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to crystal field theory. == Types of orbitals == Molecular orbital (MO) theory uses a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) to represent molecular orbitals resulting from bonds between atoms. These are often divided into three types, bonding, antibonding, and non-bonding. A bonding orbital concentrates electron ...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. The bond order of a molecule can be calculated by subtracting the number of electrons in anti-bonding orbitals from the number of bonding orbitals, and the resulting number is then divided by two. A molecule is expected to be stable if it has bond order larger than zero...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
is 171 kJ/mol. As the bond order of H2+ is smaller than H2, it should be less stable which is observed experimentally and can be seen from the bond energy. == Magnetism explained by molecular orbital theory == For almost every covalent molecule that exists, we can now draw the Lewis structure, predict the electron-pair...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
paramagnetic samples that are attracted to the magnet will appear heavier because of the force exerted by the magnetic field. We can calculate the number of unpaired electrons based on the increase in weight. Experiments show that each O2 molecule has two unpaired electrons. The Lewis-structure model does not predict t...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
electrons in molecules in much the same way that the distribution of electrons in atoms is described using atomic orbitals. Using quantum mechanics, the behavior of an electron in a molecule is still described by a wave function, Ψ, analogous to the behavior in an atom. Just like electrons around isolated atoms, electr...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
the electronic nature of the molecule in an excited state. Although in MO theory some molecular orbitals may hold electrons that are more localized between specific pairs of molecular atoms, other orbitals may hold electrons that are spread more uniformly over the molecule. Thus, overall, bonding is far more delocalize...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
around the ring. Two of these electrons are in an MO that has equal orbital contributions from all six atoms. The other four electrons are in orbitals with vertical nodes at right angles to each other. As in the VB theory, all of these six delocalized π electrons reside in a larger space that exists above and below the...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
are spread out in molecular orbitals over long distances in a molecule, resulting in light absorption in lower energies (the visible spectrum), which accounts for the characteristic colours of these substances. This and other spectroscopic data for molecules are well explained in MO theory, with an emphasis on electron...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
Transposon silencing is a form of transcriptional gene silencing targeting transposons. Transcriptional gene silencing is a product of histone modifications that prevent the transcription of a particular area of DNA. Transcriptional silencing of transposons is crucial to the maintenance of a genome. The “jumping” of tr...	{ "page_id": 37879288, "title": "Transposon silencing" }
transcribed from the silenced transposons, generally associating with Piwi and Aubergine (Aub) proteins, while sense-strand piRNAs tend to associate with Argonaute 3 (Ago3) instead. A cycle called “ping pong” amplification proceeds between the sense and anti-sense piRNAs involving extensive trimming and processing to c...	{ "page_id": 37879288, "title": "Transposon silencing" }
is referred to as the telomeric-silencing effect (TSE). Just two P elements in the telomere are enough to suppress over 80 other copies of the P element in the genome. The cytoplasmic factor used for TSE builds up over generations and suppression of the transposons is not fully effective unless the fly's female-line an...	{ "page_id": 37879288, "title": "Transposon silencing" }
Frank Sobott, Ph.D. (2000), is a German chemist, who is active in the fields of mass spectrometry and biochemistry; he is a professor of the University of Leeds from February 2017. He obtained a PhD in physical and theoretical chemistry in 2000 at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, under the super...	{ "page_id": 58916344, "title": "Frank Sobott" }
SNNS (Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator) is a neural network simulator originally developed at the University of Stuttgart. While it was originally built for X11 under Unix, there are Windows ports. Its successor JavaNNS never reached the same popularity. == Features == SNNS is written around a simulation kernel to wh...	{ "page_id": 3735034, "title": "SNNS" }
Toxicity labels viz; red label, yellow label, blue label and green label are mandatory labels employed on pesticide containers in India identifying the level of toxicity (that is, the toxicity class) of the contained pesticide. The schemes follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 and the Insecticides Rules of 1971. Th...	{ "page_id": 34340344, "title": "Toxicity label" }
