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m {\textstyle 1,\dots ,m} , greek indices take the values 1 , … , n {\textstyle 1,\dots ,n} , and the summation convention apply to them. Multiindex notation for the latin indices is also introduced as follows. A multiindex I {\textstyle I} of length k {\textstyle k} is an ordered list I = ( i 1 , … , i k ) {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
r − 1 P σ i I δ u I σ ) {\displaystyle \delta L=E_{\sigma }\delta u^{\sigma }+d_{i}\left(\sum _{\|I\|=0}^{r-1}P_{\sigma }^{iI}\delta u_{I}^{\sigma }\right)} where E σ = ∂ L ∂ u σ − d i ∂ L ∂ u i σ + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) r d i 1 … d i r ∂ L ∂ u i 1 . . . i r σ = ∑ \| I \| = 0 r ( − 1 ) \| I \| d I ∂ L ∂ u I σ {\displaystyle E_{\sigma ...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
be rewritten so that they act only on the dependent variables. Therefore, in the sequel we restrict to so-called vertical variations where δ x i = 0 {\displaystyle \delta x^{i}=0} . For Noether's second theorem, we consider those variational symmetries (called gauge symmetries) which are parametrized linearly by a set ...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
}^{i}} , where K λ i = K a i λ a + K a i , j λ j a + K a i , j 1 j 2 λ j 1 j 2 a … {\displaystyle K_{\lambda }^{i}=K_{a}^{i}\lambda ^{a}+K_{a}^{i,j}\lambda _{j}^{a}+K_{a}^{i,j_{1}j_{2}}\lambda _{j_{1}j_{2}}^{a}\dots } For simplicity, we will assume that all gauge symmetries are exact symmetries, but the general case is...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
− 1 ) \| J \| d J ( E σ R a σ , I J ) , {\displaystyle Q_{a}^{I}=\sum _{\|J\|=0}^{s-\|I\|}(-1)^{\|J\|}d_{J}\left(E_{\sigma }R_{a}^{\sigma ,IJ}\right),} in particular for \| I \| = 0 {\textstyle \|I\|=0} , Q a = E σ R a σ − d i ( E σ R a σ , i ) + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) s d i 1 … d i s ( E σ R a σ , i 1 . . . i s ) = ∑ \| I \| = 0 s ( − 1 ) \| I...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
= 0 {\displaystyle d_{i}S_{\lambda }^{i}=0} . The expressions Q a {\displaystyle Q_{a}} are differential in the Euler-Lagrange expressions, specifically we have Q a = D a [ E ] = ∑ \| I \| = 0 s ( − 1 ) \| I \| d I ( E σ R a σ , I ) = ∑ \| I \| = 0 s F a σ , I d I E σ , {\displaystyle Q_{a}={\mathcal {D}}_{a}[E]=\sum _{\|I\|=0...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
λ a D a [ E ] = d i B λ i , {\displaystyle E_{\sigma }({\mathcal {D}}^{+})^{\sigma }[\lambda ]-\lambda ^{a}{\mathcal {D}}_{a}[E]=d_{i}B_{\lambda }^{i},} which defines the adjoint operator ( D + ) σ {\displaystyle ({\mathcal {D}}^{+})^{\sigma }} uniquely. The coefficients of the adjoint operator are obtained through int...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
_{\lambda }L=E_{\sigma }\delta _{\lambda }u^{\sigma }+d_{i}W_{\lambda }^{i}=d_{i}\left(B_{\lambda }^{i}+W_{\lambda }^{i}\right)} of the Lagrangian is a total divergence, hence the variations δ λ u σ {\textstyle \delta _{\lambda }u^{\sigma }} are quasi-symmetries for every value of the functions λ a {\displaystyle \lamb...	{ "page_id": 18021657, "title": "Noether's second theorem" }
Doctor Manhattan (Dr. Jonathan "Jon" Osterman) is a fictional DC Comics character created by writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons. He debuted in the limited series graphic novel, Watchmen. Following a laboratory accident, atomic physicist Jon Osterman develops the ability to observe and manipulate matter at a suba...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
Doctor Manhattan. He believed a character living in a quantum universe would not perceive time from a linear perspective, which would influence the character's perception of human affairs. Moore also wanted to avoid creating an emotionless character like Spock from Star Trek, so he allowed Doctor Manhattan to retain "h...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
in atomic physics. In early 1959, he moves to a research base at Gila Flats, where experiments are being performed on the "intrinsic fields" of physical objects which, if tampered with, result in their disintegration. Here he meets Janey Slater, a fellow researcher; they eventually become lovers. During a visit to an a...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
wear anything at all except during mandatory public appearances. Dr. Manhattan's presence tips the balance of the Cold War in the West's favor, and as a result, U.S. foreign policy becomes more militaristic. At President Richard Nixon's request, he secures an American victory in the Vietnam War, which allows Nixon to r...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
reporter ambushes Manhattan with allegations that he caused cancer in his former associates, including Janey. Seeking solitude, Manhattan transports himself to Mars. The Soviet Union exploits his absence by invading Afghanistan, sparking an international crisis. Eventually, Manhattan brings Laurie to Mars to discuss wh...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
