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2015. Progressing conservation of biodiversity through taxonomy, data publication and collaborative infrastructures. Conservation Biology 29 (4), 1094–1099. == References == == External links == === OBIS International Portal === International OBIS Portal === Regional OBIS nodes === AfrOBIS: Sub-Saharan Africa node of O...	{ "page_id": 64159451, "title": "Ocean Biodiversity Information System" }
GADV-protein world is a hypothetical stage of abiogenesis. GADV stands for the one letter codes of four amino acids, namely, glycine (G), alanine (A), aspartic acid (D) and valine (V), the main components of GADV proteins. In the GADV-protein world hypothesis, it is argued that the prebiotic chemistry before the emerge...	{ "page_id": 47906524, "title": "GADV-protein world hypothesis" }
have the catalytic activity to hydrolyze peptide bonds in bovine serum albumin. Therefore, they can catalyze the formation of peptide bonds as the reverse reaction. GADV-proteins can multiply by pseudo-replication in the absence of genes, considering the features above. == See also == Alternative abiogenesis scenarios ...	{ "page_id": 47906524, "title": "GADV-protein world hypothesis" }
This is a list of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical treatment of sexual dysfunction but are not yet approved. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. This list was last comprehens...	{ "page_id": 54197982, "title": "List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs" }
- AdisInsight) == Premature ejaculation == Clomipramine/sildenafil (CDFR-0812) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and PDE5 inhibitor (Clomipramine/sildenafil - CTC Bio - AdisInsight) DA-8031 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor (DA 8031 - AdisInsight) IX-01 – oxytocin receptor antagonist (Cligosiban - Ixchelsis - AdisInsight) On...	{ "page_id": 54197982, "title": "List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs" }
Inversion recovery is a magnetic resonance imaging sequence that provides high contrast between tissue and lesion. It can be used to provide high T1 weighted image, high T2 weighted image, and to suppress the signals from fat, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). == Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery == Fluid-attenuat...	{ "page_id": 70516451, "title": "Inversion recovery" }
its maximum value) for water in 1949, 3 years after the nuclear magnetic resonance was discovered. == References ==	{ "page_id": 70516451, "title": "Inversion recovery" }
A tetrameric protein is a protein with a quaternary structure of four subunits (tetrameric). Homotetramers have four identical subunits (such as glutathione S-transferase), and heterotetramers are complexes of different subunits. A tetramer can be assembled as dimer of dimers with two homodimer subunits (such as sorbit...	{ "page_id": 2424548, "title": "Tetrameric protein" }
biotins per molecule.) This tetramer reagent will specifically label T cells that express T cell receptors that are specific for a given peptide-MHC complex. For example, a Kb/FAPGNYPAL tetramer will specifically bind to Sendai virus specific cytotoxic T cell in a C57BL/6 mouse. Antigen specific responses can be measur...	{ "page_id": 2424548, "title": "Tetrameric protein" }
the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. When a mixed multimer displays increased functionality relative to the unmixed multimers, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation. In humans, argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) is a homotetrameric enzyme that can undergo intragenic complementatio...	{ "page_id": 2424548, "title": "Tetrameric protein" }
This is a list of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregions, arranged by biogeographic realm. == Afrotropical realm == == Australasian realm == == Indomalayan realm == == Neotropical realm == == Oceanian realm == == Palearctic realm == == See also == Biome Ecoregion Tropical and subtropical moist broad...	{ "page_id": 10026727, "title": "List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions" }
A dot blot (or slot blot) is a technique in molecular biology used to detect proteins. It represents a simplification of the western blot method, with the exception that the proteins to be detected are not first separated by electrophoresis. Instead, the sample is applied directly on a membrane in a single spot, and th...	{ "page_id": 4128491, "title": "Dot blot" }
The townsend (symbol Td) is a physical unit of the reduced electric field (ratio E/N), where E {\displaystyle E} is electric field and N {\displaystyle N} is concentration of neutral particles. It is named after John Sealy Townsend, who conducted early research into gas ionisation. == Definition == It is defined by the...	{ "page_id": 11140843, "title": "Townsend (unit)" }
S. Marjanović; G. Malović; G. García; Z. Lj. Petrović (2012). "Positron transport in water vapour". New J. Phys. 14: 035003. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/035003. hdl:1885/61498.	{ "page_id": 11140843, "title": "Townsend (unit)" }
Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate (calcium stearoyl lactylate or CSL) or E482 is a versatile, FDA approved food additive. It is one type of a commercially available lactylate. CSL is non-toxic, biodegradable, and typically manufactured using biorenewable feedstocks. Because CSL is a safe and highly effective food additive, ...	{ "page_id": 33095405, "title": "Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate" }
