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The theory of impetus, developed in the Middle Ages, attempts to explain the forced motion of a body, what it is, and how it comes about or ceases. It is important to note that in ancient and medieval times, motion was always considered absolute, relative to the Earth as the center of the universe. The theory of impetu...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
move itself relative to another reference frame. For example, the speed of a bird flying relative to the earth is completely different than if you look at it from a moving car. Second, the observed speed of a body that is not subject to an external force never changes, regardless of who is observing it. The permanent s...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
principles of change that govern all natural bodies, both living and inanimate, celestial and terrestrial – including all motion, quantitative change, qualitative change, and substantial change. Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of a thrown stone, in Physics (254b10)...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
theory == In the 6th century, John Philoponus partly accepted Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force," but modified it to include his idea that the hurled body acquires a motive power or inclination for forced movement from the agent producing the initial motion and that ...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
he rightly says that the driving quality is no longer imparted externally but has become an internal property of the body, he still accepts the Aristotelian assertion that the driving quality is a force (power) that now acts internally and to which velocity is proportional. In modern physics since Newton, however, velo...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
projectile that gradually passes away and is consumed by the movement it generates. It is a form that is "not simply permanent, nor simply fluent, but almost medial", staying for some time in the body, but then fading away. This is different from Buridan's impetus (see below), which is a permanent state (res permanens)...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
Jean Buridan, who may have been influenced by Ibn Sina. == Arabic theories == In the 12th century, Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi adopted Philoponus' theory of impetus. In his Kitab al-Mu'tabar, Abu'l-Barakat stated that the mover imparts a violent inclination (mayl qasri) on the moved and that this diminishes ...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
move it in the opposite direction to the motion caused by the impetus, the latter will weaken all the time. Therefore the motion of the stone will be gradually slower, and finally the impetus is so diminished or destroyed that the gravity of the stone prevails and moves the stone towards its natural place. In my opinio...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
of its application to rotary motion in the form of a rotating millwheel that continues rotating for a long time after the originally propelling hand is withdrawn, driven by the impetus impressed within it. He wrote on the celestial impetus of the spheres as follows: God, when He created the world, moved each of the cel...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
the heavens are moved by inanimate inherent mechanical forces, Buridan's pupil Oresme offered an alternative Thomist inertial response to this problem. His response was to posit a resistance to motion inherent in the heavens (i.e. in the spheres), but which is only a resistance to acceleration beyond their natural spee...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
upwards by the gravitationally created impetus it had continually accumulated in falling to the centre. This impetus would require a violent motion correspondingly rising to the same height past the centre for the now opposing force of gravity to destroy it all in the same distance which it had previously required to c...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
relation to the horizontal rather than to the vertical. The orthodox Aristotelians saw pendulum motion as a dynamical anomaly, as 'falling to rest with difficulty.' Thomas Kuhn wrote in his 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions on the impetus theory's novel analysis it was not falling with any dynamical difficul...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
would be logically possible for it to pass beyond the centre if upon reaching the centre some of the constantly decaying downward impetus remained and still was sufficiently stronger than gravity to push it beyond the centre and upwards again, eventually becoming weaker than gravity. The ball would then be pulled back ...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
the equivalent of pulling the cannonball to the Earth's surface and then releasing it. Thus the musical string vibrated in a continual cycle of the alternating creation of impetus towards the normal and its destruction after passing through the normal until this process starts again with the creation of fresh 'downward...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
