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rule: the quantum number is the area in phase space of the classical orbit. == Thermodynamics == In thermodynamics, adiabatic changes are those that do not increase the entropy. They occur slowly in comparison to the other characteristic timescales of the system of interest and allow heat flow only between objects at t... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
T V d V . {\displaystyle NC_{v}\,dT=-dW=-{\frac {Nk_{\text{B}}T}{V}}\,dV.} This gives a differential relationship between the changes in temperature and volume, which can be integrated to find the invariant. The constant k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is just a unit conversion factor, which can be set equal to one: d... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
} is the gamma function. Since each gas molecule can be anywhere within the volume V, the volume in phase space occupied by the gas states with energy E is 2 π 3 N / 2 ( 2 m E ) ( 3 N − 1 ) / 2 V N Γ ( 3 N / 2 ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi ^{3N/2}(2mE)^{(3N-1)/2}V^{N}}{\Gamma (3N/2)}}.} Since the N gas molecules are ... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
relates boxes of different size. When a box is slowly expanded, the frequency of the light recoiling from the wall can be computed from the Doppler shift. If the wall is not moving, the light recoils at the same frequency. If the wall is moving slowly, the recoil frequency is only equal in the frame where the wall is s... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
⟨ E f ⟩ = e − β h f . {\displaystyle \langle E_{f}\rangle =e^{-\beta hf}.} This is not the expected classical energy in the mode, which is 1 / 2 β {\displaystyle 1/2\beta } by equipartition, but a new and unjustified assumption that fit the high-frequency data. When the expectation value is added over all modes in a ca... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
= ∂ H ∂ J = H ′ ( J ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}={\frac {\partial H}{\partial J}}=H'(J).} So the constant H ′ {\displaystyle H'} can be used to change time derivatives along the orbit to partial derivatives with respect to θ {\displaystyle \theta } at constant J. Differentiating the integral for J with res... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
for J: J = ∫ 0 2 π p ∂ x ∂ θ d θ . {\displaystyle J=\int _{0}^{2\pi }p{\frac {\partial x}{\partial \theta }}\,d\theta .} The time derivative of this quantity is d J d t = ∫ 0 2 π ( d p d t ∂ x ∂ θ + p d d t ∂ x ∂ θ ) d θ . {\displaystyle {\frac {dJ}{dt}}=\int _{0}^{2\pi }\left({\frac {dp}{dt}}{\frac {\partial x}{\parti... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
^{2}m}},} while the p radius of the ellipse is 2 m E {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2mE}}} . Multiplying, the area is 2 π E / ω {\displaystyle 2\pi E/\omega } . So if a pendulum is slowly drawn in, such that the frequency changes, the energy changes by a proportional amount. === Old quantum theory === After Planck identified t... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
to Wien's observation that under slow motion of the wall the energy to frequency ratio of reflected waves is constant. The conclusion was that the quantities to quantize must be adiabatic invariants. This line of argument was extended by Sommerfeld into a general theory: the quantum number of an arbitrary mechanical sy... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
} is constant, the perpendicular particle energy is proportional to B {\displaystyle B} , so the particles can be heated by increasing B {\displaystyle B} , but this is a "one-shot" deal because the field cannot be increased indefinitely. It finds applications in magnetic mirrors and magnetic bottles. There are some im... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
mirror-trapped particles drifting around the axis of the system. Because this drift motion is relatively slow, Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } is often not conserved in practical applications. == References == Yourgrau, Wolfgang; Stanley Mandelstam (1979). Variational Principles in Dynamics and Quantum Theory. New York: Dover.... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
Ventricose is an adjective describing the condition of a mushroom, gastropod or plant that it is "swollen, distended, or inflated especially on one side". == Mycology == In mycology, ventricose is a condition in which the cystidia, lamella or stipe of a mushroom is swollen in the middle. == Gastropods == In gastropods,... | {
