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| method: |
| id: dtt |
| name: Discrete Trial Training |
| short: DTT |
| citation: "Lovaas, O. I. (1987). JCCP, 55(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3; Smith, T. (2001). Focus on Autism, 16(2), 86–92." |
| when_to_use: > |
| Acquisition of discrete, decontextualized skills (receptive labels, tacts, |
| matching, early imitation) — especially early in instruction when stimulus |
| control must be established. |
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| skill_domains: |
| vbmapp: |
| levels: |
| - id: L1 |
| name: Level 1 |
| developmental_age: "0–18 months" |
| - id: L2 |
| name: Level 2 |
| developmental_age: "18–30 months" |
| - id: L3 |
| name: Level 3 |
| developmental_age: "30–48 months" |
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| domains: |
| - id: tact |
| name: Tact |
| gloss: Labeling / naming |
| L1: |
| - tacts common objects (ball, cup, shoe) |
| - tacts familiar people by name |
| - tacts common actions (running, eating, sleeping) |
| - tacts body parts |
| - tacts common animals |
| L2: |
| - tacts colors of objects |
| - tacts shapes (circle, square, triangle) |
| - tacts adjectives (big/little, hot/cold) |
| - tacts prepositions (in, on, under) |
| - tacts emotions in self and others |
| L3: |
| - tacts community helpers and their roles |
| - tacts categories (fruits, vehicles, clothing) |
| - tacts features of objects (color, shape, function) |
| - tacts past-tense events |
| - tacts abstract concepts (same/different, first/last) |
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| - id: listener_responding |
| name: Listener Responding |
| gloss: Receptive language |
| L1: |
| - follows 1-step motor instructions (sit down, stand up) |
| - selects correct item from an array of 2 |
| - points to named body parts |
| - points to named common objects |
| - follows instructions involving objects (give me the cup) |
| L2: |
| - selects correct item from array of 4–6 |
| - follows 2-step instructions |
| - selects items by feature (find something red) |
| - selects items by function (find something you eat with) |
| - selects items by class (find an animal) |
| L3: |
| - selects items by multiple features simultaneously |
| - follows conditional instructions (if X, then Y) |
| - follows instructions involving temporal concepts (before, after) |
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|
| - id: vp_mts |
| name: Visual Perceptual Skills & Matching-to-Sample |
| gloss: VP-MTS |
| L1: |
| - matches identical objects |
| - matches identical pictures |
| - matches colors (identical chips) |
| - matches shapes (identical blocks) |
| - completes simple 3–4 piece puzzles |
| L2: |
| - matches non-identical items by category |
| - sorts items into 2–3 categories |
| - matches quantities (1–5) |
| - matches upper-case letters |
| - completes 8–12 piece puzzles |
| L3: |
| - matches associated items (sock-shoe, cup-plate) |
| - sorts by multiple attributes simultaneously |
| - matches upper to lower case letters |
| - sequences 3–4 step picture sequences |
| - reproduces block designs from model |
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| - id: lrffc |
| name: LRFFC |
| gloss: Listener Responding by Feature, Function, Class |
| L1: |
| - selects items by function (What do you drink from?) |
| - selects items by feature (What is round?) |
| - selects items by class (Find the animal) |
| - selects by single function from array of 3 |
| - selects by single visible feature from array of 3 |
| L2: |
| - selects items by function from array of 5–8 |
| - selects items by feature from array of 5–8 |
| - selects items by class from array of 5–8 |
| - selects items by multiple features (round and red) |
| - selects items by function when item not visible |
| L3: |
| - selects items given 2+ features/functions simultaneously |
| - selects items by class with exclusion (animal but not a pet) |
| - selects items by abstract features (something needed when cold) |
| - selects items by comparison (which is heavier) |
| - selects items by negative features (not round, not food) |
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| - id: reading |
| name: Reading |
| L1: |
| - matches letters to identical letters |
| - identifies own name in print |
| - identifies 5–10 upper-case letters |
| - matches words to identical words |
| - tracks print left to right |
| L2: |
| - identifies all upper-case letters |
| - identifies all lower-case letters |
| - reads 10–20 sight words |
| - sounds out CVC words (cat, dog, run) |
| - reads simple 2–3 word phrases |
| L3: |
| - reads sentences with comprehension |
| - reads short passages and answers questions |
| - phonetic decoding for novel words |
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| - id: writing |
| name: Writing |
| L1: |
| - traces horizontal and vertical lines |
| - traces basic shapes (circle, cross) |
| - copies basic shapes from model |
| - traces letters of own name |
| - writes own name from model |
| L2: |
| - writes own name independently |
| - copies all upper-case letters from model |
| - writes upper-case letters from dictation |
| - copies simple words from model |
| - writes numbers 1–10 |
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| - id: math |
| name: Math |
| L1: |
| - rote counts to 10 |
| - counts objects 1–5 with 1:1 correspondence |
| - identifies numerals 1–5 |
| - matches quantities to numerals 1–5 |
| - identifies basic shapes in math context |
| L2: |
| - counts objects 1–20 with 1:1 correspondence |
| - identifies numerals 1–20 |
