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linker "lock" the nitrile tether in the desired position. The delicate design results in high regioselectivity towards the meta-C-H bond. The templates can be removed easily to give toluene derivatives or hydrocinnamic acid derivatives in high yield. In their subsequent works, Yu and co-workers report the application o...	{ "page_id": 44563594, "title": "Meta-selective C–H functionalization" }
ruthenium(II) carboxylate catalysts. The directing group first coordinate to the ruthenium catalyst. A reversible metalation takes place to generate the cycloruthenated complex as the key intermediates. The cycloruthenation activates the aromatic ring to undergo SEAr type alkylation at the position para to the C–Ru bon...	{ "page_id": 44563594, "title": "Meta-selective C–H functionalization" }
Kay Kinoshita is an experimental particle physicist. She is a professor at University of Cincinnati. Kinoshita completed her undergrad studies in Physics at Harvard University in 1976 and her PhD at University of California, Berkeley in 1981. She then returned to work at Harvard, before becoming a full professor at Vir...	{ "page_id": 71564421, "title": "Kay Kinoshita" }
Arthropodology (from Greek ἄρθρον - arthron, "joint", and πούς, gen.: ποδός - pous, podos, "foot", which together mean "jointed feet") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possessi...	{ "page_id": 19922061, "title": "Arthropodology" }
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a soft ionization method in mass spectrometry (MS) used for the analysis of protein mixtures. It is a variation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In MALDI, the sample is mixed with a matrix material and applied to a metal plate before irradia...	{ "page_id": 8715410, "title": "Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization" }
travel down a field-free flight tube where they are separated by their velocity differences. The mass-to-charge ratio of each ion can be determined from the length of the tube, the kinetic energy given to ions by the electric field, and the velocity of the ions in the tube. The velocity of the ions is inversely proport...	{ "page_id": 8715410, "title": "Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization" }
iron-binding glycoprotein, from preterm infant urine. The beads were incubated in the sample and then removed, washed, and analyzed with a MALDI-MS probe tip. This research led to the idea that MALDI surfaces could be derivatized with SEAC devices; the technique was later described by Hutchens and Yip in 1998. SELDI te...	{ "page_id": 8715410, "title": "Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization" }
are washed away before analysis with mass spectrometry. Only the analytes that are bound to the surface are analyzed, reducing the overall complexity of the sample. As a result, there is an increased probability of detecting analytes that are present in lower concentrations. Because of the initial separation step, prot...	{ "page_id": 8715410, "title": "Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization" }
UDP-glucuronic acid is a sugar used in the creation of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs). It also participates in the heme degradation process of human. It is made from UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) using NAD+ as a...	{ "page_id": 11009172, "title": "Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid" }
Theoretical Biology Forum (known as Rivista di Biologia-Biology Forum before 2012) is an annual scientific journal covering theoretical biology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.421. The journal's founder was Prof Osvaldo Polimanti who was a physician and physiologist...	{ "page_id": 49216661, "title": "Theoretical Biology Forum" }
Ian Keith Affleck (July 2, 1952 – October 4, 2024) was a Canadian physicist specializing in condensed matter physics. He was Killam University Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia. == Life and career == Ian Affleck was born in Vancouver, British Columbia on July 2, 1952. He stu...	{ "page_id": 37158040, "title": "Ian Affleck" }
In condensed matter physics, the dynamic structure factor (or dynamical structure factor) is a mathematical function that contains information about inter-particle correlations and their time evolution. It is a generalization of the structure factor that considers correlations in both space and time. Experimentally, it...	{ "page_id": 23264409, "title": "Dynamic structure factor" }
density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } : F ( k → , t ) = 1 N ⟨ ρ k → ( t ) ρ − k → ( 0 ) ⟩ {\displaystyle F({\vec {k}},t)={\frac {1}{N}}\langle \rho _{\vec {k}}(t)\rho _{-{\vec {k}}}(0)\rangle } The dynamic structure is exactly what is probed in coherent inelastic neutron scattering. The differential cross section is : d 2 σ ...	{ "page_id": 23264409, "title": "Dynamic structure factor" }