"page_id": 22084621,
"title": "Ventricose"
} |
This list of black holes (and stars considered probable candidates) is organized by mass (including black holes of undetermined mass); some items in this list are galaxies or star clusters that are believed to be organized around a black hole. Messier and New General Catalogue designations are given where possible. == ... | {
"page_id": 23657481,
"title": "List of black holes"
} |
organized around a supermassive black hole) == Intermediate-mass black holes and candidates == Cigar Galaxy (Messier 82, NGC 3034) GCIRS 13E HLX-1 M82 X-1 Messier 15 (NGC 7078) Messier 110 (NGC 205) Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253) Triangulum Galaxy (Messier 33, NGC 598) == Stellar black holes and candidates == 1E1740.7-2942 ... | {
"page_id": 23657481,
"title": "List of black holes"
} |
binary supermassive black hole core system PG 1302-102 – the first binary-cored quasar — a pair of supermassive black holes at the core of this quasar SDSS J120136.02+300305.5 core black holes — a pair of supermassive black holes at the centre of this galaxy In addition, the signal of several binary black holes merging... | {
"page_id": 23657481,
"title": "List of black holes"
} |
Attosecond physics, also known as attophysics, or more generally attosecond science, is a branch of physics that deals with light-matter interaction phenomena wherein attosecond (10−18 s) photon pulses are used to unravel dynamical processes in matter with unprecedented time resolution. Attosecond science mainly employ... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
physics. This was followed by the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics, where L'Huillier, Krausz and Pierre Agostini were rewarded “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.” == Introduction == === Motivation === The natural time scale of electron motion in a... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
0 ⟩ + | c e | 2 ⟨ 1 | P ^ | 1 ⟩ + 2 c e c g ⟨ 0 | P ^ | 1 ⟩ cos ( ϵ 1 − ϵ 0 ℏ t ) {\displaystyle P(t)=|c_{g}|^{2}\langle 0|{\hat {P}}|0\rangle +|c_{e}|^{2}\langle 1|{\hat {P}}|1\rangle +2c_{e}c_{g}\langle 0|{\hat {P}}|1\rangle \cos \left({\frac {\epsilon _{1}-\epsilon _{0}}{\hbar }}t\right)} While the first two terms... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
(IR) λ = {\displaystyle \lambda =} 800 nm, its minimum time duration is around t p u l s e = λ c = {\displaystyle t_{pulse}={\frac {\lambda }{c}}=} 2.67 fs, where c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light; whereas, for a light field with central wavelength in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) at λ = {\displaystyle \lambda ... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
the attosecond pulse, which could be pump/probe depending on the experiment, with respect to the IR pulse (probe/pump), the desired physical observable is recorded. The subsequent challenge is to interpret the collected data and retrieve fundamental information on the hidden dynamics and quantum processes occurring in ... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
E ( t ) {\displaystyle {\textbf {E}}(t)} is the total electric field evaluated in the neighbor of the atom. The formal solution of the Schrödinger equation is given by the propagator formalism: | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = e − i ∫ t 0 t H ^ d t ′ | ψ ( t 0 ) ⟩ ( 1.1 ) {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{-i\int _{t_{0}}^{t}{\hat {H}}d... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
as Eq. ( 1.1 ) {\displaystyle (1.1)} , can now be regarded in Eq. ( 1.2 ) {\displaystyle (1.2)} as a superposition of different quantum paths (or quantum trajectory), each one of them with a peculiar interaction time t ′ {\displaystyle t'} with the electric field. In other words, each quantum path is characterized by t... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
d t ″ H ^ I ( t ′ ) e − i ∫ t 0 t ′ H ^ 0 ( t ″ ) d t ″ | ψ ( t 0 ) ⟩ + ⟨ p | e − i ∫ t 0 t H ^ 0 ( t ″ ) d t ″ | ψ ( t 0 ) ⟩ ( 1.3 ) {\displaystyle c_{\textbf {p}}(t)=\langle {\textbf {p}}|\psi (t)\rangle =-i\int _{t_{0}}^{t}dt'\langle {\textbf {p}}|e^{-i\int _{t'}^{t}{\hat {H}}(t'')dt''}{\hat {H}}_{I}(t')e^{-i\int _{... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
the Russian physicist Keldysh, is currently used to describe the behavior of atoms (and molecules) in intense laser fields. SFA is the starting theory for discussing both high harmonic generation and attosecond pump-probe interaction with atoms. The main assumption made in SFA is that the free-electron dynamics is domi... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
