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of Ash'aris List of Muslim theologians List of Iranian scientists Astronomy in medieval Islam Cosmology in medieval Islam Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi Nur al-Din al-Sabuni == References == == Bibliography == Anawati, Georges C. (1960–2007). "Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, ... | {
"page_id": 326595,
"title": "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"
} |
Khaled; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–325. Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (2020). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Leiden and Boston: Brill. Ullmann, Manfred (1972). Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam. Handbuc... | {
"page_id": 326595,
"title": "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"
} |
Lipid microdomains are formed when lipids undergo lateral phase separations yielding stable coexisting lamellar domains. These phase separations can be induced by changes in temperature, pressure, ionic strength or by the addition of divalent cations or proteins. The question of whether such lipid microdomains observed... | {
"page_id": 17890244,
"title": "Lipid microdomain"
} |
Terminal Domains on Lipid Raft Localization of the Murine Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor. Biology of Reproduction 74(5):788-797. 2006. Investigation of the lipid domains and apolipoprotein orientation in reconstituted high-density lipoproteins by fluorescence and IR methods. J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 265, Issue 32,... | {
"page_id": 17890244,
"title": "Lipid microdomain"
} |
Frank Lewis Marsh (18 October 1899, Aledo, Illinois – 14 July 1992) was an American Seventh-Day Adventist biologist, educator and young Earth creationist. In 1963 he was one of the ten founding members of the Creation Research Society. == Biography == In his youth, Marsh desired to become a physician, but lacked the fi... | {
"page_id": 2554821,
"title": "Frank Lewis Marsh"
} |
he believed such references would repel non-Adventist readers. Marsh commented that "The Bible knows nothing about organic evolution. It regards the origin of man by special creation as a historical fact... In view of the subjectivity of the evidence upon which a decision on the matter of origins must be made, creation... | {
"page_id": 2554821,
"title": "Frank Lewis Marsh"
} |
The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses. The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939). Let's say we have a kiliani-fischer synthesis, it basically removes the row of t... | {
"page_id": 8190919,
"title": "Wohl degradation"
} |
The interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) associated kinase (IRAK) family plays a crucial role in the protective response to pathogens introduced into the human body by inducing acute inflammation followed by additional adaptive immune responses. IRAKs are essential components of the Interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathway a... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
two have negative feedback in the TLR signaling pathways. IRAK-2a and IRAK-2b positively activate NF-κB/TLR pathway by stimulating LPS. IRAK-M is specific to monomyeloic cells (monocytes and macrophages) while the other IRAKs that are ubiquitously expressed. IRAK-M negatively regulates TLR signaling by inhibiting the I... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
IRAK types. == Structure == === Functional domains === All IRAK family members are multidomain proteins consisting of a conserved N-terminal Death Domain (DD) and a central kinase domain (KD). The DD is a protein interaction motif that important for interacting with other signaling molecules such as the adaptor protein... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
recruitment of the adaptor molecule MyD88 through interactions with the TIR domain. MyD88 brings IRAK-4 to the receptor complex. Preformed complexes of the adaptor molecule Tollip and IRAK-1 are also recruited to the receptor complex, allowing IRAK-1 to bind MyD88. IRAK-1 binding to MyD88 brings it into close proximity... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
and initiate the appropriate immune response to eliminate a particular pathogen. PAMPs are conserved motifs associated with microorganisms that are not found in host cells, such as, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), viral double-stranded RNA, etc. TLRs are similar to IL-1Rs in that they do not possess intrinsic kinas... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
