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Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena. The advancement of science generally d...	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable. Theoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a good example....	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
However, an exception to all the above is the wave–particle duality, a theory combining aspects of different, opposing models via the Bohr complementarity principle. Physical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and no (or few) incorrect ones. The theory should have, at least as a secon...	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
these men (alongside Galileo's) can perhaps be considered to constitute the Scientific Revolution. The great push toward the modern concept of explanation started with Galileo, one of the few physicists who was both a consummate theoretician and a great experimentalist. The analytic geometry and mechanics of Descartes ...	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
relativity and Newton's gravity was given a kinematic explanation by general relativity. Quantum mechanics led to an understanding of blackbody radiation (which indeed, was an original motivation for the theory) and of anomalies in the specific heats of solids — and finally to an understanding of the internal structure...	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
tests of repeatability, consistency with existing well-established science and experimentation. There do exist mainstream theories that are generally accepted theories based solely upon their effects explaining a wide variety of data, although the detection, explanation, and possible composition are subjects of debate....	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
experiments are situations created in one's mind, asking a question akin to "suppose you are in this situation, assuming such is true, what would follow?". They are usually created to investigate phenomena that are not readily experienced in every-day situations. Famous examples of such thought experiments are Schrödin...	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
Lectures on theoretical physics. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 1465521887, ISBN 9781465521880. A set of lectures given in 1909 at Columbia University. Sommerfeld, Arnold. Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik (Lectures on Theoretical Physics); German, 6 volumes. A series of lessons from a master educator of theoretical ph...	{ "page_id": 19594028, "title": "Theoretical physics" }
In molecular biology mir-434 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-434 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371247, "title": "Mir-434 microRNA precursor family" }
Myrsini Malakou is a Greek biologist. She was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2001, for her contributions to the protection of the wetlands of Préspa, jointly with fellow biologist Giorgos Catsadorakis. Their work in Prèspa led to the development of the first transboundary preserve in the Balkans, along the ...	{ "page_id": 29686577, "title": "Myrsini Malakou" }
Resson Kantai Duff is a Kenyan conservationist and the deputy director at Ewaso Lions. == Early life and education == Kantai's father belonged to a nomadic Maasai community, which gave her an early knowledge about wildlife and how to protect them. She earned her Bachelor's degree with honours at the University of Nairo...	{ "page_id": 66714418, "title": "Resson Kantai Duff" }
ten most viewed articles that month in the website. Kantai is also a board member of the Conservation Alliance of Kenya; at her time of joining she was elected as the youngest member of the Board. == References ==	{ "page_id": 66714418, "title": "Resson Kantai Duff" }
Carbohydrate Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the chemistry of carbohydrates. It is published by Elsevier and was established in 1965. The editor-in-chief is M. Carmen Galan (University of Bristol). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.1...	{ "page_id": 42662705, "title": "Carbohydrate Research" }
In molecular biology mir-448 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-448 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371252, "title": "Mir-448 microRNA precursor family" }
4'-O-glucoside may refer to: Hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside, an isocoumarin glucoside Okanin 4'-O-glucoside or marein, a chalconoid glucoside Quercetin 4'-O-glucoside or spiraeoside, a flavonol glucoside == See also == O-glucoside	{ "page_id": 32504628, "title": "4'-O-glucoside" }
EndoMac progenitor cells are a type of endothelial-macrophage progenitor cells, more specifically a population of hemangioblasts from postnatal tissue. They were discovered by Australian researchers in the aorta of mice. == References ==	{ "page_id": 78052150, "title": "EndoMac progenitor cell" }
