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table on right. The terms on the right hand side of the formula account for diffusion due to molecular concentration, pressure, temperature, and force gradients respectively. The expression above ultimately comes from the Boltzmann transport equation. We can simplify the above equation considerably with several assumpt...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
k T + α T T d T d z ) {\displaystyle w_{1}=-D_{12}\left({\frac {n^{2}}{n_{1}n_{2}}}{\frac {df_{1}}{dz}}+{\frac {(m_{2}-m_{1})g}{kT}}+{\frac {\alpha _{T}}{T}}{\frac {dT}{dz}}\right)} Note that we have also made the substitution n 1 / n = f 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}/n=f_{1}} . The flux of molecular diffusion is given by Φ 1...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
flux of gas 1. If f 1 {\displaystyle f_{1}} decreases with altitude, then n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} must decrease rapidly with altitude (recall that f 1 = n 1 / n {\displaystyle f_{1}=n_{1}/n} ). Rapidly decreasing n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} would require rapidly increasing w 1 {\displaystyle w_{1}} in order to drive a ...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
of H and H2 number densities at the tropopause. b 12 = b H n H n H + n H 2 + b H 2 n H 2 n H + n H 2 {\displaystyle b_{12}=b_{\mathrm {H} }{\frac {n_{\mathrm {H} }}{n_{\mathrm {H} }+n_{\mathrm {H_{2}} }}}+b_{\mathrm {H_{2}} }{\frac {n_{\mathrm {H_{2}} }}{n_{\mathrm {H} }+n_{\mathrm {H_{2}} }}}} For n H ≈ 1.8 × 10 7 {\d...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
1.1)\times 10^{8}} H atoms cm−2⋅s−1 Mariner 6 and 7 spacecraft indirectly observed hydrogen escape flux on Mars between 1 × 10 8 {\displaystyle 1\times 10^{8}} and 2 × 10 8 {\displaystyle 2\times 10^{8}} H atoms cm−2⋅s−1. These observations suggest that Mars' atmosphere is losing hydrogen at roughly the diffusion limit...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
the atmosphere, then they will eventually recombine to make CO2. Likewise, if the H and O2 from H2O photolysis remain in the atmosphere, then they will eventually react to form H2O. The photolysis of H2O is a net source of O2 only if the hydrogen escapes to space. If we assume that hydrogen escape occurred at the diffu...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
low compared to the modern O2 mixing ratio of 0.21. === Hydrogen content of the prebiotic atmosphere === H2 concentrations in the prebiotic atmosphere were also controlled by its sources and sinks. In the prebiotic atmosphere, the main source of H2 was volcanic outgassing, and the main sink of outgassing H2 would have ...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
atmosphere is 0.55 ppmv, so prebiotic H2 was likely several hundred times higher than today's value. This estimate should be considered as a lower bound on the actual prebiotic H2 concentration. There are several important factors that we neglected in this calculation. The Earth likely had higher rates of hydrogen outg...	{ "page_id": 60817325, "title": "Diffusion-limited escape" }
In molecular biology mir-548 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-548 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36372403, "title": "Mir-548 microRNA precursor family" }
Cryptozoa is the collective name for small animals who live in darkness and under conditions of high relative humidity, as in the wet soil underneath rocks, decomposing tree bark etc. Examples include pseudoscorpions, slugs, centipedes and earwigs. The habitat of the cryptozoa allows avoidance of fluctuations of temper...	{ "page_id": 6160309, "title": "Cryptozoa" }
The term anthroposystem is used to describe the anthropological analogue to the ecosystem. In other words, the anthroposystem model serves to compare the flow of materials through human systems to those in naturally occurring systems. As defined by Santos, an anthroposystem is "the orderly combination or arrangement of...	{ "page_id": 4456373, "title": "Anthroposystem" }
does not naturally occur. Outside input is relied on for material and energy supplies, and recycling systems that do exist are artificially created. The process of improving the flow of energy, such that waste can be reused as input resources, is known as industrial ecology. A matrix can be used to describe the anthrop...	{ "page_id": 4456373, "title": "Anthroposystem" }
Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production faciliti...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
in the past but that it was destroyed before the ratifying convention. They declared only two former chemical production facilities that may have produced mustard gas and Lewisite. === Cuba === According to a United Nations finding, that cited suspicious residue affecting plant and animal life during the Cuban interven...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
