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hemoglobin concentration in blood from 15 g/dl up to 20–21 g/dl. Also the blood volume increases 20% producing an increase of the corporal hemoglobin up 15% or more. A person that stays for a period of time at higher altitudes acclimates, producing fewer effects over the human body. There are several mechanisms that he...	{ "page_id": 2686401, "title": "Aerospace physiology" }
In continuum mechanics, Whitham's averaged Lagrangian method – or in short Whitham's method – is used to study the Lagrangian dynamics of slowly-varying wave trains in an inhomogeneous (moving) medium. The method is applicable to both linear and non-linear systems. As a direct consequence of the averaging used in the m...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
to continuum mechanics – with A ≡ − ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ t θ ) = + ∂ L ∂ ω {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}\equiv -{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{t}\theta )}}=+{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \omega }}} B ≡ − ∂ L ∂ ( ∇ θ ) = − ∂ L ∂ k {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathcal {B}}}\equiv -{\frac {\partia...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
wave characteristics like the wavenumber, angular frequency and amplitude (or equivalently the wave's energy density or wave action). But the wave phase itself is absent due to the phase averaging. Consequently, through Noether's theorem, there is a conservation law called the conservation of wave action. Originally th...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
in the Lagrangian. ==== Example ==== For example, consider a non-dimensional and non-linear Klein–Gordon equation in one space dimension x {\displaystyle x} : This Euler–Lagrange equation emerges from the Lagrangian density: The small-amplitude approximation for the Sine–Gordon equation corresponds with the value σ = −...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
θ ( x , t ) {\displaystyle \theta ({\boldsymbol {x}},t)} as: ω ≡ − ∂ t θ {\displaystyle \omega \equiv -\partial _{t}\theta } and k ≡ + ∇ θ . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {k}}\equiv +{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\theta .} As a consequence, ω ( x , t ) {\displaystyle \omega ({\boldsymbol {x}},t)} and k ( x , t ) {\displaystyle ...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
applied to the Lagrangian density L ( ∂ t φ , ∇ φ , φ ) . {\displaystyle L\left(\partial _{t}\varphi ,{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\varphi ,\varphi \right).} ==== Slowly-varying non-linear waves ==== Several approaches to slowly-varying non-linear wavetrains are possible. One is by the use of Stokes expansions, used by Whith...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
θ + α 3 ) + ⋯ . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\varphi \approx -{\boldsymbol {k}}a\,\sin \left(\theta +\alpha \right)-2{\boldsymbol {k}}a_{2}\,\sin \left(2\theta +\alpha _{2}\right)-3{\boldsymbol {k}}a_{3}\,\sin \left(3\theta +\alpha _{3}\right)+\cdots .} These approximations are to be applied in the Lagrangian ...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
see equations 4 and 5, and applying the above approximations for φ , {\displaystyle \varphi ,} ∂ t φ {\displaystyle \partial _{t}\varphi } and ∂ x φ {\displaystyle \partial _{x}\varphi } (for this 1D example) in the Lagrangian density, the result after averaging over θ {\displaystyle \theta } is: L ¯ = 1 4 ( ω 2 − k 2 ...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
the wave action as A ≡ + ∂ L / ∂ ω {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}\equiv +\partial {\mathcal {L}}/\partial \omega } and the wave action flux as B ≡ − ∂ L / ∂ k {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathcal {B}}}\equiv -\partial {\mathcal {L}}/\partial {\boldsymbol {k}}} the result is: ∂ t A + ∇ ⋅ B = 0. {\displaystyle \partial _...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
.} === Mean motion and pseudo-phase === == Conservation of wave action == The averaged Lagrangian is obtained by integration of the Lagrangian over the wave phase. As a result, the averaged Lagrangian only contains the derivatives of the wave phase θ {\displaystyle \theta } (these derivatives being, by definition, the ...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
there is no work by external forces and no energy dissipation). Conservation of wave action is also found by applying the generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) method to the equations of the combined flow of waves and mean motion, using Newtonian mechanics instead of a variational approach. == Conservation of energy and mo...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
a ) 2 ) , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=G(\omega ,k)a^{2}+G_{2}(\omega ,k)a^{4}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\mu ^{2}\left(G_{\omega \omega }(\partial _{T}a)^{2}+2G_{\omega k}(\partial _{T}a)(\partial _{X}a)+G_{kk}(\partial _{X}a)^{2}\right),} with the slow variables X = μ x {\displaystyle X=\mu x} and T = μ t . {\displaystyle T=\mu...	{ "page_id": 46464450, "title": "Averaged Lagrangian" }
