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∂ ∂ x 1 , … , X n = ∂ ∂ x n ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} =\left(X_{1}={\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{1}}},\dots ,X_{n}={\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{n}}}\right)\,.} The metric g has components relative to this frame given by g i j [ f ] = g ( ∂ ∂ x i , ∂ ∂ x j ) . {\displaystyle g_{ij}\left[\mathbf {f} \right]=g\lef... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
the coordinate change. === Signature of a metric === Associated to any metric tensor is the quadratic form defined in each tangent space by q m ( X m ) = g m ( X m , X m ) , X m ∈ T m M . {\displaystyle q_{m}(X_{m})=g_{m}(X_{m},X_{m})\,,\quad X_{m}\in T_{m}M.} If qm is positive for all non-zero Xm, then the metric is p... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
are: If g has signature (n, 0), then g is a Riemannian metric, and M is called a Riemannian manifold. Otherwise, g is a pseudo-Riemannian metric, and M is called a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (the term semi-Riemannian is also used). If M is four-dimensional with signature (1, 3) or (3, 1), then the metric is called Lore... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
α p ( X p ) + b α p ( Y p ) . {\displaystyle \alpha _{p}\left(aX_{p}+bY_{p}\right)=a\alpha _{p}\left(X_{p}\right)+b\alpha _{p}\left(Y_{p}\right)\,.} As p varies, α is assumed to be a smooth function in the sense that p ↦ α p ( X p ) {\displaystyle p\mapsto \alpha _{p}\left(X_{p}\right)} is a smooth function of p for an... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
{\begin{aligned}&\alpha [\mathbf {f} A]G[\mathbf {f} A]^{-1}\beta [\mathbf {f} A]^{\mathsf {T}}\\={}&\left(\alpha [\mathbf {f} ]A\right)\left(A^{-1}G[\mathbf {f} ]^{-1}\left(A^{-1}\right)^{\mathsf {T}}\right)\left(A^{\mathsf {T}}\beta [\mathbf {f} ]^{\mathsf {T}}\right)\\={}&\alpha [\mathbf {f} ]G[\mathbf {f} ]^{-1}\be... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
i=j\\0&\mathrm {if} \ i\not =j.\end{cases}}} That is, θi[f](Xj) = δji, the Kronecker delta. Let θ [ f ] = [ θ 1 [ f ] θ 2 [ f ] ⋮ θ n [ f ] ] . {\displaystyle \theta [\mathbf {f} ]={\begin{bmatrix}\theta ^{1}[\mathbf {f} ]\\\theta ^{2}[\mathbf {f} ]\\\vdots \\\theta ^{n}[\mathbf {f} ]\end{bmatrix}}.} Under a change of ... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
vector fields f, if a vector field X has components v[f], then the components of the covector field g(X, −) in the dual basis are given by the entries of the row vector a [ f ] = v [ f ] T G [ f ] . {\displaystyle a[\mathbf {f} ]=v[\mathbf {f} ]^{\mathsf {T}}G[\mathbf {f} ].} Under a change of basis f ↦ fA, the right-h... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
thus defines a vector field on M. The operation (9) associating to the (covariant) components of a covector a[f] the (contravariant) components of a vector v[f] given is called raising the index. In components, (9) is v i [ f ] = ∑ k = 1 n g i k [ f ] a k [ f ] . {\displaystyle v^{i}[\mathbf {f} ]=\sum _{k=1}^{n}g^{ik}... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
the pushforward of v along φ.) Given two such vectors, v and w, the induced metric is defined by g ( v , w ) = φ ∗ ( v ) ⋅ φ ∗ ( w ) . {\displaystyle g(v,w)=\varphi _{*}(v)\cdot \varphi _{*}(w).} It follows from a straightforward calculation that the matrix of the induced metric in the basis of coordinate vector fields... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
and often continuously differentiable, smooth, or real analytic, depending on the case of interest, and whether M can support such a structure. === Metric as a section of a bundle === By the universal property of the tensor product, any bilinear mapping (10) gives rise naturally to a section g⊗ of the dual of the tenso... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
metric is a mapping g : E × M E → R {\displaystyle g:E\times _{M}E\to \mathbf {R} } from the fiber product of E to R which is bilinear in each fiber: g p : E p × E p → R . {\displaystyle g_{p}:E_{p}\times E_{p}\to \mathbf {R} .} Using duality as above, a metric is often identified with a section of the tensor product b... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
bilinear form is symmetric if and only if S is symmetric. There is thus a natural one-to-one correspondence between symmetric bilinear forms on TpM and symmetric linear isomorphisms of TpM to the dual T∗pM. As p varies over M, Sg defines a section of the bundle Hom(TM, T*M) of vector bundle isomorphisms of the tangent ... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
