text stringlengths 2 4.67k | source dict |
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1 n ∑ i = 1 n max ( 0 , 1 − y i ( w T x i − b ) ) ] + λ ‖ w ‖ 2 . {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {w} ,b)=\left[{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\max \left(0,1-y_{i}(\mathbf {w} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {x} _{i}-b)\right)\right]+\lambda \|\mathbf {w} \|^{2}.} Note that f {\displaystyle f} is a convex function of w {\displaystyle \ma... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
projected onto the nearest vector of coefficients that satisfies the given constraints. (Typically Euclidean distances are used.) The process is then repeated until a near-optimal vector of coefficients is obtained. The resulting algorithm is extremely fast in practice, although few performance guarantees have been pro... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
of X n + 1 , y n + 1 {\displaystyle X_{n+1},\,y_{n+1}} outright. In these cases, a common strategy is to choose the hypothesis that minimizes the empirical risk: ε ^ ( f ) = 1 n ∑ k = 1 n ℓ ( y k , f ( X k ) ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(f)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}\ell (y_{k},f(X_{k})).} Under certain a... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
are preferred. === SVM and the hinge loss === Recall that the (soft-margin) SVM classifier w ^ , b : x ↦ sgn ( w ^ T x − b ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {w} }},b:\mathbf {x} \mapsto \operatorname {sgn}({\hat {\mathbf {w} }}^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {x} -b)} is chosen to minimize the following expression: [ 1 n ∑ i = 1 ... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
= x {\displaystyle X=x} . In the classification setting, we have: y x = { 1 with probability p x − 1 with probability 1 − p x {\displaystyle y_{x}={\begin{cases}1&{\text{with probability }}p_{x}\\-1&{\text{with probability }}1-p_{x}\end{cases}}} The optimal classifier is therefore: f ∗ ( x ) = { 1 if p x ≥ 1 / 2 − 1 ot... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
of Tikhonov regularization. A special property is that they simultaneously minimize the empirical classification error and maximize the geometric margin; hence they are also known as maximum margin classifiers. A comparison of the SVM to other classifiers has been made by Meyer, Leisch and Hornik. === Parameter selecti... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
multi-class task to several binary problems have to be applied; see the multi-class SVM section. Parameters of a solved model are difficult to interpret. == Extensions == === Multiclass SVM === Multiclass SVM aims to assign labels to instances by using support vector machines, where the labels are drawn from a finite s... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
i = 1 k {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}^{\star }=\{\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\star }\mid \mathbf {x} _{i}^{\star }\in \mathbb {R} ^{p}\}_{i=1}^{k}} of test examples to be classified. Formally, a transductive support vector machine is defined by the following primal optimization problem: Minimize (in w , b , y ⋆ {\displaystyle \m... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
on a subset of the training data, because the cost function for building the model ignores any training data close to the model prediction. Another SVM version known as least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) has been proposed by Suykens and Vandewalle. Training the original SVR means solving minimize 1 2 ‖ w ‖ 2... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
maximum-margin hyperplane are derived by solving the optimization. There exist several specialized algorithms for quickly solving the quadratic programming (QP) problem that arises from SVMs, mostly relying on heuristics for breaking the problem down into smaller, more manageable chunks. Another approach is to use an i... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
Z-score. Subtraction of mean and division by variance of each feature is usually used for SVM. == See also == In situ adaptive tabulation Kernel machines Fisher kernel Platt scaling Polynomial kernel Predictive analytics Regularization perspectives on support vector machines Relevance vector machine, a probabilistic sp... | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
classification including some SVMs SVM light is a collection of software tools for learning and classification using SVM SVMJS live demo Archived 2013-05-05 at the Wayback Machine is a GUI demo for JavaScript implementation of SVMs | {
"page_id": 65309,
"title": "Support vector machine"
} |
A Darwinian demon is a hypothetical organism that would result if there were no biological constraints on evolution. Such an organism would maximize all aspects of fitness simultaneously and would exist if there were no limitations from available variation or physiological constraints. It is named for the English scien... | {
"page_id": 18349854,
"title": "Darwinian demon"
} |
