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station located in Spremberg, Germany, built by German firm Siemens, which went on-line in September 2008. The facility captures CO2 and acid rain producing pollutants, separates them, and compresses the CO2 into a liquid. Plans are to inject the CO2 into depleted natural gas fields or other geological formations. Vatt... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
(preferably in soil beneath the sea). This injection process however is by far the most expensive. Besides the cost of the equipment and the ammonium carbonate, the coal-fired power plant also needs to use 30% of its generated heat to do the injection (parasitic load). A test-setup has been done in the American Electri... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
developed instruments and regulatory powers to mitigate pollution sources but there is no centralized system to drive pollution control efforts and achieve substantial improvements," the study said adding that in 93% of the country, the amount of pollution remains well above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelin... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
as part of an overall comprehensive energy plan. The development of pollution mitigation technologies could also create export business for the United States or any other country working on it. The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act allocated $3.4 billion for advanced carbon capture and storage technologies, includ... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
Clean & Secure Energy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. "US federal Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management". "Clean Coal Technology & The Clean Coal Power Initiative". US Department of Energy. Retrieved 2009-03-29. "Clean Coal Technology Compendium". National Energy Technology Laboratory. Archived from th... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
17beta dehydrogenase or 17β dehydrogenase may refer to: Estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD, HSD17B), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR) | {
"page_id": 35519574,
"title": "17beta dehydrogenase"
} |
Firefly is a superhero created by Harry Shorten and Bob Wood for MLJ Comics in 1940. He first appeared in Top-Notch Comics #8. Artist Warren King and writer Joe Blair loaned their talents to many of the Firefly's installments. == Publication history == The Firefly was the fourth superhero launched by MLJ in the eighth ... | {
"page_id": 14482521,
"title": "Firefly (Archie Comics)"
} |
Dread, the Mummy and the Dervish. == Impact Comics == Firefly would also appear as part of the Crusaders published in the 1990s by DC Comics' imprint Impact Comics. The character was armed with a flamethrower. == Dark Circle Comics == The Firely was a featured character in The Mighty Crusaders, first released in Decemb... | {
"page_id": 14482521,
"title": "Firefly (Archie Comics)"
} |
Injection of vinylite and corrosion is an anatomical technique used to visualize branching and pathways of the circulatory system. It consists of filling the circulatory system of the piece with vinyl acetate and its use of corrosion technique for the removal of the superposed matter, that is, the organic matter. The t... | {
"page_id": 53869659,
"title": "Injection of vinylite and corrosion"
} |
A tide pool or rock pool is a shallow pool of seawater that forms on the rocky intertidal shore. These pools typically range from a few inches to a few feet deep and a few feet across. Many of these pools exist as separate bodies of water only at low tide, as seawater gets trapped when the tide recedes. Tides are cause... | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
which are explained below in more depth. The sublittoral or subtidal zone: area below the low-tide mark. The presence and abundance of flora and fauna vary between zones along the rocky shore. This is due to niche adaptations in response to the varying tides and solar exposure. Tide pools exist in the intertidal zone (... | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
to be as well adapted to drying out and temperature extremes. Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish. Seaweeds provide shelter for many animals, like sea slugs and urchins that ... | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
moves. Some species of sea stars can regenerate lost arms. Most species must retain an intact central part of the body to be able to regenerate, but a few can regrow from a single ray. The regeneration of these stars is possible because the vital organs are in the arms. Sea urchins ("Echinoidia") move around tide pools... | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
to inhabit gastropod shells in response to the rapidly changing temperature of the pools. Hermit crabs of different or the same species compete for the snail shells that are available. Many fish species can live in tidepools. Tidepool fishes are those inhabiting the intertidal zone during part or the entirety of their ... | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