metric tensor relative to the coordinate vector fields. Let γ(t) be a piecewise-differentiable parametric curve in M, for a ≤ t ≤ b. The arclength of the curve is defined by L = ∫ a b ∑ i , j = 1 n g i j ( γ ( t ) ) ( d d t x i ∘ γ ( t ) ) ( d d t x j ∘ γ ( t ) ) d t . {\displaystyle L=\int _{a}^{b}{\sqrt {\sum _{i,j=1... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
and the curve along which the formula is integrated. === The energy, variational principles and geodesics === Given a segment of a curve, another frequently defined quantity is the (kinetic) energy of the curve: E = 1 2 ∫ a b ∑ i , j = 1 n g i j ( γ ( t ) ) ( d d t x i ∘ γ ( t ) ) ( d d t x j ∘ γ ( t ) ) d t . {\displa... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
natural positive Borel measure allows one to develop a theory of integrating functions on the manifold by means of the associated Lebesgue integral. A measure can be defined, by the Riesz representation theorem, by giving a positive linear functional Λ on the space C0(M) of compactly supported continuous functions on M... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
Euclidean geometry: the two-dimensional Euclidean metric tensor. In the usual Cartesian (x, y) coordinates, we can write g = [ 1 0 0 1 ] . {\displaystyle g={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}\,.} The length of a curve reduces to the formula: L = ∫ a b ( d x ) 2 + ( d y ) 2 . {\displaystyle L=\int _{a}^{b}{\sqrt {(dx... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
k ∂ x k ∂ q i ∂ x k ∂ q j . {\displaystyle g_{ij}=\sum _{kl}\delta _{kl}{\frac {\partial x^{k}}{\partial q^{i}}}{\frac {\partial x^{l}}{\partial q^{j}}}=\sum _{k}{\frac {\partial x^{k}}{\partial q^{i}}}{\frac {\partial x^{k}}{\partial q^{j}}}.} ==== The round metric on a sphere ==== The unit sphere in ℝ3 comes equipped... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
2 − d y 2 − d z 2 = d r μ d r μ = g μ ν d r μ d r ν . {\displaystyle ds^{2}=c^{2}dt^{2}-dx^{2}-dy^{2}-dz^{2}=dr^{\mu }dr_{\mu }=g_{\mu \nu }dr^{\mu }dr^{\nu }\,.} The Schwarzschild metric describes the spacetime around a spherically symmetric body, such as a planet, or a black hole. With coordinates ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ,... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
The large scale structure of space-time, Cambridge University Press. Kay, David (1988), Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Tensor Calculus, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-033484-7. Kline, Morris (1990), Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times, Volume 3, Oxford University Press. Lee, John (1997), Riemannia... | {
"page_id": 195795,
"title": "Metric tensor"
} |
The Swendsen–Wang algorithm is the first non-local or cluster algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation for large systems near criticality. It has been introduced by Robert Swendsen and Jian-Sheng Wang in 1987 at Carnegie Mellon. The original algorithm was designed for the Ising and Potts models, and it was later generalize... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
algorithm is non-local in the sense that a single sweep updates a collection of spin variables based on the Fortuin–Kasteleyn representation. The update is done on a "cluster" of spin variables connected by open bond variables that are generated through a percolation process, based on the interaction states of the spin... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
distribution has been derived in the following way: the Hamiltonian of the Ising model is H [ σ ] = ∑ < i , j > − J i , j σ i σ j {\displaystyle H[\sigma ]=\sum \limits _{<i,j>}-J_{i,j}\sigma _{i}\sigma _{j}} , and the partition function is Z = ∑ { σ } e − β H [ σ ] {\displaystyle Z=\sum \limits _{\lbrace \sigma \rbrac... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
m − e − β J n m ) Z n , m s a m e + e − β J n m Z n , m i n d . {\displaystyle Z=\left(e^{\beta J_{nm}}-e^{-\beta J_{nm}}\right)Z_{n,m}^{same}+e^{-\beta J_{nm}}Z_{n,m}^{ind}.} Since the first term contains a restriction on the spin values whereas there is no restriction in the second term, the weighting factors (proper... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
the SW algorithm is usually used in conjunction with single spin-flip algorithms such as the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to achieve ergodicity. The SW algorithm does however satisfy detailed-balance. To show this, we note that every transition between two Ising spin states must pass through some bond configuration in... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