promoter element in the nucleus and is required for STAT3 phosphorylation and activation of IL-10 transcription. IRAK-2 plays an important role in TLR-mediated NF-κB activation. Knocking down IRAK-2 has been shown to impair NF-κB activation by TLR3, TLR4 and TLR8. The mechanism of how IRAK-2 functions is still unknown,... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
activation of IRAK-1 [1,2]. IRAK-4 is critical for IL-1R and TLR NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways as well as TLR7/9 MyD88-mediated interferon activation. == Role in disease == Interleukin 1 is a cytokine that acts locally and systemically in the innate immune system. IL-1a and IL-1ß are known for causing inflammation,... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
are caused by innate immune system deregulation inducing chronic inflammation. In most cases, inhibition of IRAK-1 and IRAK-4 are suspected to the most effective targets for knockout drugs, as their functions are integral to the cytokine pathways inducing chronic inflammation. Mutations in the gene for IRAK-M have been... | {
"page_id": 46332876,
"title": "Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase"
} |
Claus Emmeche (born 1956) is a Danish theoretical biologist and philosopher, one of founders of contemporary biosemiotics. He is associate professor at the University of Copenhagen, and is head of the Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies at the Faculty of Science (CPNSS, hosted by the Niels Bohr Inst... | {
"page_id": 14220236,
"title": "Claus Emmeche"
} |
articles, and over 47 other works. == References == == External links == Claus Emmeche's Home Page | {
"page_id": 14220236,
"title": "Claus Emmeche"
} |
The molecular formula C3H4N2O may refer to: 2-Aminooxazole Cyanoacetamide | {
"page_id": 37551054,
"title": "C3H4N2O"
} |
Phylogenetic invariants are polynomial relationships between the frequencies of various site patterns in an idealized DNA multiple sequence alignment. They have received substantial study in the field of biomathematics, and they can be used to choose among phylogenetic tree topologies in an empirical setting. The prima... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
a specific tree given a particular substitution model. Invariants are formulas in the expected pattern frequencies, not the observed pattern frequencies. When they are computed using the observed pattern frequencies, we will usually find that they are not precisely zero even when the model and tree topology are correct... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
of the models that can be examined using invariants. These non-homogeneous models include the commonly used continuous-time JC69, K80, and K81 models as submodels. The SSM (strand-specific model), also called the CS05 model, is a generalized non-homogeneous version of the HKY (Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano) model constrained t... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
and 4 are the purines. We will call three possible quartet trees TX [in newick format TX is (A,B,(C,D));], TY [TY is (A,C,(B,D));], and TZ [TZ is (A,D,(B,C));]. We can calculate three values from the data to identify the best topology given the data: X = N 1133 − N 1233 − N 1134 + N 1234 {\displaystyle X=N_{1133}-N_{12... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
Lake's invariants. Also, because Lake's invariants are based on the K80 model phylogenetic estimation using Lake's invariants may not yield the true tree when the model that generated the data strongly violates that model. == Modern approaches using phylogenetic invariants == The low efficiency of Lake's invariants ref... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
== Another important class of modern invariants methods is based on the use of singular value decomposition (SVD) to examine the rank of matrices corresponding to flattenings of a tensor with the site pattern frequency spectrum. The flattening matrices for a four taxon tree are constructed by arranging the nucleotide s... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
C A C A ⋯ p C A T T ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ p T T A A p T T A C p T T A G p T T A T p T T C A ⋯ p T T T T ] {\displaystyle \mathbf {Flat_{T1}} ={\begin{bmatrix}p_{AAAA}&p_{AAAC}&p_{AAAG}&p_{AAAT}&p_{AACA}&\cdots &p_{AATT}\\p_{ACAA}&p_{ACAC}&p_{ACAG}&p_{ACAT}&p_{ACCA}&\cdots &p_{ACTT}\\p_{AGAA}&p_{AGAC}&p_{AGAG}&p_{AGAT}&p_{AGCA}... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