Kaiming He (Chinese: 何恺明; pinyin: Hé Kǎimíng) is a Chinese computer scientist who primarily researches computer vision and deep learning. He is an associate professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is known as one of the creators of residual neural network (ResNet). == Early life and education == He went ...	{ "page_id": 76348926, "title": "Kaiming He" }
See also Zuni ethnobotany, and Native American ethnobotany. This is a list of plants utilized in Navajo culture. == A == Abronia fragrans (snowball-sand verbena), used medicinally for boils and taken internally when a spider was swallowed. The Kayenta Navajo use it as a cathartic, for insect bites, as a sudorific, as a...	{ "page_id": 38403582, "title": "Navajo ethnobotany" }
of which are squeezed, and the liquid drunk. The heads are baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried and stored for future use. The baked, dried heads are also boiled and made into an edible paste, eaten whole, or made into soup. The leaves are also boiled and eaten. The young, tender flowering stalks are an...	{ "page_id": 38403582, "title": "Navajo ethnobotany" }
the leaves for postpartum pain, and for "big cough". They also apply a poultice of the wet leaves to swellings, use it diaphoretic in sweatbaths, and apply a cold infusion of the leaves as a lotion for cuts on sheep. == B == Baccharis salicifolia (mulefat), used by the Kayenta in a compound infusion of plants used as a...	{ "page_id": 38403582, "title": "Navajo ethnobotany" }
applied to the back and legs of horses. == I == Iris missouriensis; a decoction of which is used as an emetic. == J == Juniperus communis, used as an herbal remedy for diabetes among the Navajo. == L == Lithospermum ruderale, used as a contraceptive. Studies on mice showed that the plant reduced their fertility. Lycium...	{ "page_id": 38403582, "title": "Navajo ethnobotany" }
Tryptone is the assortment of peptides formed by the digestion of casein by the protease trypsin. Tryptone is commonly used in microbiology to produce lysogeny broth (LB) for the growth of E. coli and other microorganisms. It provides a source of amino acids for the growing bacteria. Tryptone is similar to casamino aci...	{ "page_id": 2686467, "title": "Tryptone" }
In physics, a magnetic photon is a hypothetical particle. It is a mixture of even and odd C-parity states and, unlike the normal photon, does not couple to leptons. It is predicted by certain extensions of electromagnetism to include magnetic monopoles. There is no experimental evidence for the existence of this partic...	{ "page_id": 3276306, "title": "Magnetic photon" }
Teacher forcing is an algorithm for training the weights of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). It involves feeding observed sequence values (i.e. ground-truth samples) back into the RNN after each step, thus forcing the RNN to stay close to the ground-truth sequence. The term "teacher forcing" can be motivated by compar...	{ "page_id": 63569430, "title": "Teacher forcing" }
Platelets or thrombocytes (from Ancient Greek θρόμβος (thrómbos) 'clot' and κύτος (kútos) 'cell') are a part of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping to form a blood clot. Platelets have no cell nucleus; they are fragments of cytoplasm fro...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
word for other terms related to platelets (e.g. thrombocytopenia meaning low platelets).: v3 The term thrombocytes are proper for mononuclear cells found in the blood of non-mammalian vertebrates: they are the functional equivalent of platelets, but circulate as intact cells rather than cytoplasmic fragments of bone ma...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
used to model the hydrodynamic and optical properties of a population, as well as to restore the geometric parameters of individual measured platelets by flow cytometry. More accurate biophysical models of platelet surface morphology that model its shape from first principles, make it possible to obtain a more realisti...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
the lining of vessels stop platelets from activating. An intact endothelial lining inhibits platelet activation by producing nitric oxide, endothelial-ADPase, and PGI2 (prostacyclin). Endothelial-ADPase degrades the platelet activator ADP. Resting platelets maintain active calcium efflux via a cyclic AMP-activated calc...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
in the blood, which initiates the extrinsic coagulation cascade to increase thrombin production. Thrombin is a potent platelet activator, acting through Gq and G12. These are G protein-coupled receptors and they turn on calcium-mediated signaling pathways within the platelet, overcoming the baseline calcium efflux. Fam...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
later stages of vessel repair ===== Morphology change ===== As shown by flow cytometry and electron microscopy, the most sensitive sign of activation, when exposed to platelets using ADP, are morphological changes. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization is a key event in initiating morphology changes. Intraplatelet calcium co...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
