptoms.",
+    "moderate": "11-40% of leaf area affected; some lesions are coalescing. Minor stem or fruit lesions may be present.",
+    "severe": ">40% of leaf area affected, often with significant defoliation. Stem cankers and/or deep, sunken fruit lesions are present.",
+    "notes": "Severity is primarily assessed by foliar damage, but the presence of any fruit lesions automatically elevates the rating to at least 'moderate' due to marketability loss."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Begins as small, water-soaked spots.",
+      "Spots enlarge into circular lesions, 1-2 cm in diameter, that turn brown to black.",
+      "A distinct yellow halo may surround the dark lesions.",
+      "The center of older lesions becomes dry, brittle, and often falls out, creating a 'shot-hole' appearance."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Develops shallow, elongated, water-soaked cankers.",
+      "Cankers turn tan to black and can girdle the stem, causing wilting above the infection site."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Circular, black, sunken cankers appear on the fruit surface.",
+      "Cankers can be up to 2 cm in diameter and penetrate deep into the flesh.",
+      "Lesions may have a raised black rim and a slightly lighter center.",
+      "In humid conditions, the center of fruit lesions exudes pink to orange gelatinous spore masses."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "In severe cases, wilting of vines can occur due to stem girdling.",
+      "Overall plant vigor is reduced, leading to smaller or unmarketable fruit."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Pink to orange, gelatinous spore masses (acervuli) are visible in the center of lesions, especially on fruit and stems, during periods of high humidity."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "gummy stem blight",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease_fungal.gummy_stem_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Gummy stem blight lesions, especially on stems, often exude a characteristic amber-colored gum; anthracnose does not.",
+        "Gummy stem blight leaf lesions are often wedge-shaped starting from the margin, while anthracnose spots are typically circular.",
+        "Gummy stem blight produces tiny black specks (pycnidia) within lesions, whereas anthracnose may show pink/orange spore masses (acervuli)."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "downy mildew",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease_oomycete.downy_mildew",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Downy mildew spots are angular, bounded by leaf veins, and yellow-green, not circular and black like anthracnose.",
+        "Downy mildew produces a purplish-gray, fuzzy growth on the underside of leaves in humid conditions, not pink/orange masses.",
+        "Anthracnose can cause a 'shot-hole' effect in leaves and also infects fruit, which are not symptoms of downy mildew."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "belly rot",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease_fungal.belly_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Belly rot primarily affects the part of the fruit in contact with the soil; anthracnose can appear anywhere on the fruit.",
+        "Belly rot lesions are initially tan and water-soaked, becoming brown and crusty, not black and sunken like anthracnose.",
+        "Belly rot does not produce the pink/orange spore masses characteristic of anthracnose."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Plant certified disease-free seed and resistant varieties.",
+      "Implement a crop rotation of at least 2 years with non-cucurbit crops.",
+      "Ensure proper plant spacing to promote air circulation and rapid leaf drying.",
+      "Use drip irrigation to avoid wetting foliage.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected crop debris promptly after harvest."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides containing strains of *Bacillus subtilis* or *Trichoderma* may provide some suppression."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative fungicides, especially during warm, wet weather.",
+      "Effective active ingredients include chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and strobilurin-class fungicides (e.g., azoxystrobin).",
+      "Alternate fungicide modes of action to prevent the development of pathogen resistance."
+    ],
+    "notes": "An integrated pest management (IPM) approach combining cultural practices with judicious fungicide use is most effective."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cucumber/bacterial_wilt.json

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cucumber.disease_bacterial.bacterial_wilt",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Cucurbit bacterial wilt"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cucumber",
+    "scientific_name": "Cucumis sativus",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "Bacterial Wilt",
+    "scientific_name": "Erwinia tracheiphila",
+    "alt_names": [],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "bacterium",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Bacteria",
+        "phylum": "Proteobacteria",
+        "class": "Gammaproteobacteria",
+        "order": "Enterobacterales",
+        "family": "Erwiniaceae",
+        "genus": "Erwinia",
+        "species": "tracheiphila"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "disease_bacterial",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [
+      "striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum)",
+      "spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi)"
+    ],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "Vector feeding activity"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "In the digestive tracts of adult cucumber beetles"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "High populations of cucumber beetle vectors",
+      "Warm temperatures favoring beetle activity",
+      "Planting susceptible cultivars"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      24,
+      32
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 0
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "One or two runners show wilting during the heat of the day, but may partially recover at night. Plant is still mostly upright.",
+    "moderate": "Multiple runners or a significant portion of the plant (>30%) is permanently wilted and does not recover.",
+    "severe": "The entire plant is collapsed, wilted, and dying or dead.",
+    "notes": "Severity is based on the proportion of the plant showing irreversible wilting. Since the disease is systemic and vectored, leaf wetness is not a primary infection factor; a value of 0 is used as a placeholder."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [
+      "Individual leaves suddenly wilt, appearing limp and dull green.",
+      "Wilting occurs rapidly without significant prior yellowing or spotting.",
+      "Affected leaves eventually turn necrotic and brown but remain attached to the vine.",
+      "Wilting often starts on a single leaf before spreading to the entire runner."