the electron is in the atomic ground state | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } . So that, H ^ 0 | 0 ⟩ = − I P | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}_{0}|0\rangle =-I_{P}|0\rangle } and | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = e − i ∫ − ∞ t ′ H ^ 0 d t | 0 ⟩ = e I P t ′ | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{-i\int _{-\infty }^{t'}{\hat {H}}_{0}dt}|0\ra... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
t ′ − S ( t , t ′ ) ) d t ′ ( 1.5 ) {\displaystyle a_{\textbf {p}}(t)^{SFA}=-i\int _{-\infty }^{t}{\textbf {E}}(t')\cdot {\textbf {d}}[{\textbf {p}}+{\textbf {A}}(t')]e^{+i(I_{P}t'-S(t,t'))}dt'\quad (1.5)} where, d [ p + A ( t ′ ) ] = ⟨ p + A ( t ′ ) | r ^ | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle {\textbf {d}}[{\textbf {p}}+{\textbf {A}}(... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
{A}}_{XUV}(t))} . Then, by substituting these fields to ( 1.5 ) {\displaystyle (1.5)} it results a p ( t ) = − i ∫ − ∞ t ( E X U V ( t ′ ) + E I R ( t ′ ) ) ⋅ d [ p + A X U V ( t ′ ) + A I R ( t ′ ) ] e + i ( I P t ′ − S ( t , t ′ ) ) d t ′ ( 1.6 ) {\displaystyle a_{\textbf {p}}(t)=-i\int _{-\infty }^{t}({\textbf {E}}_... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
[{\textbf {A}}_{IR}(t),{\textbf {E}}_{XUV}(t-\tau )]} . Therefore, the probability distribution, | a p ( τ ) | 2 {\displaystyle |a_{\textbf {p}}(\tau )|^{2}} , of finding an electron ionized in the continuum with momentum p {\displaystyle {\textbf {p}}} , after the interaction has occurred (at t = ∞ {\displaystyle t=\i... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
temporal proprieties of the attosecond pulses used in any pump-probe experiments with atoms, molecules or solids. The most used technique is based on the frequency-resolved optical gating for a complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB). The main advantage of this technique is that it allows to exploit th... | {
"page_id": 2685968,
"title": "Attosecond physics"
} |
Hjernevask ("Brainwash") is a Norwegian documentary miniseries about science that aired on NRK1 in 2010. The series, consisting of seven episodes, was created for NRK and presented by the comedian and sociologist Harald Eia. The series contrasted cultural determinist models of human behavior (also referred to as the St... | {
"page_id": 35060755,
"title": "Hjernevask"
} |
a leading international expert and the three researchers were in fact not so meritorious. But all three are meritorious international researchers [...] against this background, the statement is just embarrassing." Lorentzen accused his critics including "Ottar Brox, Øyvind Østerud, Stig Frøland, Kristian Gundersen, Tor... | {
"page_id": 35060755,
"title": "Hjernevask"
} |
Bayshore Resilience, also known as Bashor or Bashore Resilience, is a test to determine the ratio of the energy released in deformation recovery to the energy that caused the deformation, or an estimate of the energy-absorbing statistics of a material in reference to another material. A ratio of 100 percent indicates a... | {
"page_id": 69598228,
"title": "Bayshore Resilience"
} |
The Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) [ˈɒnɪks] is an open-source artificial intelligence ecosystem of technology companies and research organizations that establish open standards for representing machine learning algorithms and software tools to promote innovation and collaboration in the AI sector. ONNX is availabl... | {
"page_id": 55507995,
"title": "Open Neural Network Exchange"
} |
to share information quickly and easily. == References == == External links == Boyd, Eric (2017-09-07). "Microsoft and Facebook create open ecosystem for AI model interoperability – Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit". Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit. Retrieved 2017-10-11. onnx: Open Neural Network Exchange, Open Neural Network E... | {
"page_id": 55507995,
"title": "Open Neural Network Exchange"
} |
The molecular formula C27H30O6 (molar mass: 450.52 g/mol, exact mass: 450.2042 u) may refer to: Cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) Sofalcone | {
"page_id": 24116251,
"title": "C27H30O6"
} |
In artificial intelligence, apprenticeship learning (or learning from demonstration or imitation learning) is the process of learning by observing an expert. It can be viewed as a form of supervised learning, where the training dataset consists of task executions by a demonstration teacher. == Mapping function approach... | {