'_{m}}J_{lm}\right]}}=e^{-\beta \Delta E}} since Δ E = − ∑ < l , m > J l m ( σ l ′ σ m ′ − σ l σ m ) = − ∑ < l , m > J l m [ δ σ l ′ , σ m ′ − ( 1 − δ σ l ′ , σ m ′ ) − δ σ l , σ m + ( 1 − δ σ l , σ m ) ] = − 2 ∑ < l , m > J l m ( δ σ l ′ , σ m ′ − δ σ l , σ m ) {\displaystyle \Delta E=-\sum \limits _{<l,m>}J_{lm}\left... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
systems, because the correlation length of the clusters is larger than the correlation length of the spin model in the presence of frustrated interactions. Currently, there are two main approaches to addressing this problem, such that the efficiency of cluster algorithms is extended to frustrated systems. The first app... | {
"page_id": 21888215,
"title": "Swendsen–Wang algorithm"
} |
In molecular phylogenetics, relationships among individuals are determined using character traits, such as DNA, RNA or protein, which may be obtained using a variety of sequencing technologies. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has become a popular technique in transcriptomics, which represent a snapshot of ge... | {
"page_id": 52821211,
"title": "Phylogenetic inference using transcriptomic data"
} |
transcripts are expressed. This may detrimentally affect downstream ortholog detection. === Public databases === RNA may also be acquired from public databases, such as GenBank, RefSeq, 1000 Plants (1KP) and 1KITE. Public databases potentially offer curated sequences which can improve inference quality and avoid the co... | {
"page_id": 52821211,
"title": "Phylogenetic inference using transcriptomic data"
} |
through alternative splicing with variable expression, the utilization of RNA is more complicated than DNA. However, transcriptomes are cheaper to sequence than complete genomes and may be obtained without the use of a pre-existing reference genome. It is not uncommon to translate RNA sequence into protein sequence whe... | {
"page_id": 52821211,
"title": "Phylogenetic inference using transcriptomic data"
} |
An V1-morph is an organism that changes in shape during growth such that its surface area is proportional to its volume. In most cases both volume and surface area are proportional to length The reason the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proport... | {
"page_id": 5569756,
"title": "V1-morph"
} |
Microbarometers are sensitive barometers that can measure air pressure with high precision. Microbarometers typically have a resolution of microbars (μbar) or pascals (Pa), while ordinary barometers can only resolve in hectopascals (hPa) or millibars (mbar). Recording microbarometers, or microbarographs, distributed ar... | {
"page_id": 14417117,
"title": "Microbarometer"
} |
An extraterrestrial or alien is a lifeform that did not originate on Earth. (The word extraterrestrial means 'outside Earth'.) Extraterrestrials are a common theme in modern science-fiction, and also appeared in much earlier works such as the second-century parody True History by Lucian of Samosata. == History == === A... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, which proposed the theory of evolution. This book caused a revolution in fiction as much as it did in science, as authors began to imagine extraterrestrial races completely different from human beings. With the rationale that evolution in other worlds may take completely differe... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
it, and introduced the tropes of the alien invasion and the depiction of extraterrestrials as monsters. Wells also wrote The First Men in the Moon, the first attempt to describe in detail the workings of an alien civilization. He based the roles of the Selenites in those of an ant colony, although those roles are more ... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
alien, despite evolution being fully accepted in the scientific community by this point. Stanley G. Weinbaum made a significant change in A Martian Odyssey (Wonder Stories), by designing a Martian ecosystem with native creatures, unlike the plants or animals from Earth. Such creation was largely free of satire, melodra... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
aliens and those movies were both basically variations on the 1950s and 1960s little green or little grey man image". The advent of TV and films, with extraterrestrials played by actors, toned down the fantasy. For budget reasons, humanlike aliens with just some specific non-human body features became the new standard.... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
of exploitation by humans, or by secret overseers watching and shepherding humanity in secrecy since antiquity. Or they may be completely uninterested in interacting with humanity in any significant capacity. Although most extraterrestrials come from other planets, others may also be from Earth, coming from areas that ... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7. Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Aliens". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3. Westfahl, Gary (2022... | {