be found in coastal tide pools. These small crustaceans provide an important food source for predator species as well as limiting the growth of algae attached to vegetation. === Flora === Sea palms (Postelsia) look similar to miniature palm trees. They live in the middle to upper intertidal zones in areas with greater ... | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
Isles rockpool life Rocky shore Sydney inter-tidal rock pools == References == == External links == Tidal swimming pools in Britain | {
"page_id": 916571,
"title": "Tide pool"
} |
Methyl green-pyronin (MGP) is a classical histological staining technique using two basic (cationic) dyes for the demonstration and differentiation of DNA and RNA. Methyl green is specific for phosphate radicals in the DNA double helix staining it green-blue. Pyronin does not possess this affinity and binds to the rema... | {
"page_id": 48036957,
"title": "Methyl green-pyronin stain"
} |
The Circle of Poison (COP) refers to the export of domestically banned pesticides for use on foods elsewhere, some of which returns by way of import. The "circle" is complete when the toxic chemicals that were exported are then used to grow fruit, meat, and produce that are imported and available for domestic consumpti... | {
"page_id": 49085532,
"title": "Circle of Poison"
} |
and Schapiro argue that this loophole has been a disaster. == Circle of Poison Prevention Act of 1991 == In April 1991, the "Circle of Poison prevention Act" was introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) in the U.S. Senate and by Representatives Mike Synar (D-OK) and Leon Panetta (D-CA) in the House. This bill would h... | {
"page_id": 49085532,
"title": "Circle of Poison"
} |
the uses for which it may be sold to very specific crops and application practices. The EPA does not have the authority to prohibit the export of canceled or suspended pesticides; nor may it forbid the export of restricted use pesticides that may be equally hazardous in the hands of untrained applicators or new compoun... | {
"page_id": 49085532,
"title": "Circle of Poison"
} |
5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is a chemical compound that inhibits transcription elongation by RNA Polymerase II. Sensitivity to DRB is dependent on DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF), negative elongation factor (NELF), and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). DRB is a nucleosi... | {
"page_id": 17235035,
"title": "5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole"
} |
Maurice Charles Kenneth Tweedie (30 September 1919 – 14 March 1996) was a British medical physicist and statistician from the University of Liverpool. He was known for research into the exponential family probability distributions. == Education and career == Tweedie read physics at the University of Reading and attaine... | {
"page_id": 36371547,
"title": "Maurice Tweedie"
} |
N ( 0 , Σ ) {\displaystyle \epsilon \sim N(0,\Sigma )} is a Gaussian noise variable (so p ( x | μ ) = N ( x | μ , Σ ) {\displaystyle p(x|\mu )=N(x|\mu ,\Sigma )} ) . Let ρ ( x ) = ∫ p ( x | μ ) p ( μ ) d μ {\displaystyle \rho (x)=\int p(x|\mu )p(\mu ){\text{d}}\mu } be the probability density of x {\displaystyle x} , t... | {
"page_id": 36371547,
"title": "Maurice Tweedie"
} |
)N(x|\mu ,\Sigma )} , we get Σ ∇ ρ ( x ) ρ ( x ) = Σ ∫ ∇ N ( x | μ , Σ ) p ( μ ) d μ ∫ N ( x | μ , Σ ) p ( μ ) d μ = − ∫ ( x − μ ) N ( x | μ , Σ ) p ( μ ) d μ ∫ N ( x | μ , Σ ) p ( μ ) d μ = − ∫ ( x − μ ) p ( μ | x ) d μ = − x + E [ μ | x ] , {\displaystyle \Sigma \,{\frac {\nabla \rho (x)}{\rho (x)}}={\frac {\Sigma \i... | {
"page_id": 36371547,
"title": "Maurice Tweedie"
} |
Organ futures is the short term used in academic proposals for futures contracts on organs from human cadavers. They are not legal anywhere at this time. Organ futures would be used as an economic means to encourage organ donation by compensating transplant organ donors. Financial futures contracts are essentially agre... | {
"page_id": 61537378,
"title": "Organ futures"
} |
be either guaranteed upon death or dependent on organ extraction. The money would go to the seller's estate; rights would not be assignable, and creditors would not have any claim on it. Hospitals are expected to notify the buyer, preserve the body and be prepared to harvest the organs if required. Any legally competen... | {
"page_id": 61537378,
"title": "Organ futures"
} |
Rolling hairpin replication (RHR) is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication used by parvoviruses, a group of viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. Parvoviruses have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes in which the coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
minute virus of mice (MVM), i.e. those that have different telomeres, have one end replicated by terminal resolution and the other by an asymmetric process called junction resolution. During asymmetric junction resolution, the duplex extended form of the telomere reorganizes into a cruciform-shaped junction, and the co... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
left side and the 5′-end is the right side. Parvoviruses replicate their genomes through a process called rolling hairpin replication (RHR), which is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication. Before replication, the coding portion of the ssDNA genome is converted to a double-strand DNA (dsDNA) form... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