Admiral Thomas Brooks identified Ethiopia before the Congress as a "probability" to have chemical weapons possession. Ethiopia did ratify the CWC in 1996 and did not declare an offensive chemical weapons program. Since then, no evidence has been presented to contradict this statement. === India === On January 14, 1993,...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
Iranian government admitted that it produced mustard gas in 1980s but ceased the offensive program and destroyed stockpiles of operational weapons after the end of the war with Iraq. === Iraq === Well before Operation Desert Storm or the U.N. inspections that followed it, Iraq had already begun to build chemical weapon...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
the time UNSCOM left Iraq in December 1998, it had destroyed a large portion of Iraq's chemical weapon potential. UNSCOM had overseen the destruction or incapacitation of more than 88,000 filled or unfilled chemical munitions, over 600 tons of weaponized or bulk chemical agents, 4,000 tons of precursor chemicals, 980 p...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
are that Israel has a significant stockpile of chemical weapons, likely to be the most abundant in the Middle-East according to the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. A 1983 CIA report stated that Israel, after "finding itself surrounded by front-line Arab states with budding chemical weapon capabilities, became inc...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
Times reported that Israeli F-16 fighters were equipped to carry chemical weapons and that their crews have been trained on the use of such weapons. === Japan === Japan both used and stored chemical weapons on the territory of mainland China between 1937 and 1945. They left approximately two million tons of chemical we...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
controlled approximately 11.25 tons of poisonous mustard gas. Because of destabilization, concerns increased regarding possibilities and likelihood that control of these agents could be lost. With terrorism at the core of concern, international bodies cooperated to ensure Libya is held to its obligations under the trea...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
2019, the United States claimed Myanmar maintained a stockpile of chemical weapons dating to 1982. In November 2023, amidst a civil war, rebel groups of the Brotherhood Alliance accused the military of using chemical weapons on its forces multiple times in Shan State townships. The Arakan Army did the same in early Dec...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
Pakistan === Since the 1970s and 1980s, Pakistan had been suspected of running a possible military chemical weapons program both by the Soviet Union and the United States. In 1991, Rear Admiral Thomas Brooks identified Pakistan as a "probable" chemical weapons possessor in testimony before Congress. In 1992, India and ...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
completely destroy its remaining stockpile by the end of 2018. On September 27, 2017 Russia announced the destruction of the last batch of chemical weapons, completing the total destruction of its chemical arsenal ahead of schedule. On March 4, 2018, Russia was alleged to have conducted a chemical attack in Salisbury, ...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). === South Korea === Prior to 1997, South Korea was strongly suspected of possessing an active chemical weapons program and was identified as a "probable" chemical weapons possessor by the United States. On April 18, 1997, South Korea signed the Chemical Weapons Convention and made a s...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
unitary agents: Sarin, Tabun, VX, and mustard gas. Syrian chemical weapons production facilities have been identified by Western nonproliferation experts at the following 5 sites, plus a suspected weapons base: Al Safir (Scud missile base) Cerin Hama Homs Latakia Palmyra In July 2007, a Syrian arms depot exploded, kill...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
chemical weapons programs in the Middle East. Syria's chemical arsenal Syria is thought to have amassed large quantities of sarin, tabun, and mustard and is currently weaponizing VX. Exact quantities are hard to know although the CIA has estimated Syria possesses several hundred liters of chemical weapons with hundreds...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
War I. It banned the production or transport of chemical weapons in 1969. The U.S. began chemical weapons disposal and destruction in the 1960s, first by deep-sea burial; by the 1970s, incineration was the primary disposal method used. The use of chemical weapons was officially renounced in 1991, and the U.S. signed th...	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
arms control and non-proliferation". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2015-01-19. Russian Biological and Chemical Weapons, a useful page about non-state transfers of weapons, with links to information from CRS, the GAO and NGOs.	{ "page_id": 1310647, "title": "Chemical weapon proliferation" }
The molecular formula C7H12N2 may refer to: 1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene 3-Pyrrolylpropylamine	{ "page_id": 29425595, "title": "C7H12N2" }