"page_id": 1703135,
"title": "Extraterrestrials in fiction"
} |
Self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) is a process within a free-electron laser (FEL) by which a laser beam is created from a high-energy electron beam. The SASE process starts with an electron bunch being injected into an undulator, with a velocity close to the speed of light and a uniform density distribution wi... | {
"page_id": 6683877,
"title": "Self-amplified spontaneous emission"
} |
The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy. What Animals on Earth Reveal about Aliens – and Ourselves is a 2020 popular science book by the Cambridge University zoologist Arik Kershenbaum. It discusses the possible nature of life on other planets, based on the study of animal life on Earth. The book argues that the evolutiona... | {
"page_id": 66452710,
"title": "The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy"
} |
on convergent evolution, and on Universal Darwinism, popularised by Richard Dawkins. === Contents === 1. Introduction Sets out the basis of the claims made in the book, that observing animal life of Earth can tell us about the nature of life on other planets. 2. Form vs Function: What is Common Across Worlds? Why natur... | {
"page_id": 66452710,
"title": "The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy"
} |
on Earth that have a true language, but the processes that led to language evolution may be occurring on other worlds as well. 10. Artificial Intelligence – A Universe Full of Bots? Some scientists (e.g. astronomer Seth Shostak) have proposed that alien life is more likely to be technological rather than biological. Th... | {
"page_id": 66452710,
"title": "The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy"
} |
than this lively overview of the laws of evolution that have produced life on earth. Assuming these laws to be universal, Arik Kershenbaum predicts what alien organisms might look like." == References == == External links == The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy on the Penguin Books website. The Zoologist's Guide to the ... | {
"page_id": 66452710,
"title": "The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy"
} |
evolution@home was a volunteer computing project for evolutionary biology, launched in 2001. The aim of evolution@home is to improve understanding of evolutionary processes. This is achieved by simulating individual-based models. The Simulator005 module of evolution@home was designed to better predict the behaviour of ... | {
"page_id": 3865832,
"title": "Evolution@Home"
} |
A rete mirabile (Latin for "wonderful net"; pl.: retia mirabilia) is a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other, found in some vertebrates, mainly warm-blooded ones. The rete mirabile utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net (blood flowing in opposite directions) to act as a countercurrent ... | {
"page_id": 261358,
"title": "Rete mirabile"
} |
them to drink the salty water from their environments while they are hundreds of miles away from land. == Fish == Fish have evolved retia mirabilia multiple times to raise the temperature (endothermy) or the oxygen concentration of a body part above the ambient level. In many fish, a rete mirabile helps fill the swim b... | {
"page_id": 261358,
"title": "Rete mirabile"
} |
this network of vein and arteries is found. The fish is able to thermoregulate certain areas of its body. Additionally, this increase in temperature leads to an increase in basal metabolic temperature. The fish is now able to split ATP at a higher rate and ultimately can swim faster. The opah utilizes retia mirabilia t... | {
"page_id": 261358,
"title": "Rete mirabile"
} |
or have arboreal lifestyles that involve clinging with the limbs for lengthy periods. In the last case, slow-moving arboreal mammals such as sloths, lorises and arboreal anteaters possess retia of the highly developed type known as vascular bundles. The structure and function of these mammalian retia mirabilia are revi... | {
"page_id": 261358,
"title": "Rete mirabile"
} |
In molecular biology mir-506 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-506 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371696,
"title": "Mir-506 microRNA precursor family"
} |
A spiral plater is an instrument used to dispense a liquid sample onto a Petri dish in a spiral pattern. Commonly used as part of a CFU count procedure for the purpose of determining the number of microbes in the sample. In this setting, after spiral plating, the Petri dish is incubated for several hours after which th... | {