"page_id": 19463198,
"title": "Apprenticeship learning"
} |
as Atari games and straightforward robot tasks such as backflips. The human role was limited to answering queries from the robot as to which of two different actions were preferred. The researchers found evidence that the techniques may be economically scalable to modern systems. Apprenticeship via inverse reinforcemen... | {
"page_id": 19463198,
"title": "Apprenticeship learning"
} |
a perspective that the working Robot-control-system is available and the human-demonstrator is using it. And indeed, if the software works, the Human operator takes the robot-arm, makes a move with it, and the robot will reproduce the action later. For example, he teaches the robot-arm how to put a cup under a coffeema... | {
"page_id": 19463198,
"title": "Apprenticeship learning"
} |
we know, in which time step which angle the pendulum must have. Bringing the system to a state is called “Tracking control” or PID control. That means, we have a trajectory over time, and must find control actions to map the system to this trajectory. Other authors call the principle “steering behavior”, because the ai... | {
"page_id": 19463198,
"title": "Apprenticeship learning"
} |
The molecular formula C15H14O7 may refer to: Epigallocatechin Fusarubin, a naphthoquinone antibiotic Gallocatechol Leucocyanidin, a leucoanthocyanidin Melacacidin, a leucoanthocyanidin | {
"page_id": 24116257,
"title": "C15H14O7"
} |
Naldaviricetes is a class of viruses, which infect arthropods. Members of Naldaviricetes are characterized by large enveloped rod-shaped virions, circular double-stranded DNA genomes, and replication in the nucleus of the host cell. All of them (including the unassigned Polydnaviridae family) share a set of unique gene... | {
"page_id": 67632165,
"title": "Naldaviricetes"
} |
Telalginite is a structured organic matter (alginite) in sapropel, composed of large discretely occurring colonial or thick-walled unicellular algae such as Botryococcus, Tasmanites and Gloeocapsomorpha prisca. Telalginite is present in large algal bodies. It fluoresce brightly in shades of yellow under blue/ultraviole... | {
"page_id": 18480166,
"title": "Telalginite"
} |
The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30–60% aluminium oxide (Al2O3), the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide. T... | {
"page_id": 326696,
"title": "Bayer process"
} |
not dissolve. Sometimes lime is added at this stage to precipitate the silica as calcium silicate. The solution is clarified by filtering off the solid impurities, commonly with a rotary sand trap and with the aid of a flocculant such as starch, to remove the fine particles. The undissolved waste after the aluminium co... | {
"page_id": 326696,
"title": "Bayer process"
} |
fluid. For bauxites having more than 10% silica, the Bayer process becomes uneconomic because of the formation of insoluble sodium aluminium silicate, which reduces yield, so another process must be chosen. 1.7–3.3 tonnes (3,800–7,200 lb) of bauxite (corresponding to about 90% of the alumina content of the bauxite) is ... | {
"page_id": 326696,
"title": "Bayer process"
} |
environment. The EPA identified high levels of arsenic and chromium in some red mud samples. === Ajka alumina plant accident === On October 4, 2010, the Ajka alumina plant in Hungary had an incident where the western dam of its red mud reservoir collapsed. The reservoir was filled with 700,000 cubic metres (25 million ... | {
"page_id": 326696,
"title": "Bayer process"
} |
This was done by increasing the heat recovery and using large autoclaves and precipitation tanks. To more effectively use energy, heat exchangers and flash tanks were used and larger reactors decreased the amount of heat lost. Efficiency was increased by connecting the autoclaves to make operation more efficient. Today... | {
"page_id": 326696,
"title": "Bayer process"
} |
Sulemana Abdul Samed, also known as Awuche (meaning 'Let's Go' in the Hausa language), is the tallest man in Ghana. He was born in 1994 in the Northern Region of Ghana. Abdul Samed was diagnosed with the endocrine disorder acromegaly, which is caused by an excess of growth hormone in the body. An investigation by a BBC... | {
"page_id": 72678441,
"title": "Sulemana Abdul Samed"
} |
Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, me... | {
"page_id": 66518057,
"title": "Open flow microperfusion"