In molecular biology mir-549 microRNA is a microRNA, i.e. a short RNA molecule. The function of microRNAs is to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-549 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36372415, "title": "Mir-549 microRNA precursor family" }
The molecular formula C13H19N (molar mass: 189.30 g/mol, exact mass: 189.1517 u) may refer to: AC927 (phenethylpiperidine) Enefexine (4-(4-ethylphenyl)piperidine) 6-APT (6-(2-aminopropyl)tetralin) 5-MAPDI (indanylmethylaminopropane)	{ "page_id": 36175809, "title": "C13H19N" }
Supramolecular chemistry refers to the branch of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak intermolecular forces, electrostatic charge, or hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonding, pr...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
of separate molecules capable of selective interaction with certain chemicals. The three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 for "development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”. In 2016, Bernard L. Feringa, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, and Jean-Pierre Sauv...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
of larger structures such as micelles, membranes, vesicles, liquid crystals, and is important to crystal engineering. === Molecular recognition and complexation === Molecular recognition is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a host–guest complex. Often, the definition of w...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
compounds. Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include catenanes, rotaxanes, molecular knots, molecular Borromean rings, 2D [c2]daisy chain polymer and ravels. === Dynamic covalent chemistry === In dynamic covalent chemistry covalent bonds are broken and formed in a reversible reaction under th...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
which the analog with the exact desired properties can be chosen. === Synthetic recognition motifs === The pi-pi charge-transfer interactions of bipyridinium with dioxyarenes or diaminoarenes have been used extensively for the construction of mechanically interlocked systems and in crystal engineering. The use of crown...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
well understood. nanoparticles, nanorods, fullerenes and dendrimers offer nanometer-sized structure and encapsulation units. Surfaces can be used as scaffolds for the construction of complex systems and also for interfacing electrochemical systems with electrodes. Regular surfaces can be used for the construction of se...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
readily accessed using bottom-up synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology are based on supramolecular chemistry. Many smart materials are based on molecular recognition. === Catalysis === A major application of supramo...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
Organic chemistry Nanotechnology == Reading == Cook, T. R.; Zheng, Y.; Stang, P. J. (2013). "Metal-organic frameworks and self-assembled supramolecular coordination complexes: Comparing and contrasting the design, synthesis, and functionality of metal-organic materials". Chem. Rev. 113 (1): 734–77. doi:10.1021/cr300282...	{ "page_id": 1048518, "title": "Supramolecular chemistry" }
Worker policing is a behavior seen in colonies of social hymenopterans (ants, bees, and wasps) whereby worker females eat or remove eggs that have been laid by other workers rather than those laid by a queen. Worker policing ensures that the offspring of the queen will predominate in the group. In certain species of be...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
workers in colonies with a single once-mated queen are related to their nephews by three eighths, higher than they are related to brothers. This results in a conflict in which the queen and worker females are at odds over the proportion of male offspring they contribute, since each side tries to maximize its reproducti...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
floridanus found a special surface hydrocarbon on queen-laid eggs. Workers in the colony with the queen's eggs refrained from egg-laying, whereas other groups that did not have queen-laid eggs showed worker reproduction. Thus, the hydrocarbon could act as a signal to alert workers to halt reproduction. More generally, ...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
is diminished, suggesting that there are disincentives to laying eggs. Workers in colonies of the dwarf honey bee, Apis florea, are also reported to engage in oophagy. Using microsatellite analysis, researchers concluded that no mature drones had non-queen alleles in the colonies they investigated. Thus, even though wo...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
When researchers separated and then reunited workers from colonies that did or did not have queens, workers from the queen-containing colonies attacked the workers with activated ovaries from the queenless colonies. In the queenless ant Streblognathus peetersi, policing helps to select gamergates. The workers immobiliz...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