CFR 177.120. while the corresponding regulations in the EU are listed in Regulation (EC) No 95/2. The largest application of CSL is in yeast leavened bakery products. Although CSL was introduced to the market first, most applications use SSL. The main reason for the preference of SSL over CSL is that CSL has less crumb...	{ "page_id": 33095405, "title": "Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate" }
Lead fluoride may refer to: Lead(II) fluoride (lead difluoride, plumbous fluoride, PbF2), a white powder Lead(IV) fluoride (lead tetrafluoride, tetrafluoroplumbane, PbF4), white to beige crystals	{ "page_id": 21036781, "title": "Lead fluoride" }
In the manufacture of float glass, a lehr oven is a long kiln with an end-to-end temperature gradient, which is used for annealing newly made glass objects that are transported through the temperature gradient either on rollers or on a conveyor belt. The annealing renders glass into a stronger material with fewer inter...	{ "page_id": 14286576, "title": "Lehr (glassmaking)" }
Biological bet hedging occurs when organisms suffer decreased fitness in their typical conditions in exchange for increased fitness in stressful conditions. Biological bet hedging was originally proposed to explain the observation of a seed bank, or a reservoir of ungerminated seeds in the soil. For example, an annual ...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
strategies at once, resulting in low variation in long-term success. This could be demonstrated by a clutch of eggs of different sizes, each optimal for one potential environment of the offspring. While this means that offspring specialized for another environment are less likely to survive to adulthood, it also protec...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
bet hedging alleles tend to be favored in more variable environments. In order for a bet hedging allele to spread, it must persist in the typical environment through genetic drift long enough for alternative environments, in which the bet hedger has an advantage over genotypes adapted to the previous environment, to oc...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
the diversified bet hedger outweighs the conservative bet hedger if it uses the good year specialist strategy more often. In contrast, if the relative fitness of the good year specialist was 0.35 in a bad year, it becomes the optimal strategy. == In organisms == === Prokarya === Experiments in bet hedging using prokary...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
their growth, which leaves them unaffected by dramatic changes to the environment. Once the persister cells grow to form another population of its species, which may or may not be antibiotic resistant, they will produce both cells with normal cell growth and another population of persisters to continue this cycle as th...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
is environmentally dependent, where certain MHC constructs are only advantageous under specific environmental circumstances. Thus, this supports the evidence that MHC diversity is crucial for the long-term reproductive success of the parents, as the tradeoff for an initial decrease in short-term reproductive fitness is...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
March, just before an annual increase in feeding activity of sunfish. This example demonstrates that germ banking may take different forms within a species depending on the environmental risk presented. Bet hedging through variable egg hatching patterns are seen in other crustaceans as well. Invertebrate bet-hedging ha...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
bet hedging used in fungi. One way fungi use bet hedging is by displaying different colony morphologies when grown on agar plates. This variation allows for colonies with different morphologies, including resistances that allow them to survive, to thrive and reproduce in different conditions or environments. As a resul...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
as many confounding factors as animals. Studying closely related plant species can help us understand more about the circumstances under which bet hedging evolves. The classic example of bet hedging, delayed seed germination, has been extensively studied in desert annuals. One four-year field study found that populatio...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
of Herpes viruses. The Varicella Zoster Virus, for instance, causes chickenpox at first infection and can cause shingles many years after the original infection. The delay with which shingles emerges has been explained as a form of bet hedging. == References == == External links == Media related to Bet hedging (biology...	{ "page_id": 51707633, "title": "Bet hedging (biology)" }
The Gilchrist–Thomas process or Thomas process is a historical process for refining pig iron, derived from the Bessemer converter. It is named after its inventors who patented it in 1877: Percy Carlyle Gilchrist and his cousin Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. By allowing the exploitation of phosphorous iron ore, the most abund...	{ "page_id": 28704496, "title": "Gilchrist–Thomas process" }