Universe due to blindspots from Marionette and Mimes kid, blindspots that was related to the DC universe, later revealed as cosmic universal hope. Dr Manhattan in the DC universe learned there are cosmic forces beyond his understanding and as doomsday clock proceed he learns more and more about the different cosmic for...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
modification in the timeline also caused the other speedsters Jesse Quick, Bart Allen, Jay Garrick, and Max Mercury to be removed from history and trapped in the Speed Force. However Wally West was saved by Barry, therefore initiating the events of DC Rebirth. It’s speculative that Doctor Manhattan then kills Pandora a...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
see only the very worst of humanity. Jor-El assumes the identity of Mister Oz and tries to convince his son Kal-El, or Superman, to abandon Earth. However, when Jor-El begins to realize that he has been pushing against his son too far, he is pulled away. Superman acknowledges Jor-El's warnings even as he rejects his mi...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
life, eventually "sitting at a round table wearing a mask" and later testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee but refusing to implicate anyone in his employ. On July 16, 1940, again, Doctor Manhattan moves the green lantern six inches out of his reach so that Alan Scott dies in the train accident an...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
his life to save Earth's sun and thereby caused his ring to careen through time, the events in which he moved Alan Scott's lantern and thereby caused the ring never to have existed, and his confrontation with Superman set one week from then. On Earth, Batman and Superman are recovering from a massive explosion, which h...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
in the DC Universe on April 18, 1938. He meets Carver Colman. As they talk in a diner, Doctor Manhattan sees all moments of Carver's future until his death before April 19, 1955. Overhearing news of a mysterious man who lifted a car over his head, Doctor Manhattan leaves and witnesses the first appearance of the Golden...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
it, an innate hope that fights back to the surface. He returns to Carver Colman on June 8, 1954, 10 seconds before he is killed by his mother, and he thinks about the future he sees where Superman attacks him, believing that he will either die by Superman's hands or destroy the Metaverse. Back to the present day, Docto...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
what his life could have been if he had not become Doctor Manhattan: Janey convinces him to not retrieve the watch so he is not involved in the incident that would have given him his powers; he marries Janey and they start a family together, having two daughters and a son, living a life without any worry of time. He sm...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
but generally remain above 1.83 m (6.0 ft) tall. He is completely blue (altering his shade and luminosity at will) and has no hair. On his forehead, he has etched a stylized image of a hydrogen atom. He did this during preparations by the military for his unveiling to the general public. They presented him with a hat a...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
once close to him, including his former girlfriend Janey Slater, have come down with terminal cancer. Manhattan feels that he poses a threat to others, and he exiles himself to Mars, stating "I am tired of Earth, these people. I'm tired of being caught in the tangle of their lives." His interest in humanity is revived ...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
was in the moment Superman was to punch at him; a moment he couldn't see past. In irony, Manhattan was the antithesis of Superman, being a human who had lost all senses of humanity; while Superman was an alien who embodied the best of humanity. When the foretold moment came, Manhattan revealed he was responsible for er...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
himself. Jon has complete awareness of and control over atomic and subatomic particles. He is also an omnikinetic. He does not need air, water, food, or sleep, and is immortal. He can teleport himself and others over limitless distances. He is capable of true flight, although he uses only levitation in most of his appe...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
from the DC Universe when Barry Allen tried to bring his original universe back to normal. Jon's intervention caused The New 52 timeline to be formed after Perpetua recreated the multiverse, within which most superheroes are younger and less experienced, and most of them lose their most important relationships before t...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