Radial dysplasia, also known as radial club hand or radial longitudinal deficiency, is a congenital difference occurring in a longitudinal direction resulting in radial deviation of the wrist and shortening of the forearm. It can occur in different ways, from a minor anomaly to complete absence of the radius, radial si...	{ "page_id": 37550913, "title": "Radial dysplasia" }
a normal distal radius length as type 0 and isolated thumb anomalies as type N. Type N: Isolated thumb anomaly Type 0: Deficiency of the carpal bones Type I: Short distal radius Type II: Hypoplastic radius in miniature Type III: Absent distal radius Type IV: Complete absent radius Type V: Complete absent radius and man...	{ "page_id": 37550913, "title": "Radial dysplasia" }
If the ulna is significantly bent, osteotomy may be needed to straighten the ulna. After placing the wrist in the correct position, radial wrist extensors are transferred to the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon, to help stabilize the wrist in straight position. If the thumb or its carpometacarpal joint is absent, centrali...	{ "page_id": 37550913, "title": "Radial dysplasia" }
graft is vascularised and therefore maintains its ability to join the growth of the supporting ulna. Prior to the actual transfer of the MTP-joint of the second toe soft-tissue distraction of the wrist is required to create enough space to place the MTP joint. When after several weeks enough space has been created thro...	{ "page_id": 37550913, "title": "Radial dysplasia" }
An excitable medium is a nonlinear dynamical system which has the capacity to propagate a wave of some description, and which cannot support the passing of another wave until a certain amount of time has passed (known as the refractory time). A forest is an example of an excitable medium: if a wildfire burns through th...	{ "page_id": 523076, "title": "Excitable medium" }
excited. The trees are on fire. Refractory — the cell has recently been excited and is temporarily not excitable. This corresponds to a patch of land where the trees have burnt and the vegetation has yet to regrow. As in all cellular automata, the state of a particular cell in the next time step depends on the state of...	{ "page_id": 523076, "title": "Excitable medium" }
the wave's return, the wave will be stopped. In the Mexican wave, for example, if for some reason, the originators of the wave are still standing upon its return it will not continue. If the originators have sat back down then the wave can, in theory, continue. === Two-dimensional waves === Several forms of waves can b...	{ "page_id": 523076, "title": "Excitable medium" }
Emotional selection describes the perpetuation and evolution of information based on its ability to evoke emotions. The hypothesis posits that information spreads throughout populations not just based on their factual accuracy or utility, but also based on the emotional impact it has on recipients. Emotional selection ...	{ "page_id": 75037508, "title": "Emotional selection (information)" }
The rectovesical pouch is the pocket that lies between the rectum and the bladder in males in humans and other mammals. It is lined by peritoneum. == Structure == The rectovesical pouch is a space between the rectum and the bladder in men. It lies above the seminal vesicles. It is lined by peritoneum and at its base is...	{ "page_id": 7994182, "title": "Rectovesical pouch" }
Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) is an enzyme cofactor, generated by posttranslational modification of amino acids within the protein. Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH), an amine dehydrogenase, requires TTQ for its catalytic function. == See also == Amicyanin == References ==	{ "page_id": 12843844, "title": "Tryptophan tryptophylquinone" }
Phyletic dwarfism is the decrease in average size of animals of a species. There are a few circumstances that often lead to species doing this. Lack of predators of smaller creatures can allow smaller members of a species to survive. The lack of resources to sustain a large population of larger animals can pick off the...	{ "page_id": 48233293, "title": "Phyletic dwarfism" }
Bhupati Mohan Sen () was an Indian physicist and mathematician. He made remarkable contributions in the fields of Quantum Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics. He taught at the Mathematics Department of Presidency College and Applied Mathematics Department of University of Calcutta. He was also a member of the Governing Body ...	{ "page_id": 65665869, "title": "Bhupati Mohan Sen" }
College from 1915 to 1921 and was Professor of Mathematics of Dacca University from 1921 to 1923. In 1923 he returned Calcutta and joined Presidency College (Presidency University) as Professor of Mathematics and held this position from 1923 to 1930. In 1931 he officiated as Principal of Presidency College and was conf...	{ "page_id": 65665869, "title": "Bhupati Mohan Sen" }
A protein superfamily is the largest grouping (clade) of proteins for which common ancestry can be inferred (see homology). Usually this common ancestry is inferred from structural alignment and mechanistic similarity, even if no sequence similarity is evident. Sequence homology can then be deduced even if not apparent...	{ "page_id": 40762191, "title": "Protein superfamily" }