surface. These phospholipids then bind the tenase and prothrombinase complexes, two of the sites of interplay between platelets and the coagulation cascade. Calcium ions are essential for the binding of these coagulation factors. In addition to interacting with vWF and fibrin, platelets interact with thrombin, Factors ...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
platelet cell membrane has receptors for collagen. Following rupture of the blood vessel wall, platelets are exposed and adhere to the collagen in the surrounding tissue. === Immunothrombosis === As hemostasis is a basic function of thrombocytes in mammals, it also has its uses in possible infection confinement. In cas...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
coagulation inhibitors, also bolster the process. In case of imbalance in the regulation of immunothrombosis, this process can become aberrant. Regulatory defects in immunothrombosis are suspected to be a major factor in pathological thrombosis in forms such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or deep vein ...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
in chronic inflammatory disease, such as synovitis or rheumatoid arthritis. Platelets are activated by collagen receptor glycoprotein IV (GPVI). Proinflammatory platelet microvesicles trigger constant cytokine secretion from neighboring fibroblast-like synoviocytes, most prominently Il-6 and Il-8. Inflammatory damage t...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
taken for bleeding to stop from a standardized wound in the ear lobe that was blotted every 30 seconds, considering less than 3 minutes as normal. Bleeding time has low sensitivity and specificity for mild to moderate platelet disorders and is no longer recommended for screening. === Multiple electrode aggregometry ===...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
(aspirin) or medications containing inhibitors. The PFA-100 is highly sensitive to von Willebrand disease, but is only moderately sensitive to defects in platelet function. == Clinical significance == Spontaneous and excessive bleeding can occur because of platelet disorders. This bleeding can be caused by deficient nu...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
fibrin of venous thrombosis; extending an unstable or ruptured arterial plaque, causing arterial thrombosis; and microcirculatory thrombosis. An arterial thrombus may partially obstruct blood flow, causing downstream ischemia, or may completely obstruct it, causing downstream tissue death.:: vii === Thrombocytopenia ==...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
long duration effect, with platelet function usually returning within 24 hours, and taking ibuprofen before aspirin prevents the irreversible effects of aspirin. === Drugs that suppress platelet function === These drugs are used to prevent thrombus formation. ==== Oral agents ==== Aspirin Cilostazol Clopidogrel Prasugr...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
tested for bacteria before transfusion to avoid septic reactions, which can be fatal. Recently the AABB Industry Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services (5.1.5.1) has allowed use of pathogen reduction technology as an alternative to bacterial screenings in platelets. Pooled whole-blood platelets, sometimes c...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
a cancer patient who requires routine transfusions of platelets receives repeated donations from a specific donor to minimize risk. Pathogen reduction of platelets using for example, riboflavin and UV light treatments can reduce the infectious load of pathogens contained in donated blood products. Another photochemical...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
platelet count from the post-transfusion count. Many factors affect the increment including body size, the number of platelets transfused, and clinical features that may cause premature destruction of the transfused platelets. When recipients fail to demonstrate an adequate post-transfusion increment, this is termed pl...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
improved resolution sufficiently to make it possible to see platelets for the first time. William Addison in 1842 drew pictures of a platelet-fibrin clot. Lionel Beale in 1864 was the first to publish a drawing showing platelets. Max Schultze in 1865 described what he called "spherules", which he noted were much smalle...	{ "page_id": 196121, "title": "Platelet" }
Marjolein Kriek (born 22 November 1973) is a Dutch clinical geneticist at the Leiden University Medical Center. In 2008, at age 34, she became the first woman and probably the first European to have her total DNA genome sequenced. == Sequencing project == Leiden University announced the completion of the nine-month-lon...	{ "page_id": 34274843, "title": "Marjolein Kriek" }
The cystic plexus is the derivation of the hepatic plexus, which is the largest offshoot from the celiac plexus. Formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the right and left vagi and the right phrenic nerve, parasympathetic nerves are motor to the musculature of the gall bladder and bile ducts, but inhibitory to the s...	{ "page_id": 47906333, "title": "Cystic plexus" }
Hara hachi bun me (腹八分目) (also spelled hara hachi bu, and sometimes misspelled hari hachi bu) is a Confucian teaching that instructs people to eat until they are 80 percent full. The Japanese phrase translates to "Eat until you are eight parts (out of ten) full", or "belly 80 percent full". There is evidence that follo...	{ "page_id": 25755166, "title": "Hara hachi bun me" }