} |
in 1987, where OFM was described as a device, which can be implanted into the tissue of living organisms. In 1992, a US patent was filed claiming a device for determining at least one medical variable in the tissue of living organisms. In a later patent by Helmut Masoner, Falko Skrabal and Helmut List a linear type of ... | {
"page_id": 66518057,
"title": "Open flow microperfusion"
} |
Drug Administration as a new method for assessment of bioequivalence of topical drugs. dOFM is used for: conduct tissue-specific pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies of drugs. perform head-to-head comparison of novel topical drug formulations assess dermal bioavailability. investigate high molecular we... | {
"page_id": 66518057,
"title": "Open flow microperfusion"
} |
between blood and brain. The blood-brain barrier also prevents potential harmful substances from entering and damaging the brain. However, this highly effective barrier also prevents neuroactive substances from reaching appropriate targets. For researchers that develop neuroactive drugs, it is therefore of major intere... | {
"page_id": 66518057,
"title": "Open flow microperfusion"
} |
assess the absolute glucose concentration and the absolute lactate concentration in adipose ISF. Dermal OFM has also been used to quantify the concentrations of human insulin and an insulin analogue in the ISF with inulin as exogenous marker. Additional OFM methods, such as OFM recirculation and OFM suction can collect... | {
"page_id": 66518057,
"title": "Open flow microperfusion"
} |
In chemistry, congeners are chemical substances "related to each other by origin, structure, or function". == Common origin and structure == Any significant quantity of a polyhalogenated compound is by default a blend of multiple molecule types because each molecule forms independently, and chlorine and bromine do not ... | {
"page_id": 38403118,
"title": "Congener (chemistry)"
} |
Magnetoreception is a sense which allows an organism to detect the Earth's magnetic field. Animals with this sense include some arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). The sense is mainly used for orientation and navigation, but it may help some animals to form regional m... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
direction in 2000, however, when Thorsten Ritz and colleagues suggested that a photoreceptor protein in the eye, cryptochrome, was a magnetoreceptor, working at a molecular scale by quantum entanglement. == Proposed mechanisms == === In animals === In animals, the mechanism for magnetoreception is still under investiga... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
pairs as the mechanism of magnetoreception in birds: Despite 20 years of searching, no biomolecule other than cryptochrome has been identified capable of supporting radical pairs. In cryptochrome, a yellow molecule flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) can absorb a photon of blue light, putting the cryptochrome into an act... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
shielding the huts with aluminium sheeting, which blocks electrical noise but not magnetic fields. When he earthed the sheeting, the robins oriented correctly; when the earthing was removed, the robins oriented at random. Finally, when the robins were tested in a hut far from electrical equipment, the birds oriented co... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
and nose to small sacs within the animal's flesh. They are used to sense the weak electric fields of prey and predators. These organs have been predicted to sense magnetic fields, by means of Faraday's law of induction: as a conductor moves through a magnetic field an electric potential is generated. In this case the c... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
animal, and their magnetic alignment being used as part of a magnetoreceptive system. == Unanswered questions == It remains likely that two or more complementary mechanisms play a role in magnetic field detection in animals. Of course, this potential dual mechanism theory raises the questions of to what degree each met... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
maze). 80% of Tochuina made a turn to magnetic east. When the field was reversed, the animals displayed no preference for either turn. Tochuina's nervous system is composed of individually identifiable neurons, four of which are stimulated by changes in the applied magnetic field, and two which are inhibited by such ch... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