the homologous sequence regions. In the PA clan of proteases, for example, not a single residue is conserved through the superfamily, not even those in the catalytic triad. Conversely, the individual families that make up a superfamily are defined on the basis of their sequence alignment, for example the C04 protease f...	{ "page_id": 40762191, "title": "Protein superfamily" }
use a similar mechanism to perform covalent, nucleophilic catalysis on proteins, peptides or amino acids. However, mechanism alone is not sufficient to infer relatedness. Some catalytic mechanisms have been convergently evolved multiple times independently, and so form separate superfamilies, and in some superfamilies ...	{ "page_id": 40762191, "title": "Protein superfamily" }
Members share an αβα sandwich structure as well as performing common promiscuous reactions by a common mechanism. Globin superfamily Members share an 8-alpha helix globular globin fold. Immunoglobulin superfamily Members share a sandwich-like structure of two sheets of antiparallel β strands (Ig-fold), and are involved...	{ "page_id": 40762191, "title": "Protein superfamily" }
Irritation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an irritant. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents (for example phenol and capsaicin) but mechanical, thermal (heat), and r...	{ "page_id": 326481, "title": "Irritation" }
becomes trapped within an oyster's shell, it deposits layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), slowly increasing in size and producing a pearl. This is purely a defense mechanism, to trap a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside its shell, or an attack from outside, injuring the mantle tissue. The oyste...	{ "page_id": 326481, "title": "Irritation" }
relieve the itching sensation, one may need to apply warm compresses and use topical corticosteroid creams. === Skin === Eczema is another cause of chronic irritation and affects millions of individuals. Eczema simply means a dry skin which is itchy. The condition usually starts at an early age and continues throughout...	{ "page_id": 326481, "title": "Irritation" }
being socially unacceptable, sweat stain the clothes and can present with a foul odor. In some individuals, the warm moist areas often become easily infected. The best way to treat excess sweating is good hygiene, frequent change of clothes and use of deodorants/antiperspirants. === Vaginal irritation === One of the mo...	{ "page_id": 326481, "title": "Irritation" }
difficult. Frequently, these individuals wake up in the morning with copious amounts of foul smelling mucus and a cough which lasts all day. Wheeze and heavy phlegm are common findings. COPD is a lifelong disorder and there is no cure. Eventually most people develop recurrent pneumonia, lack any type of endurance, and ...	{ "page_id": 326481, "title": "Irritation" }
Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine. == Rhabdoviruses == Rhabdoviruses are a diverse family of single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from plants and insects, to fish and mammals. The Rhaboviridae fami...	{ "page_id": 13564754, "title": "Veterinary virology" }
the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Torovirinae that primarily infect vertebrates and include Berne virus of horses and Breda virus of cattle. They cause gastroenteritis in mammals, including humans but rarely. == Influenza == Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae and affects birds and mamma...	{ "page_id": 13564754, "title": "Veterinary virology" }
of animals within as little as a week after infection. In other species, the virus causes no obvious disease. ASFV is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and exists in the wild through a cycle of infection between ticks and wild pigs, bushpigs and warthogs. == Retroviruses == Retroviruses are established pathogens of veterin...	{ "page_id": 13564754, "title": "Veterinary virology" }
varies with the age of the animal. The gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic system can be affected at any age, leading to vomiting, diarrhea and immunosuppression but cerebellar hypoplasia is only seen in cats that were infected in the womb or at less than two weeks of age, and disease of the myocardium is seen in pupp...	{ "page_id": 13564754, "title": "Veterinary virology" }
Giorgos Catsadorakis is a Greek biologist. He was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2001, for his contributions to the protection of the wetlands of Préspa, jointly with fellow biologist Myrsini Malakou. Their efforts resulted in an agreement between Greece, the Republic of Macedonia and Albania on establishin...	{ "page_id": 29686611, "title": "Giorgos Catsadorakis" }
In the field of statistical learning theory, matrix regularization generalizes notions of vector regularization to cases where the object to be learned is a matrix. The purpose of regularization is to enforce conditions, for example sparsity or smoothness, that can produce stable predictive functions. For example, in t...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