contributed to policing of worker and queen-laid eggs even in monogynous and monandrous colonies. The common wasp, Vespula vulgaris, engages in worker policing, and it is known that a significant number of workers have active ovaries. However, studies by researchers have suggested that relatedness may not be the key fa...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
at individual and group levels. === Selfish worker policing === Temnothorax unifasciatus, a myrmicinid ant, has been shown not to have collective worker policing. However, when a queen is removed, a rank order for reproduction appears, where top ranking reproductives display aggression towards lower-order female worker...	{ "page_id": 37289928, "title": "Worker policing" }
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (German: Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik) is a quantum mechanics book written by John von Neumann in 1932. It is an important early work in the development of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The book mainly summarizes results that von Neumann...	{ "page_id": 45154254, "title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" }
state evolves according to Schrödinger equation. This process is causal and reversible. Von Neumann was concerned that having two incompatible processes violated what he called the principle of psycho-physical parallelism, indicating the need that every mental process can be described as a physical process. Von Neumann...	{ "page_id": 45154254, "title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" }
hidden variables. Von Neumann's claim rested on the assumption that any linear combination of Hermitian operators represents an observable and the expectation value of such combined operator follows the combination of the expectation values of the operators themselves. Von Neumann's makes the following assumptions: For...	{ "page_id": 45154254, "title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" }
from the postulates. Consequently, there are no "dispersion-free" states: it is impossible to prepare a system in such a way that all measurements have predictable results. But if hidden variables existed, then knowing the values of the hidden variables would make the results of all measurements predictable, and hence ...	{ "page_id": 45154254, "title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" }
theory could reproduce quantum mechanics statistically. However, Hermann's critique remained relatively unknown until 1974 when it was rediscovered by Max Jammer. In 1952, David Bohm constructed the Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics in terms of statistical argument, suggesting a limit to the validity of von N...	{ "page_id": 45154254, "title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" }
"Die Eindeutigkeit der Schrödingerschen Operatoren [The uniqueness of Schrödinger operators]". Mathematische Annalen. 104: 570–578. doi:10.1007/bf01457956. S2CID 120528257. == See also == Dirac–von Neumann axioms The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac Heisenberg cut == Notes == == References == == External l...	{ "page_id": 45154254, "title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" }
In physiology, isotropic bands (better known as I bands) are the lighter bands of skeletal muscle cells (a.k.a. muscle fibers). Isotropic bands contain only actin-containing thin filaments. The thin filaments are placed between 2 myosin filaments and contain only the actin filaments of neighboring sarcomeres. Bisecting...	{ "page_id": 1966031, "title": "Isotropic bands" }
Sphaerobacter is a genus of bacteria. When originally described it was placed in its own subclass (Spahaerobacteridae) within the class Actinomycetota. Subsequently, phylogenetic studies have now placed it in its own order Sphaerobacterales within the phylum Thermomicrobiota. Up to now there is only one species of this...	{ "page_id": 3538896, "title": "Sphaerobacter" }
In analytical chemistry, sub-sampling is a procedure by which a small, representative sample is taken from a larger sample. Good sub-sampling technique becomes important when the large sample is not homogeneous. == Techniques == === Coning and quartering === Coning and quartering is a method used by analytical chemists...	{ "page_id": 14155729, "title": "Sub-sampling (chemistry)" }
The molecular formula C7H8ClN (molar mass: 141.60 g/mol) may refer to: 4-Chloro-o-toluidine (4-chloro-2-methylaniline) Starlicide (3-chloro-4-methylaniline)	{ "page_id": 29687760, "title": "C7H8ClN" }
In molecular biology mir-550 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == Further reading == == See also == MicroRNA == External links == Page for mir-550 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36372435, "title": "Mir-550 microRNA precursor family" }
Flowability, also known as powder flow is a property that defines an ability of a powdered material to flow, related to cohesion. Powder flowability depends on many traits: the shape and size of the powder particles due to intermolecular force, porosity electrostatic activity hygroscopy bulk density angle of repose pre...	{ "page_id": 72155088, "title": "Flowability" }