Patimah Moerwani (30 December 1927 – 22 July 2021) was an Indonesian chemist and academic administrator from the University of Indonesia who became the dean of the university's faculty of exact sciences and natural sciences from 1974 to 1978 and dean of the faculty of math and natural sciences of the Indonesia Open Uni... | {
"page_id": 79298336,
"title": "Patimah Moerwani"
} |
student affairs in the university. Patimah died on the midnight of 22 July 2021. == References == | {
"page_id": 79298336,
"title": "Patimah Moerwani"
} |
Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates. Importantly, S. aureus is generally coagulase-positive, meaning that a positive coagulase test would indi... | {
"page_id": 982822,
"title": "Coagulase"
} |
labeled with sample number, Test (T) and control (C). The two saline drops are emulsified with the test organism using a wire loop, straight wire, or wooden stick. A drop of plasma (rabbit plasma anticoagulated with EDTA is recommended) is placed on the inoculated saline drop corresponding to test, and mixed well, then... | {
"page_id": 982822,
"title": "Coagulase"
} |
subsp. aureus, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, and Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans. List of coagulase-negative staphylococci of clinical significance: S. saprophyticus, S.cohnii subsp. cohnii, S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum, S. captitus subsp. captitus, S. warneri, S.hominis, S.epidermidis, ... | {
"page_id": 982822,
"title": "Coagulase"
} |
In quantum chromodynamics (and also N = 1 super quantum chromodynamics) with massless flavors, if the number of flavors, Nf, is sufficiently small (i.e. small enough to guarantee asymptotic freedom, depending on the number of colors), the theory can flow to an interacting conformal fixed point of the renormalization gr... | {
"page_id": 1965869,
"title": "Banks–Zaks fixed point"
} |
Dirac fermions in the fundamental representation of the gauge group for the flavored particles we have b 0 = 1 16 π 2 1 3 ( 11 N c − 2 N f ) and b 1 = − 1 ( 16 π 2 ) 2 ( 34 3 N c 2 − 1 2 N f ( 2 N c 2 − 1 N c + 20 3 N c ) ) {\displaystyle b_{0}={\frac {1}{16\pi ^{2}}}{\frac {1}{3}}(11N_{c}-2N_{f})\;\;\;\;{\text{ and }}... | {
"page_id": 1965869,
"title": "Banks–Zaks fixed point"
} |
Ourida Chouaki (1953 or 1954 – 12 August 2015) was an Algerian women's rights activist. Founder of an association campaigning for reform to the Algerian Family Code she coordinated the 20 ans, barakat! which successfully brought about the replacement of the law in 2004. She also worked for the Marche mondiale des Femme... | {
"page_id": 55705392,
"title": "Ourida Chouaki"
} |
a matrimonial guardian and saw it as a concession to the Islamic Movement of Society for Peace who had opposed the new law. Chouaki was also concerned that too much power rested with judges, particularly in divorce cases. Such was her influence that she has been described as a participant in all of the struggles for de... | {
"page_id": 55705392,
"title": "Ourida Chouaki"
} |
Compound Interest is a website launched in 2013 by Andy Brunning with infographics on everyday chemistry. The infographics describe, for example, how chemicals found in food and nature give them smell, taste, and color. The website has a monthly collaboration with the American Chemical Society. Content of the website i... | {
"page_id": 52625201,
"title": "Compound Interest (website)"
} |
Poxytrins or dihydroxy-E,Z,E-polyunsaturated fatty acids (dihydroxy-E,Z,E-PUFAs) are PUFA metabolites that possess two hydroxyl residues and three in-series conjugated double bonds in an E,Z,E cis–trans configuration. Poxytrins have platelet-inhibiting properties that are not found in isomers with three conjugated doub... | {
"page_id": 50986802,
"title": "Poxytrin"
} |
vitro by stimulated human leukocytes and possesses SPM anti-inflammatory activity. 7-epi-MaR1 is a maresin isomer1, and likewise possesses SPM activity. === Linotrins === Linotrin-1 and linotrin-2 are among the four isomeric metabolites produced by incubating ALA with ALOX15B. The extent to which the linotrins form in ... | {
"page_id": 50986802,
"title": "Poxytrin"
} |
Cellosaurus is an online knowledge base on cell lines, which attempts to document all cell lines used in biomedical research. It is provided by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). It is an ELIXIR Core Data Resource as well as an IRDiRC's Recognized Resource. It is the contributing resource for cell lines on th... | {
"page_id": 50396981,
"title": "Cellosaurus"
} |
the Cellosaurus GitHub directory of Cellosaurus Record in FAIRsharing.org Record in Identifiers.org | {
"page_id": 50396981,
"title": "Cellosaurus"
} |
Tin fluoride can refer to: Tin(II) fluoride (stannous fluoride), SnF2 Tin(IV) fluoride (stannic fluoride), SnF4 | {
"page_id": 21036853,
"title": "Tin fluoride"
} |
Hardenability is the depth to which a steel is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. It should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a sample's resistance to indentation or scratching. It is an important property for welding, since it is inversely proportional to weldability, that i... | {
"page_id": 1834808,
"title": "Hardenability"
} |