Urban prairie (or urban grassland) is vacant urban land that has reverted to green space. The definition can vary across countries and disciplines, but at its broadest encompasses meadows, lawns, and gardens, as well as public and private parks, vacant land, remnants of rural landscapes, and areas along transportation ...	{ "page_id": 4128196, "title": "Urban prairie" }
Governments and non-profit groups can also create community gardens and conservation, to restore or reintroduce a wildlife habitat, help the environment, and educate people about the prairie. Detroit, Michigan is one particular city that has many urban prairies. == Benefits == Many studies show urbanization has been li...	{ "page_id": 4128196, "title": "Urban prairie" }
Rotavirus translation, the process of translating mRNA into proteins, occurs in a different way in Rotaviruses. Unlike the vast majority of cellular proteins in other organisms, in Rotaviruses the proteins are translated from capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNAs. The viral nonstructural protein NSP3 specifically binds th...	{ "page_id": 13958600, "title": "Rotavirus translation" }
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis continues the growth of the vasculature mainly by processes of sprouting and splitting, but processes such as coalescent angiogenesis, vessel elongation a...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
pre-existing blood vessels. Second, the activated endothelial cells, also known as tip cells, begin to release enzymes called proteases that degrade the basement membrane to allow endothelial cells to escape from the original (parent) vessel walls. The endothelial cells then proliferate into the surrounding matrix and ...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
Finally, the core is fleshed out with no alterations to the basic structure. Intussusception is important because it is a reorganization of existing cells. It allows a vast increase in the number of capillaries without a corresponding increase in the number of endothelial cells. This is especially important in embryoni...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
seven members, and all the receptor proteins are single-chain receptor tyrosine kinases that become activated through autophosphorylation induced by a mechanism of FGF-mediated receptor dimerization. Receptor activation gives rise to a signal transduction cascade that leads to gene activation and diverse biological res...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
Initial in vitro studies demonstrated bovine capillary endothelial cells will proliferate and show signs of tube structures upon stimulation by VEGF and bFGF, although the results were more pronounced with VEGF. Upregulation of VEGF is a major component of the physiological response to exercise and its role in angiogen...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
papers show physiologic signaling via Tie-1 as well. These receptors are tyrosine kinases. Thus, they can initiate cell signaling when ligand binding causes a dimerization that initiates phosphorylation on key tyrosines. ==== MMP ==== Another major contributor to angiogenesis is matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). MMPs hel...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
angiogenesis since both SEMA3s and VEGF-A compete for neuropilin receptor binding at endothelial cells. The relative expression levels of SEMA3s and VEGF-A may therefore be important for angiogenesis. === Chemical inhibition === An angiogenesis inhibitor can be endogenous or come from outside as drug or a dietary compo...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
Regarding the mechanism of action, pro-angiogenic methods can be differentiated into three main categories: gene therapy, targeting genes of interest for amplification or inhibition; protein replacement therapy, which primarily manipulates angiogenic growth factors like FGF-1 or vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
require in order to grow beyond a certain size (generally 1–2 mm3). Tumors induce blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) by secreting various growth factors (e.g. VEGF) and proteins. Growth factors such as bFGF and VEGF can induce capillary growth into the tumor, which some researchers suspect supply required nutrients, al...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
for therapies directed against them. === Formation of tumor blood vessels === The mechanism of blood vessel formation by angiogenesis is initiated by the spontaneous dividing of tumor cells due to a mutation. Angiogenic stimulators are then released by the tumor cells. These then travel to already established, nearby b...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
disappointment to another. Although all of these preclinical readouts, which offered great promise for the transition of angiogenesis therapy from animals to humans, were in one fashion or another, incorporated into early stage clinical trials, the FDA has, to date (2007), insisted that the primary endpoint for approva...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
