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upright posture. Although it is harder to walk upright with bent knees on land, this difference gradually diminishes as the depth of water increases and is still practical in thigh-high water. In a critique of the AAH, Henry Gee questioned any link between bipedalism and diet. Gee writes that early humans have been bip...	{ "page_id": 64243, "title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis" }
as a foundation work of their model. As evidence, they describe health problems in landlocked communities, such as cretinism in the Alps and goitre in parts of Africa due to salt-derived iodine deficiency, and state that inland habitats cannot naturally meet human iodide requirements. Biologists Caroline Pond and Dick ...	{ "page_id": 64243, "title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis" }
Genomic convergence is a multifactor approach used in genetic research that combines different kinds of genetic data analysis to identify and prioritize susceptibility genes for a complex disease. == Early applications == In January 2003, Michael Hauser along with fellow researchers at the Duke Center for Human Genetic...	{ "page_id": 3865332, "title": "Genomic convergence" }
note in their 2005 paper, “One of the growing problems in the study of complex diseases is how to prioritize research and make sense of the immense amount of data now readily available at the click of a computer mouse...The best approach may be to take advantage of the strengths of both…SAGE …and microarrays”. The resu...	{ "page_id": 3865332, "title": "Genomic convergence" }
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are an important class of polymeric carbohydrates found in virtually all living entities. Their structural features make their nomenclature challenging and their roles in living systems make their nomenclature important. == Oligosaccharides == Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that...	{ "page_id": 22412019, "title": "Oligosaccharide nomenclature" }
oxygen of the next monosaccharide unit are listed. Appropriate symbols are used to indicate the stereochemistry of the glycosidic bonds (α or β), the configuration of the monosaccharide residue (D orL), and the substitutions at oxygen atoms (O). Maltose and a derivative of sucrose illustrate these concepts: In the case...	{ "page_id": 22412019, "title": "Oligosaccharide nomenclature" }
a mannose polymer is named mannan, and a galactose polymer is named galactan. When the glycosidic linkages and configurations of the monosaccharides are known, they may be included as a prefix to the name, with the notation for glycosidic linkages preceding the symbols designating the configuration. The following examp...	{ "page_id": 22412019, "title": "Oligosaccharide nomenclature" }
Hydroxyaniline, hydroxyaminobenzene, or hydroxybenzeneamine may refer to: N-Hydroxyaniline (N-hydroxybenzeneamine) Aminophenol 2-Aminophenol 3-Aminophenol 4-Aminophenol	{ "page_id": 21887733, "title": "Hydroxyaniline" }
In organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. The dipole has at least one resonance structure with positive and negative charges having a 1,3 relationship which ca...	{ "page_id": 4324086, "title": "1,3-dipole" }
The molecular formula C15H16N2O (molar mass: 240.30 g/mol, exact mass: 240.1263 u) may refer to: Ameltolide Benmoxin, or mebamoxine Phenatine	{ "page_id": 26606333, "title": "C15H16N2O" }
Systems chemistry is the science of studying networks of interacting molecules, to create new functions from a set (or library) of molecules with different hierarchical levels and emergent properties. Systems chemistry is also related to the origin of life (abiogenesis). == Relations to systems biology == Systems chemi...	{ "page_id": 55573246, "title": "Systems chemistry" }
homeostatic sense. Such homeostatic (open) systems are far-from-equilibrium and are dissipative: they need energy to maintain themselves. In dissipative controlled systems the continuous supply of energy allows a continuous transition between different supramolecular states, where systems with unexpected properties may...	{ "page_id": 55573246, "title": "Systems chemistry" }
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements. Variations in isotopic abundance are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or pro...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
what type of photosynthetic pathway the organic matter was using. Occasional spikes in the global 13C/12C ratio have also been useful as stratigraphic markers for chemostratigraphy, especially during the Paleozoic. The 14C ratio has been used to track ocean circulation, among other things. === Nitrogen === Nitrogen has...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
isotope ratios are not usually fractionated by chemical processes. Radiogenic isotope tracers are most powerful when used together with other tracers: The more tracers used, the more control on mixing processes. An example of this application is to the evolution of the Earth's crust and Earth's mantle through geologica...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