{\sigma _{i}}}^{2}}}} where σ i ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\sigma _{i}}}} is the i t h {\displaystyle i^{th}} singular of the flattening matrix for the appropriate topology. The δ n {\displaystyle \delta _{n}} values provide information about the rank of the flattening matrix; if the sequences were generated on a sing... | {
"page_id": 65534930,
"title": "Phylogenetic invariants"
} |
A potentiometric surface is the imaginary plane where a given reservoir of fluid will "equalize out to" if allowed to flow. A potentiometric surface is based on hydraulic principles. For example, two connected storage tanks with one full and one empty will gradually fill/drain to the same level. This is because of atmo... | {
"page_id": 14220244,
"title": "Potentiometric surface"
} |
In molecular biology mir-484 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. The precursor hairpin of miR-484 is transcribed directly and contains a 7-methylguanylated cap. The biogenesis of miR-484 is independent of Drosha. == See also == Mic... | {
"page_id": 36371417,
"title": "Mir-484 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Sodium peroxycarbonate or sodium percarbonate, sodium permonocarbonate is a chemical compound, a peroxycarbonate of sodium, with formula Na2CO4 == See also == Sodium percarbonate Peroxycarbonate == References == | {
"page_id": 56556509,
"title": "Sodium peroxycarbonate"
} |
In molecular biology mir-488 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-488 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371424,
"title": "Mir-488 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Chilled food is food that is stored at refrigeration temperatures, which are at or below 0 – −5 °C (32–23 °F). The key requirements for chilled food products are good quality and microbiological safety at the point of consumption. They have been available in the United Kingdom, United States, and many other industriali... | {
"page_id": 12581857,
"title": "Chilled food"
} |
Saša Bajt is a Slovenian scientist and a leading scientist at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, where she develops multi-layer mirrors for X-ray applications such as multilayer Laue lenses. . She is a regular collaborator of the European XFEL. == Education and career == Saša Bajt received her B. Sc. in Physics from... | {
"page_id": 65338336,
"title": "Saša Bajt"
} |
The molecular formula C6428H9912N1694O1987S46 (molar mass: 144190.3 g/mol) may refer to: Adalimumab Infliximab | {
"page_id": 61144035,
"title": "C6428H9912N1694O1987S46"
} |
NGSmethDB is a database of methylation data derived from next-generation sequencing data. == See also == DNA methylation MethBase MethDB == References == == External links == http://bioinfo2.ugr.es/NGSmethDB/gbrowse/ | {
"page_id": 30407653,
"title": "NGSmethDB"
} |
EXC is a condensed matter physics many-body theory software package implementing the Bethe–Salpeter equation in frequency-reciprocal space and on a plane wave basis set. Its purpose is to calculate, ab initio, dielectric and optical properties, like absorption, reflectivity, refraction index, electron and X-ray energy ... | {
"page_id": 14416870,
"title": "EXC code"
} |
The Boreal Mountains and Plateaus Ecoregion is a large biogeoclimatic region in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is characterized by a complex of rugged mountains and intervening lowlands, and rolling, high plateaus. The ecoregion is bounded on the south by the Sub-Boreal Interior Ecoprovince, on the north by ... | {
"page_id": 76020711,
"title": "Boreal Mountains and Plateaus Ecoregion"
} |
In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculations of angular momentum and kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. == For a system of particles == The theorem is divided in two parts. === First part of König's the... | {
"page_id": 2882536,
"title": "König's theorem (kinetics)"
} |
+ ( ∑ i m i r → i ′ ) × v → C o M + r → C o M × ∑ i m i v → i ′ + ∑ i r → C o M × m i v → C o M {\displaystyle {\vec {L}}=\sum \limits _{i}{\vec {r}}'_{i}\times m_{i}{\vec {v}}'_{i}+\left(\sum \limits _{i}m_{i}{\vec {r}}'_{i}\right)\times {\vec {v}}_{CoM}+{\vec {r}}_{CoM}\times \sum \limits _{i}m_{i}{\vec {v}}'_{i}+\su... | {
"page_id": 2882536,
"title": "König's theorem (kinetics)"
} |