into the retina. Since the increase in angiogenesis also causes edema, blood and other retinal fluids leak into the retina, causing loss of vision. Anti-angiogenic drugs targeting the VEGF pathways are now used successfully to treat this type of macular degeneration === Tissue engineered constructs === Angiogenesis of ...	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
Cancer series on Angiogenesis	{ "page_id": 64972, "title": "Angiogenesis" }
The pterobranchia mitochondrial code (translation table 24) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the three major lineages of deuterostomes. AUA ...	{ "page_id": 37092814, "title": "Pterobranchia mitochondrial code" }
Keith Thomas Henry Farrer (28 March 1916 – 6 June 2012) was a chemist, food scientist and historian who was the Chief Scientist of Kraft Foods Limited in Melbourne between 1976 and 1981. == Early life and education == Farrer was born in Footscray in Melbourne but soon left to live in Hobart in Tasmania. He was first ed...	{ "page_id": 75824591, "title": "Keith Farrer" }
but also in his many academic and research organisations including being a foundational fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Science (FTSE) in 1975. In addition to this, Farrer was also a fellow of many other scientific organisations that included; the International Academy of Food Science and Technology,...	{ "page_id": 75824591, "title": "Keith Farrer" }
Farrer, Keith (2005). To Feed a Nation: a History of Australian Food Science and Technology. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643091542. Farrer, Keith (1990). The Shipment of Edible Oils. IBC Technical Services. ISBN 9781852711207. Farrer, Keith (1987). A Guide to Food Additives and Contaminants. Parthenon Publishing Group. ...	{ "page_id": 75824591, "title": "Keith Farrer" }
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and developmentally inappropriate. ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfu...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
a neurodevelopmental disorder, there is no biologically distinct adult-onset ADHD except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury. == Signs and symptoms == Inattention, hyperactivity (restlessness in adults), disruptive behaviour, and impulsivity are common in ADHD. Academic difficulties are frequent, as are p...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
symptoms but more symptoms of inattention and distractibility. Symptoms are expressed differently and more subtly as the individual ages.: 6 Hyperactivity tends to become less overt with age and turns into inner restlessness, difficulty relaxing or remaining still, talkativeness or constant mental activity in teens and...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
negatively affect social interaction. They may also drift off during conversations, miss social cues, and have trouble learning social skills. === Hyperfocus === An association between ADHD and hyperfocus, a state characterised by intense and narrow concentration on a specific stimulus, object or task for a prolonged p...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
tend to have lower scores on intelligence quotient (IQ) tests. The significance of this is controversial due to the differences between people with ADHD and the difficulty determining the influence of symptoms, such as distractibility, on lower scores rather than intellectual capacity. In studies of ADHD, higher IQs ma...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
studies literature review published in Molecular Psychiatry in April 2019 by psychologists Stephen Faraone and Henrik Larsson that found an average heritability estimate of 0.74. Additionally, evolutionary psychiatrist Randolph M. Nesse has argued that the 5:1 male-to-female sex ratio in the epidemiology of ADHD sugges...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
risk for the confluence of smoking and ADHD. ADHD presents with reduced size, functional connectivity and activation as well as low noradrenergic and dopaminergic functioning in brain regions and networks crucial for executive functioning and self-regulation. Typically, a number of genes are involved, many of which dir...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
much higher. However their usefulness as tools for diagnosis is limited as no single gene predicts ADHD. ASD shows genetic overlap with ADHD at both common and rare levels of genetic variation. === Environment === In addition to genetics, some environmental factors might play a role in causing ADHD. Alcohol intake duri...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
treated in a novel way. The sensory overload is treatable with oral potassium gluconate. Research does not support popular beliefs that ADHD is caused by eating too much refined sugar, watching too much television, bad parenting, poverty or family chaos; however, they might worsen ADHD symptoms in certain people. In so...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
the volume in the left-sided prefrontal cortex. The posterior parietal cortex also shows thinning in individuals with ADHD compared to controls. Other brain structures in the prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar and prefrontal-striatal-thalamic circuits have also been found to differ between people with and without ADHD. The...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