the ratio of the sample relative to CHUR can give information on a model age of extraction from the mantle (for which an assumed evolution has been calculated relative to CHUR) and to whether this was extracted from a granitic source (depleted in radiogenic Nd), the mantle, or an enriched source. === Rhenium–osmium ===...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
ratio. All degassed helium is lost to space eventually, as it is less dense than the atmosphere and thus steadily rises until subject to charge exchange escape. Thus, it is assumed the helium content and ratios of Earth's atmosphere have remained essentially stable. It has been observed that 3He is present in volcano e...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
Isotopes in the decay chains of actinides are unique amongst radiogenic isotopes because they are both radiogenic and radioactive. Because their abundances are normally quoted as activity ratios rather than atomic ratios, they are best considered separately from the other radiogenic isotope systems. === Protactinium/Th...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
dating Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation == Notes == == References == === General === Allègre C.J., 2008. Isotope Geology (Cambridge University Press). Dickin A.P., 2005. Radiogenic Isotope Geology (Cambridge University Press). Faure G., Mensing T. M. (2004), ...	{ "page_id": 1440511, "title": "Isotope geochemistry" }
Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase may refer to: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase, an enzyme Acid alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 39058176, "title": "Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase" }
An isomorph is an organism that does not change in shape during growth. The implication is that its volume is proportional to its cubed length, and its surface area to its squared length. This holds for any shape it might have; the actual shape determines the proportionality constants. The reason why the concept is imp...	{ "page_id": 5569282, "title": "Isomorph" }
In molecular biology mir-425 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-425 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371203, "title": "Mir-425 microRNA precursor family" }
In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states c...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
be an eigenvalue of A and the vector X is said to be the eigenvector corresponding to λ. Together with the zero vector, the set of all eigenvectors corresponding to a given eigenvalue λ form a subspace of Cn, which is called the eigenspace of λ. An eigenvalue λ which corresponds to two or more different linearly indepe...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
a measured value of energy of a quantum system is determined, the corresponding state of the system is assumed to be known, since only one eigenstate corresponds to each energy eigenvalue. However, if the Hamiltonian H ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}} has a degenerate eigenvalue E n {\displaystyle E_{n}} of degree gn, the ...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
{\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {d^{2}\psi }{dx^{2}}}+V\psi =E\psi } Since this is an ordinary differential equation, there are two independent eigenfunctions for a given energy E {\displaystyle E} at most, so that the degree of degeneracy never exceeds two. It can be proven that in one dimension, there are no degenerate bound...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
E ψ {\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{{\partial x}^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{{\partial y}^{2}}}\right)=E\psi } The permitted energy values are E n x , n y = π 2 ℏ 2 2 m ( n x 2 L x 2 + n y 2 L y 2 ) {\displaystyle E_{n_{x},n_{y}}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left({\fr...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
y = π 2 ℏ 2 2 m L 2 ( n x 2 + n y 2 ) {\displaystyle E_{n_{x},n_{y}}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\hbar ^{2}}{2mL^{2}}}(n_{x}^{2}+n_{y}^{2})} Since n x {\displaystyle n_{x}} and n y {\displaystyle n_{y}} can be interchanged without changing the energy, each energy level has a degeneracy of at least two when n x {\displaystyle n_{x}...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
eigenvector \| ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle \|\psi \rangle } of A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} , B ^ \| ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}\|\psi \rangle } is also an eigenvector of A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} with the same eigenvalue. However, if this eigenvalue, say λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , is degenerate, it can be said that B ^ ...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