v ¯ CoM | 2 {\displaystyle K=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}|{\bar {v}}'_{i}+{\bar {v}}_{\text{CoM}}|^{2}} K = ∑ i 1 2 m i ( v ¯ i ′ + v ¯ CoM ) ⋅ ( v ¯ i ′ + v ¯ CoM ) = ∑ i 1 2 m i v i ′ 2 + v ¯ CoM ⋅ ∑ i m i v ¯ i ′ + ∑ i 1 2 m i v CoM 2 {\displaystyle K=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}({\bar {v}}'_{i}+{\bar {v}}_{\text{Co... | {
"page_id": 2882536,
"title": "König's theorem (kinetics)"
} |
N H ¯ {\displaystyle {^{N}\!\mathbf {\bar {H}} }} is the angular momentum of the rigid body about the center of mass, also taken in the inertial frame N; and N ω R {\displaystyle ^{N}{\!\!\mathbf {\omega } }^{R}} is the angular velocity of the rigid body R relative to the inertial frame N. == References == Hanno Essén:... | {
"page_id": 2882536,
"title": "König's theorem (kinetics)"
} |
Rose oil (rose otto, attar of rose, attar of roses, or rose essence) is an essential oil that is extracted from the petals of various types of rose. Rose ottos are extracted through steam distillation, while rose absolutes are obtained through solvent extraction, the absolute being used more commonly in perfumery. The ... | {
"page_id": 2161644,
"title": "Rose oil"
} |
beta-ionone (under 1%) rose oxide (under 1%) Beta-damascenone's presence is considered as the marker for the quality of rose oil. Even though these compounds usually exist in less than 1% quantity of rose oil, they make up for slightly more than 90% of the odor content due to their low odor detection thresholds. === Ro... | {
"page_id": 2161644,
"title": "Rose oil"
} |
phenethyl alcohol which are a vital component of the aroma and which make up the large bulk, 80%, of the oil. The two oils are combined and make the final rose attar. Rose attar is mobile in room temperature and is usually clear, light yellow in color. It will form white crystals at normal room temperature which disapp... | {
"page_id": 2161644,
"title": "Rose oil"
} |
dissolves the aromatic constituents, leaving behind the wax and other substances. The alcohol is low-pressure evaporated, leaving behind the finished absolute. The absolute may be further processed to remove any impurities that are still present from the solvent extraction. Rose absolute is a deep reddish brown with no... | {
"page_id": 2161644,
"title": "Rose oil"
} |
Geraniol, the main constituent of rose oil. Some of these "rose oils" are up to 90% geranium or palmarosa to 10% rose. This is referred to as extending the rose fragrance. This may be done to compensate for chemotype, e.g. Bulgarian distilled rose oil is naturally low in phenylethanol, and Ukrainian or Russian rose oil... | {
"page_id": 2161644,
"title": "Rose oil"
} |
resembles almond oil in consistency; It has a strong aroma and sharp balsamic taste; It has an excellent combination of liquid and solid components. == References == == External links == The dictionary definition of rose oil at Wiktionary | {
"page_id": 2161644,
"title": "Rose oil"
} |
Exobiology Radiation Assembly (ERA) was an experiment that investigated the biological effects of space radiation. An astrobiology mission developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), it took place aboard the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA), an unmanned 4.5 tonne satellite with a payload of 15 experiments. It wa... | {
"page_id": 40041453,
"title": "Exobiology Radiation Assembly"
} |
soil) did not survive. Vacuum treatment lead to an increase of mutation frequency in spores, but not in plasmid DNA. Extraterrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation was mutagenic, inducing strand breakage in the DNA and substantially reducing survival. Spectroscopy confirmed the results of previous space experiments of a ... | {
"page_id": 40041453,
"title": "Exobiology Radiation Assembly"
} |
Ludwig Mond FRS (7 March 1839 – 11 December 1909) was a German-born British chemist and industrialist. He discovered an important, previously unknown, class of compounds called metal carbonyls. == Education and career == Ludwig Mond was born into a Jewish family in Kassel, Germany. His parents were Meyer Bär (Moritz) M... | {
"page_id": 850924,
"title": "Ludwig Mond"
} |
could be easily decomposed to produce pure nickel from its ores through the Mond process. He founded the Mond Nickel Company to exploit this, and thus was born the Victoria Mine of the Sudbury Basin. Ores from nickel mines in Canada were given preliminary enrichment there and then shipped to Mond's works at Clydach, ne... | {
"page_id": 850924,