required to successfully select and monitor behaviours that facilitate the attainment of one's chosen goals. The executive function impairments that occur in ADHD individuals result in problems with staying organised, time keeping, procrastination control, maintaining concentration, paying attention, ignoring distracti...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
takes into account feedback from parents and teachers with most diagnoses begun after a teacher raises concerns. While many tools exist to aid in the diagnosis of ADHD, their validity varies in different populations, and a reliable and valid diagnosis requires confirmation by a clinician while supplemented by standardi...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
- Second Edition (BRIEF2), Revised Conners Rating Scale (CRS-R), Conduct-Hyperactive-Attention Problem-Oppositional Symptom scale (CHAOS), Developmental Behavior Checklist Hyperactivity Index (DBC-HI), Parent Disruptive Behavior Disorder Ratings Scale (DBDRS), Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment (DIPA-L), Pediat...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
criteria are used for diagnosis, while European countries usually use the ICD-10. The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of ADHD is 3–4 times more likely to diagnose ADHD than is the ICD-10 criteria. ADHD is alternately classified as neurodevelopmental disorder or a disruptive behaviour disorder along with ODD, CD, and anti...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
distracted, forgetful, daydreaming, disorganisation, poor sustained attention, and difficulty completing tasks. ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, presents with excessive fidgeting and restlessness, hyperactivity, and difficulty waiting and remaining seated. ADHD, combined presentation, is a combin...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
disorder (as defined by ICD-10) is present, the condition was referred to as hyperkinetic conduct disorder. Otherwise, the disorder was classified as disturbance of activity and attention, other hyperkinetic disorders or hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified. The latter was sometimes referred to as hyperkinetic syndrome....	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
childhood onset). In 2020, this was 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected adults respectively. Around 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet full DSM-IV-TR criteria at 25 years of age, and 50% still experience some symptoms.: 2 As of 2010, most adults remain untreated. Many adults with ADHD without diagnosis a...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
other disorders such as stereotypic movement disorder and Tourette syndrome, in addition to specific learning disorder, intellectual disability, autism, reactive attachment disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, substance use disorder, personality di...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
persistence and sustained attention, differs substantially from selective or oriented inattention seen in cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), as well as from rumination, reexperiencing or mind blanking seen in anxiety disorders or PTSD. In mood disorders, ADHD-like symptoms may be limited to manic or depressive sta...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
not be better explained by them, as per diagnostic criterion E in the DSM-5. The symptoms must arise early in life, appear across multiple environments, and cause significant impairment. Moreover, when some of these conditions are in fact comorbid with ADHD, it is still important to distinguish them, as each may need t...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex more broadly. Conduct disorder involves more impairment in motivation control than ADHD. Intermittent explosive disorder is characterised by sudden and disproportionate outbursts of anger and co-occurs in individuals with ADHD more frequently than in the general population. Borderli...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
is also a common comorbidity. Individuals with ADHD are at increased risk of substance use disorders.: 9 This is most commonly seen with alcohol or cannabis.: 9 The reason for this may be an altered reward pathway in the brains of ADHD individuals, self-treatment and increased psychosocial risk factors.: 9 This makes t...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures. There are well established associations between ADHD and obesity, asthma and sleep disorders, and an association with celiac disease. Children with ADHD have a higher risk for migraine headaches, but have no increased risk of tension-type headaches. Children w...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
and suicidal spectrum behaviours (suicidal attempts, ideations, plans, and completed suicides); across the studies examined, the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with ADHD was 18.9%, compared to 9.3% in individuals without ADHD, and the findings were substantially replicated among studies which adjusted fo...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
