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apparently stable adhesion between dendrites. Combined, these results support a simple model for a direct role for Dscam in self-recognition in which identical Dscam ectodomains on the surfaces of isoneuronal dendrites recognize each other and induce a subsequent repulsive signal that is mediated by domains in the cyto...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
for discriminating between self and non-self neurites To test whether sister branch segregation requires neighboring mushroom body axons to express different sets of Dscam isoforms, Hattori et al. (2009) reduced the entire repertoire of Dscam ectodomains to just a single isoform using homologous recombination and exami...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
different da neurons are likely to be different, dendrites of different da neurons do not inappropriately recognize non-self as self. Thus, Dscam1 proteins are required for self-avoidance and provide the molecular code by which neurites discriminate between self-dendrites and those of neighboring cells (Figure 7). == V...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
same type. Instead, DSCAM acts to negate cell-type-specific interactions that are promoted by other recognition molecules. === Protocadherin === More recent studies demonstrated that mice use a different family of cell recognition molecules: clustered Protocadherins (Pcdhs), in a fly Dscam1-like strategy to regulate se...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
overlap between them. Their results indicate that diversity appears to underlie self/non-self discrimination, presumably because neighboring neurons are unlikely to express the same isoforms and are therefore free to interact. Therefore, isoform diversity enables SACs to distinguish isoneuronal from heteroneuronal dend...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
A monoxide is any oxide containing only one atom of oxygen. A well known monoxide is carbon monoxide; see carbon monoxide poisoning. The prefix mono (Greek for "one") is used in chemical nomenclature. In proper nomenclature, the prefix is not always used in compounds with one oxygen atom. Generally, when the oxygen is ...	{ "page_id": 6684233, "title": "Monoxide" }
Virginia Carter (18 November 1936 – 17 October 2024) was a Canadian-born physicist and entertainment executive. == Life and career == Carter was born in Arvida, Quebec on 18 November 1936. She studied math and physics at McGill University and graduated magna cum laude in 1958. She then earned a master's degree from the...	{ "page_id": 43122247, "title": "Virginia Carter" }
in 2002. She also worked with the Population Media Center. Carter died in Redondo Beach, California on 17 October 2024, at the age of 87. == References == == Further reading == Virginia Carter, Veteran Feminists of America Alley, Robert S.; Brown, Irby B. (2001). "Virginia Carter". Women Television Producers: Transform...	{ "page_id": 43122247, "title": "Virginia Carter" }
Quantum non-equilibrium is a concept within stochastic formulations of the De Broglie–Bohm theory of quantum physics. == Overview == In quantum mechanics, the Born rule states that the probability density of finding a system in a given state, when measured, is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the system's...	{ "page_id": 33357388, "title": "Quantum non-equilibrium" }
the Born rule a priori, does not foresee the existence of quantum non-equilibrium states at all.) That is, properties of quantum non-equilibrium can make certain classes of Bohmian theories falsifiable according to the criterion of Karl Popper. In practice, when performing Bohmian mechanics computations in quantum chem...	{ "page_id": 33357388, "title": "Quantum non-equilibrium" }
) \| 2 {\displaystyle \rho (X,t)\to \|\psi (X,t)\|^{2}} may be accounted for by an H-theorem constructed in analogy to the Boltzmann H-theorem of statistical mechanics. Valentini's derivation of the quantum equilibrium hypothesis was criticized by Detlef Dürr and co-workers in 1992, and the derivation of the quantum equil...	{ "page_id": 33357388, "title": "Quantum non-equilibrium" }
no. 5, 1991 Craig Callender: The emergence and interpretation of probability in Bohmian mechanics [1] (slightly longer and uncorrected version of the paper published in Studies in History and Philosophy of modern Physics 38 (2007), 351–370) Detlef Dürr et al.: Quantum equilibrium and the origin of absolute uncertainty,...	{ "page_id": 33357388, "title": "Quantum non-equilibrium" }
The molecular formula C2H3FO (molar mass: 62.04 g/mol, exact mass: 62.0179 u) may refer to: Acetyl fluoride Fluoroacetaldehyde	{ "page_id": 34995789, "title": "C2H3FO" }
The dopamine hypothesis of stuttering attributes to the phenomenon of stuttering a hyperactive and disturbed dopaminergic signal transduction in the brain. The theory is derived from observations in medical neuroimaging and from the empirical response of some antipsychotics and their antagonistic effects on the dopamin...	{ "page_id": 61210191, "title": "Dopamine hypothesis of stuttering" }