"page_id": 39058673,
"title": "Spiral plater"
} |
larger workflow is often automated, e.g. plating, incubation and counting. == References == | {
"page_id": 39058673,
"title": "Spiral plater"
} |
Gioacchino Failla (19 July 1891 – 15 December 1961) was an Italian-born American physicist. A pioneer in both biophysics and radiobiology, he was particularly noted for his work on the role of radiation as a cause of cancer and genetic mutation. He was born in Castelbuono in the Province of Palermo and emigrated with h... | {
"page_id": 42990834,
"title": "Gioacchino Failla"
} |
of Ionizing Radiation" Katherine Berkan Judd Cancer Award from MSKCC for cancer research for an investigator who has made major advances toward the control and cure of cancer. He received an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Rochester. === Failla Memorial Lecture === Failla Memorial Lecture presented ann... | {
"page_id": 42990834,
"title": "Gioacchino Failla"
} |
Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties. Whereas the structural properties are largely intrinsic, functional properties and the derived classifications depend to a certain degree on the type of chemical interaction partn... | {
"page_id": 4390136,
"title": "List of chemical classifications"
} |
Micropaleontology (American spelling; spelled micropalaeontology in European usage) is the branch of paleontology (palaeontology) that studies microfossils, or fossils that require the use of a microscope to see the organism, its morphology and its characteristic details. == Microfossils == Microfossils are fossils tha... | {
"page_id": 457977,
"title": "Micropaleontology"
} |
ago, as claimed by some researchers. == Areas of study == Micropaleontology can be roughly divided into four areas of study on the basis of microfossil composition: (a) calcareous, as in coccoliths and foraminifera, (b) phosphatic, as in the study of some vertebrates, (c) siliceous, as in diatoms and radiolaria, or (d)... | {
"page_id": 457977,
"title": "Micropaleontology"
} |
robust datasets which can be subjected to multivariate analysis. A typical microfossil study will involve identification of a few hundred specimens from each sample. == Application of micropaleontology == Microfossils are specially noteworthy for their importance in biostratigraphy. Since microfossils are often extreme... | {
"page_id": 457977,
"title": "Micropaleontology"
} |
techniques, prehistoric environments can be reconstructed. Work on Lake Tanganyika provided a profile of human-induced environmental changes of a 4,000-year period. Similar work in the arid American Southwest has provided information on irrigation canals used by prehistoric peoples from 2100 B.C. to 500 B.C. Other arch... | {
"page_id": 457977,
"title": "Micropaleontology"
} |
Food grading involves the inspection, assessment and sorting of various foods regarding quality, freshness, legal conformity and market value. Food grading is often done by hand, in which foods are assessed and sorted. Machinery is also used to grade foods, and may involve sorting products by size, shape and quality. F... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
mark by a number of brewers in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and the United States. European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, is a scale for measuring the perceived bitterness of beer, with lower values being generally "less bitter" and higher values "more bitter". The scale and method are defin... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
performed by the USDA, and is based upon the interior quality of the egg (see Haugh unit) and the appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight (size). Egg grading is performed by candling, which involves observing the interior of eggs by placing them in front of a bright lig... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
they are offloaded. Hard-shell lobsters with firm shells, but with less sweet meat, can survive shipping to Boston, New York and even Los Angeles, so they command a higher price than new-shell lobsters. Meanwhile, old-shell lobsters, which have not shed since the previous season and have a coarser flavour, can be air-s... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
an off-flavor and is of a uniform color and clean and free from turbidity and sediment, it can be labelled as one of the A grades. If it exhibits any of these problems, it does not meet Grade A requirements and must be labelled as Processing Grade maple syrup and may not be sold in containers smaller than 5 gallons. If... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