of the Royal school of mines, C. Griffin & company, limited, coll. "Griffin's metallurgical series", 1908, 3rd ed., 463 p. ISBN 978-1-177-69287-8 Walter MacFarlane, The principles and practice of iron and steel manufacture, Longmans, Green, and Co, 1917, 5th ed. R.W. Burnie, Memoir and letters of Sidney Gilchrist Thoma...	{ "page_id": 28704496, "title": "Gilchrist–Thomas process" }
The International Union of Game Biologists (IUGB) is a non-profit organisation with international membership. It has its legal domicile in Cernier, Switzerland. Bylaws were signed in Moscow in 2009. The organization aims to promote the improvement of knowledge about game biology and related fields of study such as anim...	{ "page_id": 54984435, "title": "International Union of Game Biologists" }
miR-122 is a miRNA that is conserved among vertebrate species. miR-122 is not present in invertebrates, and no close paralogs of miR-122 have been detected. miR-122 is highly expressed in the liver, where it has been implicated as a regulator of fatty-acid metabolism in mouse studies. Reduced miR-122 levels are associa...	{ "page_id": 22871796, "title": "MiR-122" }
cell stress and binds to the CAT-1 3'UTR. The HuR interaction leads to release of the mRNA from the P bodies and resumption of active translation. A number of other miR-122 targets, including CD320, AldoA and BCKDK, have been identified by microarray analysis of changes in mRNA expression in the liver of mice treated w...	{ "page_id": 22871796, "title": "MiR-122" }
on miR-122 expression. miR-122 regulates HCV by binding directly to two adjacent sites close to the 5' end of HCV RNA. Although these experiments were conducted using genotype 1a and 1b HCV RNA, the miR-122 binding sites are highly conserved across different genotypes, and miR-122 is also required for replication of in...	{ "page_id": 22871796, "title": "MiR-122" }
long-term treatment might be undesirable. However, miR-122 is a promising target as it can be very selectively and effectively inhibited with antisense oligonucleotides, and as it is a conserved host factor it is hoped that the virus would not be able to acquire resistance mutations to an anti-miR-122 therapeutic. More...	{ "page_id": 22871796, "title": "MiR-122" }
therapy. miR-122 has also been suggested as a biomarker for hepatectomy-induced liver injury in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Detection of miR-122 and other microRNAs in Body fluid like blood can be interfered by heparin contaminated. The commonly used anticoagulant heparin profoundly inhibits the by reverse ...	{ "page_id": 22871796, "title": "MiR-122" }
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD, HSD17B) (EC 1.1.1.51), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR), are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases which catalyze the reduction of 17-ketosteroids and the dehydrogenation of 17β-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism. This includes interconversion of DH...	{ "page_id": 10419957, "title": "17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase" }
responsible for 17β-HSD activity in the endometrium and placenta. Mutations and associated congenital deficiency have not been reported in humans. However, local deficiency in expression of HSD17B2 has been associated with endometriosis. HSD17B3: Referred to as "androgenic". Major subtype in males for activation of and...	{ "page_id": 10419957, "title": "17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase" }
estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone, though can also convert estrone into estradiol. Expressed in the ovaries, testes, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and other tissues. HSD17B9: Also known as retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5). Involved in retinoid metabolism. Mutations are associated with fundus albipunctatus. HSD...	{ "page_id": 10419957, "title": "17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase" }
Particle agglomeration refers to the formation of assemblages in a suspension and represents a mechanism leading to the functional destabilization of colloidal systems. During this process, particles dispersed in the liquid phase stick to each other, and spontaneously form irregular particle assemblages, flocs, or aggl...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
form larger clusters (e.g., soot). == Early stages == A well dispersed colloidal suspension consists of individual, separated particles and is stabilized by repulsive inter-particle forces. When the repulsive forces weaken or become attractive through the addition of a coagulant, particles start to aggregate. Initially...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
table below summarizes the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) ranges for different net charge of the counter ion. The charge is expressed in units of elementary charge. This dependence reflects the Schulze–Hardy rule, which states that the CCC varies as the inverse sixth power of the counter ion charge. The CCC a...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
can be enhanced through shear stress (e.g., stirring). The latter case is called orthokinetic aggregation. == Later stages == As the aggregation process continues, larger clusters form. The growth occurs mainly through encounters between different clusters, and therefore one refers to cluster-cluster aggregation proces...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