conducted before the full extent of the risks of using neuroleptics was appreciated; the extrapyramidal symptoms and the possible permanent tardive dyskinea that could result now qualify the drug as dangerous and possibly disproportionate in the treatment of stuttering. Taking into account Haloperidol's mechanism of ac...	{ "page_id": 61210191, "title": "Dopamine hypothesis of stuttering" }
under emotional stress. The treatment of tic disorders in children has been efficient with the administration of aripiprazole, namely single or multiple motor or vocal tics, alluding to similar mechanisms the disorder share with stuttering. Given that these other two conditions seem to respond to the same drug and give...	{ "page_id": 61210191, "title": "Dopamine hypothesis of stuttering" }
Subtribe is a taxonomic category ranking which is below the rank of tribe and above genus. The standard suffix for a subtribe is -ina (in animals) or -inae (in plants). The early use of this word is from 19th century. An example of a subtribe is Hyptidinae, a group of flowering plants that contains approximately 400 ac...	{ "page_id": 2227794, "title": "Subtribe" }
Pyrrole–imidazole polyamides (PIPs) are a class of polyamides have the ability to bind to minor grooves found in the DNA helix. Scientists are experimenting with it as a drug-delivery mode that can switch genes on and off, as well as epigenetic modification in gene therapy. == References ==	{ "page_id": 63241811, "title": "Pyrrole–imidazole polyamides" }
Phylostratum is a set of genes from an organism that coalesce to founder genes having common phylogenetic origin. This term was coined by Domazet and Tautz to describe the gene origination. == References ==	{ "page_id": 13106778, "title": "Phylostratum" }
Flux-corrected transport (FCT) is a conservative shock-capturing scheme for solving Euler equations and other hyperbolic equations which occur in gas dynamics, aerodynamics, and magnetohydrodynamics. It is especially useful for solving problems involving shock or contact discontinuities. An FCT algorithm consists of tw...	{ "page_id": 9502303, "title": "Flux-corrected transport" }
PCLake is a dynamic, mathematical model used to study eutrophication effects in shallow lakes and ponds. PCLake models explicitly the most important biotic groups and their interrelations, within the general framework of nutrient cycles. PCLake is used both by scientist and water managers. PCLake is in 2019 extended to...	{ "page_id": 34995809, "title": "PCLake" }
depth or fetch length. Also the potential effects of climate warming for shallow lakes have been studied. On the other hand, PCLake is applied by lake water resource managers that consider the turbid state as undesirable. They can use the model to define the critical loadings for their specific lakes and evaluate the e...	{ "page_id": 34995809, "title": "PCLake" }
and vegetation data on more than 40 European (but mainly Dutch) lakes, and systematic sensitivity and uncertainty analysis have been performed. Although PCLake is primarily used for Dutch lakes, it is likely that the model is also applicable to comparable non-stratifying lakes in other regions, if parameters are adjust...	{ "page_id": 34995809, "title": "PCLake" }
The hexatic phase is a state of matter that is between the solid and the isotropic liquid phases in two dimensional systems of particles. It is characterized by two order parameters: a short-range positional and a quasi-long-range orientational (sixfold) order. More generally, a hexatic is any phase that contains sixfo...	{ "page_id": 19398243, "title": "Hexatic phase" }
the translational order can be determined with the translational correlation function G G → ( R → ) {\displaystyle G_{\vec {G}}({\vec {R}})} as function of the distance between lattice site at place R → {\displaystyle {\vec {R}}} and the place 0 → {\displaystyle {\vec {0}}} , based on the two-dimensional density functi...	{ "page_id": 19398243, "title": "Hexatic phase" }
any more. === Orientational order === The orientational order can be determined by the local director field of a particle at place r → i {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}} , if the angles θ i j {\displaystyle \theta _{ij}} are taken, given by the bond to the N i {\displaystyle N_{i}} nearest neighbours in sixfolded space, ...	{ "page_id": 19398243, "title": "Hexatic phase" }
against local torsion is arbitrarily large, Franks's constant is infinity. In the hexatic phase, the correlation decays with a power law (algebraic). This gives straight lines in a log-log-plot, shown in green in the Figure. In the isotropic phase, the correlations decay exponentially fast, this are the red curved line...	{ "page_id": 19398243, "title": "Hexatic phase" }