the top image) is transformed to 100% austenite through heat treatment, and is then quenched on one end with room-temperature water. The cooling rate will be highest at the end being quenched, and will decrease as distance from the end increases. Subsequent to cooling a flat surface is ground on the test piece and the ... | {
"page_id": 1834808,
"title": "Hardenability"
} |
Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification (BEC) is an ecological classification framework used in British Columbia to define, describe, and map ecosystem-based units at various scales, from broad, ecologically-based climatic regions down to local ecosystems or sites. BEC is termed an ecosystem classification as the appro... | {
"page_id": 67764026,
"title": "Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification"
} |
classification approach to identify and delineate ecologically equivalent climatic regions and site conditions (Figure 1). The framework integrates vegetation classification with two other component hierarchical classifications: climate (or zonal) and site (Figure 2) where the vegetation classification hierarchy is use... | {
"page_id": 67764026,
"title": "Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification"
} |
forested biogeoclimatic units of BC, several pine species that are considered seral species through most of their distribution regenerate under the forest canopy and are recognized as zonal climax species: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in the Sub-Boreal Pine Spruce [SBPS] zone and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) in the... | {
"page_id": 67764026,
"title": "Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification"
} |
used in an edatopic grid to characterize the generalized environmental conditions of vegetation units within a biogeoclimatic unit for most types of terrestrial ecosystems (see Figure 4 for an example). Site series from different climates (biogeoclimatic units), which share the same mature or climax plant association, ... | {
"page_id": 67764026,
"title": "Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification"
} |
In electrodynamics, the Larmor formula is used to calculate the total power radiated by a nonrelativistic point charge as it accelerates. It was first derived by J. J. Larmor in 1897, in the context of the wave theory of light. When any charged particle (such as an electron, a proton, or an ion) accelerates, energy is ... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
until quantum theory was introduced. == Derivation == To calculate the power radiated by a point charge q {\displaystyle q} at a position r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } ( t ) {\displaystyle (t)} , with a velocity, v ( t ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t),} we integrate the Poynting vector over the surface of a sphere o... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
c} , and γ = ( 1 − β 2 ) − 1 / 2 {\displaystyle \gamma =(1-\beta ^{2})^{-1/2}} . The variables, r r {\displaystyle {\bf {r}}_{r}} , β r {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}_{r}} , γ r {\displaystyle \gamma _{r}} , and a r {\displaystyle {\bf {a}}_{r}} are all evaluated at the retarded time, t r = t − r r / c {\display... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
⋅ a ′ ) − a ′ ] c 2 r ′ , {\displaystyle {\bf {E'(r'}},t')={\frac {q{\bf {{\hat {r}}'}}}{r'^{2}}}+{\frac {q[{\bf {{{\hat {r}}'}({{\hat {r}}'}\cdot a')-a'}}]}{c^{2}r'}},} with all variables evaluated at the present time. Then, the surface integral for the radiated power reduces to P ′ = q 2 4 π c 3 ∮ r ^ ′ ⋅ [ a ′ × ( r... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
relativistic extension of Larmor's formula, and is given here with all variables at the present time. Its nonrelativistic reduction reduces to Larmor's original formula. For high-energies, it appears that the power radiated for acceleration parallel to the velocity is a factor γ 2 {\displaystyle \gamma ^{2}} larger tha... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
t = d d t ( m γ ) = m γ 3 v a ∥ {\displaystyle {\frac {dp_{0}}{dt}}={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\gamma )=m\gamma ^{3}va_{\parallel }} d p d t = d d t ( m v γ ) = m γ 3 ( a ∥ + a ⊥ / γ 2 ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\bf {dp}}{dt}}={\frac {d}{dt}}(m{\bf {v}}\gamma )=m\gamma ^{3}({\bf {{a}_{\parallel }+a_{\perp }/\gamma ^{2}}}).} When... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
a 2 4 π c 3 sin 2 θ ( 1 − β cos θ ) 5 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} P}{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}a^{2}}{4\pi c^{3}}}{\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta }{(1-\beta \cos \theta )^{5}}},} where θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the angle between the observer and the particle's motion. === Radiation reaction === The rad... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
produced. The acceleration of a charged particle produces electromagnetic radiation, whose outgoing energy reduces the energy of the charged particle. This results in 'radiation reaction' that decreases the acceleration of the charged particle, not as a self force, but just as less acceleration of the particle. === Ato... | {