Rubidium acetate is a rubidium salt that is the result of reacting rubidium metal, rubidium carbonate, or rubidium hydroxide with acetic acid. It is soluble in water like other acetates. == Uses == Rubidium acetate is used as a catalyst for the polymerization of silanol terminated siloxane oligomers. == References ==	{ "page_id": 66583710, "title": "Rubidium acetate" }
A depauperate ecosystem is an ecosystem characterized by low species richness or species diversity. Such ecosystems will have short or simplified food chains and low trophic complexity compared to those with higher biodiversity, often due to low resource availability. However, this simplicity also means that colonizing...	{ "page_id": 29162655, "title": "Depauperate ecosystem" }
are more distant from the continental shelf, and isolated patches of one type of habitat surrounded by another that dominates the landscape. For example, small patches of Cerrado savanna within a larger region of denser Amazonian forest represent islands that, due to their size, can support only a portion of the specie...	{ "page_id": 29162655, "title": "Depauperate ecosystem" }
presence may present an obstacle to dispersal, resulting in increased habitat fragmentation. Losses at one trophic level may affect diversity throughout a trophic cascade. The local extinction of top-level predators removes top-down control of herbivores, leading herbivore populations to grow too large to be sustained ...	{ "page_id": 29162655, "title": "Depauperate ecosystem" }
harsher soil conditions than the more widespread species found alongside them. The limited resource availability and severe environmental constraints that are typical of depauperate ecosystems exert strong selection pressure on the species within them, and endemic species may bear little resemblance to their close rela...	{ "page_id": 29162655, "title": "Depauperate ecosystem" }
be inadvertently altered by human activity, such as when eutrophication makes an acidic freshwater ecosystem more hospitable to species that do not tolerate acidity well. These generalist species may then outcompete the more specifically adapted native biota, so that greater biodiversity is not necessarily a sign of ec...	{ "page_id": 29162655, "title": "Depauperate ecosystem" }
The molecular formula C2H7NO4S may refer to: Ethanolamine-O-sulfate Peroxytaurine	{ "page_id": 24771743, "title": "C2H7NO4S" }
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Thanks for the interesting article on a rather unusual topic! Klbrain (talk) 20:05, 2 April 2024 (UTC)	{ "page_id": 76086433, "title": "Talk:The Mixon" }
Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is an important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. TFIIH first came to light in 1989 when general transcription factor-δ or basic transcription factor 2 was characterized as an indispensable ...	{ "page_id": 9895073, "title": "Transcription factor II H" }
of TFIIH: Initiation transcription of protein- coding gene. DNA nucleotide repairing. (NER)TFIIH is a general transcription factor that acts to recruit RNA Pol II to the promoters of genes. It functions as a DNA translocase, tracking along the DNA, reeling DNA into the Pol II cleft, and creating torsional strain leadin...	{ "page_id": 9895073, "title": "Transcription factor II H" }
recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression. == Mechanism of TFIIH repairing DNA damaged sequence == == References == == External links == Transcription+Factor+TFIIH at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)	{ "page_id": 9895073, "title": "Transcription factor II H" }
The molecular formula C12H10N2O2 (molar mass: 214.22 g/mol) may refer to: 2-Nitrodiphenylamine Azobenzene dioxide	{ "page_id": 24378528, "title": "C12H10N2O2" }
Lysolecithin acyltransferase may refer to: 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase, an enzyme Phosphatidylcholine—sterol O-acyltransferase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38665378, "title": "Lysolecithin acyltransferase" }
Hartmut Neven (born 1964) is a German American scientist working in quantum computing, computer vision, robotics and computational neuroscience. He is best known for his work in face and object recognition and his contributions to quantum machine learning. He is currently Vice President of Engineering at Google where h...	{ "page_id": 16907430, "title": "Hartmut Neven" }
Vision was acquired by Google in 2006. === Object recognition and adversarial images === At Google he managed teams responsible for advancing Google's visual search technologies. His team launched Google Goggles now Google Lens. The concept of adversarial patterns originated in his group when he tasked Christian Szeged...	{ "page_id": 16907430, "title": "Hartmut Neven" }