from observational and registry studies indicates that pharmacological treatment of ADHD is associated with increased achievement and decreased absenteeism at school, a reduced risk of trauma-related emergency hospital visits, reduced risks of suicide and attempted suicide, and decreased rates of substance abuse and cr...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
Social skills training, behavioural modification, and medication may have some limited beneficial effects in peer relationships. Stable, high-quality friendships with non-deviant peers protect against later psychological problems. === Digital interventions === Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of d...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
serious adverse events. === Medication === The medications for ADHD appear to alleviate symptoms via their effects on the pre-frontal executive, striatal and related regions and networks in the brain; usually by increasing neurotransmission of norepinephrine and dopamine. ==== Stimulants ==== Methylphenidate and amphet...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
substantially reducing the adverse consequences of untreated ADHD with continuous treatment. Clinical guidelines internationally are also consistent in approving the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate and recommending it as a first-line treatment for the disorder. Safety and efficacy data have been reviewed extensi...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
stimulant therapy for children and adolescents should be stopped periodically to assess continuing need for medication, decrease possible growth delay, and reduce tolerance. Although potentially addictive at high doses, stimulants used to treat ADHD have low potential for abuse. Treatment with stimulants is either prot...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
with fewer side effects. Amantadine was shown to induce similar improvements in children treated with methylphenidate, with less frequent side effects. A 2021 retrospective study showed that amantadine may serve as an effective adjunct to stimulants for ADHD–related symptoms and appears to be a safer alternative to sec...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
Exercise === Exercise does not reduce the symptoms of ADHD. The conclusion by the International Consensus Statement is based on two meta-analyses: one of 10 studies with 300 children and the other of 15 studies and 668 participants, which showed that exercise yields no statistically significant reductions on ADHD sympt...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food colouring as standard ADHD treatment is not advised. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There is a small amount of evidence that lower tissue zinc levels may be associated with ADHD. In the absence of a d...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
estimated the frequency to be 26.2%. New research in 2025 indicates that adults diagnosed with ADHD may have a shorter lifespan compared to those without the condition. The study revealed that, on average, men with ADHD lived seven years less than men without ADHD, while women with ADHD had a lifespan nine years shorte...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
article. In contrast, a 2014 peer-reviewed medical literature review indicated that ADHD is underdiagnosed in adults. Studies from multiple countries have reported that children born closer to the start of the school year are more frequently diagnosed with and medicated for ADHD than their older classmates. Boys who we...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
parents who may be reluctant to acknowledge that their child has ADHD. Crosscultural differences in diagnosis of ADHD can also be attributed to the long-lasting effects of harmful, racially targeted medical practices. Medical pseudosciences, particularly those that targeted Black populations during the period of slaver...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
used to describe the condition has changed over time and has included: minimal brain dysfunction in the DSM-I (1952), hyperkinetic reaction of childhood in the DSM-II (1968), and attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity in the DSM-III (1980). In 1987, the symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hypera...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
and enantiopure dextroamphetamine in the 1970s. The use of stimulants to treat ADHD was first described in 1937. Charles Bradley gave the children with behavioural disorders Benzedrine and found it improved academic performance and behaviour. == Research directions == === Possible positive traits === Possible positive ...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies Directed attention fatigue – a temporary state sharing many of the symptoms of ADHD Self-medication == References == == Further reading == == External links == National Institute of Mental Health. NIMH Pages About Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Na...	{ "page_id": 64976, "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" }