the ends justify the means?" The character is primarily cited as the representation of the potential side effects and dangers of a superintelligence, which include detachment from the rest of humanity and potential characteristics of apathy. == In other media == === Television === Doctor Manhattan appears in Watchmen: ...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
4, which is kind of a weird amalgam of the original Charlton universe and this kind of Watchmen parallel world." This character is named 'Captain Adam', and appears in Superman Beyond #1. He is blue-skinned with the hydrogen atom mark of Doctor Manhattan, and is addicted to drugs which keep his "quantum senses" in chec...	{ "page_id": 720155, "title": "Doctor Manhattan" }
The molecular formula C10H18O5 (molar mass: 218.249 g/mol) may refer to: Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate Diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether	{ "page_id": 76152094, "title": "C10H18O5" }
The Danish Physical Society is the national association for physics for Denmark. As such, it is also one of the 41 members of the European Physical Society, and contributes to joint European projects such as the ALICE Collaboration. The Society produces a journal titled Kvant, and also seeks to promote the inclusion of...	{ "page_id": 38468897, "title": "Danish Physical Society" }
Cell disruption, sometimes referred to as digestion, is a method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell. == Methods == The production of biologically interesting molecules using cloning and culturing methods allows the study and manufacture of relevant molecules. Except for excreted molecules,...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
bead beating is dependent not only on design features of the shaking machine (which take into consideration shaking oscillations frequency, shaking throw or distance, shaking orientation and vial orientation), but also the selection of correct bead size (0.1–6 mm (0.004–0.2 in) diameter), bead composition (glass, ceram...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
configuration, large commercial machines are available to process many liters of cell suspension. Currently, these machines are limited to processing unicellular organisms such as yeast, algae and bacteria. === Cryopulverization === Samples with a tough extracellular matrix, such as animal connective tissue, some tumor...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
a staple item in many microbiology laboratories, their production has been largely discontinued, leading to a resurgence in alternate applications of similar technology. Modern physical cell disruptors typically operate via either pneumatic or hydraulic pressure. Although pneumatic machines are typically lower cost, th...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
extraction and recovery of more membrane proteins, (b) enhanced protein digestion, (c) differential lysis in a mixed sample base, (d) pathogen inactivation, (e) increased DNA detection, and (f) exquisite sample preparation process control. The Microfluidizer method used for cell disruption strongly influences the physi...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
mechanical disruption methods the Microfluidizer breaks the cell membranes efficiently but gently, resulting in relatively large cell wall fragments (450 nm), and thus making it easier to separate the cell contents. This can lead to shorter filtration times and better centrifugation separation. Microfluidizer technolog...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
same disruptive force is applied uniformly throughout the sample, thus ensuring unusual uniformity in the product. Cell-free homogenates can be produced. The technique is used to homogenize cells and tissues, release intact organelles, prepare cell membranes, release labile biochemicals, and produce uniform and repeata...	{ "page_id": 1637666, "title": "Cell disruption" }
In molecular biology mir-541 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-541 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371749, "title": "Mir-541 microRNA precursor family" }
In theoretical physics, the scaling dimension, or simply dimension, of a local operator in a quantum field theory characterizes the rescaling properties of the operator under spacetime dilations x → λ x {\displaystyle x\to \lambda x} . If the quantum field theory is scale invariant, scaling dimensions of operators are ...	{ "page_id": 41286954, "title": "Scaling dimension" }
operator O {\displaystyle O} is determined by dimensional analysis from the Lagrangian (in four spacetime dimensions, it is 1 for elementary bosonic fields including the vector potentials, 3/2 for elementary fermionic fields etc.). This scaling dimension is called the classical dimension (the terms canonical dimension ...	{ "page_id": 41286954, "title": "Scaling dimension" }