Steve Webb (born 26 November 1948) is a British medical physicist and writer. He is an emeritus professor of physics at the Joint Department of Physics in the Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden Hospital. He was editor-in-chief of Physics in Medicine and Biology for six years, being succeeded in 2011 by ...	{ "page_id": 41549776, "title": "Steve Webb (medical physicist)" }
has been awarded the EFOMP Medal by the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics, the Barclay Medal by the British Institute of Radiology, an Honorary Fellowship of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, and honorary membership in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizinische Physik e.V., th...	{ "page_id": 41549776, "title": "Steve Webb (medical physicist)" }
In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes from Ancient Greek πάθος (pathos) 'suffering, disease' and γένεσις (genesis) 'creation'...	{ "page_id": 524246, "title": "Pathogenesis" }
Biofumigation is a method of pest control in agriculture, a variant of fumigation where the gaseous active substance—fumigant—is produced by decomposition of plant material freshly chopped and buried in the soil for this purpose. Plants from the Brassicaceae family (e.g., mustards, cauliflower, and broccoli) are primar...	{ "page_id": 69730264, "title": "Biofumigation" }
in crop rotation to be chopped and buried on site), and is difficult to standardize due to varying active substance content in different cultivars. == References == == See also == biosolarization	{ "page_id": 69730264, "title": "Biofumigation" }
The Japp–Klingemann reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize hydrazones from β-keto-acids (or β-keto-esters) and aryl diazonium salts. The reaction is named after the chemists Francis Robert Japp and Felix Klingemann. The hydrazone products of the Japp–Klingemann reaction are most often used as intermediates ...	{ "page_id": 2162651, "title": "Japp–Klingemann reaction" }
The Jacobsen epoxidation, sometimes also referred to as Jacobsen-Katsuki epoxidation is a chemical reaction which allows enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkyl- and aryl- substituted alkenes. It is complementary to the Sharpless epoxidation (used to form epoxides from the double bond in allylic alcohols...	{ "page_id": 3211228, "title": "Jacobsen epoxidation" }
epoxidation is not fully understood, but most likely a manganese(V)-species (similar to the ferryl intermediate of Cytochrome P450) is the reactive intermediate which is formed upon the oxidation of the Mn(III)-salen complex. There are three major pathways. The concerted pathway, the metalla oxetane pathway and the rad...	{ "page_id": 3211228, "title": "Jacobsen epoxidation" }
The Chemical Society of Pakistan, also known as Pakistan Chemistry Society, is an academic and scientific society of professional chemists, devoted and dedicated for scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. It is one of the largest learned societies of Pakistan and groups together all degree-levels in all fields o...	{ "page_id": 34406366, "title": "Chemical Society of Pakistan" }
Plant senescence is the process of aging in plants. Plants have both stress-induced and age-related developmental aging. Chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence reveals the carotenoids, such as anthocyanin and xanthophylls, which are the cause of autumn leaf color in deciduous trees. Leaf senescence has the impo...	{ "page_id": 1572831, "title": "Plant senescence" }
better survival strategy, since the plant can put most of its accumulated energy and resources into seed production rather than saving some for the plant to overwinter, which would limit seed production. Conversely, the perennial strategy may sometimes be the more effective survival strategy, because the plant has a he...	{ "page_id": 1572831, "title": "Plant senescence" }
presumably a mature shoot cell must on average produce enough sugar, and acquire enough oxygen and carbon dioxide to support both it and a similar sized root cell. Actually, since plants are obviously interested in growing it is arguable, that the "directive" of the average shoot cell, is to "show a profit" and produce...	{ "page_id": 1572831, "title": "Plant senescence" }
for example, mature nutrient-acquiring shoot cells would have to acquire more than enough shoot nutrients to support both it and its share of both shoot and root cells that do not acquire sugar and gases whether they are of a structural, reproductive, immature, or just plain, root nature. The idea that a plant does not...	{ "page_id": 1572831, "title": "Plant senescence" }
and even the growth hormones auxin and cytokinin (and possibly jasmonic and salicylic acid in addition). This causes even more ABA and strigolactones to be made until the leaf is drained of all nutrients. When conditions get particularly bad in the emptying mature leaf cell, it will experience sugar and oxygen deficien...	{ "page_id": 1572831, "title": "Plant senescence" }