to have more than 75 percent transmittance, Amber has to have 50.0 to 74.9 percent transmittance, Dark has to have 25.0 to 49.9 percent transmittance, and Very Dark is any product less than 25.0 percent transmittance. ==== Old grading system ==== In Canada, maple syrup was classified prior to 31 December 2014, by the C... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale). New Hampshire maintained a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale. The Vermont-graded product had 0.9 percent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded. One grade of syrup not for table... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
are floated in them, from which their density can be determined. === Potatoes === In the U.S., potato grading for Idaho potatoes is performed in which No. 1 potatoes are the highest quality and No. 2 are rated as lower in quality due to their appearance (e.g. blemishes or bruises, pointy ends). Density assessment can b... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
these grading terms are typically used for teas from Sri Lanka, India and countries other than China; they are not generally known within Chinese-speaking countries. ==== Black tea ==== Black tea grading is usually based upon one of four scales of quality. Whole-leaf teas are the highest quality, followed by broken lea... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
raw material and extracted carrageenan. === Lye === Lye is used to cure foods such as lutefisk, olives (making them less bitter), canned mandarin oranges, hominy, lye rolls, century eggs, and pretzels. It is also used as a tenderizer in the crust of baked Cantonese mooncakes, and in lye-water "zongzi" (glutinous rice d... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
The Maple Syrup Book. The Boston Mills Press. ISBN 978-1-55046-411-5. Elliot, Elaine (2006). Maple Syrup: Recipes from Canada's Best Chefs. Formac Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-88780-697-1. == Further reading == USDA Grade Standards for Food: How They are Developed and Used. Department of Agriculture. Issue 1027 of Pr... | {
"page_id": 41286907,
"title": "Food grading"
} |
The two-domain system is a biological classification by which all organisms in the tree of life are classified into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea. It emerged from development of knowledge of archaea diversity and challenges the widely accepted three-domain system that classifies life into Bacteria, Archaea, and Euk... | {
"page_id": 70778108,
"title": "Two-domain system"
} |
Paris. The next year, Stanier and his colleague Cornelis Bernardus van Niel published in Archiv für Mikrobiologie (now Archives of Microbiology) Chatton's classification with Eucaryotes eloborated to include higher algae, protozoans, fungi, plants, and animals. It became a popular system of classification, as John O. C... | {
"page_id": 70778108,
"title": "Two-domain system"
} |
domain Bacteria, and domain Archaea. With a number of revisions of details and discoveries of several new archaea lineages, Woese's classification gradually gained acceptance as "arguably the best-developed and most widely-accepted scientific hypotheses [with the five-kingdom classification] regarding the evolutionary ... | {
"page_id": 70778108,
"title": "Two-domain system"
} |
that eukaryotes evolved from archaea, specifically Crenarchaeota (eocytes) and the results "favor a topology that supports the eocyte hypothesis rather than archaebacterial monophyly and the 3-domains tree of life." A study around the same time also found several genes common to eukaryotes and Crenarchaeota. These accu... | {
"page_id": 70778108,
"title": "Two-domain system"
} |
the CMG (CDC45, MCM, GINS) complex of eukaryotes. The presence of these eukaryotic proteins in Archaea indicates their direct relationship and that eukaryotes emerged from Archaea. === Promethearchaea are the last eukaryotic common ancestor === The discovery of Promethearchaeati, described as "eukaryote-like archaea", ... | {
"page_id": 70778108,
"title": "Two-domain system"
} |
known cellular life forms into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea. It overrides the domain Eukaryota recognised in the three-domain classification as one of the main domains. In contrast to the eocyte hypothesis, which proposed two major groups of life (similar to domains) and posited that Archaea could be divided to bo... | {
"page_id": 70778108,
"title": "Two-domain system"
} |
In physical fitness, body composition refers to quantifying the different components (or "compartments") of a human body. The selection of compartments varies by model but may include fat, bone, water, and muscle. Two people of the same gender, height, and body weight may have completely different body types as a conse... | {