| - compares quantities (more/less/same) |
| - solves single-digit addition with manipulatives |
| - identifies coins by name |
| L3: |
| - adds single-digit numbers without manipulatives |
| - subtracts single-digit numbers |
| - identifies place value (ones, tens) |
| - tells time to the hour and half-hour |
| - solves simple word problems |
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| prompt_hierarchies: |
| - id: most_to_least |
| name: Most-to-Least (errorless) |
| sequence: [full_physical, partial_physical, gestural, positional, independent] |
| description: "Start with maximum assistance; fade systematically to independence." |
| best_for: "Acquisition, early learners, safety-critical skills." |
|
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| - id: least_to_most |
| name: Least-to-Most |
| sequence: [independent, gestural, positional, partial_physical, full_physical] |
| description: "Start with independent attempt; add assistance only as needed." |
| best_for: "Learner with partial repertoire; promotes independence." |
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| - id: time_delay |
| name: Time Delay (progressive) |
| sequence: [0s_delay, 2s_delay, 4s_delay, 6s_delay, independent] |
| description: "Increase latency between SD and prompt delivery across sessions." |
| best_for: "Prompt-dependency prevention; ideal for fading." |
| citation: "Touchette & Howard 1984 JABA." |
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| - id: graduated_guidance |
| name: Graduated Guidance |
| sequence: [hand_over_hand_full, hand_over_hand_light, shadow, independent] |
| description: "Hand-over-hand guidance with fading physical pressure." |
| best_for: "Motor skills, self-care chaining." |
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| - id: stimulus_fading |
| name: Stimulus Fading |
| sequence: [exaggerated_stimulus, moderate_fade, minimal_fade, natural_stimulus] |
| description: "Modify the stimulus itself; fade cue salience over sessions." |
| best_for: "Receptive discrimination, early reading." |
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| - id: stimulus_shaping |
| name: Stimulus Shaping |
| sequence: [modified_stimulus, intermediate_shape, target_stimulus] |
| description: "Change the stimulus topography to approximate the target." |
| best_for: "Complex visual discriminations." |
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| error_corrections: |
| - id: transfer_trial |
| name: Transfer trial |
| steps: > |
| Re-present SD -> provide effective-level prompt -> reinforce prompted |
| response -> distractor trial -> re-present SD independently. |
| |
| - id: four_step |
| name: 4-step error correction |
| steps: > |
| Model correct response -> lead (do together) -> test (independent) -> |
| distractor -> retest. |
| |
| - id: backstep |
| name: Backstep |
| steps: > |
| Return to previous prompt level that produced success -> |
| successful response -> re-attempt at target prompt level. |
| |
| - id: simple_correction |
| name: Simple correction |
| steps: > |
| "No, watch me" -> model -> re-present SD -> differential reinforcement |
| for correct response. |
| |
| - id: errorless |
| name: Errorless (preventive) |
| steps: > |
| Prevent errors by using high prompts from the start; fade gradually. |
| Paired with most-to-least prompt hierarchy. |
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| reinforcement_schedules: |
| - id: crf |
| name: CRF (continuous reinforcement) |
| description: "Every correct response reinforced." |
| typical_phase: "Acquisition." |
|
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| - id: fr2 |
| name: FR-2 (fixed ratio 2) |
| description: "Every 2nd correct response reinforced." |
| typical_phase: "Thinning as accuracy stabilizes." |
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| - id: vr3 |
| name: VR-3 (variable ratio 3) |
| description: "Average of every 3rd correct response reinforced." |
| typical_phase: "Maintenance, resistance to extinction." |
|
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| - id: token_economy |
| name: Token economy |
| description: "Tokens delivered per correct response; exchanged at session end for a back-up reinforcer appropriate to the learner (for children: candy, cookies, brief leisure-time access, preferred activity, screen time, or a favorite sensory item)." |
| typical_phase: "Group / classroom settings, mastered / generalization phase." |
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| mastery_criteria: |
| - id: mc_80_2sessions |
| text: "80% accuracy across 2 consecutive sessions with at least 10 trials each." |
|
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| - id: mc_90_3sessions |
| text: "90% accuracy across 3 consecutive sessions." |
|
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| - id: mc_80_generalization |
| text: "80% accuracy with 2 different therapists and 2 different settings." |
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| - id: mc_80_independent |
| text: "80% accuracy at independent prompt level across 3 sessions." |
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| - id: mc_90_first_trial |
| text: "90% first-trial-correct across 5 consecutive sessions." |
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| - id: mc_fluency |
| text: "Fluency criterion: correct responses within 3-second latency at 90% accuracy." |
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| - id: mc_natural_env |
| text: "Demonstrated use in natural environment across 3 independent instances." |
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