Mechanics. Drabkin & Drake. Galilei, Galileo (1953). Dialogo. Translated by Stillman Drake. University of California Press. Galilei, Galileo (1974). Discorsi. Translated by Stillman Drake. Grant, Edward (1996). The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56137-X. Hentsch...	{ "page_id": 12320384, "title": "Theory of impetus" }
A recuperative multi-tube cooler is a rotary drum cooler used for continuous processes in chemical engineering. == Construction == Recuperative multi-tube coolers essentially exist of a turning rotor which is mostly driven via chain. At the ends of the rotor are stiff cases for product feed and outlet. The rotor is sup...	{ "page_id": 23133830, "title": "Recuperative multi-tube cooler" }
is used as preheated supply of combustion air in the kilns. The consumption of primary energy can be reduced seriously. The coolers are mostly used in the pigment industry, e.g. for cooling of titandioxide pigments after calcination. The entry temperatures of the products can reach up to 1000 °C. == External links == P...	{ "page_id": 23133830, "title": "Recuperative multi-tube cooler" }
In theoretical physics, shape dynamics is a theory of gravity that implements Mach's principle, developed with the specific goal to obviate the problem of time and thereby open a new path toward the resolution of incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum mechanics. Shape dynamics is dynamically equivalen...	{ "page_id": 36241033, "title": "Shape dynamics" }
Sean Gryb and Tim Koslowski who drew on the work of Barbour and his collaborators to describe gravity in a fully relational manner as the evolution of the conformal geometry of space. == Relation with general relativity == Shape dynamics possesses the same dynamics as general relativity, but has different gauge orbits....	{ "page_id": 36241033, "title": "Shape dynamics" }
Shape Dynamics Tutorial". arXiv:1409.0105 [gr-qc]. Mach's principle == References ==	{ "page_id": 36241033, "title": "Shape dynamics" }
Kallidin belongs to the family kinins, which are the peptide hormones. Kallidin is a decapeptide whose sequence is H-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH. It can be converted to bradykinin by the aminopeptidase enzyme. == Effects of Kinins == Kallidin is a bioactive kinin peptide formed in response to injury from...	{ "page_id": 5832331, "title": "Kallidin" }
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations 2005 is the 2005 version of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (which is informally called the Red Book). It is a collection of rules for naming inorganic compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). == Summary ==...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
is loosely based on electronegativity. The recommendations still use the terms electropositive and electronegative to refer to an element's relative position in this list. A simple rule of thumb ignoring lanthanides and actinides is: for two elements in different groups—then the element in the higher numbered group has...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
followed by Group 2 in atomic number sequence i.e. Be–Ra followed by Group 1 (excluding H) in atomic number sequence i.e. Li–Fr followed by Group 18 in atomic number sequence i.e. He–Og == Determining the nomenclature to use == Note "treat separately" means to use the decision table on each component == Element names =...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
Binary compounds === In binary compounds the more electropositive element is placed first in the formula. The formal list is used. The name of the most electronegative element is modified to end in -ide and the more electropositive elements name is left unchanged. Taking the binary compound of sodium and chlorine: chlo...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
for H3O+) ==== Anions ==== Monatomic anions are named as the element modified with an -ide ending. The charge follows in brackets, (optional for 1−) e.g.: Cl− chloride(1−) or chloride S2− sulfide(2−) Some elements take their Latin name as the root e.g silver, Ag, argentide copper, Cu, cupride iron, Fe, ferride tin, Sn,...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
open to debate. == Substitutive nomenclature == This naming method generally follows established IUPAC organic nomenclature. Hydrides of the main group elements (groups 13–17) are given -ane base names, e.g. borane, BH3. Acceptable alternative names for some of the parent hydrides are water rather than oxidane and ammo...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
atoms using the μ symbol. == Main group organometallic compounds == Use of substitutive nomenclature is recommended for group 13–16 main group organometallic compounds. Examples are: AlH2Me named methylalumane BiI2Ph named diiodo(phenyl)bismuthane For organometallic compounds of groups 1–2 can use additive (indicating ...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
"nitrosyl" === Examples of ligand names === === Sequence and position of ligands and central atoms === Ligands are ordered alphabetically by name and precede the central atom name. The number of ligands coordinating is indicated by the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- penta- etc. for simple ligands or bis-, tris-, tetrakis-,...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