not being exactly scale invariant, remain approximately scale invariant over a long range of distances. Such quantum field theories can be obtained by adding to free field theories interaction terms with small dimensionless couplings. For example, in four spacetime dimensions one can add quartic scalar couplings, Yukaw...	{ "page_id": 41286954, "title": "Scaling dimension" }
do not run at all, so that the theory is scale invariant at all distances and for any value of the coupling. For example, this occurs in the N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. == References ==	{ "page_id": 41286954, "title": "Scaling dimension" }
The pericorneal plexus refers to a network of blood vessels in the eye; specifically to branches of the anterior conjunctival arteries. These vessels are arranged around the cornea in superficial and deep layers. == References ==	{ "page_id": 72351019, "title": "Pericorneal plexus" }
Antibody Solutions is a privately held American contract research organization headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It provides research and discovery services and fit-for-purpose antibodies to biopharmaceutical and diagnostic companies and academic researchers worldwide. The company’s services include monoclonal ...	{ "page_id": 21691693, "title": "Antibody Solutions" }
San Tomas Expressway in mid-2019. A grand opening for the Scott Blvd. facility was held on January 30, 2020, to coincide with the company's Silver Anniversary. == Partnerships == Over the years, Antibody Solutions has had strategic agreements with a range of life science companies, including Open Monoclonal Technology,...	{ "page_id": 21691693, "title": "Antibody Solutions" }
Immunoassay development Ligand-binding assay analysis Drug potency assay analysis Cell bank storage Full technical and project management == References == == External links == Antibody Solutions Official Site Profile at Science Exchange	{ "page_id": 21691693, "title": "Antibody Solutions" }
The Ordem dos Biólogos (OdB) is a professional body for biologists, primarily those working in Portugal. The Ordem dos Biólogos is headquartered in Lisbon, and has regional branches in several other cities across Portugal. It was founded on 4 July 1998 by the Decree-Law 183/98. Any citizen with accredited degree and pr...	{ "page_id": 19922225, "title": "Ordem dos Biólogos" }
health. Colégio do Ambiente Colégio da Biotecnologia Colégio da Educação Colégio da Biologia Humana e Saúde The main structure also includes the Professional and Deontological Council. === Notable members === Maria de Jesus Silva Fernandes (president), Jorge Araújo, Maria Amélia Loução == See also == Ordem dos Advogado...	{ "page_id": 19922225, "title": "Ordem dos Biólogos" }
Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing vectors to target cells in the body. Magnetofection has been adapted to a variety of vectors, including nucleic acids, non-viral transfection systems, and viruses. This method offers advantages such as high transfectio...	{ "page_id": 11664690, "title": "Magnetofection" }
proton sponge effect caused by cationic polymers coated on the nanoparticles that promote endosome osmotic swelling, disruption of the endosome membrane and intracellular release of DNA form, the destabilization of endosome by cationic lipids coated on the particles that release the nucleic acid into cells by flip-flop...	{ "page_id": 11664690, "title": "Magnetofection" }
to high transfection efficiency. Gene vector and magnetic nanoparticle complexes are transfected into cells after 10–15 minutes, which is faster than the 2–4 hours that other transfection methods require. After 24, 48 or 72 hours, most of the particles are localized in the cytoplasm, in vacuoles (membranes surrounded s...	{ "page_id": 11664690, "title": "Magnetofection" }
to cells, while others claim that small (< 2 nm) nanoparticles can diffuse across cell membranes and disrupt organelles. In addition, very high concentrations of iron oxide can disrupt homeostasis and lead to iron overload, which can damage or alter DNA, affect cellular responses, and kill cells. Lysosymes can also dig...	{ "page_id": 11664690, "title": "Magnetofection" }
The molecular formula C18H22N2O (molar mass: 282.38 g/mol, exact mass: 282.1732 u) may refer to: B777-81 PD 144418 SF-6847	{ "page_id": 75103540, "title": "C18H22N2O" }
A piezophile (from Greek "piezo-" for pressure and "-phile" for loving) is an organism with optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure, i.e., an organism that has its maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure equal to or above 10 megapascals (99 atm; 1,500 psi), when tested over all permissible temperatures....	{ "page_id": 2686262, "title": "Piezophile" }
is 140MPa shown by Colwellia marinimaniae MTCD1. The term "obligate piezophile" refers to organisms that are unable to grow under lower hydrostatic pressures, such as 0.1 MPa. In contrast, piezotolerant organisms are those that have their maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure under 10 MPa, but that neverthel...	{ "page_id": 2686262, "title": "Piezophile" }