"page_id": 2817855,
"title": "Larmor formula"
} |
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age. Diagnosis requires that the death remain unexplained even after a thorough autopsy and detailed death scene investigation. SIDS usually occurs during sleep. Typically... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
infant is unexpected, unexplained, and can cause suspicion that the infant may have been intentionally harmed. Rates of SIDS vary nearly tenfold in developed countries from one in a thousand to one in ten thousand. Globally, it resulted in about 19,200 deaths in 2015, down from 22,000 deaths in 1990. SIDS was the third... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have proposed that such deaths be called sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUID) and that SIDS is a subset of SUID. === Age === SIDS has a four-parameter lognormal age distribution that spares infants shortly after birth—the time of maximal risk for almost all other causes of n... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
or side rather than on the back increases the risk for SIDS. This increased risk is greatest at two to three months of age. Elevated or reduced room temperature also increases the risk, as does excessive bedding, clothing, soft sleep surfaces, and stuffed animals in the bed. Bumper pads may increase the risk of SIDS du... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
a birth weight of 3500–3999 g, it was only 0.51/1000. Premature birth increases the risk of SIDS death roughly fourfold. From 1995 to 1998, the U.S. SIDS rate for births at 37–39 weeks of gestation was 0.73/1000, while the SIDS rate for births at 28–31 weeks of gestation was 2.39/1000. Anemia has also been linked to SI... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
in the ion channels that play an important role in the contraction of the heart. Genetic evidence published in November 2020 concerning the case of Kathleen Folbigg, who was imprisoned for the death of her children, showed that at least two of the children had genetic mutations in the CALM2 gene that predisposed them t... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
== Diagnosis == === Differential diagnosis === Some conditions that are often undiagnosed and could be confused with or comorbid with SIDS include: medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency); infant botulism; long QT syndrome (accounting for less than 2% of cases); Helicobacter pylori bacte... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
between 1% and 5% of SIDS cases were potentially attributable to undiagnosed infanticide. Some have underestimated the risk of two SIDS deaths occurring in the same family; the Royal Statistical Society issued a media release refuting expert testimony in one UK case, in which the conviction was subsequently overturned.... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
appears to decrease the risk of SIDS, although the reason is unclear. The American Academy of Pediatrics considers pacifier use to prevent SIDS to be reasonable. Pacifiers do not appear to affect breastfeeding in the first four months, even though this is a common misconception. === Bedding === Product safety experts a... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
related to short gestation, though it is the leading cause of death in healthy infants after one month of age. SIDS deaths in the US decreased from 4,895 in 1992 to 2,247 in 2004, a 54% decrease. During a similar time period, 1989 to 2004, SIDS as the cause of death for sudden infant death (SID) decreased from 80% to 5... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
as well as problematic. The rate of SIDS per 1000 births varies among ethnic groups in the United States: Central Americans and South Americans: 0.20 Asian/Pacific Islanders: 0.28 Mexicans: 0.24 Puerto Ricans: 0.53 Whites: 0.51 African Americans: 1.08 Native American: 1.24 == Society and culture == Many popular media p... | {
"page_id": 65344,
"title": "SIDS"
} |
This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century (from 1884 t... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
reusable iron barrels. Rockets are used in warfare. "Fire emitting tubes" are produced in the Song dynasty by the mid-13th century and hand cannons are recorded to have been used in battle by the Yuan dynasty in 1287. The earliest extant cannons appear in China. The Mongols spread gunpowder weaponry to Japan, Southeast... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
the latest. == 16th century == Major developments: Matchlock firearms spread throughout Eurasia, reaching China and Japan by the mid-16th century. The volley fire technique is implemented using matchlock firearms by the Ottomans, Ming dynasty, and Dutch Republic by the end of the century. The arquebus is replaced by it... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