they reoriented themselves in line with the field. ==== In amphibians ==== Some of the earliest studies of amphibian magnetoreception were conducted with cave salamanders (Eurycea lucifuga). Researchers housed groups of cave salamanders in corridors aligned with either magnetic north–south, or magnetic east–west. In te... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
to either the east or west end of an experimental tank, a strong magnet disrupted the learned routes. Orientation toward the sea, as seen in turtle hatchlings, may rely partly on magnetoreception. In loggerhead and leatherback turtles, breeding takes place on beaches, and, after hatching, offspring crawl rapidly to the... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
debated. In the search for magnetite receptors, a large iron-containing organelle (the cuticulosome) of unknown function was found in the inner ear of pigeons. Areas of the pigeon brain that respond with increased activity to magnetic fields are the posterior vestibular nuclei, dorsal thalamus, hippocampus, and visual ... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
the immediate early gene expression within the InGi. Magnetic fields appear to play a role in bat orientation. They use echolocation to orient themselves over short distances, typically ranging from a few centimetres up to 50 metres. When non-migratory big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) are taken from their home roosts ... | {
"page_id": 1506351,
"title": "Magnetoreception"
} |
In molecular biology mir-492 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-492 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371503,
"title": "Mir-492 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions, because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer. Instead the rel... | {
"page_id": 2096177,
"title": "Organic redox reaction"
} |
are important in asymmetric synthesis. == Organic oxidations == Most oxidations are conducted with air or oxygen, especially in industry. These oxidation include routes to chemical compounds, remediation of pollutants, and combustion. Some commercially important oxidations are listed: Many reagents have been invented f... | {
"page_id": 2096177,
"title": "Organic redox reaction"
} |
References == | {
"page_id": 2096177,
"title": "Organic redox reaction"
} |
In machine learning (ML), a margin classifier is a type of classification model which is able to give an associated distance from the decision boundary for each data sample. For instance, if a linear classifier is used, the distance (typically Euclidean, though others may be used) of a sample from the separating hyperp... | {
"page_id": 17562674,
"title": "Margin classifier"
} |
the only way to define the margin for boosting algorithms. However, there are reasons why this definition may be appealing. == Examples of margin-based algorithms == Many classifiers can give an associated margin for each sample. However, only some classifiers utilize information of the margin while learning from a dat... | {
"page_id": 17562674,
"title": "Margin classifier"
} |
δ ) ) {\displaystyle P_{D}\left({\frac {y\sum _{j}^{t}\alpha _{j}h_{j}(x)}{\sum |\alpha _{j}|}}\leq 0\right)\leq P_{S}\left({\frac {y\sum _{j}^{t}\alpha _{j}h_{j}(x)}{\sum |\alpha _{j}|}}\leq \theta \right)+O\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {m}}}{\sqrt {d\log ^{2}(m/d)/\theta ^{2}+\log(1/\delta )}}\right)} for all θ > 0 {\displa... | {
"page_id": 17562674,
"title": "Margin classifier"
} |
In thermodynamics, a material's thermal effusivity, also known as thermal responsivity, is a measure of its ability to exchange energy with its surroundings. It is an intensive quantity defined as the square root of the product of the material's thermal conductivity ( λ {\displaystyle \lambda } ) and its volumetric hea... | {
"page_id": 9501745,
"title": "Thermal effusivity"
} |
on this relationship to measure effusivity. Thermal effusivity and thermal diffusivity are related quantities; respectively a product versus a ratio of a material's intensive heat transport and storage properties. The diffusivity appears explicitly in the heat equation, which is an energy conservation equation, and mea... | {
"page_id": 9501745,
"title": "Thermal effusivity"
} |
x 2 {\displaystyle \Delta x_{2}} into material 2 is Δ x 2 ≃ α 2 ⋅ Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta x_{2}\simeq {\sqrt {\alpha _{2}\cdot \Delta t}}} , where α 2 = λ 2 / ( ρ c p ) 2 {\displaystyle \alpha _{2}=\lambda _{2}/(\rho c_{p})_{2}} . Assume that the temperature within the characteristic diffusion length on either side o... | {