ABA and strigolactones) are needed before a cell would senesce. == Seed senescence == Seed germination performance is a major determinant of crop yield. Deterioration of seed quality with age is associated with accumulation of DNA damage. In dry, aging rye seeds, DNA damages occur with loss of viability of embryos. Dry...	{ "page_id": 1572831, "title": "Plant senescence" }
In molecular biology mir-552 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. Researchers have detected elevated levels of mir-522 expression in colorectal cancer metastases. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == Ext...	{ "page_id": 36372448, "title": "Mir-552 microRNA precursor family" }
Micropower impulse radar is a low-power ultra wideband radar developed in the mid-1990s at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, used for sensing and measuring distances to objects in proximity to each other. Commercial applications include: Vehicles: parking assistance, backup warnings, pre-collision detection and s...	{ "page_id": 1834979, "title": "Micropower impulse radar" }
This is a data page for dichlorodifluoromethane. == Physical properties == == References == Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD)	{ "page_id": 32309220, "title": "Dichlorodifluoromethane (data page)" }
(Not to be confused with the lazy learning regime, see Neural tangent kernel). In machine learning, lazy learning is a learning method in which generalization of the training data is, in theory, delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed to eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training ...	{ "page_id": 10747879, "title": "Lazy learning" }
modelling (notably PRESS statistic) and control. It is said that the advantage of this system is achieved if the predictions using a single training set are only developed for few objects. This can be demonstrated in the case of the k-NN technique, which is instance-based and function is only estimated locally. == Disa...	{ "page_id": 10747879, "title": "Lazy learning" }
a particular answer is not recomputed unless the data that impact this answer has changed (e.g., new items, new purchases, new views). In other words, the stored answers are updated incrementally. This approach, used by large e-commerce or media sites, has long been used in the Entrez portal of the National Center for ...	{ "page_id": 10747879, "title": "Lazy learning" }
37–66. doi:10.1007/BF00153759.	{ "page_id": 10747879, "title": "Lazy learning" }
In quantum mechanics, a complete set of commuting observables (CSCO) is a set of commuting operators whose common eigenvectors can be used as a basis to express any quantum state. In the case of operators with discrete spectra, a CSCO is a set of commuting observables whose simultaneous eigenspaces span the Hilbert spa...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
{A}}} and B ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}} have a common eigenbasis. The operators A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} and B ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}} commute, meaning that [ A ^ , B ^ ] = A ^ B ^ − B ^ A ^ = 0 {\displaystyle [{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}]={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}-{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}=0} . === Proofs === === Discussi...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
Cartesian components of the momentum operator p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } , that is p x {\displaystyle p_{x}} , p y {\displaystyle p_{y}} and p z {\displaystyle p_{z}} are also compatible. == Formal definition == A set of observables A , B , C . . . {\displaystyle A,B,C...} is called a CSCO if: All the observables c...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} and B ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}} can be found. Now if each pair of the eigenvalues ( a n , b n ) {\displaystyle (a_{n},b_{n})} uniquely specifies a state vector of this basis, we claim to have formed a CSCO: the set { A , B } {\displaystyle \{A,B\}} . The degeneracy in A ^ {\displaystyle ...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
{C}}_{i,j,k,...}\|a_{i},b_{j},c_{k},...\rangle } where \| a i , b j , c k , . . . ⟩ {\displaystyle \|a_{i},b_{j},c_{k},...\rangle } are the eigenkets of the operators A ^ , B ^ , C ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}},{\hat {B}},{\hat {C}}} , and form a basis space. That is, A ^ \| a i , b j , c k , . . . ⟩ = a i \| a i , b j , c k ...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
H ^ = − ℏ 2 2 μ ∇ 2 − Z e 2 r {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\mu }}\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {Ze^{2}}{r}}} is a function of r {\displaystyle r} only and has rotational invariance, where μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the reduced mass of the system. Since the components of L {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} } are generat...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