works in practice by showing for the first time that the error of a logical qubit decreases when increasing the number of physical qubits it is composed of. Google’s quantum processors have been used to study the physics of quantum many body states that otherwise are challenging to prepare in a laboratory such as time ...	{ "page_id": 16907430, "title": "Hartmut Neven" }
Photoheterotrophs (Gk: photo = light, hetero = (an)other, troph = nourishment) are heterotrophic phototrophs—that is, they are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirement...	{ "page_id": 2227366, "title": "Photoheterotroph" }
using light, in one of two ways: they use a bacteriochlorophyll-based reaction center, or they use a bacteriorhodopsin. The chlorophyll-based mechanism is similar to that used in photosynthesis, where light excites the molecules in a reaction center and causes a flow of electrons through an electron transport chain (ET...	{ "page_id": 2227366, "title": "Photoheterotroph" }
2n D + n H2O, where H2D may be water, H2S or another compound/compounds providing the reducing electrons and protons; the 2D + H2O pair represents an oxidized form. However, it can fix carbon in reactions like: CO2 + pyruvate + ATP (from photons) → malate + ADP +Pi where malate or other useful molecules are otherwise o...	{ "page_id": 2227366, "title": "Photoheterotroph" }
the only phototroph with bacteriochlorophyll g pigments, or Gram-positive membrane) are found in various aquatic habitats including oceans, stratified lakes, rice fields, and environmental extremes. In oceans' photic zones, up to 10% of bacterial cells are capable of AAP, whereas greater than 50% of net marine microorg...	{ "page_id": 2227366, "title": "Photoheterotroph" }
Notably, temperature and pH drive anoxygenic phototroph community composition in Yellowstone National Park's geothermal features. In addition, various, light-dependent niches in the Great Salt Lake's hypersaline mats support phototrophic diversity as microbes optimize energy production and combat osmotic stress. === Bi...	{ "page_id": 2227366, "title": "Photoheterotroph" }
An exerkine is a signaling molecule released in response to exercise that helps mediate systemic adaptations to exercise. == Background == Exerkines come in many forms, including hormones, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids; are synthesized and secreted from a broad variety of tissues and cell types; and exert the...	{ "page_id": 75693226, "title": "Exerkine" }
A breakthrough curve in adsorption is the course of the effluent adsorptive concentration at the outlet of a fixed bed adsorber. Breakthrough curves are important for adsorptive separation technologies and for the characterization of porous materials. == Importance == Since almost all adsorptive separation processes ar...	{ "page_id": 54852772, "title": "Breakthrough curve" }
of the adsorptive-adsorbent system. These properties can be evaluated by applying simplified models and fitting to experimental data by simulations. == References ==	{ "page_id": 54852772, "title": "Breakthrough curve" }
Carbonatation is a chemical reaction in which calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate: Ca ( OH ) 2 + CO 2 ⟶ CaCO 3 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Ca(OH)2{+}CO2->CaCO3{+}H_2O}}} The process of forming a carbonate is sometimes referred to as "carbonation", although this term usual...	{ "page_id": 1309860, "title": "Carbonatation" }
the "raw juice" (the sugar rich liquid prepared from the diffusion stage of the process) to form calcium carbonate and precipitate impurities that are then removed. The whole process takes place in "carbonatation tanks" and processing time varies from 20 minutes to an hour. Carbonatation involves the following effects:...	{ "page_id": 1309860, "title": "Carbonatation" }
to recover more liquid. The Dorr process is low in maintenance and man-power but susceptible to filtration problems when frost damaged beets are processed. It is favoured in the UK and the USA. DDS (Det Danske Sukkerfabrik - "The Danish Sugarfactory") -- multistage process involving pre-liming where the pH of the juice...	{ "page_id": 1309860, "title": "Carbonatation" }
Butyl mercaptan may refer to: Butanethiol (n-butyl mercaptan) tert-Butylthiol (t-butyl mercaptan)	{ "page_id": 17562792, "title": "Butyl mercaptan" }
The molecular formula C15H14O3 (molar mass : 242.26 g/mol, exact mass: 242.094294) may refer to: Equol, an isoflavandiol Fenoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Lapachol Leucoanthocyanidin 4-Methoxyresveratrol, a stilbenoid Mexenone Pinostilbene (3-methoxyresveratrol), a stilbenoid Taraxacin a guaianolide	{ "page_id": 24116402, "title": "C15H14O3" }
In molecular biology mir-504 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-504 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371635, "title": "Mir-504 microRNA precursor family" }