per 100,000 people. They are known to practise hara hachi bun me, and as a result they typically consume about 1,800 to 1,900 kilo-calories per day. The typical body mass index (BMI) of their elders is about 18 to 22, compared to a typical BMI of 26 or 27 for adults over 60 years of age in the United States. == In othe...	{ "page_id": 25755166, "title": "Hara hachi bun me" }
their capacity, reinforced by the proverb above. === American culture === Hara hachi bun me was popularised in the United States by a variety of modern books on diet and longevity. == See also == Calorie restriction Mitahara Okinawa diet == References == === Bibliography === Buettner, Dan (2008). The Blue Zones. Nation...	{ "page_id": 25755166, "title": "Hara hachi bun me" }
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase may refer to: Kaempferol 4'-O-methyltransferase Flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase	{ "page_id": 38600223, "title": "S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase" }
The increase in the conductivity of an electrolyte solution when the applied voltage has a very high frequency is known as Debye–Falkenhagen effect. Impedance measurements on water-p-dioxane and the methanol-toluene systems have confirmed Falkenhagen's predictions made in 1929. == See also == Peter Debye Debye length H...	{ "page_id": 7274018, "title": "Debye–Falkenhagen effect" }
Sallie Ann Watkins (1922–2011, also known as Sister Mary Howard) was an American physics educator, academic administrator, Catholic nun, and activist. == Life and work == Watkins was originally from Jacksonville, Florida, where she was born on June 27, 1922. She joined the Sisters of Notre Dame of Coesfeld, taking the ...	{ "page_id": 78511651, "title": "Sallie Watkins" }
Watkins was active in overseeing elementary-school science programs, especially those aimed at improving the participation of women and underrepresented minorities in science. She became an early advocate for and participant in environmentally friendly housing, and lived in a house that pioneered both passive solar bui...	{ "page_id": 78511651, "title": "Sallie Watkins" }
Boom method (aka Boom nucleic acid extraction method) is a solid phase extraction method for isolating nucleic acid from a biological sample. This method is characterized by "absorbing the nucleic acids (NA) to the silica beads". == Overview == The Boom method (Boom nucleic acid extraction method) is a solid phase extr...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
== The fundamental process for isolating nucleic acid from starting material of Boom method consists of the following 4 steps (See Fig. 1). (a) Lysing and/or Homogenizing the starting material. Lysate of starting material is obtained by addition of a detergent in the presence of protein degrading enzymes. (b) Mixing ch...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
of reagents (chaotropic substance, wash buffer, etc) more specific isolation can be achieved. For example, some compositions of reagents are suitable for obtaining long double-stranded DNA or short single-stranded RNA. A wide variety of starting biological material are available, including whole blood, blood serum, buf...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
while capture ability are defined and compared by "binding with at least A μg (～0.4μg) of the biological substance per B mg (～1 mg) thereof when it is dispersed in an amount of at least Z mg (～20 mg) in W mL (～1 mL) of an aqueous solution of a sample containing a biological substance". == Basic principles == The princi...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
of the most widespread instruments to perform the Boom method. The Tajima pipette was invented by Hideji Tajima, founder and president of Precision System Sciences (PSS) Inc., a Japanese manufacturer of precision and measuring instruments. Tajima pipette is a Core Technology of PSS Inc. PSS Inc. provides OEM product ba...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
of: Above mentioned Tajima pipette, Plurality of tubes. Plurality of tube holder for above mentioned tubes, Transport mean to transport Tajima pipette among that plurality of tubes (tubes are supported by tube holder), and Control device for controlling abovementioned devices. ==== Motions ==== (a) Capturing of the mag...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
accommodating portion (Vessel) and drained out, with only the magnetic particles remaining in the pipette tip, we can do the re-suspension process. Re-suspension of the captured magnetic beads are in detail, consists of the following steps. Of cause, we consider that, the state in which that magnetic material has been ...	{ "page_id": 38731303, "title": "Boom method" }
In biochemistry, avidity refers to the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions, such as between a protein receptor and its ligand, and is commonly referred to as functional affinity. Avidity differs from affinity, which describes the strength of a single interaction. ...	{ "page_id": 7077416, "title": "Avidity" }