Mysorean rockets. == 19th century == Major developments: Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet develops the Congreve rockets based on Mysorean rockets and British forces successfully deploy them against Copenhagen. Joshua Shaw invents percussion caps which replace the flintlock trigger mechanism. Claude-Étienne Minié inven... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery (2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. ISBN 1-57747-079-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Brown, G. I. (1998), The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0 Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosi... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03718-6 Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", Journal of Asian History, 30: 41–5 Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, O... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press Padmanabhan, Thanu (2019), The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind, Bibcode:2019dsgh.book.....P Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons Partington, J. R. (19... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
Press Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3 Wagner, John A. (2006), The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32736-X Watson, Peter (2006), Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, fr... | {
"page_id": 53477184,
"title": "Timeline of the gunpowder age"
} |
The heat loss due to linear thermal bridging ( H T B {\displaystyle H_{TB}} ) is a physical quantity used when calculating the energy performance of buildings. It appears in both United Kingdom and Irish methodologies. == Calculation == The calculation of the heat loss due to linear thermal bridging is relatively simpl... | {
"page_id": 12123967,
"title": "Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging"
} |
In condensed matter, Grüneisen parameter γ is a dimensionless thermodynamic parameter named after German physicist Eduard Grüneisen, whose original definition was formulated in terms of the phonon nonlinearities. Because of the equivalences of many properties and derivatives within thermodynamics (e.g. see Maxwell rela... | {
"page_id": 3931971,
"title": "Grüneisen parameter"
} |
Π {\displaystyle \Pi } is the interatomic potential, a {\displaystyle a} is the equilibrium distance, d {\displaystyle d} is the space dimensionality. Relations between the Grüneisen constant and parameters of Lennard-Jones, Morse, and Mie potentials are presented in the table below. The expression for the Grüneisen co... | {
"page_id": 3931971,
"title": "Grüneisen parameter"
} |
quasi-harmonic approximation for atomic vibrations, the macroscopic Grüneisen parameter (γ) can be related to the description of how the vibrational frequencies (phonons) within a crystal are altered with changing volume (i.e. γi's). For example, one can show that γ = α K T C V ρ {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {\alpha K... | {
"page_id": 3931971,
"title": "Grüneisen parameter"
} |
{\hbar \omega _{i}}{k_{\rm {B}}T}}\right)^{2}{\frac {\exp \left({\frac {\hbar \omega _{i}}{k_{\rm {B}}T}}\right)}{\left[\exp \left({\frac {\hbar \omega _{i}}{k_{\rm {B}}T}}\right)-1\right]^{2}}}\right]} Right-hand side (def): α V K T = [ 1 V ( ∂ V ∂ T ) P ] V [ − V ( ∂ P ∂ V ) T ] = − V ( ∂ V ∂ T ) P ( ∂ P ∂ V ) T {\di... | {
"page_id": 3931971,
"title": "Grüneisen parameter"
} |
∂ V k B ( ℏ ω i k B T ) 2 exp ( ℏ ω i k B T ) [ exp ( ℏ ω i k B T ) − 1 ] 2 = ∑ i γ i c V , i {\displaystyle V{\frac {\partial S}{\partial V}}=-\sum _{i}{\frac {V}{\omega _{i}}}{\frac {\partial \omega _{i}}{\partial V}}\;\;k_{\rm {B}}\left({\frac {\hbar \omega _{i}}{k_{\rm {B}}T}}\right)^{2}{\frac {\exp \left({\fra... | {
"page_id": 3931971,
"title": "Grüneisen parameter"
} |
a unique value of the entropic index q, S q {\displaystyle S_{q}} is extensive right at the CP of the 1DIMTF. Hence, upon making an unprecedented connection of Γ 0 K {\displaystyle \Gamma ^{0{\text{K}}}} in terms of S q {\displaystyle S_{q}} and using the 1DIMTF, researchers from Physics Department - Unesp, Rio Claro, ... | {
"page_id": 3931971,
"title": "Grüneisen parameter"
} |
Mónica Fernández-Aceytuno Saénz de Santa María (born 4 May 1961) is a Spanish biologist and writer focused on public outreach on natural issues. == Career == Fernández-Aceytuno was born in Dakhla, Western Sahara where her father, a military man, was assigned. Although she only spent a few years there, this time was fun... | {
"page_id": 59834182,
"title": "Mónica Fernández-Aceytuno"
} |
Festival of the Canary Islands (Festival Internacional de Cine Medioambiental de Canarias, FICMEC). == Works == El viento en las hamacas, Ediciones Luca de Tena, 2004, ISBN 9788493381103 Diccionario Aceytuno de la Naturaleza (work in progress, carried out with the collaboration of readers) El país de los pájaros que du... | {
"page_id": 59834182,
"title": "Mónica Fernández-Aceytuno"
} |
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sen... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
antisense, respectively, and in the context of a double-stranded DNA molecule the usage of these terms is essentially equivalent. However, the coding/sense strand need not always contain a code that is used to make a protein; both protein-coding and non-coding RNAs may be transcribed. The terms "sense" and "antisense" ... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