vector. If, by choosing an observable B ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}} , which commutes with A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} , it is possible to construct an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors common to A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} and B ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}} , which is unique, for each of the possible pairs of ei...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
even operator A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} is one that satisfies, A ~ = P A ^ P {\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}=P{\hat {A}}P} [ P , A ^ ] = 0 {\displaystyle [P,{\hat {A}}]=0} while an odd operator B ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}} is one that satisfies P B ^ + B ^ P = 0 {\displaystyle P{\hat {B}}+{\hat {B}}P=0} Since the sq...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
since S is unitary. If the Hamiltonian remains unchanged under the transformation operation S, we have S H S † = H S H S − 1 = H S H = H S [ S , H ] = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}SHS^{\dagger }&=H\\[1ex]SHS^{-1}&=H\\[1ex]SH&=HS\\[1ex][S,H]&=0\end{aligned}}} Now, if \| α ⟩ {\displaystyle \|\alpha \rangle } is an ener...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
the Symmetry group of the Hamiltonian. == Types of degeneracy == Degeneracies in a quantum system can be systematic or accidental in nature. === Systematic or essential degeneracy === This is also called a geometrical or normal degeneracy and arises due to the presence of some kind of symmetry in the system under consi...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
cyclotron motion on a circular orbit is another important example of an accidental symmetry. The symmetry multiplets in this case are the Landau levels which are infinitely degenerate. == Examples == === The hydrogen atom === In atomic physics, the bound states of an electron in a hydrogen atom show us useful examples ...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
with respect to ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } is often described as an accidental degeneracy, but it can be explained in terms of special symmetries of the Schrödinger equation which are only valid for the hydrogen atom in which the potential energy is given by Coulomb's law.: 267f === Isotropic three-dimensional harmonic os...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
\omega } where n is a non-negative integer. So, the energy levels are degenerate and the degree of degeneracy is equal to the number of different sets { n x , n y , n z } {\displaystyle \{n_{x},n_{y},n_{z}\}} satisfying n x + n y + n z = n {\displaystyle n_{x}+n_{y}+n_{z}=n} The degeneracy of the n {\displaystyle n} -t...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
small perturbation potential can be calculated using time-independent degenerate perturbation theory. This is an approximation scheme that can be applied to find the solution to the eigenvalue equation for the Hamiltonian H of a quantum system with an applied perturbation, given the solution for the Hamiltonian H0 for ...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
12 ∗ 0 ] . {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} ={\begin{bmatrix}0&W_{12}\\[1ex]W_{12}^{*}&0\end{bmatrix}}.} then the perturbed energies are E + = E + \| W 12 \| E − = E − \| W 12 \| {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{+}&=E+\|W_{12}\|\\E_{-}&=E-\|W_{12}\|\end{aligned}}} Examples of two-state systems in which the degeneracy in energy stat...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
⟩ + e 4 ⟨ 1 r 2 ⟩ ] = − 1 2 m c 2 α 4 [ − 3 / ( 4 n 4 ) + 1 / n 3 ( ℓ + 1 / 2 ) ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{r}&=-{\frac {1}{2mc^{2}}}\left[E_{n}^{2}+2E_{n}e^{2}\left\langle {\frac {1}{r}}\right\rangle +e^{4}\left\langle {\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\right\rangle \right]\\&=-{\frac {1}{2}}mc^{2}\alpha ^{4}\left[-3/(4n^{4})...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
/ 4 n ] {\displaystyle E_{fs}=-{\frac {mc^{2}\alpha ^{4}}{2n^{3}}}\left[1/(j+1/2)-3/4n\right]} for j = ℓ ± 1 2 {\textstyle j=\ell \pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}} . === Zeeman effect === The splitting of the energy levels of an atom when placed in an external magnetic field because of the interaction of the magnetic moment m → {\d...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
into several levels. In case of the strong-field Zeeman effect, when the applied field is strong enough, so that the orbital and spin angular momenta decouple, the good quantum numbers are now n, l, ml, and ms. Here, Lz and Sz are conserved, so the perturbation Hamiltonian is given by- V ^ = e B ( L z + 2 S z ) / 2 m {...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
0 , 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|2,0,0\rangle } and \| 2 , 1 , 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|2,1,0\rangle } , both corresponding to n = 2, is given by Δ E 2 , 1 , m ℓ = ± \| e \| ℏ 2 / ( m e e 2 ) E {\displaystyle \Delta E_{2,1,m_{\ell }}=\pm \|e\|\hbar ^{2}/(m_{e}e^{2})E} . == See also == Density of states == References == == Further reading...	{ "page_id": 2292483, "title": "Degenerate energy levels" }