The molecular formula C20H21NO3 (molar mass: 323.38 g/mol, exact mass: 323.1521 u) may refer to: Dimefline Mepixanox (Pimexone)	{ "page_id": 24116404, "title": "C20H21NO3" }
The molecular formula C11H13N (molar mass: 159.228 g/mol) may refer to: Pargyline 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine	{ "page_id": 24378550, "title": "C11H13N" }
Parenchymella is a type of larva of a demosponge composed of an envelope of flagellated cells surrounding an internal mass of cells. Demospongiae develops directly into solid stereoblastula. It then develops flagellae to form parenchymella. == References ==	{ "page_id": 34929848, "title": "Parenchymella" }
Himanshu Pandya is an Indian professor and academic at Botany Department Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. He earned a MSc and PhD in botany and areas of specialization In vivo and In vitro studies on physiological and biochemical parameters on Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum and Lily. == Career == Pandya taught ...	{ "page_id": 55835838, "title": "Himanshu Pandya" }
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry. There are two general classes of M...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
of the overlapping region to the area of the entire electrode, or: V p a d = V o v e r l a p × A o v e r l a p A e l e c t r o d e {\displaystyle V_{pad}=V_{overlap}\times {\frac {A_{overlap}}{A_{electrode}}}} assuming the area around an electrode is well-insulated and has a very small capacitance associated with it. T...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
History == The first implantable arrays were microwire arrays developed in the 1950s. The first experiment involving the use of an array of planar electrodes to record from cultured cells was conducted in 1972 by C.A. Thomas, Jr. and his colleagues. The experimental setup used a 2 x 15 array of gold electrodes plated w...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
them with microscopes that use high power lenses, requiring low working distances on the order of micrometers. In order to avoid this problem, "thin"-MEAs have been created using cover slip glass. These arrays are approximately 180 μm allowing them to be used with high-power lenses. Another challenge among in vitro MEA...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
applies negative pressure to openings in the substrate so that tissue slices can be positioned on the electrodes to enhance contact and recorded signals. A different approach to lower the electrode impedance is by modification of the interface material, for example by using carbon nanotubes, or by modification of the s...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
axon. This ion flux through the cellular membrane generates a sharp change in voltage in the extracellular environment, which is what the MEA electrodes ultimately detect. Thus, voltage spike counting and sorting is often used in research to characterize network activity. Spike train analysis, can also save processing ...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
possible, at least in rodents, during animal behavior. This makes such extracellular recordings the method of choice to identify of neural circuits and to study their functions. Unambiguous identification of the recorded neuron using multi-electrode extracellular arrays, however, remains a problem to date. === Disadvan...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
disease, near the electrode recording site. The phagocytosis of electrode material also brings into question the issue of a biocompatibility response, which research suggests has been minor and becomes almost nonexistent after 12 weeks in vivo. Research into minimizing the negative effects of device insertion includes ...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
an MEA, which was connected to motors and ultrasound sensors on a robot, and was conditioned to avoid obstacles when sensed. Along these lines, Shimon Marom and colleagues in the Technion hooked dissociated neuronal networks growing on MEAs to a Lego Mindstorms robot; the visual field of the robot was classified by the...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
suggests that MEA use may be able to assist in the restoration of vision by stimulating the optic pathway. == MEA user meetings == A biannual scientific user meeting is held in Reutlingen, organized by the Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen. The meetings offer a comprehensive ove...	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
brain stimulation Patch clamp Bioelectronics == References ==	{ "page_id": 20511935, "title": "Microelectrode array" }
The molecular formula C19H12O2 (molar mass: 272.30 g/mol) may refer to: α-Naphthoflavone (7,8-benzoflavone) β-Naphthoflavone (5,6-benzoflavone)	{ "page_id": 24116416, "title": "C19H12O2" }