The affinity constant, Ka, is the inverse of the dissociation constant, Kd. The strength of complex formation in solution is related to the stability constants of complexes, however in case of large biomolecules, such as receptor-ligand pairs, their interaction is also dependent on other structural and thermodynamic pr...	{ "page_id": 7077416, "title": "Avidity" }
assays in use. These are the well known chaotropic (conventional) assay and the recently developed AVIcomp (avidity competition) assay. == See also == Amino acid residue Epitope Fab region Hapten A number of technologies exist to characterise the avidity of molecular interactions including switchSENSE and surface plasm...	{ "page_id": 7077416, "title": "Avidity" }
The HIST Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry (2013–present) is given by the Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society (ACS). The award was originally known as the Dexter Award (1956–2001) and then briefly as the Sidney M. Edelstein Award (2002–2009), both given by t...	{ "page_id": 13368871, "title": "HIST Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry" }
Mauskopf 1997 Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent 1996 Keith J. Laidler 1995 William H. Brock 1994 Frederic L. Holmes 1993 Joseph S. Fruton 1992 John T. Stock 1991 Owen Hannaway 1990 Colin A. Russell 1989 D. Stanley Tarbell 1988 (Lutz F. Haber) Ludwig F. Haber 1987 Allen G. Debus 1986 Robert G. W. Anderson 1985 Robert Multhauf...	{ "page_id": 13368871, "title": "HIST Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry" }
== Electronegativity (Pauling scale) == == Notes == Separate values for each source are only given where one or more sources differ. Electronegativity is not a uniquely defined property and may depend on the definition. The suggested values are all taken from WebElements as a consistent set. Many of the highly radioact...	{ "page_id": 1769000, "title": "Electronegativities of the elements (data page)" }
Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:9003 (1989). J. B. Mann, T. L. Meek and L. C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:2780 (2000). J. B. Mann, T. L. Meek, E. T. Knight, J. F. Capitani and L. C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:5132 (2000).	{ "page_id": 1769000, "title": "Electronegativities of the elements (data page)" }
In chemistry, metal hydroxides are a family of compounds of the form Mn+(OH)n, where M is a metal. They consist of hydroxide (OH−) anions and metallic cations, and are often strong bases. Some metal hydroxides, such as alkali metal hydroxides, ionize completely when dissolved. Certain metal hydroxides are weak electrol...	{ "page_id": 36044328, "title": "Metal hydroxide" }
William Valentine Mayneord, CBE FRS (14 February 1902 – 10 August 1988) was a British physicist and pioneer in the field of medical physics. == Early life and education == He was born in Redditch, Worcestershire to Walter and Elizabeth Mayneord but after the early death of his mother was adopted by an aunt in Evesham. ...	{ "page_id": 21167656, "title": "William Valentine Mayneord" }
test of time. He is recognised as the leading authority in the United Kingdom on the applications of radiation dosimetry to medical radiology and to the problems of radiation hazards." He was awarded a CBE in 1965. == References == == External links == Robison, R.F. (1995), 'The Race For Megavoltage X-Rays Versus Teleg...	{ "page_id": 21167656, "title": "William Valentine Mayneord" }
In high energy particle physics, specifically in hadron-beam scattering experiments, transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) are the distributions of the hadron's quark or gluon momenta that are perpendicular to the momentum transfer between the beam and the hadron. Specifically, they are probability distributions to ...	{ "page_id": 67763757, "title": "Transverse momentum distributions" }
the probabilities is integrated out. TMDs provides the unintegrated probabilities, with their k T {\displaystyle k_{T}} -dependence. Other TMDs exist that are not directly connected to f 1 q ( x ) {\displaystyle f_{1}^{q}(x)} and g 1 q ( x ) {\displaystyle g_{1}^{q}(x)} . In all, there are 16 dominant (viz leading-twis...	{ "page_id": 67763757, "title": "Transverse momentum distributions" }
x , k T ) {\displaystyle f_{1}^{q}(x,k_{T})} . It arises when an unpolarized beam scatters off an unpolarized target hadron, and therefore does not carry quark/hadron spin information. The function f 1 q ( x , k T ) {\displaystyle f_{1}^{q}(x,k_{T})} provides the probability that a beam particle strikes a target quark ...	{ "page_id": 67763757, "title": "Transverse momentum distributions" }
to the scattered lepton, f 1 T ⊥ , q {\displaystyle f_{1T}^{\bot ,q}} stems from gluon exchanges between the struck quark and the target remnants (final state interaction). In contrast, in the Drell–Yan process, f 1 T ⊥ , q {\displaystyle f_{1T}^{\bot ,q}} stems from ‘’initial’’ state interaction. This leads to f 1 T ⊥...	{ "page_id": 67763757, "title": "Transverse momentum distributions" }
(i.e. leading) hadron is detected in addition of the scattered lepton, allows us to obtain the needed additional details about the scattering process kinematics. The detected hadron results from the hadronization of the struck quark. This latter retains the information on its motion inside the nucleon, including its tr...	{ "page_id": 67763757, "title": "Transverse momentum distributions" }