The MIRIAM Registry, a by-product of the MIRIAM Guidelines, is a database of namespaces and associated information that is used in the creation of uniform resource identifiers. It contains the set of community-approved namespaces for databases and resources serving, primarily, the biological sciences domain. These shar...	{ "page_id": 37419781, "title": "MIRIAM Registry" }
defined in the MIRIAM Registry, it is possible to create identifiers in both a URN and a URL forms. This requires a unique collection-specific identifier, as well as a namespace to globally constrain the information space. Both the namespace and the root of each URI form are given for each data collection in the Regist...	{ "page_id": 37419781, "title": "MIRIAM Registry" }
Osteophagy is the practice in which animals, usually herbivores, consume bones. Most vegetation around the world lacks sufficient amounts of phosphate. Phosphorus is an essential mineral for all animals, as it plays a major role in the formation of the skeletal system, and is necessary for many biological processes inc...	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
also been observed to be detrimental to the dentition of herbivores. It has been observed that the pattern of wear on the cheek teeth of herbivores is congruous to the manner in which herbivores hold and chew bones. A major cost of osteophagy is therefore significant wear on teeth and dental breakage in herbivores, who...	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
skin castings. Desert tortoises have been observed to exhibit mounting behavior, aggressive biting, and repeated striking of carcasses when practicing osteophagy. Osteophagy in herbivores has been viewed to serve as a source for supplemental minerals. Desert plants grow in mineral-deficient soil, and may be a cause of ...	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
for this was that the botulism symptoms were caused by a lack of phosphorus. In the early 1900s, Sir Thomas Thieler revisited the issue, and began following herds of cattle to observe their behavior. Incredibly, he found that the phosphorus-deficient cattle would eat the decomposing bones of dead cattle and other anima...	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
lack of protein during winter conditions can be attributed to the scarcity of animal proteins, a phenomenon that occurs in many ecosystems prior to green-up, or the ending of winter conditions. Therefore, overall, bones can serve as a valuable source of minerals at times where animal protein availability is low. The re...	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
is simply dried animal skin, as animal bones are actually dangerous for dogs to chew. === Birds === Osteophagic behavior has been frequently observed among several carnivorous bird species including hawks and owls, however the motivations differ from those of the aforementioned herbivores. Presumably, the bird's main p...	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
of the deceased. It is possible that this ritual originated as a way to increase phosphorus and other minerals in the tribe's diet, though it may just be a religious ritual without any other purpose. == See also == Geophagy == References ==	{ "page_id": 7404294, "title": "Osteophagy" }
The molecular formula C12H11N (molar mass: 169.22 g/mol) may refer to: Aminobiphenyls 2-Aminobiphenyl (2-APB) 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl (4-APB) Diphenylamine	{ "page_id": 24378119, "title": "C12H11N" }
Crossmodal perception or cross-modal perception is perception that involves interactions between two or more different sensory modalities. Examples include synesthesia, sensory substitution and the McGurk effect, in which vision and hearing interact in speech perception. Crossmodal perception, crossmodal integration an...	{ "page_id": 2423560, "title": "Crossmodal" }
The molecular formula C10H10N2O3 (molar mass: 206.20 g/mol) may refer to: Caroxazone Imidazole salicylate Paraxazone	{ "page_id": 26606344, "title": "C10H10N2O3" }
Sarbeswar Bujarbarua is an Indian physicist. Educated at Gujarat University and Gauhati University, he founded the Centre of Plasma Physics as part of the Institute for Plasma Research and served as its director for 30 years. == References ==	{ "page_id": 63765255, "title": "Sarbeswar Bujarbarua" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on barium hydroxide. == Material Safety Data Sheet == SIRI Science Stuff == Structure and properties == == Thermodynamic properties == == Spectral data == == References == Entry C7446700 in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standa...	{ "page_id": 3013387, "title": "Barium hydroxide (data page)" }
Endospory in plants is the retention and development of gametophytes, partially or entirely, within the walls of the generative spore. This is a trait present in many heterosporous plant species. == Origin == There is debate as to whether endospory or heterospory evolved first. Some debate centers upon the requirement ...	{ "page_id": 66517772, "title": "Endospory in plants" }