⟶ B 2 A + B ⟶ A B {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {A+A} &\longrightarrow \mathrm {A} _{2}\\[2pt]\mathrm {B+B} &\longrightarrow \mathrm {B} _{2}\\[2pt]\mathrm {A+B} &\longrightarrow \mathrm {AB} \end{aligned}}} While the first two processes correspond to homoaggregation in pure suspensions containing particles A ...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
techniques are based on probing the scattered light from an aggregating suspension in a time-resolved fashion. Static light scattering yields the change in the scattering intensity, while dynamic light scattering the variation in the apparent hydrodynamic radius. At early-stages of aggregation, the variation of each of...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
they can be most valuable for practical applications. Among these techniques settling tests are most relevant. When one inspects a series of test tubes with suspensions prepared at different concentration of the flocculant, stable suspensions often remain dispersed, while the unstable ones settle. Automated instruments...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
are normally separated by sedimentation, leading to sewage sludge. Commonly used flocculating agents in water treatment include multivalent metal ions (e.g., Fe3+ or Al3+), polyelectrolytes, or both. Cheese making. The key step in cheese production is the separation of the milk into solid curds and liquid whey. This se...	{ "page_id": 4062960, "title": "Particle aggregation" }
Overdominance is a phenomenon in genetics where the phenotype of the heterozygote lies outside the phenotypical range of both homozygous parents. Overdominance can also be described as heterozygote advantage regulated by a single genomic locus, wherein heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness than homozygous indi...	{ "page_id": 1179383, "title": "Overdominance" }
varieties presumably because they attract both bee and fly pollinator populations. Since the emergence of the white allele, the frequency of the red phenotype has been increasing in wild populations in multiple regions of the alps. == Polar overdominance == Polar overdominance is a type of overdominance where either on...	{ "page_id": 1179383, "title": "Overdominance" }
A phytotron is an enclosed research greenhouse used for studying interactions between plants and the environment. It was a product of the disciplines of plant physiology and botany. == Overview == Phytotrons unified and extended earlier piecemeal efforts to claim total control of the whole environment. In both walk-in ...	{ "page_id": 1441521, "title": "Phytotron" }
of Technology in 1949. It was funded by the Earhart Foundation, and was officially known as the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory. It acquired its more distinctive nickname evidently from a joking conversation between Caltech biologists James Bonner and Sam Wildman. Recalling the origin sometime in 1980s Bonner noted t...	{ "page_id": 1441521, "title": "Phytotron" }
Lövheim Cube of Emotion is a theoretical model for the relationship between the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline and emotions. The model was presented in 2012 by Swedish researcher Hugo Lövheim. Lövheim classifies emotions according to Silvan Tomkins, and orders the basic emotions in a ...	{ "page_id": 72285945, "title": "Lövheim Cube of Emotions" }
In the theory of chemical reactivity, the Klopman–Salem equation describes the energetic change that occurs when two species approach each other in the course of a reaction and begin to interact, as their associated molecular orbitals begin to overlap with each other and atoms bearing partial charges begin to experienc...	{ "page_id": 56098547, "title": "Klopman–Salem equation" }
atomic orbitals a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} , Q k {\displaystyle Q_{k}} is the total charge on atom k {\displaystyle k} , ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } is the local dielectric constant, R k ℓ {\displaystyle R_{k\ell }} is the distance between the nuclei of atoms k {\displaystyle k} and l {\displaystyle...	{ "page_id": 56098547, "title": "Klopman–Salem equation" }
A centrifugal water–oil separator, centrifugal oil–water separator or centrifugal liquid–liquid separator is a device designed to separate oil and water by centrifugation. It generally contains a cylindrical container that rotates inside a larger stationary container. The denser liquid, usually water, accumulates at th...	{ "page_id": 27721459, "title": "Centrifugal water–oil separator" }
through gravity through the inlet pipe, then the mixture is spread evenly through the separation chamber where the coalescing plate packs are. In the plate packs the oil will rise because of their buoyancy and coalesce on the underside of the plates and form globules of oil that rise to the surface. From there the wast...	{ "page_id": 27721459, "title": "Centrifugal water–oil separator" }
and features === ==== Materials and metals used ==== The bowl of the separator is generally made up of stainless steel, brass, and bronze. The structural parts are usually where the stainless steel is and the parts on the inside that come into contact with mixtures are either made of bronze or brass depending on the mi...	{ "page_id": 27721459, "title": "Centrifugal water–oil separator" }