1979). "Melting and the vector Coulomb gas in two dimensions". Physical Review B. 19 (4): 1855–1866. Bibcode:1979PhRvB..19.1855Y. doi:10.1103/physrevb.19.1855. ISSN 0163-1829. Jaster, A. (2004). "The hexatic phase of the two-dimensional hard disk system". Physics Letters A. 330 (1–2): 120–125. arXiv:cond-mat/0305239. B...	{ "page_id": 19398243, "title": "Hexatic phase" }
A gas cylinder is a pressure vessel for storage and containment of gases at above atmospheric pressure. Gas storage cylinders may also be called bottles. Inside the cylinder the stored contents may be in a state of compressed gas, vapor over liquid, supercritical fluid, or dissolved in a substrate material, depending o...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
liquefied petroleum gas in the United States is known generically in the United Kingdom as "LPG" and it may be ordered by using one of several trade names, or specifically as butane or propane, depending on the required heat output. The term cylinder in this context is sometimes confused with tank, the latter being an ...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
side, and a separate inlet opening for filling. Foot ring – A permanently attached ring fitted to the base on which the cylinder can stand. Valve guard – A fitting (cap or collar) screwed or clamped to the shoulder, defending the valve from impact during transport, and in some cases, when in use. Permanent markings – I...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
to transport them as a group. Cascade – A bank when used in cascade. Quad or bundle, also occasionally gas pack or gas battery – A bank of high pressure gas storage cylinders, typically mounted upright on a rectangular frame for transport, and manifolded together. A pallet is a similar appearing group of cylinders on a...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
very light, but are more expensive to manufacture. Filament wound composite cylinders are used in fire fighting breathing apparatus, high altitude climbing, and oxygen first aid equipment because of their low weight, but are rarely used for diving, due to their high positive buoyancy. They are occasionally used when po...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
on a level surface, but some were manufactured with domed bottoms. Aluminum cylinders are usually manufactured by cold extrusion of aluminum billets in a process which first presses the walls and base, then trims the top edge of the cylinder walls, followed by press forming the shoulder and neck. The final structural p...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
cylinders may be fitted with a press-fitted foot ring to allow upright standing. Steel alloys used for gas cylinder manufacture are authorised by the manufacturing standard. For example, the US standard DOT 3AA requires the use of open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform quality. Approved alloys include ...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
to close both ends by the hot spinning process. This method is particularly suited to high pressure gas storage tubes, which usually have a threaded neck opening at both ends, so that both ends are processed alike. When a neck opening is only required at one end, the base is spun first and dressed inside for a uniform ...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
only carry about half the load, mainly the axial load. Hoop winding is at an angle to the length axis of close to 90°, so the fibres carry negligible axial load. ==== Type 3 fully wrapped thin metal liner ==== Type 3 is wrapped over the entire cylinder except for the neck, and the metal liner is mainly to make the cyli...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
for corrosion resistance, and provides an economical product. The components of the shell are usually domed ends, and often a rolled cylindrical centre section. The ends are usually domed by cold pressing from a circular blank, and may be drawn in two or more stages to get the final shape, which is generally semi-ellip...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
for Transport (DfT). For Canada, this authority is Transport Canada (TC). Cylinders may have additional requirements placed on design and or performance from independent testing agencies such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Each manufacturer of high-pressure cylinders is required to have an independent quality agent...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
application. A tapered thread provides simple assembly, but requires high torque for establishing a reliable seal, which causes high radial forces in the neck, and has a limited number of times it can be used before it is excessively deformed. This can be extended a bit by always returning the same fitting to the same ...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
and valve, and the material must be compatible with the contents and any lubricant used. === Valve === Gas cylinders usually have an angle stop valve at one end, and the cylinder is usually oriented so the valve is on top. During storage, transportation, and handling when the gas is not in use, a cap may be screwed ove...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