+    ],
+    "stems": [
+      "Entire vines (runners) wilt, often starting from the tip and progressing towards the base.",
+      "Stems appear healthy externally, even when attached leaves are fully wilted.",
+      "A cut stem, when squeezed, may exude a sticky, whitish bacterial slime."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Fruit on affected vines may be small, shriveled, or misshapen.",
+      "Infection often kills the plant before significant fruit can develop."
+    ],
+    "roots": [
+      "Roots remain healthy in appearance as the infection is confined to the vascular (xylem) tissue of the stems."
+    ],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Sudden and irreversible wilting of one or more runners.",
+      "Rapid collapse of the entire plant, often within a week of first symptoms.",
+      "Wilting occurs even when soil moisture is adequate."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "A sticky, stringy bacterial ooze can be seen when a freshly cut infected stem is pressed together and slowly pulled apart."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Gummy Stem Blight",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease_fungal.gummy_stem_blight",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Gummy stem blight causes distinct tan cankers or lesions on the stem, often exuding an amber-colored gummy substance; bacterial wilt does not cause stem cankers.",
+        "The wilting from gummy stem blight is often slower and directly associated with a girdling stem canker, whereas bacterial wilt is a rapid, systemic wilt.",
+        "The bacterial ooze test is positive for bacterial wilt and negative for gummy stem blight.",
+        "Gummy stem blight can also cause large, circular, water-soaked leaf spots, which are absent in bacterial wilt."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease_fungal.anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Anthracnose causes circular, water-soaked leaf spots that turn dark and may develop a 'shot-hole' appearance; bacterial wilt causes wilting of whole leaves without spots.",
+        "Anthracnose produces sunken, dark, circular lesions on fruit, a symptom not caused by bacterial wilt.",
+        "Vine decline from anthracnose is associated with visible stem cankers, unlike the clean wilt from bacterial wilt."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Control cucumber beetle populations from the moment seedlings emerge.",
+      "Use floating row covers to physically exclude beetles, removing them at flowering to allow for pollination.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected plants immediately to reduce the source of bacteria for beetles to spread.",
+      "Plant a trap crop of a highly attractive cucurbit variety on the field perimeter before planting the main crop."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Encourage natural predators of cucumber beetles."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply insecticides targeted at cucumber beetles, especially during the seedling and early vine-running stages.",
+      "Perimeter trap-crop spraying can reduce insecticide use on the main crop.",
+      "Consult local extension service recommendations for registered and effective products."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Management is entirely focused on preventing the cucumber beetle vector from feeding and transmitting the bacteria. There is no cure for an infected plant."