= ⟨ W , X i t ⟩ F , {\displaystyle y_{i}^{t}=\left\langle W,X_{i}^{t}\right\rangle _{F},} where the inner product is the Frobenius inner product. For different applications the matrices X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} will have different forms, but for each of these the optimization problem to infer W {\displaystyle W} can b...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
under certain restrictions on the matrix, and these restrictions can be enforced by a regularization function. For example, it might be assumed that W {\displaystyle W} is low-rank, in which case the regularization penalty can take the form of a nuclear norm. R ( W ) = λ ‖ W ‖ ∗ = λ ∑ i \| σ i \| , {\displaystyle R(W)=\l...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
models will have larger norms, and, thus, will be penalized more. === Multi-task learning === The setup for multi-task learning is almost the same as the setup for multivariate regression. The primary difference is that the input variables are also indexed by task (columns of Y {\displaystyle Y} ). The representation w...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
by spectral filtering has been used to find stable solutions to problems such as those discussed above by addressing ill-posed matrix inversions (see for example Filter function for Tikhonov regularization). In many cases the regularization function acts on the input (or kernel) to ensure a bounded inverse by eliminati...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
relaxation to the ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell ^{1}} -norm. While entry-wise regularization with an ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell ^{1}} -norm will find solutions with a small number of nonzero elements, applying an ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell ^{1}} -norm to different groups of variables can enforce structure in the sparsity of soluti...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
sparsity problems extend the more well-known Lasso and group Lasso methods by allowing overlapping groups, for example, and have been implemented via matching pursuit: and proximal gradient methods. By writing the proximal gradient with respect to a given coefficient, w g i {\displaystyle w_{g}^{i}} , it can be seen th...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
then a larger space, H D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H_{D}}}} , can be created as the sum of two spaces: H D : f = h + h ′ ; h ∈ H A , h ′ ∈ H B {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H_{D}}}:f=h+h';h\in {\mathcal {H_{A}}},h'\in {\mathcal {H_{B}}}} assuming linear independence in A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} . In this ...	{ "page_id": 44628821, "title": "Matrix regularization" }
Meganucleases are endodeoxyribonucleases characterized by a large recognition site (double-stranded DNA sequences of 12 to 40 base pairs); as a result this site generally occurs only once in any given genome. For example, the 18-base pair sequence recognized by the I-SceI meganuclease would on average require a genome ...	{ "page_id": 27720533, "title": "Meganuclease" }
allele. For inteins and group I introns, this break leads to the duplication of the intron or intein at the cutting site by means of the homologous recombination repair for double-stranded DNA breaks. We know relatively little about the actual purpose of meganucleases. It is widely thought that the genetic material tha...	{ "page_id": 27720533, "title": "Meganuclease" }
lower cell toxicity than other naturally occurring restriction enzymes. Meganucleases were identified in the 1990s, and subsequent work has shown that they are particularly promising tools for genome engineering and gene editing, as they are able to efficiently induce homologous recombination, generate mutations, and a...	{ "page_id": 27720533, "title": "Meganuclease" }
over 20,000 protein domains from the homodimeric meganuclease I-CreI as well as from other meganucleases scaffolds. They can be combined to form functional chimeric tailor-made heterodimers for research laboratories and for industrial purposes. Precision Biosciences, another biotechnology company, has developed a fully...	{ "page_id": 27720533, "title": "Meganuclease" }
This is important because enzymes do not have perfect discrimination; a nuclease will still have some likelihood of acting even if the sequence does not match perfectly. So the activity of the nuclease on a sequence with one mismatch is less than the no-mismatch case, and activity is even less for two mismatches, but s...	{ "page_id": 27720533, "title": "Meganuclease" }
A lipoblast is a precursor cell for an adipocyte. Alternate terms include adipoblast and preadipocyte. Early stages are almost indistinguishable from fibroblasts. == Liposarcoma == Lipoblasts are seen in liposarcoma and characteristically have abundant multivacuolated clear cytoplasm and a dark staining (hyperchromatic...	{ "page_id": 26999638, "title": "Lipoblast" }