in different modes of bridging, the multiple bridging is listed in decreasing order of complexity, e.g. μ3 bridging before μ2 bridging. === Kappa, κ, convention === The kappa convention is used to specify which ligand atoms are bonding to the central atom and in polynuclear species which atoms, both bridged and unbridg...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
the central atom numbers precede the kappa symbol, and numerical superscript specifies the number of ligations and this is followed by the atomic symbol. Multiple occurrences are separated by commas. Examples: di-μ-chlorido-tetrachlorido-1κ2Cl,2κ2Cl-dialuminium, (aluminium trichloride). tetrachlorido-1κ2Cl,2κ2Cl specif...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
zinc, cadmium and mercury). === Metallocenes === Following on from ferrocene—the first sandwich compound with a central Fe atom coordinated to two parallel cyclopentadienyl rings—names for compounds with similar structures such as osmocene and vanadocene are in common usage. The recommendation is that the name-ending o...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
from the compositional naming method (hydrogen sulfide) as in hydrogen naming there is NO space between the electropositive and electronegative components. This method gives no structural information regarding the position of the hydrons (hydrogen atoms). If this information is to be conveyed then the additive name sho...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
element the Pearson symbol may be used. The use of Strukturbericht (e.g. A1 etc) or Greek letters is not acceptable. The Pearson symbol may be followed by the space group and the prototype formula. Examples are: carbon(cF 8 ), diamond RuAl(CP22, Pm3m)(CsCl type) == Polymorphism == It is recommended that polymorphs are ...	{ "page_id": 16645774, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005" }
Thorium iodide may refer to: Thorium(II) iodide (thorium diiodide), ThI2 Thorium(III) iodide (thorium triiodide), ThI3 Thorium(IV) iodide (thorium tetraiodide), ThI4	{ "page_id": 79494799, "title": "Thorium iodide" }
Hydrolyzed protein is a solution derived from the hydrolysis of a protein into its component amino acids and/or peptides. Hydrolyzing down to the amino acid level is most commonly achieved using prolonged heating with hydrochloric acid. Hydrolyzing down to the peptide level can be achieved with an enzyme such as pancre...	{ "page_id": 1965712, "title": "Hydrolyzed protein" }
avoided by hydrolyzing the proteins into smaller components. Hydrolyzed protein is therefore used in specially formulated hypoallergenic pet foods. Partially hydrolyzed protein may also increase the development of immune tolerance. The increased protein digestibility is also potentially useful for pets with digestive i...	{ "page_id": 1965712, "title": "Hydrolyzed protein" }
an allergic response. === Osmolarity === Hydrolyzed protein has higher osmolarity than the original protein. As a result, it could make the food act more like a hyperosmotic laxative and lead to diarrhea. Infant formulas with hydrolyzed protein has been blamed for causing diarrhea. Dogs and adult humans do not appear t...	{ "page_id": 1965712, "title": "Hydrolyzed protein" }
Helen Sarah Freedhoff (January 9, 1940 – June 10, 2017) was a Canadian theoretical physicist who studied the interaction of light with atoms. She gained her doctorate at the University of Toronto in 1965 and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Imperial College in London. Freedhoff was the first woman appointed as a ...	{ "page_id": 54328979, "title": "Helen Freedhoff" }
an advantage to stand out. Freedhoff had summer jobs in Harold Johns' biophysics lab. Johns was a pioneer of medical biophysics, developing cobalt radiation therapy for cancer in the 1940s. Although she enjoyed her time there, and was interested in the work Harry Welsh was doing on lasers, laboratory work was not her f...	{ "page_id": 54328979, "title": "Helen Freedhoff" }
physics at that time. Other than a sabbatical year at the Department of Physics of Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa from 1986, Freedhoff remained at York University until her retirement in 2005, having published over 40 research papers. She also collaborated with physicists in Australia, which led ...	{ "page_id": 54328979, "title": "Helen Freedhoff" }
X-Rays and Gamma Rays with Primary HVL's from 1.25 mm Cu to 11 mm Pb. Radiation Research, 19 (4): 606-620. Helen Freedhoff, J. Van Kranendonk (1967). Theory of coherent resonant absorption and emission at infrared and optical frequencies. Can. J. Physics, 45(5): 1833-1859. Helen S. Freedhoff (1979). Collective atomic e...	{ "page_id": 54328979, "title": "Helen Freedhoff" }
The Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics was founded in 2000 to promote medical physics in the Asia and Oceania regions, through the advancement in status and standard of practice of the medical physics profession. It is one of the regional groups within the International Organization for Medica...	{ "page_id": 25493140, "title": "Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics" }
Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution is a 2000 book by the American cell biologist and Roman Catholic Kenneth R. Miller wherein he argues that evolution does not contradict religious faith. Miller argues that evolution occurred, that Earth is not young, that science mus...	{ "page_id": 7667356, "title": "Finding Darwin's God" }
Edna Carter was an American Physicist born in High Cliff, Wisconsin and was born on January 28, 1872, and passed away on May 14, 1963, at the age of 91. Carter graduated from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1894. Carter was known for her contributions to X-ray research. Carter’s work on the properties of X-...	{ "page_id": 78511775, "title": "Edna Carter" }
In 1896, Carter joined Vassar College as a Physics assistant. After two years there, she continued her career at The University of Chicago, studying alongside Albert A. Michelson and Nobel Prize winner Robert Andrews Millikan, two renowned American physicists. In 1899, for around 5 years, she went back to Oshkosh, Wisc...	{ "page_id": 78511775, "title": "Edna Carter" }
In geology, solid-state recrystallization is a metamorphic process that occurs under high temperatures and pressures where atoms of minerals are reorganized by diffusion and/or dislocation glide. During this process, the physical structure of the minerals is altered while the composition remains unchanged. This is in c...	{ "page_id": 23658144, "title": "Recrystallization (geology)" }
Applying line voltage across a pickled cucumber causes it to glow. A moist pickle contains salt as a result of the pickling process, which allows it to conduct electricity. Sodium (or other) ions within the pickle emit light as a result of atomic electron transitions, although it is not clear why the luminescence occur...	{ "page_id": 55967394, "title": "Glowing pickle demonstration" }
Marcelle Soares-Santos is a Brazilian physicist who works as associate professor of Physics and Experimental Cosmology and Astrophysics formerly at the University of Michigan and Brandeis University and now a full professor the University of Zürich. == Biography == Marcelle was born in Vitória, Brazil, in 1983. Two yea...	{ "page_id": 66387619, "title": "Marcelle Soares-Santos" }
Soares-Santos on 12 March 2021, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives	{ "page_id": 66387619, "title": "Marcelle Soares-Santos" }
Synlett is an international scientific journal for accounts and rapid communications of original contributions of fundamental research in synthetic organic chemistry. The impact factor of this journal is 2.419 (2017). Nature featured a brief piece by the editor-in-chief of the journal in 2017, Benjamin List, where he d...	{ "page_id": 6815397, "title": "Synlett" }
Reverberation mapping (or Echo mapping) is an astrophysical technique for measuring the structure of the broad-line region (BLR) around a supermassive black hole at the center of an active galaxy, and thus estimating the hole's mass. It is considered a "primary" mass estimation technique, i.e., the mass is measured dir...	{ "page_id": 14941864, "title": "Reverberation mapping" }
that this delay is solely due to light travel times, the distance traveled by the light, corresponding to the radius of the broad emission-line region, can be measured. Less than 40 active galactic nuclei have been accurately mapped in this way. An alternative approach is to use an empirical correlation between RBLR an...	{ "page_id": 14941864, "title": "Reverberation mapping" }
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with G to K inclusive. It contains approximately 90 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further r...	{ "page_id": 27459241, "title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: G–K" }
A polyphenic trait is a trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype as a result of differing environmental conditions. It is therefore a special case of phenotypic plasticity. There are several types of polyphenism in animals, from having sex determined by the environment to the caste...	{ "page_id": 2686634, "title": "Polyphenism" }
cue causes the organism to develop along a separate pathway, resulting in distinct morphologies; thus, the response to the environmental cue is “all or nothing.” The nature of these environmental conditions varies greatly, and includes seasonal cues like temperature and moisture, pheromonal cues, kairomonal cues (signa...	{ "page_id": 2686634, "title": "Polyphenism" }
order to become a reproductively-active queen. This allows for control of the mating season but, like sex determination, limits the spread of the species into certain climates. In bees, royal jelly provided by worker bees causes a developing larva to become a queen. Royal jelly is only produced when the queen is aging ...	{ "page_id": 2686634, "title": "Polyphenism" }
reproductive capacity in temporary desert ponds. While the water is at a safe level, the tadpoles develop slowly on a diet of other opportunistic pond inhabitants. However, when the water level is low and desiccation is imminent, the tadpoles develop a morphology (wide mouth, strong jaw) that permits them to cannibaliz...	{ "page_id": 2686634, "title": "Polyphenism" }