the DNA sense strand) is used as the template which results in a 5′-AUG-3′ base triplet in the mRNA. The DNA sense strand will have the triplet ATG, which looks similar to the mRNA triplet AUG but will not be used to make methionine because it will not be directly used to make mRNA. The DNA sense strand is called a "se... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
that is important for labeling strands is the relative locations of the terminal 5′ phosphate group and the terminal 3′ hydroxyl group (at the ends of the strand or sequence in question), because these ends determine the direction of transcription and translation. A sequence written 5′-CGCTAT-3′ is equivalent to a sequ... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
part of the 5′ ends of the large and small segments of their genome. == Antisense RNA == An RNA sequence that is complementary to an endogenous mRNA transcript is sometimes called "antisense RNA". In other words, it is a non-coding strand complementary to the coding sequence of RNA; this is similar to negative-sense vi... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
viral RNA genome can be considered viral mRNA, and can be immediately translated by the host cell. Unlike negative-sense RNA, positive-sense RNA is of the same sense as mRNA. Some viruses (e.g. Coronaviridae) have positive-sense genomes that can act as mRNA and be used directly to synthesize proteins without the help o... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
mechanism of gene silencing catalytic. Double-stranded RNA can also act as a catalytic, enzyme-dependent antisense agent through the RNAi/siRNA pathway, involving target mRNA recognition through sense-antisense strand pairing followed by target mRNA degradation by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The R1 plasmi... | {
"page_id": 5504842,
"title": "Sense (molecular biology)"
} |
Molecular descriptors play a fundamental role in chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, environmental protection policy, and health researches, as well as in quality control, being the way molecules, thought of as real bodies, are transformed into numbers, allowing some mathematical treatment of the chemical information c... | {
"page_id": 14286667,
"title": "Molecular descriptor"
} |
minimal basic requirement for any descriptor. Two other important invariance properties, translational invariance and rotational invariance, are the invariance of a descriptor value to any translation or rotation of the molecules in the chosen reference frame. These last invariance properties are required for the 3D-de... | {
"page_id": 14286667,
"title": "Molecular descriptor"
} |
invariant to manipulations that don’t alter the intrinsic molecular structure. Historically, many descriptors were designed for small organic molecules. However, contemporary challenges necessitate descriptors that can be applied to diverse compounds, including salts, ionic liquids, peptides, polymers, and nanostructur... | {
"page_id": 14286667,
"title": "Molecular descriptor"
} |
A hibernation factor is a protein used by cells to induce a dormant state by slowing or halting the cellular metabolism. This can occur during periods of stress, randomly in order to allocate "designated survivors" in a population, or when bacteria cease growth (enter stationary phase). Hibernation factors can do a var... | {
"page_id": 77135692,
"title": "Hibernation factor"
} |
well as some plant plastids, instead contain a HPF homologue that can form 100S ribosomes by itself. === Balon === Balon (Spanish "ball", after homologue Pelota) is a hibernation factor protein found in the cold-adapted bacterium Psychrobacter urativorans. The protein was discovered accidentally by a researcher who uni... | {
"page_id": 77135692,
"title": "Hibernation factor"
} |
stationary phase. It binds to 70S and 100S ribosomes and has been proposed as of 2018 to mediate the localization (moving) of hibernating ribosomes to the cell membrane. While cells lacking YqjD do not have altered growth rates of ribosome composition, artificially high levels of it quickly halts growth depending on th... | {
"page_id": 77135692,
"title": "Hibernation factor"
} |
Preimplantation factor (PIF) is a peptide secreted by trophoblast cells prior to placenta formation in early embryonic development. Human embryos begin to express PIF at the 4-cell stage, with expression increasing by the morula stage and continuing to do so throughout the first trimester. Expression of preimplantation... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
in implantation as the early embryo is essentially a partial allograft, that is a tissue that is recognised as fully identical to that of the mother. Consequently, the embryo may be rejected and attacked if it is not recognised, an event that normally causes spontaneous miscarriage. Preimplantation factor regionally mo... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
platelet-binding assay that compared immune responses and proteins found in pregnant women and non-pregnant women. The assay also compared immune responses with men to verify if the proteins were specific to female reproductive tissues. Results generated in the preliminary study showed that "a preimplantation factor" w... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