acquire nutrients from the soil. Endosporic megagametophyte evolution directly correlates with endosporic microgametophytes, which are extremely reduced, and release flagellated sperm after their complete development and production of the antheridia within the spore wall. == Evolutionary benefits == During gametophyte ...	{ "page_id": 66517772, "title": "Endospory in plants" }
In molecular biology mir-431 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-431 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371214, "title": "Mir-431 microRNA precursor family" }
Wu Youxun (simplified Chinese: 吴有训; traditional Chinese: 吳有訓; pinyin: Wú Yǒuxùn; Wade–Giles: Wu Yu-hsun; 26 April 1897 – 30 November 1977), also known as Y. H. Woo, was a Chinese physicist. His courtesy name was Zhèngzhī (正之). == Biography == Wu graduated from the Department of Physics of Nanjing Higher Normal School (...	{ "page_id": 1178383, "title": "Wu Youxun" }
Genetic pollution is a term for uncontrolled gene flow into wild populations. It is defined as "the dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms, esp. by cross-pollination", but has come to be used in some broader ways. It is related to the population genetics conce...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
genetic material is unintentionally introduced to a population, this is called genetic pollution and can negatively affect the fitness of a population (primarily through outbreeding depression), introduce other unwanted phenotypes, or theoretically lead to extinction. === Introduced species === An introduced species is...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
indigenous species, which they consider undesirable. For example, TRAFFIC is the international wildlife trade monitoring network that works to limit trade in wild plants and animals so that it is not a threat to conservationist goals. They promote awareness of the effects of introduced invasive species that may "hybrid...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
crops to neighboring wild plants of the same species. For farmed animals, this reproduction may happen as the result of escaped or released animals. A popular example of this phenomenon is the gene flow between wolves and domesticated dogs. The New York Times cites, from the words of biologist Luigi Boitani, "Although ...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
that "commonly expressed concerns surrounding escaped Atlantic salmon include competition with native salmon, predation, disease transfer, hybridization, and colonization." A report done by that organization in 1999 did not find that escaped salmon posed a significant risk to wild populations. ==== Crops ==== Crops ref...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
for over a decade before, used genetic pollution to describe what he considered to be problems that might occur due to the unintentional process of (modernly) genetically modified organisms (GMOs) dispersing their genes into the natural environment by breeding with wild plants or animals. Concerns about negative conseq...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
all incidents of intentional or accidental release of organisms genetically modified using modern techniques. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) were developed for the purpose of property protection, but could be beneficial in preventing the dispersal of transgenes. GeneSafe technologies introduced a method t...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
could cause genetic pollution following introduction. Due to these risks, studies have been done in order to assess the risks of genetic pollution associated with organisms that have been genetically engineered: Genetic In a 10-year study of four different crops, none of the genetically engineered plants were found to ...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The USDA alleged that Scotts "failed to conduct a 2003 Oregon field trial in a manner which ensured that neither glyphosate-tolerant creeping bentgrass nor its offspring would persist in the environment". Not only are there risks in terms of genetic engineering, but t...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
if it leads to a loss of fitness in the wild populations. The term can be associated with the gene flow from a mutation bred, synthetic organism or genetically engineered organism to a non GE organism, by those who consider such gene flow detrimental. These environmentalist groups stand in complete opposition to the de...	{ "page_id": 12843792, "title": "Genetic pollution" }
Diurnal mood variation or morning depression is a prominent depression symptom characterized by gradual mood improvement through the day, reaching its peak sometime after twilight. While the main form of diurnal mood variation presents itself as described, a reversed form, with a worsening of mood towards the evening, ...	{ "page_id": 73792277, "title": "Diurnal mood variation" }