stacking interactions of the DNA. Thus it favours the double stranded duplex structure of the DNA. However, to carry out several processes like DNA replication, transcription and translation, the transition to single-strand structure is necessary, which becomes difficult as high pressure increases the melting temperatu...	{ "page_id": 2686262, "title": "Piezophile" }
activity even with decreases due to temperature or pressure effects. Furthermore, some piezophilic enzymes have increasing catalytic activity with increasing pressures, though this is not a generalization for all piezophilic enzymes. === Overall effect on cells === As a result of high pressure, several functions may be...	{ "page_id": 2686262, "title": "Piezophile" }
Phosphoproteomics is a branch of proteomics that identifies, catalogs, and characterizes proteins containing a phosphate group as a posttranslational modification. Phosphorylation is a key reversible modification that regulates protein function, subcellular localization, complex formation, degradation of proteins and t...	{ "page_id": 8715575, "title": "Phosphoproteomics" }
greatly improved, there is still sample loss and inconsistencies with regards to sample preparation, enrichment, and instrumentation. Bioinformatics tools and biological sequence databases are also necessary for high-throughput phosphoproteomic studies. === Enrichment strategies === Previous procedures to isolate phosp...	{ "page_id": 8715575, "title": "Phosphoproteomics" }
enzymes dubbed kinases. Kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific serine, threonine or tyrosine residues of target molecules. The resultant phosphorylated protein may have altered activity level, subcellular localization or tertiary structure. Phosphoproteomic analyses are ideal for the study of the dynami...	{ "page_id": 8715575, "title": "Phosphoproteomics" }
these suggest that it is possible to mine the tumor phosphoproteome for potential biomarkers. Increasing amounts of data are available suggesting that distinctive phosphoproteins exist in various tumors and that phosphorylation profiling could be used to fingerprint cancers from different origins. In addition, systemat...	{ "page_id": 8715575, "title": "Phosphoproteomics" }
Signal Transduction YouTube Video CDPD Collecting Duct Phosphoprotein Database	{ "page_id": 8715575, "title": "Phosphoproteomics" }
A V0-morph is an organism whose surface area remains constant as the organism grows. The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part ...	{ "page_id": 5569849, "title": "V0-morph" }
budget isomorph V1-morph shape correction function	{ "page_id": 5569849, "title": "V0-morph" }
Rolf Ling Bolin (22 March 1901 – 23 August 1973) was an American academic ichthyologist. A genus of lanternfish, Bolinichthys, is named for him. == Biography == Bolin was born on 22 March 1901 in New York City to Scandinavian American parents. He initially pursued a career in graphic arts, but then took courses in mari...	{ "page_id": 38075706, "title": "Rolf Ling Bolin" }
In many-body physics, most commonly within condensed-matter physics, a gapped Hamiltonian is a Hamiltonian for an infinitely large many-body system where there is a finite energy gap separating the (possibly degenerate) ground space from the first excited states. A Hamiltonian that is not gapped is called gapless. The ...	{ "page_id": 59833659, "title": "Gapped Hamiltonian" }
The molecular formula C16H20N2 may refer to: Benzathine Costaclavin DALT Festuclavine Pheniramine 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)	{ "page_id": 24378685, "title": "C16H20N2" }
The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was formed in 1980 and is a collaboration between three United Nations bodies, the World Health Organization, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, to establish a scientific basis for safe use of chemicals and to strengt...	{ "page_id": 4062527, "title": "International Programme on Chemical Safety" }
In mycology, a stipe () is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal tissue. In many instances, however, the fertile hymenium extends down the stipe some distance. Fungi that have stipes are said to ...	{ "page_id": 3865921, "title": "Stipe (mycology)" }
David McFarland (born Dec 31, 1938) Professor McFarland is an ethologist and writer. He is a scientist specialising in the field of animal behaviour and more recently the broadening of this understanding to "artificial ethology", links to human AI and robotics. He was educated at Leighton Park School, the Quaker school...	{ "page_id": 24640834, "title": "David McFarland" }
(subscription required) Short biography at chapters.indigo.ca David McFarland: Guilty Robots, Happy Dogs - The Question of Alien Minds - review by Berel Dov Lerner, Western Galilee College, Israel	{ "page_id": 24640834, "title": "David McFarland" }