provide a favorable environment for unfolding and refolding of the hairpin. Some parvoviruses, such as AAV2, are homotelomeric, meaning the two palindromic telomeres are similar or identical and form part of larger (inverted) terminal repeat ((I)TR) sequences. Replication at each terminal ending is therefore similar. O... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
replication fork to switch templates and move in the opposite direction. 6. DNA replication continues in a linear manner from one end to the other using the opposite strand as a template. 7. Upon reaching the other end, that end's hairpin is unfolded and refolded to replicate the terminus and once again swap templates ... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
by itself. During this waiting period, virions may make use of certain strategies to evade host defense mechanisms to protect their hairpins and DNA to reach S-phase, though it is unclear how this occurs. Since the genome is packaged as ssDNA, creation of a complementary strand is necessary before gene expression. DNA ... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
acts as the replication initiator protein via nickase activity. It also mediates excision of both ends of the genome from duplex RF intermediates via a transesterification reaction that introduces a nick into specific duplex origin sequences. Key components of NS1 include an HUH endonuclease domain toward the N-terminu... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
studies have shown that NS1 can form into a variety of oligomeric states, but it most likely assembles into hexamers to fulfill the functions of both the endonuclease domain and helicase domain. Starting from the location at the nick, it is thought that NS1 organizes a replication fork and acts as the replicative 3′-to... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
restructuring of the nucleus during viral infection. Early in infection, parvoviruses establish replication foci in the nucleus that are termed autonomous parvovirus-associated replication (APAR) bodies. NS1 co-localizes with replicating viral DNA in these structures with other cellular proteins necessary for viral DNA... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
sequence because at least three recognition elements are involved: the nick site 5′-CTWWTCA-3′ (element 1), positioned seven nucleotides upstream from a duplex NS1-binding site (element 2) that is oriented to have the attached NS1 complex extending over the nick site, and a second NS1-binding site (element 3), which is... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
molecules bound to their recognition elements in the origin, so it is essential for formation of the cleavage complex. The ability of the axis region to reconfigure into a cruciform does not appear to be important in this process. Cleavage is dependent on the correct spacing of the elements of the origin, so additions ... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
usually called terminal resolution but also hairpin transfer or hairpin resolution. Terminal resolution occurs with each round of replication, so progeny genomes contain an equal number of each terminal orientation. The two orientations are termed "flip" and "flop", and may be represented as R and r, or B and b, for th... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
seems to be less efficient than at the right-end terminus. Dimeric and tetrameric concatemers of the genome are generated successively for MVM. In these concatemers, alternating unit-length genomes are fused through a palindromic junction in left-end to left-end and right-end to right-end orientations. In total, RHR re... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
each telomere. Parvoviruses that have different termini, i.e. heterotelomeric parvoviruses like MVM, replicate one end by terminal resolution and the other end by asymmetric junction resolution, which conserves a single-sequence orientation and requires different structural arrangements and cofactors to activate NS1's ... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
segregate one arm from nicking appears essential for replication. The minimal linear left-end origin is about 50 basepairs long and extends from two 5′-ACGT-3′ motifs, spaced five nucleotides apart at one end, to a position seven basepairs beyond the nick site. The bubble's GA sequence itself is relatively unimportant,... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
orientation. Instead, the left-hand MVM dimer junction is resolved asymmetrically in a process that creates a cruciform intermediate. This maneuver accomplishes two things: it allows synthesis of the new DNA in the correct sequence orientation, and it creates a structure that can be resolved by NS1. This "heterocrucifo... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
attached to the lower strand of the B arm. This modified junction is called MJ2. The lower arm of MJ2 is an extended-form duplex palindrome that is essentially identical to those generated during terminal resolution. Once MJ2 is synthesized, the lower arm becomes susceptible to rabbit-ear formation. This repositions th... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