particle, the Hamiltonian H = − ℏ 2 2 m ∇ 2 {\displaystyle H=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}} is invariant under translations. Translation commutes with the Hamiltonian: [ H , T ^ ] = 0 {\displaystyle [H,\mathbf {\hat {T}} ]=0} . However, if we express the Hamiltonian in the basis of the translation operator, we w...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
\mathbf {J_{2}} } . We can write the eigenstates of J 1 2 {\displaystyle J_{1}^{2}} and J 1 z {\displaystyle J_{1z}} as \| j 1 m 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|j_{1}m_{1}\rangle } and of J 2 2 {\displaystyle J_{2}^{2}} and J 2 z {\displaystyle J_{2z}} as \| j 2 m 2 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|j_{2}m_{2}\rangle } . J 1 2 \| j 1 m 1 ⟩ = j 1 ( j...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {J_{1}} +\mathbf {J_{2}} } . The eigenvalues of J 2 {\displaystyle J^{2}} are j ( j + 1 ) ℏ 2 {\displaystyle j(j+1)\hbar ^{2}} where j {\displaystyle j} takes on the values j 1 + j 2 , j 1 + j 2 − 1 , . . . , \| j 1 − j 2 \| {\displaystyle j_{1}+j_{2},j_{1}+j_{2}-1,...,\|j_{1}-j_{2}\|} ,...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
Feynman, R.B. Leighton and M. Sands: The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1965 R Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, Springer (1994). J J Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics, Revised Edition, Pearson (1994). B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, Pearson Ed...	{ "page_id": 1638376, "title": "Complete set of commuting observables" }
The biodiversity of Great Britain and Ireland is one of the most well-studied geographical areas of its size in the world. This biota work has resulted in the publication of distribution atlases for many taxonomic groups. This page lists these publications. A full atlas is generally regarded as a definitive work on dis...	{ "page_id": 2293742, "title": "Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland" }
provides charts of flight-period as well as text, and the Atlas of Aquatic Bugs, which has biological information and identification aids for some of the animals. == Flora == == Fauna == == References == == External links == Biological Records Centre website	{ "page_id": 2293742, "title": "Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland" }
Cold fission or cold nuclear fission is defined as involving fission events for which fission fragments have such low excitation energy that no neutrons or gammas are emitted. Cold fission events have so low a probability of occurrence that it is necessary to use a high-flux nuclear reactor to study them. According to ...	{ "page_id": 19464175, "title": "Cold fission" }
Tal Arbel is a professor of electrical engineering at McGill University who specialises in computer vision. She is interested in the application of artificial intelligence in healthcare. == Early life and education == Arbel was born in Montreal. Arbel's father was an electrical engineer. As a child Arbel was given a TR...	{ "page_id": 59637751, "title": "Tal Arbel" }
(MILA). She is interested in the biomarkers that can be used to improve medical care for people who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis. This project is a collaboration with Dr. Arnold at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital and looks to identify Multiple Sclerosis lesions from magnetic resonance images. She cre...	{ "page_id": 59637751, "title": "Tal Arbel" }
A bijel (or bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels) is a structurally stable emulsion generated by jamming nanoparticles at the interface between two (or more) immiscible liquids during spinodal decomposition. == References ==	{ "page_id": 78053369, "title": "Bijel" }
In quantum mechanics, the spinor spherical harmonics (also known as spin spherical harmonics, spinor harmonics and Pauli spinors) are special functions defined over the sphere. The spinor spherical harmonics are the natural spinor analog of the vector spherical harmonics. While the standard spherical harmonics are a ba...	{ "page_id": 6750203, "title": "Spinor spherical harmonics" }
parity operation, we have P Y l , s j , m = ( − 1 ) l Y l , s , j , m . {\displaystyle PY_{l,sj,m}=(-1)^{l}Y_{l,s,j,m}.} For spin-1/2 systems, they are given in matrix form by Y l , ± 1 2 , j , m = 1 2 ( j ∓ 1 2 ) + 1 ( ± j ∓ 1 2 ± m + 1 2 Y l m − 1 2 j ∓ 1 2 ∓ m + 1 2 Y l m + 1 2 ) . {\displaystyle Y_{l,\pm {\frac {1}...	{ "page_id": 6750203, "title": "Spinor spherical harmonics" }
In molecular biology mir-558 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-558 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36372478, "title": "Mir-558 microRNA precursor family" }
Sauropod neck posture is a subject occasionally debated among scientists, with some favoring postures closer to horizontal whilst others a more upright posture. Research has looked at various avenues of evidence and analysis including: attempting to reconstruct the neutral posture of their necks and estimating range of...	{ "page_id": 42860543, "title": "Sauropod neck posture" }

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