GRE Subject Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was a standardized exam provided by ETS (Educational Testing Service) that was discontinued in December 2016. It is a paper-based exam and there are no computer-based versions of it. ETS places this exam three times per year: once in April, once in October and once i...	{ "page_id": 5569863, "title": "GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test" }
polysaccharides, proteins and complex lipids) Supramolecular complexes (e.g., membranes, ribosomes and multienzyme complexes) C Catalysis and Binding Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics Ligand-protein interaction (e.g., hormone receptors, substrates and effectors, transport proteins and antigen-antibody interaction...	{ "page_id": 5569863, "title": "GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test" }
linkage analysis B. Chromatin and Chromosomes Karyotypes Translocations, inversions, deletions and duplications Aneuploidy and polyploidy Structure Epigenetics C. Genomics Genome structure Physical mapping Repeated DNA and gene families Gene identification Transposable elements Bioinformatics Proteomics Molecular evolu...	{ "page_id": 5569863, "title": "GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test" }
Proust Was a Neuroscientist is a non-fiction book written by Jonah Lehrer, first published in 2007. In it, Lehrer argues that many 20th and 21st-century discoveries of neuroscience are actually re-discoveries of insights made earlier by various artists, including Gertrude Stein, Walt Whitman, Paul Cézanne, Igor Stravin...	{ "page_id": 22871367, "title": "Proust Was a Neuroscientist" }
Iron is an important biological element. It is used in both the ubiquitous iron-sulfur proteins and in vertebrates it is used in hemoglobin which is essential for blood and oxygen transport. == Overview == Iron is required for life. The iron–sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase, the enzymes responsible...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
it is very effective at taking up Fe3+ ions even from the most stable complexes. At the bone marrow, transferrin is reduced from Fe3+ and Fe2+ and stored as ferritin to be incorporated into hemoglobin. The most commonly known and studied bioinorganic iron compounds (biological iron molecules) are the heme proteins: exa...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
In this configuration, the sixth coordination site reserved for the oxygen is blocked by another histidine residue. When deoxyhemoglobin picks up an oxygen molecule, this histidine residue moves away and returns once the oxygen is securely attached to form a hydrogen bond with it. This results in the Fe2+ ion switching...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
role in the toxicity of cyanide, but there the major effect is by far its interference with the proper functioning of the electron transport protein cytochrome a. The cytochrome proteins also involve heme groups and are involved in the metabolic oxidation of glucose by oxygen. The sixth coordination site is then occupi...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
synthetic replicas, the presence of iron in these structures increased elastic modulus 770 times, tensile strength 58 times, and toughness 92 times. The amount of stress required to permanently damage them increased 76 times. == Vertebrate metabolism == In vertebrates, iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, the ...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
to be relatively asymptomatic, although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it. Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency. Iron-deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before their cells ...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body's need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of fro...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells. In contrast, ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone. The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferropor...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
store it. ==== Cellular iron regulation ==== ===== Iron import ===== Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor-mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and GAPDH. TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin-bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main playe...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain. Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload. The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM. ===== Iron export ===== Iro...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA. Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5' UTRs, so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2, preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage pro...	{ "page_id": 12516682, "title": "Iron in biology" }