replication fork is established here, then the A strand is unfolded and copied to create its duplex extended form. When MVM genomes replicate in vivo, the aforementioned nick may not occur because both ends of the dimer replicative form contain an efficient number of right-end hairpin origins. Therefore, replication fo... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
for additional rounds of replication. Within an infected cell, numerous replicative concatemers are therefore able to arise. Displacement of progeny ssDNA genomes either occurs: predominantly or exclusively during active DNA replication, or when cells are assembling viral particles. Displacement of single strands may t... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
ssDNAs of characteristic polarity and terminal orientations are excised, which will then be packaged with equal efficiency. Preferential excision of particular genomes is only apparent during packaging. Therefore, among parvoviruses that package strands of one sense, replication appears to be biphasic. At early times, ... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
a replicon-encoded endonuclease, variously called the nickase, relaxase, mobilization protein (mob), transesterase, or replication protein (Rep). The replication initiator protein of parvoviruses is genetically related to these other endonucleases. RCR initiator proteins contain three motifs considered to be important ... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
virus ΦX174 contain a second active tyrosine residue in the initiator protein. Others use the analogous active-site tyrosine in a second initiator protein that is present as part of a multimeric nickase complex. This second nicking reaction may occur after one loop or successive loops may occur in which a concatemer co... | {
"page_id": 66387043,
"title": "Rolling hairpin replication"
} |
Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement involves the application of artificial intelligence to the enhancement of moral reasoning and the acceleration of moral progress. == Artificial moral reasoning == With respect to moral reasoning, some consider humans to be suboptimal information processors, moral judges, an... | {
"page_id": 74185828,
"title": "Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement"
} |
observers have to be omniscient and omnipercipient about non-ethical facts, while artificial moral advisors would just need to know those morally relevant facts which pertain to a decision. Users can provide varying configurations and settings to instruct these systems, and this allows these systems to be relativist. R... | {
"page_id": 74185828,
"title": "Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement"
} |
explanations, arguments, and justifications for conclusions. The ultimate decision-making, however, would rest with the human users. Some proponents of auxiliary enhancement also support educational technologies with respect to morality, technologies which teach moral reasoning, e.g., assistants which utilize the Socra... | {
"page_id": 74185828,
"title": "Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement"
} |
In molecular biology mir-500 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-500 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371556,
"title": "Mir-500 microRNA precursor family"
} |
The Highgrove Florilegium: Watercolours depicting plants grown in the garden at Highgrove is a two-volume book of botanical illustrations recording plants in the garden of Charles III, the then Prince of Wales, at Highgrove House in Gloucestershire, England. The volumes, published in 2008 and 2009, contain 124 watercol... | {
"page_id": 31063143,
"title": "Highgrove Florilegium"
} |
densities. The images were printed on 245 gsm American Cotton paper for the colour plates and on 175 gsm Somerset Bookwove text paper. The text is set in Fairbank and Bembo book types. === Bookbinding === The books are half-bound in red goatskin with marbled paper boards and sprinkled edges. The pages were collated and... | {
"page_id": 31063143,
"title": "Highgrove Florilegium"
} |
books on display for public exhibition. == References == | {
"page_id": 31063143,
"title": "Highgrove Florilegium"
} |
A domatium (plural: domatia, from the Latin "domus", meaning home) is a tiny chamber that houses arthropods, produced by a plant. Ideally domatia differ from galls in that they are produced by the plant rather than being induced by their inhabitants, but the distinction is not sharp; the development of many types of do... | {
"page_id": 15400040,
"title": "Domatium"
} |
TB9Cs1H1 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB9Cs1H1 is predict... | {
"page_id": 21560425,
"title": "TB9Cs1H1 snoRNA"
} |
This is an incomplete list that briefly describes vertebrates that were extant during the Maastrichtian, a stage of the Late Cretaceous Period which extended from 72.1 to 66 million years before present. This was the last time period in which non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs existed. == Amphi... | {
"page_id": 14220394,
"title": "List of vertebrate fauna of the Maastrichtian stage"
} |