"page_id": 9501745,
"title": "Thermal effusivity"
} |
be used with caution; among other caveats, it only applies in a transient sense, to media which are large enough (or time scales short enough) to be considered effectively infinite in extent. === Heat sensed by human skin === An application of thermal effusivity is the quasi-qualitative measurement of coolness or warmt... | {
"page_id": 9501745,
"title": "Thermal effusivity"
} |
{\displaystyle U={\frac {\lambda }{L}}.} === Planetary science === For planetary surfaces, thermal inertia is a key phenomenon controlling the diurnal and seasonal surface temperature variations. The thermal inertia of a terrestrial planet such as Mars can be approximated from the thermal effusivity of its near-surface... | {
"page_id": 9501745,
"title": "Thermal effusivity"
} |
the heat transfer mechanisms generally include thermal conduction, convection, radiation and phase changes. The diffusive process of conduction may dominate the thermal behavior of solid bodies near and below room temperature. A contact resistance (due to surface roughness, oxidation, impurities, etc.) between the sens... | {
"page_id": 9501745,
"title": "Thermal effusivity"
} |
Cytotechnology is the microscopic interpretation of cells to detect cancer and other abnormalities. This includes the examination of samples collected from the uterine cervix (Pap test), lung, gastrointestinal tract, or body cavities. A cytotechnologist is an allied health professional trained to evaluate specimens on ... | {
"page_id": 11992117,
"title": "Cytotechnology"
} |
requirements and pass the examination are entitled to designate themselves as "CT (ASCP)". People who reside outside the United States have the option to take the certification exam for the ASCPi instead. They must complete all requirements to be eligible, and upon successful completion, can practice in the USA. The Am... | {
"page_id": 11992117,
"title": "Cytotechnology"
} |
Genital pain and pelvic pain can arise from a variety of conditions, crimes, trauma, medical treatments, physical diseases, mental illness and infections. In some instances the pain is consensual and self-induced. Self-induced pain can be a cause for concern and may require a psychiatric evaluation. In other instances ... | {
"page_id": 48757814,
"title": "List of causes of genital pain"
} |
Cameleon is an engineered protein based on variant of green fluorescent protein used to visualize calcium levels in living cells. It is a genetically encoded calcium sensor created by Roger Y. Tsien and coworkers. The name is a conflation of CaM (the common abbreviation of calmodulin) and chameleon to indicate the fact... | {
"page_id": 4848693,
"title": "Cameleon (protein)"
} |
Dannatt plates are thick sheets made of electrical conductors, usually copper, positioned around an AC magnetic circuit to help guide magnetic flux. The alternating magnetic field induces eddy currents in the plates. The orientation of these currents opposes the magnetic field. The magnetic field cannot penetrate throu... | {
"page_id": 27065399,
"title": "Dannatt plates"
} |
Polybasic may refer to: A polybasic or polyprotic acid, able to donate more than one proton per molecule A polybasic salt, with more than one hydrogen atom, with respect to the parent acid, replaced by cations == See also == All pages with titles containing Polybasic Monobasic (disambiguation) Dibasic (disambiguation) ... | {
"page_id": 46660665,
"title": "Polybasic"
} |
The Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (Arabic: كتاب الحيوان, lit. 'The Book of Animals', Latin: De Animalibus) is an Arabic translation of treatises (Arabic: مقالات, maqālāt) of Aristotle's: Historia Animalium: treatises 1–10 De Partibus Animalium: treatises 11–14 De Generatione Animalium: treatises 15–19 Medieval Arabic tradition ascr... | {
"page_id": 8125499,
"title": "Kitāb al-Hayawān"
} |
second hand from Arabic compendiums of selected passages from the book. The only extant compendium is the Maqāla Tushtamalu ‘àla Fusūl min Kitāb al-Hayawān, attributed (probably falsely) to Mūsà bin Maymūn (Moses Maimonides), and the Greek Compendium of Nicolaus Damascenus was at least partially available by the 11th c... | {
"page_id": 8125499,
"title": "Kitāb al-Hayawān"
} |
Foundations of Chemistry is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering conceptual and fundamental issues related to chemistry, including philosophy and history of chemistry, and chemistry education. The founding and current editor-in-chief is Eric Scerri. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal ... | {