"title": "Ludwig Mond"
} |
in Winnington, flanked by a statue of Brunner. Another statue of Mond is sited across from the Mond Nickel Works in Clydach, Wales, and is a Grade II listed structure == Family and personal == In October 1866 Mond married his cousin Frida Löwenthal (1847–1923) in her native town of Cologne. They soon moved to England a... | {
"page_id": 850924,
"title": "Ludwig Mond"
} |
The Woeseian revolution was the progression of the phylogenetic tree of life concept from two main divisions, known as the Prokarya and Eukarya, into three domains now classified as Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. The discovery of the new domain stemmed from the work of biophysicist Carl Woese in 1977 from a princip... | {
"page_id": 44432370,
"title": "Woeseian revolution"
} |
able to execute this method, let alone read the films. Further, Woese's background was in physics, whereas most of the research was being done in microbiology. == References == == Further reading == David Quammen (2018). The Tangled Tree: A Radical New History of Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1476776620. | {
"page_id": 44432370,
"title": "Woeseian revolution"
} |
In molecular biology mir-489 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function is to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-489 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371443,
"title": "Mir-489 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Microbeads, also called Ugelstad particles after the Norwegian chemist, professor John Ugelstad, who invented them in 1977 and patented the method in 1978, are uniform polymer particles, typically 0.5 to 500 microns in diameter. Bio-reactive molecules can be absorbed or coupled to their surface, and used to separate bi... | {
"page_id": 43318261,
"title": "Microbead (research)"
} |
as visible markers in microscopy and biotechnology. == Applications == Microbeads serve as the main tool for bio-magnetic separations. A range of patented processes and applications have been developed based on the use of microbeads in academic and industrial research. Microbeads are pre-coupled with a ligand; a biomol... | {
"page_id": 43318261,
"title": "Microbead (research)"
} |
to benefit research on disease prevention, medicine, and other fields to improve the human condition. == See also == Microspheres == References == Kemshead, JT, Ugelstad, J (1985). "Magnetic separation techniques:their application to medicine", Mol Cell Biochem, 67(1):11-8. Vetvicka, V, Fornusek, L (1987). "Polymer mic... | {
"page_id": 43318261,
"title": "Microbead (research)"
} |
A seed plant or spermatophyte (lit. 'seed plant'; New Latin spermat- and Greek φυτόν (phytón)|plant), also known as a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, in... | {
"page_id": 25164793,
"title": "Seed plant"
} |
modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous, when the angiosperms radiated. == Evolutionary history == A series of evolutionary changes began with a whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319 million years ago. A middle Devonian (385-millio... | {
"page_id": 25164793,
"title": "Seed plant"
} |
these groups should not be considered settled. === Other classifications === Other classifications group all the seed plants in a single division, with classes for the five groups: Division Spermatophyta Cycadopsida, the cycads Ginkgoopsida, the ginkgo Pinopsida, the conifers, ("Coniferopsida") Gnetopsida, the gnetophy... | {
"page_id": 25164793,
"title": "Seed plant"
} |
An immunoassay (IA) is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody (usually) or an antigen (sometimes). The molecule detected by the immunoassay is often referred to as an "analyte" and is in many cases a protein, alt... | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
immunoassay may use an antigen to detect for the presence of antibodies, which recognize that antigen, in a solution. In other words, in some immunoassays, the analyte may be an antibody rather than an antigen. In addition to the binding of an antibody to its antigen, the other key feature of all immunoassays is a mean... | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
desired antibody or antigen. === Enzymes === Possibly one of the most popular labels to use in immunoassays is enzymes. Immunoassays which employ enzymes are referred to as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), of which enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) are the most co... | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