proposed for the evolutionary development of polyphenisms: A mutation results in a novel, heritable trait. The trait's frequency expands in the population, creating a population on which selection can act. Pre-existing (background) genetic variation in other genes results in phenotypic differences in expression of the ...	{ "page_id": 2686634, "title": "Polyphenism" }
External links == "Seasonal Polyphenism in Butterfly Wings", article in DevBio, a companion to Developmental Biology, 9th edition, by Scott F. Gilbert	{ "page_id": 2686634, "title": "Polyphenism" }
The Petrie Prize Lecture is an award given in alternate years by the Canadian Astronomical Society to an outstanding astrophysicist. The award commemorates the contributions to astrophysical research of the Canadian astronomer Robert M. Petrie. == Prize Winners == Source: Canadian Astronomical Society 1970 Alastair G. ...	{ "page_id": 41549481, "title": "Petrie Prize Lecture" }
A comparator system, or simply comparator, in the fields of biophysics, biology, and neurology is a particular organisation of neurons. Comparators, as their name suggests, compare several inputs of internal or external information, and are important to the field of neural learning. In biological systems, comparators h...	{ "page_id": 21167788, "title": "Comparator system" }
Richard D. James (born 1952) is a mechanician and materials scientist. He is currently the Russell J. Penrose Professor and Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Minnesota. He was educated at Brown University and received his PhD from J...	{ "page_id": 327344, "title": "Richard D. James (scientist)" }
4-Anisaldehyde, or p-Anisaldehyde, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4CHO. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with a formyl and a methoxy group. It is a colorless liquid with a strong aroma. It provides sweet, floral and strong aniseed odor. Two isomers of 4-anisaldehyde are known, ortho-anisaldehyde ...	{ "page_id": 3407537, "title": "4-Anisaldehyde" }
A fuel element failure is a rupture in a nuclear reactor's fuel cladding that allows the nuclear fuel or fission products, either in the form of dissolved radioisotopes or hot particles, to enter the reactor coolant or storage water. The de facto standard nuclear fuel is uranium dioxide or a mixed uranium/plutonium dio...	{ "page_id": 1834678, "title": "Fuel element failure" }
In physics, the Rehbinder effect is the reduction in the hardness and ductility of a material, particularly metals, by a surfactant film. The effect is named for Soviet scientist Piotr Aleksandrovich Rehbinder, who first described the effect in 1928. A proposed explanation for this effect is the disruption of surface o...	{ "page_id": 32046774, "title": "Rehbinder effect" }
The fim switch in Escherichia coli is the mechanism by which the fim gene cluster, encoding Type I Pili, is transcriptionally controlled. These pili are virulence factors involved in adhesion, especially important in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The gene undergoes phase variation mediated via two recombinases and is...	{ "page_id": 46923448, "title": "Fim switch" }
Evolution window is the narrow band of the mutation step size σ, where significant progress toward the fitness/objective function's optimum was observed in evolution strategies. There are three well-known methods to adapt the mutation step size σ in evolution strategies: (1/5-th) Success Rule Self-Adaptation (for examp...	{ "page_id": 5701305, "title": "Evolution window" }
Food biodiversity is defined as "the diversity of plants, animals and other organisms used for food, covering the genetic resources within species, between species and provided by ecosystems." Food biodiversity can be considered from two main perspectives: production and consumption. From a consumption perspective, foo...	{ "page_id": 5111481, "title": "Food biodiversity" }
higher micronutrient adequacy of diets. In some cases, diverse diets have been proven to have benefits on one's health. For instance, the introduction of a wide variety of foods and food allergens during the first year of life can lead to a heightened intake of central nutrients and contribute to positive changes in th...	{ "page_id": 5111481, "title": "Food biodiversity" }
biological species in the usual diet, was negatively associated with the total mortality rate and cause-specific deaths due to cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, and digestive disease among ~450,000 adults from nine European countries. == History == Food biodiversity in the Neolithic era represented a shift fr...	{ "page_id": 5111481, "title": "Food biodiversity" }
natural ecosystems. Conversely, reliance on a narrow portfolio of crops or crop varieties can jeopardize food production systems. This is illustrated by the Great Famine of Ireland. Potatoes were introduced into Ireland from the New World in about 1600, and they became the major food source of most Irish people. The wi...	{ "page_id": 5111481, "title": "Food biodiversity" }