"page_id": 47250492,
"title": "Foundations of Chemistry"
} |
Ximena Cid is a Chicana and Indigenous American physicist; physics educator and physics education researcher; and advocate for increasing diversity and supporting minority students in STEM and physics. She is currently associate professor and past chair of the physics department at California State University Dominguez... | {
"page_id": 71629884,
"title": "Ximena Cid"
} |
research position with Janet Luhmann as an advisor. She also supported herself through college playing violin in a mariachi band. She graduated in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in astrophysics, with a focus in space physics. At her graduation ceremony, her father, an artist, designed her graduation cap. After her final... | {
"page_id": 71629884,
"title": "Ximena Cid"
} |
a half years, and while there became involved with tutoring members of the Indigenous community in Seattle; holding workshops for the UW Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS); and volunteering with other groups supporting minority students. In 2015, Cid joined the fa... | {
"page_id": 71629884,
"title": "Ximena Cid"
} |
fields. == Select publications == "Gender matters," Physics Today, March 2018 – with Jennifer Blue and Adrienne Traxler "Indigenous People Exist Within Physics," CWSP & COM Gazette, Fall 2020 (American Physical Society's Committee on the Status of Women in Physics & the Committee on Minorities of the American Physical ... | {
"page_id": 71629884,
"title": "Ximena Cid"
} |
The molecular formula C8H15NO3 (molar mass: 173.21 g/mol, exact mass: 173.1052 u) may refer to: Acetylleucine Levacetylleucine Swainsonine SCH-50911 | {
"page_id": 25230405,
"title": "C8H15NO3"
} |
The Mozingo reduction, also known as Mozingo reaction or thioketal reduction, is a chemical reaction capable of fully reducing a ketone or aldehyde to the corresponding alkane via a dithioacetal. The reaction scheme is as follows: The ketone or aldehyde is activated by conversion to cyclic dithioacetal by reaction with... | {
"page_id": 35781701,
"title": "Mozingo reduction"
} |
In biology, BLOTTO is a blocking reagent made from nonfat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide. Its name is an almost-acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer. It constitutes an inexpensive source of nonspecific protein (milk casein) which blocks protein binding sites in a variety of experi... | {
"page_id": 3800142,
"title": "Blotto (biology)"
} |
Lefavirales is an order of viruses of the class Naldaviricetes. Viruses of this order have Hexapoda and Crustacea as their hosts, including Adoxophyes and Carcinus. == Classification == Lefavirales is part of the incertae sedis class Naldaviricetes. It contains the following families: Baculoviridae Filamentoviridae Hyt... | {
"page_id": 67632211,
"title": "Lefavirales"
} |
In molecular biology mir-498 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-498 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371539,
"title": "Mir-498 microRNA precursor family"
} |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. Mallinckrodt Baker... | {
"page_id": 11205717,
"title": "Aniline (data page)"
} |
Coal pollution mitigation is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate health and environmental impact of burning coal for energy. Burning coal releases harmful substances that contribute to air pollution, acid rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation includes precombustion approaches, such as cl... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
into three categories: gases, particulates, and solids (ash). The gaseous products can be filtered and scrubbed to miminize the release of SOx, NOx, mercury: SO2 can be removed by flue-gas desulfurization NO2 can be removed by selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Mercury emissions can be reduced by up to 95%. Electrost... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
economically viable for coal, except possibly in Japan although this is controversial. == Case studies == In conjunction with enhanced oil recovery and other applications, commercial-scale CCS is currently being tested in several countries.[by whom?] Proposed CCS sites are subjected to extensive investigation and monit... | {
"page_id": 2423894,
"title": "Coal pollution mitigation"
} |
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