an example of technique that can detect binding between an unlabeled antibody and antigens. Another demonstrated labeless immunoassay involves measuring the change in resistance on an electrode as antigens bind to it. == Classifications and formats == Immunoassays can be run in a number of different formats. Generally,... | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
analyte binds to the respective Ab molecule, coupled to another kind of bead, the analyte reacts with singlet oxygen, generating chemiluminescence signals proportional to the concentration of the analyte-Ab complex. In the kinetic interaction of microparticle in solution (KIMS) and particle enhanced turbidimetric inhib... | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
antibody is bound to the analyte. The amount of labelled antibody on the site is then measured. It will be directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte because the labelled antibody will not bind if the analyte is not present in the unknown sample. This type of immunoassay is also known as a sandwich assay... | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
Headings (MeSH) Chapter 5 and 6 in the book "Bioanalytical Chemistry" by Susan R. Mikkelsen | {
"page_id": 1375226,
"title": "Immunoassay"
} |
Alberto Romão Dias (1941 – 15 July 2007) was a full professor of the Chemical and Biological Engineering Department at the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) of the Technical University of Lisbon in Portugal. == Education == His alma mater includes graduating from industrial-chemical engineering at the Instituto Superior... | {
"page_id": 8387579,
"title": "Alberto Romão Dias"
} |
P. M. de Respour, a Flemish metallurgist and alchemist, was the first person to extract metallic zinc from zinc oxide, which he did in 1668. == Original works == De Respour, P. M.: Rare Experiences svr l'esprit mineral..' Paris, France (1498) == References == | {
"page_id": 44891133,
"title": "P. M. de Respour"
} |
The origins of meat preservation are lost to the ages but probably began when humans began to realize the preservative value of salt. Sausage making originally developed as a means to preserve and transport meat. Primitive societies learned that dried berries and spices could be added to dried meat. The procedure of st... | {
"page_id": 2489342,
"title": "Sausage making"
} |
contains around 10% butcher's rusk, 10% water, 2.5% seasoning, and 77.5% meat. At the point of sale, British sausages will often be labelled as "actual meat content X%". As meat can be fatty or lean, the X% is calculated using reference tables with the intention to give a fairer representation of the "visual lean" meat... | {
"page_id": 2489342,
"title": "Sausage making"
} |
be used. Since these products are never heated to a temperature that can kill trichinella parasites, it is necessary to accomplish this by other methods. The usual method is via freezing. Pork may be rendered acceptable for use in dry sausages by freezing it using the following guidelines: −15 °C (5 °F) 20–30 days −23 ... | {
"page_id": 2489342,
"title": "Sausage making"
} |
microorganisms. Combining spices and seasonings in amounts that complement each other is important. == Curing salts == Making dry sausages involves curing salts, which contain sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate. Nitrites are used for all types of sausages and are the most common. Nitrates are used only in the preparatio... | {
"page_id": 2489342,
"title": "Sausage making"
} |
chloride) and is used for the preparation of cured dry sausages. Prague powder #2 should never be used on any product that will be fried at high temperature (e.g. bacon) because of the resulting formation of nitrosamines. When using cure, it is very important to never exceed the recommended amount of 2.5 grams of Pragu... | {
"page_id": 2489342,
"title": "Sausage making"
} |
invite the risk of botulism poisoning. Similarly, one cannot just substitute Prague powder #1 in place of Morton's Tenderquick. For any such substitutions, one must calculate the exact amount of nitrite required and make the proper adjustments. Note: The volume-to-weight ratio applies to the herbs and spices only. This... | {
"page_id": 2489342,
"title": "Sausage making"
} |