The molecular formula C13H19N3O4 may refer to: Dipropalin Pendimethalin	{ "page_id": 24378564, "title": "C13H19N3O4" }
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with T to Z inclusive. It contains approximately 70 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further r...	{ "page_id": 27458759, "title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: T–Z" }
Bioelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry concerned with electrophysiological topics like cell electron-proton transport, cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes. == History == The beginnings of bioelectrochemistry, as well as those of electrochemistry, are ...	{ "page_id": 30473418, "title": "Bioelectrochemistry" }
The Institute of Applied Biochemistry is a research laboratory and bioweapons production facility located in Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast. For a time in the 1980s, the facility was directed by Ken Alibek. Wild rodents like rats that live in the woods outside the factory are chronically infected with the "Schu-4 military str...	{ "page_id": 66649291, "title": "Institute of Applied Biochemistry" }
Aesthetic relativism is the idea that views of beauty are relative to differences in perception and consideration, and intrinsically, have no absolute truth or validity. == Context == Aesthetic relativism might be regarded as a sub-set of an overall philosophical relativism, which denies any absolute standards of truth...	{ "page_id": 3603659, "title": "Aesthetic relativism" }
is). The most prominent philosophical opponent of aesthetic relativism was Immanuel Kant, who argued that the judgement of beauty, while subjective, is universal. == See also == Aesthetic absolutism == References ==	{ "page_id": 3603659, "title": "Aesthetic relativism" }
International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) are data sheets intended to provide essential safety and health information on chemicals in a clear and concise way. The primary aim of the Cards is to promote the safe use of chemicals in the workplace and the main target users are therefore workers and those responsible for ...	{ "page_id": 4062415, "title": "International Chemical Safety Cards" }
sufficiently concise to be printed onto two sides of a harmonized sheet of paper, an important consideration to permit easy use in the workplace. The standard sentences and consistent format used in ICSC facilitates the preparation and computer-aided translation of the information in the Cards. == Identification of che...	{ "page_id": 4062415, "title": "International Chemical Safety Cards" }
meetings before being made publicly available. Existing Cards are updated periodically by the same drafting and peer review process, in particular when significant new information becomes available. In this way approximately 50 to 100 new and updated ICSC become available each year and the collection of Cards available...	{ "page_id": 4062415, "title": "International Chemical Safety Cards" }
phrases used in the Cards has been developed to reflect ongoing developments in the GHS to ensure consistent approaches. The addition of GHS classifications to ICSC has been recognized by the relevant United Nations committee as a contribution to assisting countries to implement the GHS, and as a way of making GHS clas...	{ "page_id": 4062415, "title": "International Chemical Safety Cards" }
Optimal Discriminant Analysis (ODA) and the related classification tree analysis (CTA) are exact statistical methods that maximize predictive accuracy. For any specific sample and exploratory or confirmatory hypothesis, optimal discriminant analysis (ODA) identifies the statistical model that yields maximum predictive ...	{ "page_id": 24313042, "title": "Optimal discriminant analysis and classification tree analysis" }
In molecular biology mir-505 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-505 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371667, "title": "Mir-505 microRNA precursor family" }
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO2 to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. == Leucine metabolism == == See als...	{ "page_id": 11467988, "title": "Methylcrotonyl-CoA" }
Homocysteine methylase may refer to: Homocysteine S-methyltransferase 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate—homocysteine S-methyltransferase	{ "page_id": 38468821, "title": "Homocysteine methylase" }
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
were identified as two basic Arg residues on the surface of the reductase and two acidic Asp residues on the adrenodoxin. More recent work on the phylogeny of the reductase has shown that these residues involved in protein–protein interactions have been conserved throughout the evolution of this enzyme. === Signal tran...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