A fusible plug is a threaded cylinder of metal, usually bronze, brass or gunmetal, with a tapered hole drilled completely through its length. This hole is sealed with a metal of low melting point that flows away if a predetermined high temperature is reached. The initial use of the fusible plug was as a safety precauti... | {
"page_id": 4652142,
"title": "Fusible plug"
} |
amount of water, if any, that passes through it is not expected to have any great impact in quenching the fire. == History == The device was invented in 1803 by Richard Trevithick, the proponent of high-pressure (as opposed to atmospheric) steam engines, in consequence of an explosion in one of his new boilers. His det... | {
"page_id": 4652142,
"title": "Fusible plug"
} |
violently blew apart. The investigation, led by Colonel Druitt of the Railway Inspectorate, dismissed the theory that the enginemen had succeeded in starting the injectors and that the sudden flood of cold water had caused such a generation of steam that the boiler burst. He quoted the results of experiments by the Man... | {
"page_id": 4652142,
"title": "Fusible plug"
} |
more likely to be noticed. === Un-noticed melted plugs === A drawback to the device was found on 7 March 1948, when the firebox crown sheet of Princess Alexandra, a Coronation Pacific of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, failed while hauling a passenger train from Glasgow to London. Enquiries established that b... | {
"page_id": 4652142,
"title": "Fusible plug"
} |
in locomotives requires new plugs to be inspected after "15 to 30 working days (dependent upon water condition and use of locomotive) or at least once every six months," depending on the boiler operating pressure and temperature. == Other applications == The principle of the fusible plug is also applied to the transpor... | {
"page_id": 4652142,
"title": "Fusible plug"
} |
environmental effects of any released refrigerant gas, this function has been taken over by an electrical switch. A patented type of fireproof safe uses a fusible plug to douse its contents with water if the external temperature gets too high; the patent was published in 1867. Fusible plugs enhance the safety of liquid... | {
"page_id": 4652142,
"title": "Fusible plug"
} |
This list of sequenced eubacterial genomes contains most of the eubacteria known to have publicly available complete genome sequences. Most of these sequences have been placed in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, a public database which can be searched on the web. A few of the listed genomes... | {
"page_id": 11664498,
"title": "List of sequenced bacterial genomes"
} |
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by Ernst Mayr in 1942, using existing theoretical work by those such as Sewall Wright. As a result of t... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
haplotype is the whole chromosome. As the generations progress, the proportion of the haplotype that is common to all carriers of the mutation is shortened (due to genetic recombination). This shortening allows scientists to roughly estimate the age of the mutation. == General == The founder effect is a type of genetic... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
e} is the natural logarithm base, and b {\displaystyle b} is the constant ( K − N 0 ) / N 0 {\displaystyle (K-N_{0})/N_{0}} , where N 0 {\displaystyle N_{0}} is the original size of the founding colony. Alleles which were present but relatively rare in the original population can move to one of two extremes. The most c... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
support for this view is shown today, since the hypothesis has been tested repeatedly through experimental research, and the results have been equivocal at best. Speciation by genetic drift is a specific case of peripatric speciation which in itself occurs in rare instances. It takes place when a random change in genet... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
of ash, and must have coated the Nicobar Islands and Andaman Islands, much nearer in the ash fallout cone, with life-smothering layers, forcing the restart of their biodiversity. However, not all founder effect studies are initiated after a natural disaster; some scientists study the reinstatement of a species that bec... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
to peripatric speciation, were statistically and biologically significant between the island populations after a few years. The authors also point out that although adaptive differentiation is significant, the differences between island populations best reflect the differences between founders and their genetic diversi... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
Having a catalog of disease-associated variation in these populations enables rapid, early, and accurate diagnoses that may improve patient outcomes due to informed clinical management and early interventions. Enclosed communities such as Amish communities, Ashkenazi communities, and relatively isolated islands allow s... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
condition such as Weyers acrodental dysostosis or Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome) are more common in Amish communities than in the American population at large. Maple syrup urine disease affects about one out of 180,000 infants in the general population. Due in part to the founder effect, however, the disease has a much hi... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