Sulfur assimilation is the process by which living organisms incorporate sulfur into their biological molecules. In plants, sulfate is absorbed by the roots and then transported to the chloroplasts by the transipration stream where the sulfur are reduced to sulfide with the help of a series of enzymatic reactions. Furt...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
are vascular transporters and are 'low affinity sulfate transporters'. Group 3 is the so-called 'leaf group', however, still little is known about the characteristics of this group. Group 4 transporters are involved in the efflux of sulfate from the vacuoles, whereas the function of Group 5 sulfate transporters is not ...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
is transferred into the vacuole. The remobilization and redistribution of the vacuolar sulfate reserves appear to be rather slow and sulfur-deficient plants may still contain detectable levels of sulfate. == Synthesis and function of sulfur compounds in plants == === Cysteine === Sulfide is incorporated into cysteine, ...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
the direct precursor for the synthesis of glutathione (and its homologues). First, γ-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from cysteine and glutamate catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Second, glutathione is synthesized from γ-glutamylcysteine and glycine (in glutathione homologues, β-alanine or serine) catalyz...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
viz. cadmium, it is assumed that these compounds play a role in heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification by buffering of the cytoplasmatic concentration of essential heavy metals. Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, compounds without direct nutritional value or significance in metabolis...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
formation of the glucosinolates. The physiological significance of glucosinolates is still ambiguous, though they are considered to function as sink compounds in situations of sulfur excess. Upon tissue disruption glucosinolates are enzymatically degraded by myrosinase and may yield a variety of biologically active pro...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
function of γ-glutamylpeptides and alliins is rather unclear. == Sulfur assimilation in animal == Unlike in plants, animals do not have a pathway for the direct assimilation of inorganic sulfate into organic compounds. In animals, the primary source of sulfur is dietary methionine, an essential amino acid that contains...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
of key enzymes in the sulfur assimilation pathway is also regulated by feedback inhibition from downstream products, similar to the regulation seen in plants. == Regulation of Sulfur Assimilation == Sulfur assimilation is highly regulated and influenced by both external environmental factors and internal metabolic feed...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
or methionine, the regulation of sulfur metabolism is done via the transsulfuration pathway. In this pathway, methionine is converted to homocysteine and then later converted to cysteine via the enzymes Cystathionine Beta-synthase (CBS) and Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CGL). Cysteine is utilized for glutathione productio...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
Excessive sulfate is transferred into the vacuole; enhanced foliar sulfate levels are characteristic for exposed plants. The foliar uptake of hydrogen sulfide appears to be directly dependent on the rate of its metabolism into cysteine and subsequently into other sulfur compounds. There is strong evidence that O-acetyl...	{ "page_id": 4914941, "title": "Sulfur assimilation" }
The perivitelline space is the space between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of an oocyte or fertilized ovum. In the slow block to polyspermy, the cortical granules released from the ovum are deposited in the perivitelline space. Polysaccharides released in the granules cause the space to swell, pushing the zo...	{ "page_id": 20971262, "title": "Perivitelline space" }
A urethrovaginal fistula is an abnormal passageway that may occur the urethra and the vagina. It is a sub-set of vaginal fistulas. It results in urinary incontinence as urine continually leaves the vagina. It can occur as an obstetrical complication, catheter insertion injury or a surgical injury. It is also called a u...	{ "page_id": 56295168, "title": "Urethrovaginal fistula" }
The IsrM RNA is a small non-coding RNA discovered in Salmonella pathogenicity island, which is not found in E.coli. It is important for invasion of epithelial cells, intracellular replication inside macrophages, virulence and colonisation in mice. It targets the SopA and HilE mRNAs, virulence factors essential for bact...	{ "page_id": 54001410, "title": "IsrM small RNA" }
Thermotolerance is the ability of an organism to survive high temperatures. An organism's natural tolerance of heat is their basal thermotolerance. Meanwhile, acquired thermotolerance is defined as an enhanced level of thermotolerance after exposure to a heat stress. == In plants == Multiple factors contribute to therm...	{ "page_id": 70975235, "title": "Thermotolerance" }