In anatomy, the precordium or praecordium is the portion of the body over the heart and lower chest. Defined anatomically, it is the area of the anterior chest wall over the heart. It is therefore usually on the left side, except in conditions like dextrocardia, where the individual's heart is on the right side. In suc...	{ "page_id": 2948561, "title": "Precordium" }
Chemical reaction engineering (reaction engineering or reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reactor...	{ "page_id": 25034192, "title": "Chemical reaction engineering" }
0130473944, ISBN 9780130473943 Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design (2nd Edition), Gilbert F. Froment and Kenneth B. Bischoff, 1990, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471510440, ISBN 9780471510444 Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering (1st Edition), Mark E. Davis and Robert J. Davis, 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc...	{ "page_id": 25034192, "title": "Chemical reaction engineering" }
of Minnesota, University of Houston 1998: Rutherford Aris, Professor - University of Minnesota 2001: Octave Levenspiel, Professor - Oregon State University 2004: Vern Weekman, Mobil 2007: Gilbert Froment, Professor - Ghent University, Texas A&M University 2010: Dan Luss, Professor - University of Houston 2013: Lanny Sc...	{ "page_id": 25034192, "title": "Chemical reaction engineering" }
The genomic signature refers to the characteristic frequency of oligonucleotides in a genome or sequence. It has been observed that the genomic signature of phylogenetically related genomes is similar. == See also == Gene signature mutational signatures Alignment-free sequence analysis Bioinformatics Computational geno...	{ "page_id": 29818324, "title": "Genomic signature" }
Lamalginite is a structured organic matter (alginite) in sapropel, composed of thin-walled colonial or unicellular algae that occur as distinct laminae, cryptically interbedded with mineral matter. It displays few or no recognisable biologic structures. Lamalginite fluoresce brightly in shades of yellow under blue/ultr...	{ "page_id": 18480598, "title": "Lamalginite" }
Physics Research International, previously known as Research Letters in Physics, was an open-access scientific journal publishing short (up to 4 pages) papers in the broad field of physics. The journal was established in 2008 and was published by the Hindawi Publishing Corporation. It ceased publications in 2017. == Ab...	{ "page_id": 18415062, "title": "Physics Research International" }
The South African Chemical Workers' Union (SACWU) is a trade union representing workers in the chemical industry in South Africa. The union was founded in 1973 and affiliated to the Consultative Committee, a loose grouping of trade unions. It was initially very small, and had grown to only 960 members by 1979. In 1980,...	{ "page_id": 67173849, "title": "South African Chemical Workers' Union" }
Semiheavy water is the result of replacing one of the protium (normal hydrogen, 1H) in normal water with deuterium (2H; or D). It exists whenever there is water with 1H and 2H in the mix. This is because hydrogen atoms (1,2H) are rapidly exchanged between water molecules. Water with 50% 1H and 50% 2H, is about 50% H2HO...	{ "page_id": 458202, "title": "Semiheavy water" }
In plasma physics, an upper hybrid oscillation is a mode of oscillation of a magnetized plasma. It consists of a longitudinal motion of the electrons perpendicular to the magnetic field with the dispersion relation ω 2 = ω p e 2 + ω c e 2 + 3 k 2 v e , t h 2 {\displaystyle \omega ^{2}=\omega _{pe}^{2}+\omega _{ce}^{2}+...	{ "page_id": 1899995, "title": "Upper hybrid oscillation" }
_{ce}^{2}\delta } Thus the perpendicular magnetic field effectively provides a harmonic restoring force with a frequency ωce, explaining the third term in the dispersion relation. The particle orbits (or fluid trajectories) are ellipses in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, elongated in the direction of pro...	{ "page_id": 1899995, "title": "Upper hybrid oscillation" }
Grossberg network is an artificial neural network introduced by Stephen Grossberg. It is a self organizing, competitive network based on continuous time. Grossberg, a neuroscientist and a biomedical engineer, designed this network based on the human visual system. == Shunting model == The shunting model is one of Gross...	{ "page_id": 35323360, "title": "Grossberg network" }
The Future of Go Summit (Chinese: 中国乌镇围棋峰会) was held in May 2017 by the Chinese Go Association, Sport Bureau of Zhejiang Province and Google in Wuzhen, Zhejiang, the permanent host of the World Internet Conference. It featured five Go games involving AlphaGo and top Chinese Go players, as well as a forum on the future ...	{ "page_id": 53738976, "title": "Future of Go Summit" }
this match while the losing side took 300,000 dollars for participating in the three games. AlphaGo won all three games. === Pair Go === The pair Go game was played on 26 May morning. Gu Li, an eight-time world champion, and Lian Xiao, the current Chinese Mingren and Tianyuan titles holder, each had their own AlphaGo t...	{ "page_id": 53738976, "title": "Future of Go Summit" }