This represents a prevalence of 1 in 58, compared with a worldwide prevalence of around 1 in 4,000. The abnormally high rate of twin births in Cândido Godói could be explained by the founder effect. On 31 August 2023, researchers reported, based on genetic studies, that a human ancestor population bottleneck (from a po... | {
"page_id": 392309,
"title": "Founder effect"
} |
A Traube cell is an "artificial cell" created by Moritz Traube in order to study the processes of living cells, including growth and osmosis. The Traube cell is not a true artificial cell, as it is not living and does not have true biological processes of its own. == History == Mortiz Traube was a German student of the... | {
"page_id": 42138746,
"title": "Traube cell"
} |
AutoChem is NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documenter for chemically reactive systems written by David Lary between 1993 and the present. It was designed primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry, and in particular, for chemical data assimilation. The user selects a s... | {
"page_id": 7011453,
"title": "Autochem"
} |
available on line at PDFCentral which was designed for the validation of observations from the NASA Aura satellite. == See also == Chemical kinetics CHEMKIN Cantera Chemical WorkBench Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) SpeedCHEM == References == | {
"page_id": 7011453,
"title": "Autochem"
} |
Bernard Gregory (19 January 1919 – 24 December 1977) was a prominent French physicist and director-general of CERN. During World War II, Gregory was a prisoner of war in a German camp for military officers. After the war he graduated from the École Polytechnique and École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, then w... | {
"page_id": 40303742,
"title": "Bernard Gregory"
} |
the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. He was elected president for the CERN Council for 1978, but died before entering this position. There is a street, Route Gregory, named after Gregory at the CERN Meyrin site. == References == == External links == Bernard Gregory bio at CERN | {
"page_id": 40303742,
"title": "Bernard Gregory"
} |
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a coherent optical nonlinearity which renders a medium transparent within a narrow spectral range around an absorption line. Extreme dispersion is also created within this transparency "window" which leads to "slow light", described below. It is in essence a quantum int... | {
"page_id": 1244292,
"title": "Electromagnetically induced transparency"
} |
EIT schemes are differentiated by the energy differences between this state and the other two. The schemes are the ladder, vee, and lambda. Any real material system may contain many triplets of states which could theoretically support EIT, but there are several practical limitations on which levels can actually be used... | {
"page_id": 1244292,
"title": "Electromagnetically induced transparency"
} |
1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } to | 2 ⟩ {\displaystyle |2\rangle } . The fields can drive population from | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } - | 2 ⟩ {\displaystyle |2\rangle } directly or from | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } - | 2 ⟩ {\displaystyle |2\rangle } - | 3 ⟩ {\displaystyle |3\rangle } - | 2 ⟩ {\displaystyle |2\... | {
"page_id": 1244292,
"title": "Electromagnetically induced transparency"
} |
low group velocity produced by EIT was by Boller, İmamoğlu, and Harris at Stanford University in 1991 in strontium. In 1999 Lene Hau reported slowing light in a medium of ultracold sodium atoms, achieving this by using quantum interference effects responsible for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Her grou... | {
"page_id": 1244292,
"title": "Electromagnetically induced transparency"
} |
state in an ion trap. To illustrate the cooling technique, consider a three level atom as shown with a ground state | g ⟩ {\displaystyle |g\rangle } , an excited state | e ⟩ {\displaystyle |e\rangle } , and a stable or metastable state | m ⟩ {\displaystyle |m\rangle } that lies in between them. The excited state | e ⟩ ... | {
"page_id": 1244292,
"title": "Electromagnetically induced transparency"
} |
ratio of the excitation probabilities, the cooling limit is lowered in comparison to doppler or sideband cooling (assuming the same cooling rate). == See also == Atomic coherence Electromagnetically Induced Grating == References == === Primary work === O.Kocharovskaya, Ya.I.Khanin, Sov. Phys. JETP, 63, p945 (1986) K.J.... | {
"page_id": 1244292,
"title": "Electromagnetically induced transparency"
} |
The global hectare (gha) is a measurement unit for the ecological footprint of people or activities and the biocapacity of the Earth or its regions. One global hectare is the world's annual amount of biological production for human use and human waste assimilation, per hectare of biologically productive land and fisher... | {
"page_id": 11336837,
"title": "Global hectare"
} |