Safety System") connections. Medical gases may use the Pin Index Safety System to prevent incorrect connection of gases to services. In the European Union, DIN connections are more common than in the United States. In the UK, the British Standards Institution sets the standards. Included among the standards is the use ...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
pressure and are sometimes hazardous materials, handling bottled gases is regulated. Regulations may include chaining bottles to prevent falling and damaging the valve, proper ventilation to prevent injury or death in case of leaks and signage to indicate the potential hazards. If a compressed gas cylinder falls over, ...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
a small metal gasket engineered to rupture at a pre-determined pressure. Some burst discs are backed with a low-melting-point metal, so that the valve must be exposed to excessive heat before the burst disc can rupture. The Compressed Gas Association publishes a number of booklets and pamphlets on safe handling and use...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
for the design and construction of refillable transportable seamless aluminium and aluminium alloy gas cylinders of capacity from 0,5 litre up to 150 litre EN 84/526/EEC – Aluminium high pressure gas cylinder design EN 12245 – Transportable gas cylinders Fully wrapped composite cylinders ISO 11119-1 Gas cylinders — Des...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
they are mounted horizontally on mobile structures. In general usage they are often manifolded together and managed as a unit. == Gas storage banks == Groups of similar size cylinders may be mounted together and connected to a common manifold system to provide larger storage capacity than a single standard cylinder. Th...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
Transport of Dangerous Goods – United Nations Model Regulations == References == == Sources == NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 February 2001). Joiner, James T (ed.). NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceani...	{ "page_id": 1179236, "title": "Gas cylinder" }
Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries Corporation (PGPIC, Persian: شرکت صنایع پتروشیمی خلیج فارس, Sherkat-e Sanai'-ye Petrushimi-ye Xalij-e Fars) is an Iranian public holding company. it is mainly active in investment and administrating natural-gas processing plants, chemical factories, oil and polymer. It was built by...	{ "page_id": 66256490, "title": "Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries" }
An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement. The intervening sequence of nucleotides between the initial sequence and the reverse complement can be any length including zero. For example, 5'---TTACGnnnnnnCGTAA---3' is an inverted repeat sequence....	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
to assist in discovery and annotation of inverted repeats in various genomes. == Understanding inverted repeats == === Example of an inverted repeat === Beginning with this initial sequence: 5'-TTACG-3' The complement created by base pairing is: 3'-AATGC-5' The reverse complement is: 5'-CGTAA-3' And, the inverted repea...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
transposable elements, which are now understood to "jump" about different genomic locations, without transferring their original copies. Subsequent shuttling of the same sequences over numerous generations ensures their multiplicity throughout the genome. The limited recombination of the sequences between two distinct ...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
may comprise either the TAT or CGC nucleotide triads. The others could be described as long inverted repeats having the tendency to produce hairpins and cruciform, and finally direct tandem repeats, which commonly exist in structures described as slipped-loop, cruciform and left-handed Z-DNA. === Common in different or...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
to produce a single-genome-length RNA. Pseudoknots also play a role in programmed ribosomal frameshifting found in some viruses and required in the replication of retroviruses. === In riboswitches === Inverted repeats play an important role in riboswitches, which are RNA regulatory elements that control the expression ...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
Inverted repeats are often described as "hotspots" of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomic instability. Long inverted repeats are deemed to greatly influence the stability of the genome of various organisms. This is exemplified in E. coli, where genomic sequences with long inverted repeats are seldom replicated, but rath...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