to the lethal effects of higher temperatures. Escherichia coli bacteria can be induced to undergo thermotolerance by exposure to a brief period of heat shock, i.e. 15 minutes at 42 degrees. As a result of such exposure the E. coli cells become resistant to the lethal effects of higher temperatures, such as 50 degrees. ...	{ "page_id": 70975235, "title": "Thermotolerance" }
In biology, trinomial nomenclature is the system of names for taxa below the rank of species. These names have three parts. The usage is different in zoology and botany. == In zoology == In zoological nomenclature, a trinomen (pl. trinomina), trinominal name, or ternary name is the name of a subspecies. A trinomen is a...	{ "page_id": 392963, "title": "Trinomial nomenclature" }
and immediately gained widespread acceptance in the mid-18th century, it was not until the early 20th century that the current unified standard of trinominal nomenclature was agreed upon. This became the standard mainly because of tireless promotion by Elliott Coues – even though trinomina in the modern usage were pion...	{ "page_id": 392963, "title": "Trinomial nomenclature" }
Sunflecks are brief increases in solar irradiance that occur in understories of an ecosystem when sunlight is able to directly reach the ground. They are caused by either wind moving branches and/or leaves in the canopy or as the sun moves during the day. Although each sunfleck only last for seconds or minutes at a tim...	{ "page_id": 28245768, "title": "Sunfleck" }
Vinylpyridine may refer to: 2-Vinylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine	{ "page_id": 37748488, "title": "Vinylpyridine" }
The molecular formula C3H6OS (molar mass: 90.14 g/mol, exact mass: 90.0139 u) may refer to: S-Methyl thioacetate 1,3-Oxathiolane syn-Propanethial-S-oxide, or (Z)-propanethial S-oxide	{ "page_id": 26738440, "title": "C3H6OS" }
A half-sider budgerigar is an unusual congenital condition that causes a budgerigar to display one color on one side of its body and a different color on the other. This is not a simple genetic mutation, as can be observed in other color and pattern variations in this species. It is a rare example of a tetragametic chi...	{ "page_id": 66191118, "title": "Half-sider budgerigar" }
Kosovo is characterised by a diverse biodiversity and an abundance of different ecosystems and habitats determined by the climate along with the geology and hydrology. Predominantly mountainous, it is located at the center of the Balkan Peninsula bounded by Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, North Ma...	{ "page_id": 54198032, "title": "Biodiversity of Kosovo" }
to the Mediterranean climate, several plants characteristic to sub-Mediterranean regions are found in forests, including terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), wild asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius), fragrant virgin's bower (Clematis flammula) and the mallow bindweed (Convolvulus althaeoides). The biodiversity of Kosovo is ...	{ "page_id": 54198032, "title": "Biodiversity of Kosovo" }
Kosovo make it ideal for many animals to live in. In the rivers and lakes there are salmon, trout, scuba, eel, gudgeon, catfish, carp, torpedo and small herring. The southern part, especially the Dragashi municipality has its own dog breed called the Qeni i Sharrit which is kept by the majority of people living in the ...	{ "page_id": 54198032, "title": "Biodiversity of Kosovo" }
"Endless Forms Most Beautiful" is a song by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. It is the second single from their eighth album "Endless Forms Most Beautiful". The song was announced on April 17, 2015, alongside its release date and cover, and was eventually released on May 8, 2015 together with a lyric video. Acco...	{ "page_id": 46530320, "title": "Endless Forms Most Beautiful (song)" }
Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance mainly comprises the turnover of structural mass (mainly proteins) and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across mem...	{ "page_id": 5635862, "title": "Maintenance of an organism" }
In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which TFH cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. With repeated exposures to the same antigen, a host will produce antibodies of successively greater affinities. A secondary response can e...	{ "page_id": 2031383, "title": "Affinity maturation" }
receive T cell-dependent survival signals. B cell progeny that have undergone SHM, but bind antigen with lower affinity will be out-competed, and be deleted. Over several rounds of selection, the resultant secreted antibodies produced will have effectively increased affinities for antigen. == In vitro == Like the natur...	{ "page_id": 2031383, "title": "Affinity maturation" }
An oxygen tank is an oxygen storage vessel, which is either held under pressure in gas cylinders, referred to in the industry as high pressure oxygen cylinders, or as liquid oxygen in a cryogenic storage tank. == Uses == Oxygen tanks are used to store gas for: medical breathing (oxygen therapy) at medical facilities an...	{ "page_id": 2227994, "title": "Oxygen tank" }
particularly naval combat divers, use oxygen rebreathers, and they use a small oxygen cylinder to provide the gas. Oxygen is rarely held at pressures higher than 20 megapascals (3,000 psi), due to the risks of fire triggered by high temperatures caused by adiabatic heating when the gas changes pressure when moving from...	{ "page_id": 2227994, "title": "Oxygen tank" }