The molecular formula C12H16O4 (molar mass: 224.26 g/mol, exact mass: 224.1049 u) may refer to: 2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone Olivetolic acid	{ "page_id": 43384139, "title": "C12H16O4" }
Britains' Deetail toy soldiers were a popular product in the 1970s and 1980s. Manufactured in England by W. Britain, the 1/32 (54mm) scale plastic figures were finished with hand painted details and came with sturdy Zamak metal bases. In the early 1990s production moved to China before eventually being phased out. == D...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
in place. Riders and horses were presented in various different poses and came with reins, saddle and saddle blanket, which differed dependent upon the theme. All were commercially available from retail outlets and sold either loose or from retail/trade "counter" boxes containing 48 pcs for standing (usually eight of e...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
kneeling shooting; officer holding sword & flag); and 3 x Highland Black Watch (kneeling with rifle; standing shooting rifle; advancing with rifle) Cavalry - 2 x Hussars, 2 x Scots Greys, 2 x Life Guards ==== French ==== Infantry - 3 x Line Infantry (advancing with rifle; standing shooting rifle; officer holding sword ...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
==== Federal ==== 6 Infantry standing shooting rifle; kneeling shooting rifle; advancing with rifle; standing loading rifle; officer with sword and pistol; NCO with flag and pistol 6 Cavalry Combat Weapons - Gatling gun set with 2 figures (officer and gunner) and ammunition ==== Confederate ==== 6 Infantry - standing s...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
gunner with M83) Helicopter with 2 man crew and casualty on stretcher, rotating blades and working winch Motorcycles Motorcycle with dispatch rider Issued Sets ==== German Army WWII ==== Infantry 1st series (6 figures) - kneeling with MG42, charging with fixed bayonet, standing throwing grenade, standing firing rifle, ...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
Motorcycle (850cc Norton) with dispatch rider ==== Issued Sets ==== ==== Desert Rats 8th Army WW2 ==== 6 Infantry (manufactured 1973-76) Combat Weapons Vickers MG with 2 man crew (1 loading, 1 firing) with ammunition Military Vehicles Daimler scout car with 2 man crew ==== Issued Sets ==== 7339 Vickers Gun retail count...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
Yeoman (6 pcs) 299 Sentry box ==== Task Force ==== The Task Force range was introduced 1995/96 using the US and British WW2 Deetail moulds, but finished with different colour schemes. === Space === The Space range was launched in 1981 and ran until 1985 including Stargard Commandos, Cyborg, Assault Squad, Aliens and Mu...	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
it to retail. First issue American Infantry released with red bases in very limited quantities are also highly prized. == Notes == == References == Pullen, David Britains Toy Model Catalogues 1970 to 1979 Veloce (July 15, 2010), ISBN 9781845842758	{ "page_id": 15334733, "title": "Britains Deetail" }
A sooterkin is a fabled small creature about the size of a mouse that certain women were believed to have been capable of giving birth to. The origin of this initially jocular fantasy lies in the 18th century, and some eminent physicians of the day considered it factual. It is attributed to a tendency of Dutch women to...	{ "page_id": 24771929, "title": "Sooterkin" }
Willem Lambertus Vos (born August 30, 1964, Amstelveen) is a Dutch scientist. He is Professor of Physics at the University of Twente and former group leader at the Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics "AMOLF" In 2004, with his group members, Peter Lodahl et al. they succeeded in controlling the pace of light emis...	{ "page_id": 3603804, "title": "Willem Vos" }
Tholins (after the Greek θολός (tholós) "hazy" or "muddy"; from the ancient Greek word meaning "sepia ink") are a wide variety of organic compounds formed by solar ultraviolet or cosmic ray irradiation of simple carbon-containing compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) or ethane (C2H6), often in combinati...	{ "page_id": 458078, "title": "Tholin" }
C2H6, NH3, H2O, HCHO, and H2S. The product, synthesized by ultraviolet (UV) light or spark discharge, is a brown, sometimes sticky, residue, which has been called, because of its resistance to conventional analytical chemistry, "intractable polymer". [...] We propose, as a model-free descriptive term, 'tholins' (Greek ...	{ "page_id": 458078, "title": "Tholin" }
gaseous mixtures to electrical discharge in cold plasma conditions, reminiscent of the famous Miller–Urey experiment conducted in 1952. === Naturally === As illustrated to the right, tholins are thought to form in nature through a chain of chemical reactions known as pyrolysis and radiolysis. This begins with the disso...	{ "page_id": 458078, "title": "Tholin" }

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