"page_id": 4586751,
"title": "Body composition"
} |
isotope dilution analysis, and mineral content measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). However, it is also common to use a DEXA scan alone and refer to this as the "gold standard". These claims are somewhat dubious since measurements methods vary significantly from study to study. In practice, the measu... | {
"page_id": 4586751,
"title": "Body composition"
} |
weighing for measuring body volume. The technique uses air as opposed to water and is known as air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Subjects enter a sealed chamber that measures their body volume through the displacement of air in the chamber. Next, body volume is combined with body weight (mass) to determine body d... | {
"page_id": 4586751,
"title": "Body composition"
} |
improved the accuracy of BIA machines. BIA machines have found acceptance in medical, fitness, and wellness space owing to their ease-of-use, portability, quick measurements, and cost efficiency. AURA Devices developed and launched a number of wearable bioimpedance trackers, including the first smart strap for Apple Wa... | {
"page_id": 4586751,
"title": "Body composition"
} |
and quantify intramuscular fat. In the abdomen, ultrasonography is a useful tool for quantifying both subcutaneous and visceral fat. Ultrasonography has many advantages over CT scan and MRI as it is non-invasive and doesn't utilize ionizing radiation, making it more accessible to special populations. === Quantitative m... | {
"page_id": 4586751,
"title": "Body composition"
} |
possible, even a simple method such as weighing may give enough information to determine the true change in composition. == Types of exercises == The ideal percent of body mass which should be fat depends on an individual's sex, age, and physical activity. For example, a female thirty year old will have a different ide... | {
"page_id": 4586751,
"title": "Body composition"
} |
The COVID-19 pandemic has created and popularized many terms relating to disease and videoconferencing. == A == Anthropause Main article: Anthropause The global reduction of modern human activity, especially travel. Artificial immunity Immunity resulting from a vaccine or other immune-generating substance. Asymptomatic... | {
"page_id": 66125058,
"title": "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic"
} |
restrictions on social interactions. Also called "plank the curve". Flurona Main article: Flurona A portmanteau of "flu" and "corona" referring to a double infection of coronavirus and influenza strains. Fomite Main article: Fomite An object or surface that may contain an infectious virus or bacteria that can be a mean... | {
"page_id": 66125058,
"title": "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic"
} |
for collecting nostril respiratory mucosa samples from the back of the nose. Natural immunity Immunity derived from a prior infection. == O == Oropharyngeal swab A swab with a soft tip used for collecting nostril respiratory mucosa samples from the back of the throat. == P == PCR test Main article: PCR test An acronym ... | {
"page_id": 66125058,
"title": "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic"
} |
used to describe a disease originating in animals that has mutated to infect humans. Zoom Main article: Zoom (software) A brand of videoconferencing software popularized during the pandemic. Zoom fatigue Main article: Zoom fatigue Fatigue associated with the overuse of virtual platforms of communication such as videoco... | {
"page_id": 66125058,
"title": "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic"
} |
The Wolff algorithm, named after Ulli Wolff, is an algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the Ising model and Potts model in which the unit to be flipped is not a single spin (as in the heat bath or Metropolis algorithms) but a cluster of them. This cluster is defined as the set of connected spins sharing the same spi... | {
"page_id": 21888260,
"title": "Wolff algorithm"
} |
3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA), also known as β-methylglutaconyl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is metabolized into HMG-CoA. == Leucine metabolism == == See also == Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase == References == | {
"page_id": 11468037,
"title": "3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA"
} |