A conserved name or nomen conservandum (plural nomina conservanda, abbreviated as nom. cons.) is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. That is, the name is retained, even though it violates one or more rules which would otherwise prevent it from being legitimate. Nomen conservandum is a Latin te...	{ "page_id": 5176156, "title": "Conserved name" }
monophyletic bulk of a taxon. Conservation of a name against an earlier taxonomic (heterotypic) synonym (which is termed a rejected name, nomen rejiciendum, nom. rej.) is relevant only if a particular taxonomist includes both types in the same taxon. === Rejection === Besides conservation of names of certain ranks (Art...	{ "page_id": 5176156, "title": "Conserved name" }
second volume is generated from a database which also holds a history of published proposals and their outcomes, the binding decisions on whether a name is validly published (article 38.4) and on whether it is a homonym (article 53.5). The database can be queried online. === Procedure === The procedure starts by submit...	{ "page_id": 5176156, "title": "Conserved name" }
decision to modify the Code. By long tradition this step is ceremonial in nature only. In the course of time there have been different standards for the majority required for a decision. However, for decades the Nomenclature Section has required a 60% majority for an inclusion in the Code, and the Committees have follo...	{ "page_id": 5176156, "title": "Conserved name" }
basic operating principle is the same, with petitions submitted to the commission for review. == See also == Opinion 2027, an example of name conservation as applied by ICZN Glossary of scientific naming == References == McVaugh R, Ross R, Stafleu FA (1968). An annotated glossary of botanical nomenclature. Utrecht, Net...	{ "page_id": 5176156, "title": "Conserved name" }
The RK2 Plasmid is a broad-host-range plasmid belonging to the incP incompatibility group It is notable for its ability to replicate in a wide variety of single-celled organisms, which makes it suitable as a genetic engineering tool. It is capable of transfer, replication, and maintenance in most genera of Gram-negativ...	{ "page_id": 35126108, "title": "RK2 plasmid" }
TrfA. In E. coli, multiple plasmid copies appear to cluster together, creating a few multiplasmid clusters in each cell. The copy number of RK2 is about 4-7 per cell in E. coli and 3 in P. aeruginosa. == Minimal derivatives == Several minimal derivatives of RK2 have been prepared. In these plasmids most of the genes ha...	{ "page_id": 35126108, "title": "RK2 plasmid" }
Plasmids: Compilation and Comparative Analysis", Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 239, Issue 5, 23 June 1994, Pages 623-663 Sequence data deposited at the NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/508311?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=18&RID=CD93RUA001S	{ "page_id": 35126108, "title": "RK2 plasmid" }
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a method of chemical analysis that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame, plasma, arc, or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample. The wavelength of the atomic spectral line in the emission spectrum gives the identity of the e...	{ "page_id": 19463014, "title": "Atomic emission spectroscopy" }
{n_{upper}}{n_{lower}}}={\frac {g_{upper}}{g_{lower}}}e^{-(\varepsilon _{upper}-\varepsilon _{lower})}/k_{B}T} where nupper and nlower are the number of atoms in the higher and lower energy levels, gupper and glower are the degeneracies in the higher and lower energy levels, and εupper and εlower are the energies of th...	{ "page_id": 19463014, "title": "Atomic emission spectroscopy" }
plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) uses an inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element. Advantages of ICP-AES are the excellent limit of detection and linear dynamic range, multi-element capability, low...	{ "page_id": 19463014, "title": "Atomic emission spectroscopy" }
and spark ablation, and glow-discharge vaporization. == Spark and arc == Spark or arc atomic emission spectroscopy is used for the analysis of metallic elements in solid samples. For non-conductive materials, the sample is ground with graphite powder to make it conductive. In traditional arc spectroscopy methods, a sam...	{ "page_id": 19463014, "title": "Atomic emission spectroscopy" }
Operation Groundhog was reported a joint US/Kazakh/Russian program to secure radioactive residues of Soviet-era nuclear bomb tests. In 2003, reports appeared in Science Magazine that the program included paving some areas with thick layers of reinforced concrete to protect plutonium contaminating the ground, in order t...	{ "page_id": 31849318, "title": "Operation Groundhog" }
4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4,17β-triol, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estradiol. It is estrogenic, similarly to many other hydroxylated estrogen metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone, estriol (16α-hydroxyes...	{ "page_id": 52624232, "title": "4-Hydroxyestradiol" }