Sir Rudolph Albert Peters MC MID FRS HFRSE FRCP LLD (13 April 1889 – 29 January 1982) was a British biochemist. He led the research team at Oxford who developed British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), an antidote for the chemical warfare agent lewisite. His efforts investigating the mechanism of arsenic war gases were deemed cruc...	{ "page_id": 5504558, "title": "Rudolph Peters" }
Rudolph's papers are held at the Bodleian Library. == Family == Peters married Frances Williamina Vérel at the Queen's Park Free Church, Glasgow, on 7 November 1917. Frances was the daughter of Francis William Vérel, a photographic chemist, and had been at school in Westgate-on-Sea with Peters's sister, Gwendoline. The...	{ "page_id": 5504558, "title": "Rudolph Peters" }
A monster is a type of imaginary or fictional creature found in literature, folklore, mythology, fiction and religion. They are very often depicted as dangerous and aggressive, with a strange or grotesque appearance that causes terror and fear, often in humans. Monsters usually resemble bizarre, deformed, otherworldly ...	{ "page_id": 65071, "title": "Monster" }
killed if they cannot be handled or controlled successfully. Monsters pre-date written history, and the academic study of the particular cultural notions expressed in a society's ideas of monsters is known as monstrophy. Monsters have appeared in literature and in feature-length films. Well-known monsters in fiction in...	{ "page_id": 65071, "title": "Monster" }
== Monsters in fiction == === Prose fiction === The history of monsters in fiction is long. For instance, Grendel in the epic poem Beowulf is an archetypal monster: deformed, brutal, and with enormous strength, he raids a human settlement nightly to slay and feed on his victims. The modern literary monster has its root...	{ "page_id": 65071, "title": "Monster" }
dragons via use of camera perspective. However, the cliffhanger of the ninth episode of the same serial had a man in a rubber suit play the Fire Dragon, which picks up a doll representing Flash in its claws. The cinematic monster cycle eventually wore thin, having a comedic turn in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein...	{ "page_id": 65071, "title": "Monster" }
monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in series and films such as Monster Squad and Van Helsing. The Hulk is an example of the "Monster as Hero" archetype. The theme of the "Friendly Monster" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly "monsters". In the Monsters, I...	{ "page_id": 65071, "title": "Monster" }
=== === Related concepts === Freak == References == === Notes === === Citations === === Bibliography === Asma, Stephen (2009). On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195336160. Beagon, Mary (2002). "Beyond Comparison: M. Sergius, Fortunae victor". In Clark, Gillian; Raj...	{ "page_id": 65071, "title": "Monster" }
== Notes == == References == == See also == Mohs scale of mineral hardness Mohs hardness of materials (data page) Vickers hardness test Brinell scale	{ "page_id": 1769010, "title": "Hardnesses of the elements (data page)" }
The Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. The editor-in-chief is Noriho Kamiya (Kyushu University). It is published by The Society for Biotechnology, Japan and distributed outside Japan by Elsevier. It was founded in 1923 as a Japanese-language journal and took its curr...	{ "page_id": 56753715, "title": "Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering" }
Verrucous carcinoma is a type of squamous cell carcinoma that may be associated with HPV infection (may be subtypes 16 or 18, but types 6 and 11 have also been reported, as have HPV negative variants). Several subtypes of verrucous carcinoma have been described. Treatment of verrucous carcinoma with radiation therapy s...	{ "page_id": 36961844, "title": "List of verrucous carcinoma subtypes" }
Tin soldiers are miniature toy soldiers that are very popular in the world of collecting. They can be bought finished or in a raw state to be hand-painted. They are generally made of pewter, tin, lead, other metals or plastic. Often very elaborate scale models of battle scenes, known as dioramas, are created for their ...	{ "page_id": 982578, "title": "Tin soldier" }
the melted tin to finish him." He falls in love with a dancer made of paper and after much adventuring, including being swallowed by a fish, the two are consumed together by fire, leaving nothing but tin melted "in the shape of a little tin heart." Tin soldiers also play a role in "The Nutcracker Suite" as well as "Kni...	{ "page_id": 982578, "title": "Tin soldier" }
Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress. They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength. Material properties are most often characterized by a set of numeric...	{ "page_id": 1769015, "title": "Elastic properties of the elements (data page)" }
The disordered local moment (DLM) picture is a method, in theoretical solid state physics, for describing the electronic structure of a magnetic material at a finite temperature, where a probability distribution of sizes and orientations of atomic magnetic moments must be considered. It was pioneered, among others, by ...	{ "page_id": 77921851, "title": "Disordered local moment picture" }