+  }
+}

diseases_knowledge_base/cucumber/belly_rot.json

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
+  "disease_id": "cucumber.unknown.belly_rot",
+  "aliases": [
+    "Rhizoctonia fruit rot",
+    "soil rot"
+  ],
+  "crop": {
+    "common_name": "cucumber",
+    "scientific_name": "Cucumis sativus",
+    "family": "Cucurbitaceae"
+  },
+  "condition": {
+    "common_name": "belly rot",
+    "scientific_name": "Rhizoctonia solani",
+    "alt_names": [
+      "Rhizoctonia fruit rot",
+      "soil rot"
+    ],
+    "pathogen": {
+      "type": "fungal",
+      "taxonomy": {
+        "kingdom": "Fungi",
+        "phylum": "Basidiomycota",
+        "class": "Agaricomycetes",
+        "order": "Cantharellales",
+        "family": "Ceratobasidiaceae",
+        "genus": "Rhizoctonia",
+        "species": "solani"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "issue_type": "unknown",
+  "transmission": {
+    "vectors": [],
+    "dispersal": [
+      "contaminated soil",
+      "water splash",
+      "infected plant debris",
+      "farm equipment"
+    ],
+    "overwintering": [
+      "as sclerotia in soil",
+      "on infected plant debris",
+      "as mycelium in soil"
+    ]
+  },
+  "environmental_risk": {
+    "risk_factors": [
+      "fruit contact with soil",
+      "poorly drained soil",
+      "high soil moisture",
+      "warm temperatures (24-32\u00b0C)",
+      "dense canopy",
+      "poor air circulation"
+    ],
+    "temp_c_day": [
+      24,
+      32
+    ],
+    "temp_c_night": [],
+    "relative_humidity_pct": [
+      85,
+      100
+    ],
+    "leaf_wetness_hours_threshold": 12
+  },
+  "severity_rubric": {
+    "unit": "qualitative",
+    "mild": "Small, water-soaked or sunken lesions affect 1-10% of the fruit surface.",
+    "moderate": "Larger, coalescing, tan to brown lesions affect 11-40% of the fruit surface, possibly with some mycelial growth.",
+    "severe": "Large, sunken, necrotic lesions cover >40% of the fruit surface, often with significant secondary rot and visible brown mycelium.",
+    "notes": "Severity is assessed qualitatively based on the percentage of the individual fruit's surface area covered by lesions. This is practical for visual labeling of fruit images."
+  },
+  "symptoms": {
+    "leaves": [],
+    "stems": [
+      "Water-soaked lesions may appear on the stem near the soil line.",
+      "Stem can become constricted or girdled at the base, causing wilting (damping-off in seedlings)."
+    ],
+    "fruit": [
+      "Starts as small, water-soaked, slightly sunken, round spots on the part of the fruit touching the soil.",
+      "Lesions enlarge and become tan to brown, crater-like, and may have concentric rings.",
+      "The center of the lesion may crack or rupture.",
+      "In moist conditions, coarse, brown mycelial threads may be visible on the lesion surface.",
+      "The rot is initially firm and dry but becomes soft and watery due to secondary invaders.",
+      "Affected fruit tissue does not become mushy or watery as in Pythium rot until late stages."
+    ],
+    "roots": [],
+    "whole_plant": [
+      "Wilting may occur if the stem base is severely infected."
+    ],
+    "signs_microscopic_or_visible": [
+      "Coarse, brown, web-like mycelium visible on lesions under humid conditions.",
+      "Small, dark, irregularly shaped sclerotia may form on or in rotted tissue."
+    ]
+  },
+  "lookalikes": [
+    {
+      "condition_name": "Pythium fruit rot",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease.pythium_fruit_rot",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Pythium rot is very soft, watery, and mushy from the start; belly rot is initially firm and dry.",
+        "Pythium rot is covered in abundant white, cottony mycelial growth; belly rot has sparse, coarse, brown mycelium.",
+        "Pythium rot causes the fruit to collapse into a watery mass rapidly.",
+        "Belly rot lesions are more crater-like and tan/brown; Pythium lesions are less defined."
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "condition_name": "anthracnose",
+      "condition_id": "cucumber.disease.anthracnose",
+      "key_differences": [
+        "Anthracnose fruit lesions are circular, black, and distinctly sunken.",
+        "In moist weather, the center of anthracnose lesions turns pinkish-orange due to spore masses.",
+        "Anthracnose also causes distinct, water-soaked lesions on leaves, which belly rot does not."
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "management": {
+    "cultural": [
+      "Use plastic mulch, straw, or trellising to prevent fruit from touching the soil.",
+      "Improve soil drainage and avoid over-irrigation.",
+      "Promote good air circulation through proper plant spacing.",
+      "Practice a crop rotation of at least 3 years with non-host crops like grains.",
+      "Remove and destroy infected fruit and plant debris promptly."
+    ],
+    "biological": [
+      "Application of bio-fungicides containing *Trichoderma* spp. or *Bacillus subtilis* to the soil may suppress the pathogen."
+    ],
+    "chemical": [
+      "Apply preventative soil-directed fungicides at the base of plants before vining.",
+      "Fungicides containing azoxystrobin, flutolanil, or pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) can be effective when applied to the soil."
+    ],
+    "notes": "Integrated management focusing on preventing fruit-soil contact and managing soil moisture is most effective."
+  }
+}