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised max-margin models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data for classification and regression analysis. Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, SVMs are one of the most studied models, being based on statistical le...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
the case of support vector machines, a data point is viewed as a p {\displaystyle p} -dimensional vector (a list of p {\displaystyle p} numbers), and we want to know whether we can separate such points with a ( p − 1 ) {\displaystyle (p-1)} -dimensional hyperplane. This is called a linear classifier. There are many hyp...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
computed easily in terms of the variables in the original space, by defining them in terms of a kernel function k ( x , y ) {\displaystyle k(x,y)} selected to suit the problem. The hyperplanes in the higher-dimensional space are defined as the set of points whose dot product with a vector in that space is constant, whe...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
and hypertext categorization, as their application can significantly reduce the need for labeled training instances in both the standard inductive and transductive settings. Some methods for shallow semantic parsing are based on support vector machines. Classification of images can also be performed using SVMs. Experim...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
n , y n ) , {\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} _{1},y_{1}),\ldots ,(\mathbf {x} _{n},y_{n}),} where the y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} are either 1 or −1, each indicating the class to which the point x i {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}} belongs. Each x i {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}} is a p {\displaystyle p} -dimensional real v...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
between them. With a normalized or standardized dataset, these hyperplanes can be described by the equations w T x − b = 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {x} -b=1} (anything on or above this boundary is of one class, with label 1) and w T x − b = − 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {x...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
determine the final classifier, x ↦ sgn ⁡ ( w T x − b ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} \mapsto \operatorname {sgn}(\mathbf {w} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {x} -b)} , where sgn ⁡ ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {sgn}(\cdot )} is the sign function. An important consequence of this geometric description is that the max-margin hy...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
side of the margin (Note we can add a weight to either term in the equation above). By deconstructing the hinge loss, this optimization problem can be formulated into the following: minimize w , b , ζ ‖ w ‖ 2 2 + C ∑ i = 1 n ζ i subject to y i ( w ⊤ x i − b ) ≥ 1 − ζ i , ζ i ≥ 0 ∀ i ∈ { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle {\beg...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
x j ) = ( x i ⋅ x j ) d {\displaystyle k(\mathbf {x} _{i},\mathbf {x} _{j})=(\mathbf {x} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {x} _{j})^{d}} . Particularly, when d = 1 {\displaystyle d=1} , this becomes the linear kernel. Polynomial (inhomogeneous): k ( x i , x j ) = ( x i ⋅ x j + r ) d {\displaystyle k(\mathbf {x} _{i},\mathbf {x} _{j})...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
i y i k ( x i , x ) {\textstyle \mathbf {w} \cdot \varphi (\mathbf {x} )=\sum _{i}\alpha _{i}y_{i}k(\mathbf {x} _{i},\mathbf {x} )} . == Computing the SVM classifier == Computing the (soft-margin) SVM classifier amounts to minimizing an expression of the form We focus on the soft-margin classifier since, as noted above...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
Lagrangian dual of the above problem, one obtains the simplified problem maximize f ( c 1 … c n ) = ∑ i = 1 n c i − 1 2 ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n y i c i ( x i T x j ) y j c j , subject to ∑ i = 1 n c i y i = 0 , and 0 ≤ c i ≤ 1 2 n λ for all i . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{maximize}}\,\,f(c_{1}\ldots c_{n})=\sum ...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
{x} _{i}-y_{i}.} (Note that y i − 1 = y i {\displaystyle y_{i}^{-1}=y_{i}} since y i = ± 1 {\displaystyle y_{i}=\pm 1} .) === Kernel trick === Suppose now that we would like to learn a nonlinear classification rule which corresponds to a linear classification rule for the transformed data points φ ( x i ) . {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }
}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}y_{i}&=0,\,{\text{and }}0\leq c_{i}\leq {\frac {1}{2n\lambda }}\;{\text{for all }}i.\end{aligned}}} The coefficients c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} can be solved for using quadratic programming, as before. Again, we can find some index i {\displaystyle i} such that 0 < c i < ( 2 n λ ) − 1 {\displaystyl...	{ "page_id": 65309, "title": "Support vector machine" }

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