Fluo-3 is a fluorescence indicator of intracellular calcium (Ca2+), developed by Roger Y. Tsien. It is used to measure Ca2+ inside living cells in flow cytometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy using visible light excitation (compatible with argon laser sources operating at 488 nm). Fluo-3 and derivatives (Fluo... | {
"page_id": 36436992,
"title": "Fluo-3"
} |
Fellgett's advantage or the multiplex advantage is an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is gained when taking multiplexed measurements rather than direct measurements. The name is derived from P. B. Fellgett, who first made the observation as part of his PhD. When measuring a signal whose noise is dominat... | {
"page_id": 14154752,
"title": "Fellgett's advantage"
} |
tube), noise will be proportional to the square root of the power, so that for a broad flat spectrum the noise will be proportional to the square root of m, where m is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum, thus this disadvantage precisely offsets the Fellgett advantage. Shot noise is the main reason Four... | {
"page_id": 14154752,
"title": "Fellgett's advantage"
} |
The Wallach rearrangement, also named Wallach transformation, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry. It is named after Otto Wallach, who discovered this reaction in 1880. In general it is a strong acid-promoted conversion of azoxybenzenes into hydroxyazobenzenes. == General reaction scheme == The Wallach rearrang... | {
"page_id": 8518656,
"title": "Wallach rearrangement"
} |
both nitrogen atoms indicating a symmetrical intermediate. A mechanism not inconsistent with these findings is depicted below: First, azoxybenzene undergoes protonation twice to afford a gitionic intermediate. The difficulty of protonating next to an already cationic nitrogen makes this second protonation step rate-det... | {
"page_id": 8518656,
"title": "Wallach rearrangement"
} |
In biology, syntrophy, syntrophism, or cross-feeding (from Greek syn 'together' and trophe 'nourishment') is the cooperative interaction between at least two microbial species to degrade a single substrate. This type of biological interaction typically involves the transfer of one or more metabolic intermediates betwee... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
success of syntrophy is interspecies electron transfer. The interspecies electron transfer can be carried out via three ways: interspecies hydrogen transfer, interspecies formate transfer and interspecies direct electron transfer. Reverse electron transport is prominent in syntrophic metabolism. The metabolic reactions... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
out by the mutual system of Syntrophomonas wolfei and Methanobacterium formicicum: Propionate + 2H2O + 2CO2 → Acetate− + 3Formate− + 3H+ (ΔG°'=+65.3 kJ/mol) Butyrate + 2H2O + 2CO2 → 2Acetate- + 3Formate- + 3H+ (ΔG°'=+38.5 kJ/mol) Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) which involves electron transfer without any ... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
The hydrocarbons of the oil are broken down after activation by fumarate, a chemical compound that is regenerated by other microorganisms. Without regeneration, the microbes degrading the oil would eventually run out of fumarate and the process would cease. This breakdown is crucial in the processes of bioremediation a... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
an alphaproteobacterium, where the dependence of the archaeon on the alphaproteobacterium leads the former to engulf the latter, the alphaproteobacterium then eventually becoming the mitochondria. While these models share the concept of syntrophic interaction as a key driver of endosymbiosis, they often differ on the e... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
This model proposes that, originally, the fermentative archaeon may have degraded amino acids via syntrophic association with SRB and the facultatively aerobic organotroph. As oxygen levels began to rise, however, the interaction with the facultatively aerobic organotroph (which is though to have made the archaeon more... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
became the mitochondrion. == Examples of syntrophic organisms == Syntrophomonas wolfei is a gram-negative, anaerobic, fatty-acid oxidizing bacterium that forms syntrophic associations with H2-using bacteria. Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that can oxidize propionate in pure cultures... | {
"page_id": 5635076,
"title": "Syntrophy"
} |