Ribozyviria is a realm of satellite nucleic acids — infectious agents that resemble viruses, but cannot replicate without a helper virus. Established in ICTV TaxoProp 2020.012D, the realm is named after the presence of genomic and antigenomic ribozymes of the Deltavirus type. The agents in Ribozyviria are satellite nuc...	{ "page_id": 67631978, "title": "Ribozyviria" }
contains eight genera. The names of all genera in this realm allude to the letter D in various languages. The family name comes from Finnish kolmio "triangle," another reference to the Greek letter "Δ" (delta). This taxonomy is shown hereafter: Realm: Ribozyviria Family: Kolmioviridae Genus: Daazvirus (from the Gothic ...	{ "page_id": 67631978, "title": "Ribozyviria" }
Viroid == References == == Further reading == Ward CW (1993). "Progress towards a higher taxonomy of viruses". Research in Virology. 144 (6): 419–53. doi:10.1016/S0923-2516(06)80059-2. PMC 7135741. PMID 8140287.	{ "page_id": 67631978, "title": "Ribozyviria" }
Head I is a relatively small oil and tempera on hardboard painting by the Irish-born British figurative artist Francis Bacon. Completed in 1948, it is the first in a series of six heads, the remainder of which were painted the following year in preparation for a November 1949 exhibition at the Hanover Gallery in London...	{ "page_id": 41876331, "title": "Head I" }
consists of a blending of white, gray and black pigments. The use of heavy impasto gives the impression of animal skin; critic Robert Melville described the "color of wet, black snakes lightly powdered with dust". In 1951 Bacon said of his choice of colour and gloss; "One of the problems is to paint like Velázquez, but...	{ "page_id": 41876331, "title": "Head I" }
Agrophysics is a branch of science bordering on agronomy and physics, whose objects of study are the agroecosystem - the biological objects, biotope and biocoenosis affected by human activity, studied and described using the methods of physical sciences. Using the achievements of the exact sciences to solve major probl...	{ "page_id": 2816874, "title": "Agrophysics" }
Research Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia Bohdan Dobrzański Institute of Agrophysics in Lublin, Poland The Indian Society of AgroPhysics Scholarly journals Acta Agrophysica Journal of Agricultural Physics Polish Journal of Soil Science == References == Encyclopedia of Agrophysics in series: Encyclopedia of Earth Sci...	{ "page_id": 2816874, "title": "Agrophysics" }
quarterly journal focused on applications of physics in environmental and agricultural sciences Polish Society of Agrophysics Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms	{ "page_id": 2816874, "title": "Agrophysics" }
Ertumaxomab (trade name Rexomun) is a rat-murine hybrid monoclonal antibody designed to treat some types of cancer. It is a trifunctional antibody which works by linking T-lymphocytes and macrophages to the cancer cells. Phase II clinical trial evaluating the treatment of breast cancer was terminated due to change in F...	{ "page_id": 9042799, "title": "Ertumaxomab" }
Rhizophagus irregularis (previously known as Glomus intraradices) is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. Rhizophagus irregularis is also commonly used in scientific studies of the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant and soil improvement. Until 2001, th...	{ "page_id": 41286512, "title": "Rhizophagus irregularis" }
irregularis dikaryons also appear to be capable of genetic recombination. == Ecology and distribution == === Distribution === Rhizophagus irregularis can be found in almost all soils, especially those populated with common host plants and in forests and grasslands. This is a brief list of some common host plants. Most ...	{ "page_id": 41286512, "title": "Rhizophagus irregularis" }
The immobilized whole cell system is an alternative to enzyme immobilization. Unlike enzyme immobilization, where the enzyme is attached to a solid support (such as calcium alginate or activated PVA or activated PEI), in immobilized whole cell systems, the target cell is immobilized. Such methods may be implemented whe...	{ "page_id": 14285686, "title": "Immobilized whole cell" }
In molecular biology mir-452 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-452 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371319, "title": "Mir-452 microRNA precursor family" }
White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign entities. White blood cells are generally larger than red blood cells. They include three main subtypes: granulocyt...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
the white blood cell count is an important subset of the complete blood count. The normal white cell count is usually between 4 × 109/L and 1.1 × 1010/L. In the US, this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. White blood cells make up approximately 1% of the total blood volum...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