finally resigned in the face of AlphaGo’s certain victory. Eric Schmidt, the Executive Chairman of DeepMind's parent company Alphabet, Inc. tweeted: "This speaks volumes about where AI is headed - human players are teaming up with AlphaGo to have even more fun with the game!". White 54 is a surprising move to human pla...	{ "page_id": 53738976, "title": "Future of Go Summit" }
In molecular biology mir-542 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-542 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371938, "title": "Mir-542 microRNA precursor family" }
In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, in each of which two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap with two lobes of an orbital on another atom, and in which this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through t...	{ "page_id": 589286, "title": "Pi bond" }
px + py overlap, which does not apply to an s-orbital) are generally all pi bonds. Pi bonds are more diffuse bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes referred to as pi electrons. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond, because rotation i...	{ "page_id": 589286, "title": "Pi bond" }
== A pi bond can exist between two atoms that do not have a net sigma-bonding effect between them. In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds. In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no net sigma-bonding at all, only p...	{ "page_id": 589286, "title": "Pi bond" }
The σ-π model and equivalent-orbital model refer to two possible representations of molecules in valence bond theory. The σ-π model differentiates bonds and lone pairs of σ symmetry from those of π symmetry, while the equivalent-orbital model hybridizes them. The σ-π treatment takes into account molecular symmetry and ...	{ "page_id": 46398956, "title": "Sigma-pi and equivalent-orbital models" }
as a combination of a sigma bond plus a pi bond. The σ-π representation is the better-known one, and it is the one found in most textbooks since the late-20th century. == Multiple lone pairs == Initially, Linus Pauling's scheme of water as presented in his hallmark paper on valence bond theory consists of two inequival...	{ "page_id": 46398956, "title": "Sigma-pi and equivalent-orbital models" }
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. Biotechnology is often used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Notable examples include the use of bacteria to produce things such as insulin or human growth hormone. Other examples include the use of transgenic pigs for the creation of hemoglobin i...	{ "page_id": 7011824, "title": "Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing" }
Escherichia coli bacteria. The gene that was inserted into the plasmid was created by reverse transcription of the mRNA found in pituitary glands to complementary DNA. HaeIII, a type of restriction enzyme which acts at restriction sites "in the 3' noncoding region" and at the 23rd codon in complementary DNA for human g...	{ "page_id": 7011824, "title": "Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing" }
blot assay. As of May 1988, more than 659 patients with hemophilia had AIDS... The first human blood clotting factor to be produced in significant quantities using recombinant DNA technology was Factor IX, which was produced using transgenic Chinese hamster ovary cells in 1986. Lacking a map of the human genome, resear...	{ "page_id": 7011824, "title": "Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing" }
bacteria, transfected DNA is not ordinarily integrated into the cell's genome, and is therefore not usually passed on to subsequent generations via cell division. Thus, in order to obtain a "stable" transfection, a gene which confers a significant survival advantage must also be transfected, causing the few cells that ...	{ "page_id": 7011824, "title": "Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing" }
(journal) Bacillus isolates Fungal isolates Medicinal molds Sponge isolates Streptomyces isolates == References ==	{ "page_id": 7011824, "title": "Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing" }
In chemistry, molecular orbital theory (MO theory or MOT) is a method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics. It was proposed early in the 20th century. The MOT explains the paramagnetic nature of O2, which valence bond theory cannot explain. In molecular orbital theory, electrons ...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
characterized by that type. This method of quantifying orbital contribution as a linear combination of atomic orbitals is used in computational chemistry. An additional unitary transformation can be applied on the system to accelerate the convergence in some computational schemes. Molecular orbital theory was seen as a...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }
C. Slater, and John Lennard-Jones. MO theory was originally called the Hund-Mulliken theory. According to physicist and physical chemist Erich Hückel, the first quantitative use of molecular orbital theory was the 1929 paper of Lennard-Jones. This paper predicted a triplet ground state for the dioxygen molecule which e...	{ "page_id": 589303, "title": "Molecular orbital theory" }

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