domain-domain and domain-peptide. Another important distinction to identify protein–protein interactions is the way they have been determined, since there are techniques that measure direct physical interactions between protein pairs, named “binary” methods, while there are other techniques that measure physical intera...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
M3, pre-couple with Gq proteins prior to the receptor-ligand binding. Interactions between intrinsically disordered protein regions to globular protein domains (i.e. MoRFs) are transient interactions. === Covalent vs. non-covalent === Covalent interactions are those with the strongest association and are formed by disu...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
magnetic resonance also started to be applied with the aim of unravelling the molecular structure of protein complexes. One of the first examples was the structure of calmodulin-binding domains bound to calmodulin. This technique is based on the study of magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, thus determining physical a...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
consensus sequence CX2CX16-23HX2CX2CX2CX16-21CX2C/H/D. LIM domains bind to PDZ domains, bHLH transcription factors, and other LIM domains. Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain SAM domains are composed by five helices forming a compact package with a conserved hydrophobic core. These domains, which can be found in the Eph r...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
of being frequently enriched in hydrophobic residues, particularly in aromatic residues. PPI interfaces are dynamic and frequently planar, although they can be globular and protruding as well. Based on three structures – insulin dimer, trypsin-pancreatic trypsin inhibitor complex, and oxyhaemoglobin – Cyrus Chothia and...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
(X) is fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (DB) and a second protein (Y) is fused to the Gal4 activation domain (AD). In the assay, yeast cells are transformed with these constructs. Transcription of reporter genes does not occur unless bait (DB-X) and prey (AD-Y) interact with each other and form a functional Gal4 tr...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
which is expressed in the cell usually at in vivo concentrations, and its interacting proteins (affinity purification). One of the most advantageous and widely used methods to purify proteins with very low contaminating background is the tandem affinity purification, developed by Bertrand Seraphin and Matthias Mann and...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular gene, the mixed multimer may exhibit greater functional activity than the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. In such a case, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation (also called inter-al...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
discussed by Jehle. === Other potential methods === Diverse techniques to identify PPIs have been emerging along with technology progression. These include co-immunoprecipitation, protein microarrays, analytical ultracentrifugation, light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, luminescence-based mammalian interactome m...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
PPI prediction and protein docking. Text mining is much less costly and time-consuming compared to other high-throughput techniques. Currently, text mining methods generally detect binary relations between interacting proteins from individual sentences using rule/pattern-based information extraction and machine learnin...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
different interactions were traced that involved 536 proteins. To sort and classify interactions a support vector machine was used to define high medium and low confidence interactions. The split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system uses transcriptional reporters to identify yeast transformants that encode pairs ...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
(UniHI). The aforementioned computational methods all depend on source databases whose data can be extrapolated to predict novel protein–protein interactions. Coverage differs greatly between databases. In general, primary databases have the fewest total protein interactions recorded as they do not integrate data from ...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
other in PPI network. It is almost similar problem as community detection in social networks. There are some methods such as Jactive modules and MoBaS. Jactive modules integrate PPI network and gene expression data where as MoBaS integrate PPI network and Genome Wide association Studies. protein–protein relationships a...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