and ecosystem restoration. Of 91 countries 81% practice these behaviors. For example, inventory management techniques are used in determining the rate of consumption, and 78% of studies indicate that agroecological practices provide beneficial outcomes for those in low and middle-income countries. Agro-ecological pract...	{ "page_id": 5111481, "title": "Food biodiversity" }
diverse populations in natural ecosystems and in/near agricultural ecosystems maintain essential ecological functions critical for food production. Such populations contribute positively to, for example, nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter, crusted or degraded soil rehabilitation, pest and disease regulat...	{ "page_id": 5111481, "title": "Food biodiversity" }
The NK-92 cell line is an immortalised cell line that has the characteristics of a type of immune cell found in human blood called ’natural killer’ (NK) cells. Blood NK cells and NK-92 cells recognize and attack cancer cells as well as cells that have been infected with a virus, bacteria, or fungus. NK-92 cells were fi...	{ "page_id": 39124671, "title": "NK-92" }
treatment course, and given in the outpatient setting. Of the 39 patients enrolled across the three studies, 2 serious (grade 3–4) side-effects occurred during or after the infusion of NK-92 cells, the side effects disappeared afterward. The doses given to patients ranged from 1x108 cells/m2 to 1x1010 cells/m2 per infu...	{ "page_id": 39124671, "title": "NK-92" }
(HER2/ErbB2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, aka HER1); and many of these engineered NK-92 cells are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. == NK-92 variants == NK-92 cells, which require interleukin-2 (IL-2) for growth, have also been genetically altered with an IL-2 gene to allow them t...	{ "page_id": 39124671, "title": "NK-92" }
years later: its impact on natural killer cell research and treatment of cancer." == Ownership and Licenses == Global rights to the NK-92 cell line were assigned to ImmunityBio Inc. (formerly NantKwest, Inc.). ImmunityBio's only authorized NK-92 distributor is Brink Biologics, Inc. (San Diego), which makes NK-92 cells ...	{ "page_id": 39124671, "title": "NK-92" }
The Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS), was a weak focusing 12.5 GeV proton accelerator that operated at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois from 1964 to 1979. It enabled pioneering experiments in particle physics, in the areas of quark model tests; neutrino physics (observation of neutrino interaction in its 12 f...	{ "page_id": 48692933, "title": "Zero Gradient Synchrotron" }
Beau's lines are deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail or the toenail. They may look like indentations or ridges in the nail plate.: 657 This condition of the nail was named by a French physician, Joseph Honoré Simon Beau (1806–1865), who first described it in 1846. == Signs and symptoms == Be...	{ "page_id": 1965767, "title": "Beau's lines" }
drugs used in chemotherapy, or malnutrition. Beau's lines can also be seen one to two months after the onset of fever in children with Kawasaki disease. Conditions also associated with Beau's lines include uncontrolled diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, as well as illnesses associated with a high fever, such as ...	{ "page_id": 1965767, "title": "Beau's lines" }
Sexual maturity is the capability of an organism to reproduce. In humans, it is related to both puberty and adulthood. Puberty is the biological process of sexual maturation, while adulthood, the condition of being socially recognized as an independent person capable of giving consent and taking responsibility, general...	{ "page_id": 589516, "title": "Sexual maturity" }
even change their sex. Some organisms are hermaphrodites and may or may not be able to "completely" mature and/or to produce viable offspring. Also, while in many organisms sexual maturity is strongly linked to age, many other factors are involved, and it is possible for some to display most or all of the characteristi...	{ "page_id": 589516, "title": "Sexual maturity" }
Diseases, both real and fictional, play a significant role in fiction, with certain diseases like Huntington's disease and tuberculosis appearing in many books and films. Pandemic plagues threatening all human life, such as The Andromeda Strain, are among the many fictional diseases described in literature and film. ==...	{ "page_id": 57999053, "title": "Disease in fiction" }
of the protagonist with the disease. == Fictional diseases == Diseases, especially if infectious, have long been popular themes and plot devices in fiction. Daniel Defoe's pioneering 1722 A Journal of the Plague Year is a fictional diary of a man's life during the plague year of 1665 in England. Mary Shelley's 1826 The...	{ "page_id": 57999053, "title": "Disease in fiction" }
IGRhCellID is a database of cell lines using some common tools to reduce cell lines misidentification. == See also == Cell line == References == == External links == http://igrcid.ibms.sinica.edu.tw	{ "page_id": 31522508, "title": "IGRhCellID" }
Caroline Thomas Rumbold (July 22, 1877 – November 7, 1949) was an American botanist. She specialized in forest pathology. Her researches focused on “fungus diseases of trees and blue stain fungi of wood.” == Biography == Born on July 22, 1877, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, Caroline Thomas Rumbold was the daugh...	{ "page_id": 72089297, "title": "Caroline Thomas Rumbold" }