the template strand to be transcribed twice. === Antithrombin deficiency from a point mutation === Imperfect inverted repeats can lead to mutations through intrastrand and interstrand switching. The antithrombin III gene's coding region is an example of an imperfect inverted repeat as shown in the figure on the right. ...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
programs and databases for inverted repeats: non-B DB A Database for Integrated Annotations and Analysis of non-B DNA Forming Motifs. This database is provided by The Advanced Biomedical Computing Center (ABCC) at then Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR). It covers the A-DNA and Z-DNA conformation...	{ "page_id": 65132, "title": "Inverted repeat" }
Longevity may refer to especially long-lived members of a population, whereas life expectancy is defined statistically as the average number of years remaining at a given age. For example, a population's life expectancy at birth is the same as the average age at death for all people born in the same year (in the case o...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
79.06 years in 2002, 81.07 years in 2010 United Kingdom: 80 years in 2002, 81.73 years in 2010 United States: 77.4 years in 2002, 78.24 years in 2010 == Long-lived individuals == The Gerontology Research Group validates current longevity records by modern standards, and maintains a list of supercentenarians; many other...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
US-Belgian-UK research database of human genetic variants these explain only a small fraction of the heritability. Lymphoblastoid cell lines established from blood samples of centenarians have significantly higher activity of the DNA repair protein PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) than cell lines from younger (20 to 7...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
frequency of fasting periods, there is no good clinical evidence that fasting promotes longevity in humans, as of 2021. Calorie restriction is a widely researched intervention to assess effects on aging, defined as a sustained reduction in dietary energy intake compared to the energy required for weight maintenance. To...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
UK (the first of its kind, but personal data from other censuses dates back to 1841 and numerical data back to 1801) found the average male life expectancy as being 44, but if infant mortality is subtracted, males who lived to adulthood averaged 75 years. The present life expectancy in the UK is 77 years for males and ...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
in association with quality of life. Faria has discussed how longevity in association with leading healthy lifestyles can lead to the postponement of senescence as well as happiness and wisdom in old age. == Naturally limited longevity == Most biological organisms have a naturally limited longevity due to aging, unlike...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging. Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity also include alchemy, such as that attributed to Nicolas Flamel. In the modern era, the Okinawa diet has some reputation of linkage to exceptionally high ages. Longevity claims may be subcategorized ...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
tetrapods, with only 4–5 months to live. By contrast, some of its relatives, such as Furcifer pardalis, have been found to live up to 6 years. There are studies about aging-related characteristics of and aging in long-lived animals like various turtles and plants like Ginkgo biloba trees. They have identified potential...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
approximately 211 years old (possibly up to 245 years old), the longest-lived mammal known. Possibly 250-million year-old bacteria, Bacillus permians, were revived from stasis after being found in sodium chloride crystals in a cavern in New Mexico. === Artificial animal longevity extension === Gene editing via CRISPR-C...	{ "page_id": 196206, "title": "Longevity" }
The molecular formula C25H26O3 (molar mass: 374.48 g/mol, exact mass: 374.1882 u) may refer to: Adarotene Estrone benzoate, or estrone 3-benzoate	{ "page_id": 57736814, "title": "C25H26O3" }
Capillariasis is a disease caused by nematodes in the genus Capillaria. The two principal forms of the disease are: Intestinal capillariasis, caused by Capillaria philippinensis Hepatic capillariasis, caused by Capillaria hepatica == References ==	{ "page_id": 24378992, "title": "Capillariasis" }
Cyclosiloxanes are a class of silicone material. They are volatile and often used as a solvent. The three main commercial varies are octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6). They evaporate and degrade in air under sunlight. == Octamethylcyclotetrasilox...	{ "page_id": 68615793, "title": "Cyclosiloxane" }
In organic chemistry, ortho acids are organic, hypothetical chemical compounds having the structure R−C(OH)3 (R = alkyl or aryl). Ortho acids themselves are unstable and cannot be isolated. However, ortho esters can be synthesized by the Pinner reaction, in which nitriles react with alcohols under acid catalysis: RCN +...	{ "page_id": 18022001, "title": "Ortho acid" }