can sustain, assuming current technologies and agricultural methods. It can be used as a way of determining the relative carrying capacity of the earth. Different hectares of land can provide different amounts of global hectares. For example, a hectare of lush area with high rainfall would scale higher in global hectar... | {
"page_id": 11336837,
"title": "Global hectare"
} |
The Mixon (reef, rocks or shoal) are a limestone outcrop in the English Channel about 1 mile (1,600 m) off Selsey Bill, West Sussex. It was formed during the Eocene period. At the east end of the reef is a gully with a depth of 30 meters (98 ft). Known as the "Mixon Hole", this feature makes up the north side of a drow... | {
"page_id": 76086405,
"title": "The Mixon"
} |
The cartographer John Speed placed the Mixon (incorrectly), off the north-east coast of the Isle of Wight on his 1610 map. Probably the earliest sailing directions about this area are in the "Great Britains Coasting Pilot" for 1693, where the author Greenvile Collins writes of the Mixon and Owers shoals: I will not giv... | {
"page_id": 76086405,
"title": "The Mixon"
} |
channel". The great depth of the Mixon hole, plus it being relatively near to the shore, has made it a popular dive site. == Marine life == The crevices and ledges within the Mixon Hole provide a habitat for a variety of marine species including short-snouted seahorses, squat lobsters and crabs, along with red algae. T... | {
"page_id": 76086405,
"title": "The Mixon"
} |
fallen from the cliff above. Away from the cliff on the seabed there is a preponderance of empty slipper limpet shells. == Folklore, myths and legends == There are many myths and legends associated with The Mixon. For example, the foundation story of Sussex as recorded in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" tells how the Anglo... | {
"page_id": 76086405,
"title": "The Mixon"
} |
The RARA gene, also known as NR1B1, is a protein coding gene located on chromosome 17 that provides the instructions required to make transcription factor Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (or RARα). == Interactions and roles == The RARα protein interacts with Vitamin A-derived retinoic acid to control the transcription of ... | {
"page_id": 73530501,
"title": "RARA Gene"
} |
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. The naming of these compounds is governed by IUPAC nomenclature, which ensures systematic and consistent naming of chemicals. Numerous organic compounds have other common names, often originating in historical source material there... | {
"page_id": 40893572,
"title": "List of carboxylic acids"
} |
In neural networks, the gating mechanism is an architectural motif for controlling the flow of activation and gradient signals. They are most prominently used in recurrent neural networks (RNNs), but have also found applications in other architectures. == RNNs == Gating mechanisms are the centerpiece of long short-term... | {
"page_id": 78052490,
"title": "Gating mechanism"
} |
{\tilde {\mathbf {C} }}_{t}\\\mathbf {H} _{t}&=\mathbf {O} _{t}\odot \tanh(\mathbf {C} _{t})\end{aligned}}} Here, ⊙ {\displaystyle \odot } represents elementwise multiplication. LSTM architecture, with gates The gated recurrent unit (GRU) simplifies the LSTM. Compared to the LSTM, the GRU has just two gates: a reset ga... | {
"page_id": 78052490,
"title": "Gating mechanism"
} |
, b {\displaystyle a,b} are the first and second inputs, respectively. σ {\displaystyle \sigma } represents the sigmoid activation function. Replacing σ {\displaystyle \sigma } with other activation functions leads to variants of GLU: R e G L U ( a , b ) = a ⊙ ReLU ( b ) G E G L U ( a , b ) = a ⊙ GELU ( b ) S w i G L U... | {
"page_id": 78052490,
"title": "Gating mechanism"
} |
{SwiGLU} (x,W,V,b,c,\beta )&=\operatorname {Swish} _{\beta }(xW+b)\odot (xV+c)\end{aligned}}} == Other architectures == Gating mechanism is used in highway networks, which were designed by unrolling an LSTM. Channel gating uses a gate to control the flow of information through different channels inside a convolutional ... | {
"page_id": 78052490,
"title": "Gating mechanism"
} |
Meta-selective C–H functionalization refers to the regioselective reaction of a substituted aromatic ring on the C–H bond meta to the substituent. Substituted aromatic ring is an important type of substructure in pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds. Thus, synthetic methods towards substituted aromatic rings are al... | {
"page_id": 44563594,
"title": "Meta-selective C–H functionalization"
} |
In recent years, several highly selective meta-C-H functionalization strategies have been reported which can override the intrinsic electronic and steric properties of the substrates and can apply to a wide range of substrate derivatives. The development of the modern meta-C-H functionalization strategies “open doors f... | {
"page_id": 44563594,
"title": "Meta-selective C–H functionalization"
} |
key to the meta-selectivity. First, the Cu(II) salt generates the active Cu(I) species through either disproportionation or reduction by nucleophile. The active Cu(I) species undergoes oxidative addition with diphenyliodonium salt to generate a highly electrophilic Cu(III) species. While the Cu(III) species activates t... | {
"page_id": 44563594,
"title": "Meta-selective C–H functionalization"
} |
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