Milnesium alpigenum is a species of tardigrade that falls under the Tardigrada phylum. Like its taxonomic relatives it is an omnivorous predator that feeds on other small organisms, such as algae, rotifers, and nematodes. M. alpigenum was discovered by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1853. It is very closely related t... | {
"page_id": 71171078,
"title": "Milnesium alpigenum"
} |
inceptum (a close relative). Following that it also branches off its closest relative Milnesium tardigradum. Far prior to this it branches of from the other Families of Tardigrade like Diploechiniscus or Echiniscus. == Morphology == === Phylum-specific morphology === M. alpigenum has a symmetrical roughly rounded body ... | {
"page_id": 71171078,
"title": "Milnesium alpigenum"
} |
to adulthood. == Habitat == Milnesium alpigenum are found in the Palaearctic realm (Upper Eurasia). They are found in the same ecological area as Milnesium tardigradum and most other Tardigrada species which is aquatic environments such as marine, coastal and terrestrial areas. In fact, tardigrades are so resilient, po... | {
"page_id": 71171078,
"title": "Milnesium alpigenum"
} |
of Milnesium tardigradum. == Evolutionary connections == Where M. alpigenum taxonomically stands was a complex problem that took decades to discover. However where Tardigrades in general stand on the wider tree of life is in itself a mystery. Due to the limited amount of fossil evidence tied to historic specimens of Ta... | {
"page_id": 71171078,
"title": "Milnesium alpigenum"
} |
The molecular formula C13H11NO2 (molar mass: 213.232 g/mol, exact mass: 213.0790 u) may refer to: Fenamic acid, or fenamate Salicylanilide | {
"page_id": 24378374,
"title": "C13H11NO2"
} |
Nodding disease, also known as nodding syndrome, is a mentally and physically disabling disease that affects children aged 3 and above, continuing into adulthood. It was first described in 1962 in secluded mountainous regions of Tanzania, with sporadic outbreaks in the decades since in South Sudan, Uganda, and again in... | {
"page_id": 8387592,
"title": "Nodding disease"
} |
which transmit it. A possible explanation involves the formation of antibodies against parasite antigen that are cross-reactive to leiomodin-1 in the central nervous system. O. volvulus, a nematode, is carried by the black fly and causes river blindness. In 2004, most children with nodding disease lived close to the Ye... | {
"page_id": 8387592,
"title": "Nodding disease"
} |
in toxic chemicals. == Diagnosis == Diagnosis is not very advanced and is based on the telltale nodding seizures of the patients. When stunted growth and mental disability are also present, probability of nodding syndrome is high. In the future, neurological scans may also be used in diagnosis. == Management == As of 2... | {
"page_id": 8387592,
"title": "Nodding disease"
} |
years to 2024 cases have been identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic and Cameroon. The spread and manifestation of outbreaks may further be exacerbated due to the poor availability of health care in the region. == See also == List of mystery diseases == References == == External li... | {
"page_id": 8387592,
"title": "Nodding disease"
} |
A list of drugs or therapeutic agents administered via inhalation. == Inhalational anesthetic agents == aliflurane cyclopropane desflurane halothane isoflurane methoxyflurane methoxypropane nitrous oxide roflurane sevoflurane teflurane trichloroethylene vinyl ether xenon == Bronchodilators == Arformoterol Bitolterol Ep... | {
"page_id": 15465478,
"title": "List of medical inhalants"
} |
In systems theory, a system is said to be transient or in a transient state when a process variable or variables have been changed and the system has not yet reached a steady state. In electrical engineering, the time taken for an electronic circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state is called the ... | {
"page_id": 11271178,
"title": "Transient state"
} |
In molecular biology mir-491 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-491 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371467,
"title": "Mir-491 microRNA precursor family"
} |
A property of a physical system, such as the entropy of a gas, that stays approximately constant when changes occur slowly is called an adiabatic invariant. By this it is meant that if a system is varied between two end points, as the time for the variation between the end points is increased to infinity, the variation... | {
"page_id": 1440776,
"title": "Adiabatic invariant"
} |
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