In the history of quantum mechanics, the Bohr–Kramers–Slater (BKS) theory was perhaps the final attempt at understanding the interaction of matter and electromagnetic radiation on the basis of the so-called old quantum theory, in which quantum phenomena are treated by imposing quantum restrictions on classically descri...	{ "page_id": 16711283, "title": "BKS theory" }
his 1922 Nobel Prize lecture. So Bohr found a way of using Einstein's approach without also using the light-quantum hypothesis by reinterpreting the principles of energy and momentum conservation as statistical principles. Thus, it was in 1924 that Bohr, Hendrik Kramers and John C. Slater published a provocative descri...	{ "page_id": 16711283, "title": "BKS theory" }
that a black body had virtual oscillators and that only during interactions between light and the virtual oscillators of the body was the quantum to be considered. Max Planck said in 1911, Mr. Einstein, it would be necessary to conceive … [of] light waves themselves as atomistically constituted, and hence to give up Ma...	{ "page_id": 16711283, "title": "BKS theory" }
the problem of reconciling the existence of photons with the phenomenon of interference; The impossibility to account for conservation of energy in a process of de-excitation of an atom followed by excitation of a neighboring one. This impossibility followed from Slater's probabilistic assumption, which did not imply a...	{ "page_id": 16711283, "title": "BKS theory" }
conservation'. In any case, already after one year the BKS theory was disproved by coincidence methods studying correlations between the directions into which the emitted radiation and the recoil electron are emitted in individual scattering processes. Such experiments were carried independently, with the Bothe–Geiger ...	{ "page_id": 16711283, "title": "BKS theory" }
ray should by its own free decision choose the moment and the direction in which it wants to jump away. If so, I'd rather be a cobbler or even an employee in a gambling house than a physicist. It is true that my attempts to give the quanta palpable shape have failed again and again, but I'm not going to give up hope fo...	{ "page_id": 16711283, "title": "BKS theory" }
A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair. DNA repair defects can cause an accelerated aging disease or an increased risk of cancer, or sometimes both. == DNA repair defects and accelerated aging == DNA repair defects are seen in nearly all of the diseases descri...	{ "page_id": 5504630, "title": "DNA repair-deficiency disorder" }
cause of aging.) === Debate concerning "accelerated aging" === Some biogerontologists question that such a thing as "accelerated aging" actually exists, at least partly on the grounds that all of the so-called accelerated aging diseases are segmental progerias. Many disease conditions such as diabetes, high blood press...	{ "page_id": 5504630, "title": "DNA repair-deficiency disorder" }
BRCA - Companion Reviews and Search Terms BRCA1 - Companion Reviews and Search Terms BRCA2 - Companion Reviews and Search Terms ATM - Companion Reviews and Search Terms NBS1 - Companion Reviews and Search Terms Bloom s syndrome - Companion Reviews and Search Terms Fanconi s anemia - Companion Reviews and Search Terms W...	{ "page_id": 5504630, "title": "DNA repair-deficiency disorder" }
4'-Hydroxyisoflavone methyltransferase may refer to: Isoflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme Flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38600310, "title": "4'-Hydroxyisoflavone methyltransferase" }
Ontogenetic niche shift (abbreviated ONS) is an ecological phenomenon where an organism (usually an animal) changes its diet or habitat during its ontogeny (development). During the ontogenetic niche shifting an ecological niche of an individual changes its breadth and position. The best known representatives of taxa t...	{ "page_id": 68484730, "title": "Ontogenetic niche shift" }
almost every organism shows some kind of ontogenetic niche shift. The ONS, which is responsible for causing a noticeable phenotypic variation among individuals of the same species, plays important role in structuring communities and influencing their inside dynamics. In some cases individuals undergoing the ONS, in whi...	{ "page_id": 68484730, "title": "Ontogenetic niche shift" }
Authors of the life history theory predicted that organisms can affect the time of their ontogenetic niche shifting. While individuals living in favorable conditions would usually delay their ONS to successive ecological niche, organisms living in a niche with poor conditions typically advance to a further niche. Under...	{ "page_id": 68484730, "title": "Ontogenetic niche shift" }
Vertebrates === The ONS similar to that among insects happens in amphibian taxa, the best known being frogs, which start as an egg and then hatch into a larval stage called the tadpole. Tadpoles exhibit many differences that distinguish them from an adult stage of a frog; most species' tadpoles are aquatic, they usuall...	{ "page_id": 68484730, "title": "Ontogenetic niche shift" }