be further divided into the five main types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. A good way to remember the relative proportions of WBCs is "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas". These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocyt...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
to be between 5 and 135 hours. === Eosinophil === Eosinophils compose about 2–4% of white blood cells in circulating blood. This count fluctuates throughout the day, seasonally, and during menstruation. It rises in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases, and disease of the spleen and central ner...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
inhibits blood clotting and promotes the movement of white blood cells into an area. Basophils can also release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site. === Lymphocyte === Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood. Lymphocytes are distinguished by havi...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
become cancerous. === Monocyte === Monocytes, the largest type of white blood cell, share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an extra role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed. This causes a...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
cells do not function normally. Neoplasia of white blood cells can be benign but is often malignant. Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph, cancers of white blood cells can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas, although those categories overlap and are often grouped together. === Leukopenias === A ra...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
syndrome, immunodeficiency with short-limbed dwarfism, immunodeficiency with thymoma, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, genetic polymorphism Blood cell dysfunction – aplastic anemia Infectious diseases – viral (AIDS, SARS, West Nile encephalitis, hepatitis, herpes, measles, others), bacterial (TB, typhoid, pn...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, granulomatous infections (for example, tuberculosis), and chronic hepatitis Cigarette smoking – occurs in 25–50% of chronic smokers and can last up to 5 years after quitting Stress – exercise, surgery, general stress Medication induced – corticosteroids (for example, prednisone, β-a...	{ "page_id": 25164668, "title": "White blood cell" }
Spindly growth, also known as leggy growth, is a term used when two plants compete for sunlight and nutrients in order to develop. == Causes == Spindly growth occurs when one plant receives a great amount of sunlight, while the other would develop as a deformed one, due to lack of sunlight and other natural resources n...	{ "page_id": 69270397, "title": "Spindly growth" }
Thiokol is a trade mark for various organic polysulfide polymers. Thiokol polymers are used as an elastomer in seals and sealants. The distinction between the polymers first commercialized by the Thiokol Chemical Company and subsequent polysulfide materials is often unclear. The name Thiokol is a portmanteau of the Gre...	{ "page_id": 41286524, "title": "Thiokol (polymer)" }
Cell biophysics (or cellular biophysics) is a sub-field of biophysics that focuses on physical principles underlying cell function. Sub-areas of current interest include statistical models of intracellular signaling dynamics, intracellular transport, cell mechanics (including membrane and cytoskeletal mechanics), molec...	{ "page_id": 42400646, "title": "Cell biophysics" }
Adaptive sampling is a approach to sampling that uses heuristics to provide efficiency. The term adaptive sampling represents a general approach to the problem of sampling, rather than being a special method itself. Meaning it can be combined with suitable other approaches/methods. In some real world problems, sampling...	{ "page_id": 37092233, "title": "Adaptive sampling" }
adaptive to the current knowledge about the function. == Computational Molecular Biology == In computational molecular biology, adaptive sampling is used to efficiently simulate protein folding when coupled with molecular dynamics simulations. === Background === Proteins spend a large portion – nearly 96% in some cases...	{ "page_id": 37092233, "title": "Adaptive sampling" }
Wang-Chiew Tan is a Singaporean computer scientist specializing in data management and natural language processing. Her work in data management includes data provenance (or data lineage) and data integration. She is currently a Research Scientist at Facebook AI, and was previously the Director of Research at Megagon La...	{ "page_id": 58784650, "title": "Wang-Chiew Tan" }
The Ralph and Helen Oesper Award or Oesper Award was first given in 1981 by the University of Cincinnati and the Cincinnati Section of the American Chemical Society. The award recognizes "outstanding chemists for lifetime significant accomplishments in the field of chemistry with long-lasting impact on the chemical sci...	{ "page_id": 67042185, "title": "Oesper Award" }

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