The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey is one of the longest running marine biological monitoring programmes in the world. Started in 1931 by Sir Alister Hardy and Sir Cyril Lucas, the Survey provides marine scientists and policy-makers with measures of plankton communities, coupled with ocean physical, biologic... | {
"page_id": 19135750,
"title": "Continuous Plankton Recorder"
} |
Africa, France and Japan, as part of the Global Alliance of Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys. The CPR is towed at a depth of approximately 10 metres. Water passes through the CPR and plankton are filtered onto a slow-moving band of silk (270 micrometre mesh size) and covered by a second silk. The silks and plankton... | {
"page_id": 19135750,
"title": "Continuous Plankton Recorder"
} |
global ocean change from genes to ecosystems. Key areas of research include: Climate change Biodiversity and biogeography Eutrophication Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Fisheries investigations Plankton ecology Taxonomy Regime shifts Non-indigenous species Marine Litter including microplastics Ocean Acidification Human Hea... | {
"page_id": 19135750,
"title": "Continuous Plankton Recorder"
} |
Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Project | {
"page_id": 19135750,
"title": "Continuous Plankton Recorder"
} |
The Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT, or SMART-AIT) of the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick, Maryland was a military rapid response team with worldwide airlift capability designed to safely evacuate and manage contagious patients under high-level (BSL-4) bio-containmen... | {
"page_id": 35912969,
"title": "Aeromedical Isolation Team"
} |
particulate air (HEPA) filtered blower. The isolator could be attached directly to a transfer port, situated on the external wall of the main USAMRIID building, to allow movement of the patient into a BSL-4 medical care suite without exposing the environment to the patient. While moving the isolator, team members wore ... | {
"page_id": 35912969,
"title": "Aeromedical Isolation Team"
} |
Deployed to Sweden in support of Marburg virus patient management, 1989 Alerted for Ebola outbreak in Zaire, 1993 On call for Yale researcher with Sabia virus exposure, 1994 Alerted for military physician Machupo virus exposure, 1994 Alert for Ebola, Zaire outbreak, 1995 Deployed to Wright-Patterson AFB, Bio-bomblets, ... | {
"page_id": 35912969,
"title": "Aeromedical Isolation Team"
} |
The Boyle temperature, named after Robert Boyle, is formally defined as the temperature for which the second virial coefficient, B 2 ( T ) {\displaystyle B_{2}(T)} , becomes zero. It is at this temperature that the attractive forces and the repulsive forces acting on the gas particles balance out P = R T ( 1 V m + B 2 ... | {
"page_id": 9501969,
"title": "Boyle temperature"
} |
The French National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (French: Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, IN2P3), also known as CNRS Nucléaire & Particules, is the coordinating body for nuclear and particle physics in France. It was established in 1971 as a division of the French Nat... | {
"page_id": 1375506,
"title": "Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules"
} |
=== Caen === The National Large Heavy Ion Accelerator (le Grand accélérateur national d'ions lourds, GANIL) The Caen Particle Physics Laboratory (le Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, LPC Caen) at ENSICAEN, associated with Normandy University and University of Caen Normandy. ==== Toulouse ==== The Institute of Phys... | {
"page_id": 1375506,
"title": "Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules"
} |
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with O to R inclusive. It contains approximately 130 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further ... | {
"page_id": 27458835,
"title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: O–R"
} |
Deoxycortisone, or desoxycortisone, may refer to: 11-Dehydrocorticosterone (17-deoxycortisone; 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione) 11-Deoxycortisol (11-deoxycortisone; 17α,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) 21-Deoxycortisone (17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione) == See also == Deoxycorticosterone Deoxycortisol | {
"page_id": 52624665,
"title": "Deoxycortisone"
} |
In mathematics and theoretical physics, Noether's second theorem relates symmetries of an action functional with a system of differential equations. The theorem is named after its discoverer, Emmy Noether. The action S of a physical system is an integral of a so-called Lagrangian function L, from which the system's beh... | {
"page_id": 18021657,
"title": "Noether's second theorem"
} |
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