In the recent past the problem of removing the deleterious iron particles from a process stream had a few alternatives. Magnetic separation was typically limited and moderately effective. Magnetic separators that used permanent magnets could generate fields of low intensity only. These worked well in removing ferrous t...	{ "page_id": 11796179, "title": "High-intensity magnetic separator" }
One of the marine ecosystems found in the U.S Virgin Islands are the coral reefs. These coral reefs can be located between the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. These coral reefs have an area of 297.9 km2, along with other marine habitats that are in between. The way these coral reefs grow are by coral la...	{ "page_id": 53739222, "title": "Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands" }
St. John. More specifically based on a survey from 2001-2006, listed are a total of 215 fishes from St. John and 202 from St. Croix. Four species of sea turtles are found within the Virgin Islands. The coral reefs are impacted by freshwater environments from the Amazon and Orinoco River in the form of anticyclonic ring...	{ "page_id": 53739222, "title": "Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands" }
dispose unwanted items on beaches, in the sea or near water pathways. Overfishing and destructive fishing methods: the coral reefs have been heavily fished due to increasing demand for food. Overfishing of important reef species negatively impact the coral reefs’ biodiversity and ecological. Additionally, some destruct...	{ "page_id": 53739222, "title": "Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands" }
Phenomics is the systematic study of traits that make up an organisms phenotype, which changes over time, due to development and aging or through metamorphosis such as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly. The term "phenomics" was coined by scientist Steven A. Garan, working at UC Berkeley and LBNL. As such, it ...	{ "page_id": 4062934, "title": "Phenomics" }
of computer vision methods exist to analyze 2D and 3D imaging data of plants. These methods are available to the community in various implementations, ranging from end-user ready cyber-platforms in the cloud such as DIRT and PlantIt to programming frameworks for software developers such as PlantCV. Many research groups...	{ "page_id": 4062934, "title": "Phenomics" }
Electronarcosis, also called electric stunning or electrostunning, is a profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain. Electronarcosis may be used as a form of electrotherapy in treating certain mental illnesses in humans, or may be used to render livestock unconscious prior to slaughter. ==...	{ "page_id": 57147096, "title": "Electronarcosis" }
recover. Studies have been used to determine optimal parameters for effective electronarcosis. == See also == Electrical stunning Louise G. Rabinovitch Used electricity on patients as an analgesic. Electro-immobilisation == References ==	{ "page_id": 57147096, "title": "Electronarcosis" }
The Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS), formerly Ocean Biogeographic Information System, is a web-based access point to information about the distribution and abundance of living species in the ocean. It was developed as the information management component of the ten year Census of Marine Life (CoML) (2001-2...	{ "page_id": 64159451, "title": "Ocean Biodiversity Information System" }
global portal for OBIS. Also in 2001, an OBIS International Committee was formed and its first meeting was held in August 2001. The production version of the OBIS Portal was launched at Rutgers University in 2002 as the web site http://www.iobis.org, serving 430,000 species-based georeferenced data records from 8 partn...	{ "page_id": 64159451, "title": "Ocean Biodiversity Information System" }
of Marine Species and IRMNG, the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera, both of which feed into taxonomic decisions used to control the display of species-based information in OBIS and also provide the taxonomic hierarchy via which OBIS content can be navigated. OBIS is currently under the direction of IODE w...	{ "page_id": 64159451, "title": "Ocean Biodiversity Information System" }
and flexible presentation of search results along with a number of new search options. In April 2018, funding was announced to develop a new "2.0" version of OBIS with improved capabilities., and is released on 29 January 2019. The website URL changed from iobis.org to obis.org. == Regional OBIS nodes == Over the perio...	{ "page_id": 64159451, "title": "Ocean Biodiversity Information System" }
United States of America Hosted by United States Geological Survey (USGS). Managed by Abby Benson. == See also == Census of Marine Life World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) == Selected publications about OBIS == Grassle, J.F. and Stocks, K.I., 1999. A Global Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) for the Cen...	{ "page_id": 64159451, "title": "Ocean Biodiversity Information System" }

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