or activating relationship. Phenotypes that do not correlate (i.e. where the inhibition of either of two proteins results in two different phenotypes) indicate a negative or inactivating relationship. If protein A is dependent on protein B for activation then the inhibition of either protein A or B will result in a cel...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
=== Examples === Tirobifan, inhibitor of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, used as a cardiovascular drug Maraviroc, inhibitor of the CCR5-gp120 interaction, used as anti-HIV drug. AMG-176, AZD5991, S64315, inhibitors of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) protein and its interactions == See also == == References == == Further rea...	{ "page_id": 2161878, "title": "Protein–protein interaction" }
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold M (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allows defining distances and angles there. More precisely, a metric tensor at a...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
under changes to the coordinate system. Thus a metric tensor is a covariant symmetric tensor. From the coordinate-independent point of view, a metric tensor field is defined to be a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form on each tangent space that varies smoothly from point to point. == Introduction == Carl Friedrich Ga...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
in the matrix can contain any number as long as the matrix is positive definite. === Arc length === If the variables u and v are taken to depend on a third variable, t, taking values in an interval [a, b], then r→(u(t), v(t)) will trace out a parametric curve in parametric surface M. The arc length of that curve is giv...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
] [ E F F G ] [ d u d v ] {\displaystyle ds^{2}={\begin{bmatrix}du&dv\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\F&G\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}du\\dv\end{bmatrix}}} === Coordinate transformations === Suppose now that a different parameterization is selected, by allowing u and v to depend on another pair of variables u′ and v...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
v}{\partial u'}}&{\dfrac {\partial v}{\partial v'}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}du'\\dv'\end{bmatrix}}} so that d s 2 = [ d u d v ] [ E F F G ] [ d u d v ] = [ d u ′ d v ′ ] [ ∂ u ∂ u ′ ∂ u ∂ v ′ ∂ v ∂ u ′ ∂ v ∂ v ′ ] T [ E F F G ] [ ∂ u ∂ u ′ ∂ u ∂ v ′ ∂ v ∂ u ′ ∂ v ∂ v ′ ] [ d u ′ d v ′ ] = [ d u ′ d v ′ ] [ E ′ F ′...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
r → v {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {a} &=a_{1}{\vec {r}}_{u}+a_{2}{\vec {r}}_{v}\\\mathbf {b} &=b_{1}{\vec {r}}_{u}+b_{2}{\vec {r}}_{v}\end{aligned}}} then using the bilinearity of the dot product, a ⋅ b = a 1 b 1 r → u ⋅ r → u + a 1 b 2 r → u ⋅ r → v + a 2 b 1 r → v ⋅ r → u + a 2 b 2 r → v ⋅ r → v = a 1 b 1 ...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
) , and g ( a , λ b + μ b ′ ) = λ g ( a , b ) + μ g ( a , b ′ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g\left(\lambda \mathbf {a} +\mu \mathbf {a} ',\mathbf {b} \right)&=\lambda g(\mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} )+\mu g\left(\mathbf {a} ',\mathbf {b} \right),\quad {\text{and}}\\g\left(\mathbf {a} ,\lambda \mathbf {b} +\mu \mathbf {b}...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
2 d u d v = ∬ D E G − F 2 d u d v = ∬ D det [ E F F G ] d u d v {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\iint _{D}{\sqrt {\left({\vec {r}}_{u}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{u}\right)\left({\vec {r}}_{v}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{v}\right)-\left({\vec {r}}_{u}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{v}\right)^{2}}}\,du\,dv\\[5pt]={}&\iint _{D}{\sqrt {EG-F^{2}}}\,du\,dv\\[...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
Y p ) = g p ( Y p , X p ) . {\displaystyle g_{p}(X_{p},Y_{p})=g_{p}(Y_{p},X_{p})\,.} gp is nondegenerate. A bilinear function is nondegenerate provided that, for every tangent vector Xp ≠ 0, the function Y p ↦ g p ( X p , Y p ) {\displaystyle Y_{p}\mapsto g_{p}(X_{p},Y_{p})} obtained by holding Xp constant and allowing...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }
j [ f ] {\displaystyle g(v,w)=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}v^{i}w^{j}g\left(X_{i},X_{j}\right)=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}v^{i}w^{j}g_{ij}[\mathbf {f} ]} Denoting the matrix (gij[f]) by G[f] and arranging the components of the vectors v and w into column vectors v[f] and w[f], g ( v , w ) = v [ f ] T G [ f ] w [ f ] = w [ f ] T G [ f ] v [ ...	{ "page_id": 195795, "title": "Metric tensor" }

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