are coming closer to sexual maturity. After time they take on an isotopic niche of an adult bird. The ontogenetic niche shifting is a concept widely studied in paleontology and paleozoology. Large non-avian dinosaurs are known to have had exhibited one of the most intensive ontogenetic niche shifting, as they were hatc...	{ "page_id": 68484730, "title": "Ontogenetic niche shift" }
The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrences of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by mass fraction (in commercial contexts often called weight fraction), by mole fraction (fraction of atoms by numerical coun...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
reside. == Abundance values == Abundance of each element is expressed as a relative number. Astronomy uses a logarithmic scale for abundance ϵ X {\displaystyle \epsilon _{X}} of element X relative to hydrogen, defined by ϵ X ≡ log ⁡ ( N X / N H ) + 12.00 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{X}\equiv \log(N_{X}/N_{H})+12.00} for n...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
produced by supernovae and certain red giant stars. Lithium, beryllium, and boron, despite their low atomic number, are rare because, although they are produced by nuclear fusion, they are destroyed by other reactions in the stars. Their natural occurrence is the result of cosmic ray spallation of carbon, nitrogen and ...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, in stellar nucleosynthesis. Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughl...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are apparently uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements. As shown in the periodic ...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
of how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the estimated abundances of the chemical elements in which ...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
at 7.62. == Earth == The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the Solar System. In turn, the history of Earth led to parts of the planet having differing concentrations of the elements. The mass of the Earth...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
and estimation. Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories: rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field); rare earth elements (lanthanides (La–Lu), Sc, and Y; labeled in blue); major industrial metals (global productio...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. Oxygen and silicon...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. ...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
little to mass fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant. === Urban soils === For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils. == Human body == By mass, human cells consist o...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
from the original on 3 December 2003. == External links == List of elements in order of abundance in the Earth's crust (only correct for the twenty most common elements) Cosmic abundance of the elements and nucleosynthesis WebElements.com Lists of elemental abundances for the Universe, Sun, meteorites, Earth, ocean, st...	{ "page_id": 392828, "title": "Abundance of the chemical elements" }
Exo-α-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18, sialidase, neuraminidase; systematic name acetylneuraminyl hydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids: Hydrolysis of α-(2→3)-, α-(2→6)-, α-(2→8)- glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic acid residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glyco...	{ "page_id": 1506941, "title": "Neuraminidase" }
N1 and N2 have been positively linked to epidemics in humans, and strains with N3 or N7 subtypes have been identified in a number of isolated deaths. CAZy defines a total of 85 glycosyl hydrolase families, of which families GH34 (viral), GH33 (cellular organisms), GH58 (viral and bacterial), GH83 (viral) are major fami...	{ "page_id": 1506941, "title": "Neuraminidase" }
a pseudoboat conformation when the sialoside binds to the sialidase. The second step leads to an oxocarbocation intermediate, the sialosyl cation. The third step is the formation of Neu5Ac initially as the α-anomer, and then mutarotation and release as the more thermodynamically stable β-Neu5Ac. == Inhibitors == Neuram...	{ "page_id": 1506941, "title": "Neuraminidase" }
as NEU1 inhibitors. == See also == Glycoside hydrolase family 33 Neuraminidase inhibitors Hemagglutinin (influenza) == References == == External links == Neuraminidase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Orthomyxoviruses, Robert B. Couch, UTMB. Article includes a good clear line dra...	{ "page_id": 1506941, "title": "Neuraminidase" }

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