crystal axes, it is formally necessary to perform a full ingtegral over all possible magnetisation directions, in practice by sampling an angular mesh of possible magnetisation directions. Though originally developed as a means by which to describe the electronic structure of a magnetic material above its magnetic crit...	{ "page_id": 77921851, "title": "Disordered local moment picture" }
The Radiological Response and Emergency Management System (RREMS) is a system managed by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and used by the Government of the United Kingdom which records and analyses the level of radioactivity across the United Kingdom. A reading is taken from each of the over 200 stations...	{ "page_id": 13762108, "title": "Radiological Response and Emergency Management System" }
Acanthocephaliasis is a human disease caused by parasitic worms in the phylum Acanthocephala. They rarely infect humans. The worms' typical definitive hosts are racoons, rats, and swine, but it can survive in humans. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, Macracanthorhynchus ingens, Moniliformis moniliformis, Acanthocephalu...	{ "page_id": 24378950, "title": "Acanthocephaliasis" }
Keeper: Living with Nancy is a 2009 biographical book written by Andrea Gillies which centers around Alzheimer's disease. It won the Wellcome Book Prize and Orwell Prize. == Plot == The book is the account of Andrea Gillies' mother-in-law, Nancy, who had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's. It follows how Gillies and her f...	{ "page_id": 25755206, "title": "Keeper: Living with Nancy" }
Neuronal self-avoidance, or isoneural avoidance, is an important property of neurons which consists in the tendency of branches (dendrites and axons) arising from a single soma (also called isoneuronal or sister branches) to turn away from one another. The arrangements of branches within neuronal arbors are established...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
neuronal specificity. In 1968, through the mapping of mechanoreceptor axonal receptive fields in H. medicilalis, Nicholls and Baylor revealed distinct types of boundaries between axons from the same or different types of neurons, and also between individual neurons. They observed that receptive fields were subdivided i...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
contacts. This idea was backed up by the studies of Goodman et al. (1982) in insect neurons, which postulated that filopodia played an important role in the recognition and choice of axonal growth pathways. The conservation of the mechanism in invertebrates together with the fact that adult morphology of many neurons a...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
among neurons of the same type for a limited supply required for process growth and maintenance would occur, with one cell gaining space at the expense of others. Inhibitory interactions were also invoked, and this placed the phenomena of self-recognition in the bigger picture of the axon guidance process. Together, th...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
continuity between all parts of the neuron is critical for self-avoidance to operate. The authors then suggest various mechanisms that require continuity and could function as recognition signal, and thus might be the responsible ones, such as "electrical activity, active or passive, as well as the diffusion of cytopla...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
Models, structures and development of self-avoidance == === Animal models === Self-avoidance has been widely discussed amongst scientists and throughout time the experiments were done in several animal models. The first experiments were done in leech. In 1981, Wässle tried to understand how retinal ganglion cells estab...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
neighbor cells and can occupy space left by other. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) Trigeminal neurons, developed 16hrs post fertilization, are part of the peripheral sensory system and detect thermal and mechanical stimuli in the skin. The "growth-and-repulsion" model arose from complex topographic restriction of growth cones...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
retinal ganglion cell types and that position of these cells isnot defined by dendritic homotypic interactions only, but for some kind of intrinsic genetic program. === Dendritic arborization neurons === Drosophila melanogaster is the model for experiments in multiple dendritic (MD) neurons which compose the stereotype...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
correct construction of dendritic tiling in sensory neurons. Early in the pupal stage, those neurons prune all their dendrites. Later each neuron grows a completely new dendrite for adult function. While the dendrites are being remodeled, the axons stay largely intact and all these phases will be negatively impacted in...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }
== Invertebrates == === DSCAM1 === Several studies have implicated Drosophila Dscam1 in dendritic and axonal self-avoidance and process spacing in diverse neuronal populations, including mushroom body axons, olfactory projection neuron (PN) dendrites, and dendritic arborization (da) neuron dendrites It is notable that ...	{ "page_id": 42073672, "title": "Neuronal self-avoidance" }

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