cell surface adhesion molecules called integrins to adhere the embryo. This additional paracrine effect of PIF has been shown to increase the expression of the integrin molecule α2β3 on the cell membranes of cells in the endometrium. Integrins are a broad class of cell adhesion molecules that allow cells to bind to ext... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
of pregnancy. === Viability of pregnancy === The expression of preimplantation factor in the embryo is strongly correlated with the likelihood of a live birth. This observed viability is not solely due to PIF's ability to mediate the implantation and allografting process but also due to its ability to promote the upreg... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
reduces neuroinflammation. It is thought to have these impacts by modulating signalling through the ubiquitous protein kinase A and protein kinase C intracellular signalling pathways. PIF also inhibits microRNA let-7, a sequence that is highly upregulated in the central nervous system. The Let-7 system has been associa... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
potential therapeutic agent in both reproductive and non-reproductive medical contexts. PIF is also advantageous because of its easily replicable biochemical structure. In reproductive contexts, PIF has been studied as a treatment for infertility. In women with recurrent pregnancy loss, treatment with PIF is able to re... | {
"page_id": 60620623,
"title": "Preimplantation factor"
} |
Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement develops perpendicular to the surface... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
wire decrease with increasing length of the wires (see e.g., for a recent discussion). Similar observations were made by Galileo Galilei more than 400 years ago. This is the manifestation of the extreme statistics of failure (bigger sample volume can have larger defects due to cumulative fluctuations where failures nuc... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
a ρ ) = 2 σ a p p l i e d a ρ {\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {elliptical\ crack} }=\sigma _{\mathrm {applied} }\left(1+2{\sqrt {\frac {a}{\rho }}}\right)=2\sigma _{\mathrm {applied} }{\sqrt {\frac {a}{\rho }}}} (For sharp cracks) where: σ a p p l i e d {\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {applied} }} is the loading stress... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
fracture. The terms "rupture" and "ductile rupture" describe the ultimate failure of ductile materials loaded in tension. The extensive plasticity causes the crack to propagate slowly due to the absorption of a large amount of energy before fracture. Because ductile rupture involves a high degree of plastic deformation... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
is removed. In a ductile material, a crack may progress to a section of the material where stresses are slightly lower and stop due to the blunting effect of plastic deformations at the crack tip. On the other hand, with brittle fracture, cracks spread very rapidly with little or no plastic deformation. The cracks that... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
K c {\textstyle \mathrm {K} _{\mathrm {c} }} , the value of c {\textstyle \mathrm {c} } must be precisely measured. This is done by taking the test piece with its fabricated notch of length c ′ {\textstyle \mathrm {c\prime } } and sharpening this notch to better emulate a crack tip found in real-world materials. Cyclic... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
so the compressive strength is often referred to as the strength; this strength can often exceed that of most metals. However, ceramics are brittle and thus most work done revolves around preventing brittle fracture. Due to how ceramics are manufactured and processed, there are often preexisting defects in the material... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
equally) by the surviving nearest neighbor fibers. == Disasters == Failures caused by brittle fracture have not been limited to any particular category of engineered structure. Though brittle fracture is less common than other types of failure, the impacts to life and property can be more severe. The following notable ... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
integral equation method === In this method, the surface is divided into two regions: a region where displacements are specified Su and region with tractions are specified ST . With given boundary conditions, the stresses, strains, and displacements within the body can all theoretically be solved for, along with the tr... | {
"page_id": 261967,
"title": "Fracture"
} |
In statistical mechanics, an Ursell function or connected correlation function, is a cumulant of a random variable. It can often be obtained by summing over connected Feynman diagrams (the sum over all Feynman diagrams gives the correlation functions). The Ursell function was named after Harold Ursell, who introduced i... | {
"page_id": 19660624,
"title": "Ursell function"
} |
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