with the evening chronotype. People experiencing diurnal mood variation consistently prefer later bed and wake-up times. == Pathomechanism == Although diurnal mood variation is a prevalent pattern observed in various mood disorders, there exists a gap in the literature regarding a comprehensive analysis of its underlyi...	{ "page_id": 73792277, "title": "Diurnal mood variation" }
diagnosed with depression exhibited decreased metabolic activity in the frontal and parietal cortex throughout the day. Interestingly, in depressed patients, improvements in mood during the evening were accompanied by increased metabolic activity in the frontal regions of the brain. These findings suggest a link betwee...	{ "page_id": 73792277, "title": "Diurnal mood variation" }
ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) methods are classes of high-resolution schemes in numerical solution of differential equations. == History == The first ENO scheme was developed by Harten, Engquist, Osher and Chakravarthy in 1987. In 1994, the first weighted version of ENO was developed. == See also == High-resolution...	{ "page_id": 59112216, "title": "ENO methods" }
The cervical sinus is a structure formed during embryonic development. It is a deep depression found on each side of the neck. It is formed as the second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch) grows faster than the other pharyngeal arches, so they become covered. The first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch) also grows slightly fa...	{ "page_id": 8583962, "title": "Cervical sinus" }
In molecular biology mir-432 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-432 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36371227, "title": "Mir-432 microRNA precursor family" }
Trace fossils are classified in various ways for different purposes. Traces can be classified taxonomically (by morphology), ethologically (by behavior), and toponomically, that is, according to their relationship to the surrounding sedimentary layers. Except in the rare cases where the original maker of a trace fossil...	{ "page_id": 5962524, "title": "Trace fossil classification" }
even the ambush position of a predator. Domichnia are dwelling structures that reflect the life positions of organisms, for example the burrows or borings of suspension feeders, and are perhaps the most common of the established ethological classes. Fodinichnia are feeding traces which are formed as a result of organis...	{ "page_id": 5962524, "title": "Trace fossil classification" }
that reflect previous positions the organisms were in. Fugichnia: "escape traces" that are formed as a result of organisms' attempts to escape burial in sudden high-sedimentation events like turbidity currents. The burrows are often marked with chevron patterns showing the upward direction the organisms were tunnelling...	{ "page_id": 5962524, "title": "Trace fossil classification" }
flying organism (usually an insect) landed on a soft sediment. Fixichnia is perhaps the group with the most weight as a candidate for the next accepted ethological class, being not fully described by any of the eleven currently accepted categories. There is also potential for the three plant traces (cecidoichnia, corro...	{ "page_id": 5962524, "title": "Trace fossil classification" }
In 1844, Edward Hitchcock proposed two orders: Apodichnites, including footless trails, and Polypodichnites, including trails of organisms with more than four feet. == See also == Ichnology Trace fossil == References == == External links == "Trace Fossils" by Kristian Saether & Christopher Clowes	{ "page_id": 5962524, "title": "Trace fossil classification" }
Carbon catabolite repression, or simply catabolite repression, is an important part of global control system of various bacteria and other microorganisms. Catabolite repression allows microorganisms to adapt quickly to a preferred (rapidly metabolizable) carbon and energy source first. This is usually achieved through ...	{ "page_id": 22215454, "title": "Catabolite repression" }
is all used up, the second preferred carbon source (i.e. lactose) has to be used by bacteria. Absence of glucose will "turn off" catabolite repression. When glucose levels are low, the phosphorylated form of EIIA accumulates and consequently activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which will produce high levels of cAMP....	{ "page_id": 22215454, "title": "Catabolite repression" }
When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes non-explosively into nitrous oxide and water vapor; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation into oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as ha...	{ "page_id": 12974874, "title": "List of ammonium nitrate incidents and disasters" }
Fuel Oil) Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions, many of which involved ammonium nitrate == References ==	{ "page_id": 12974874, "title": "List of ammonium nitrate incidents and disasters" }
AgBase is a curated genomic database containing functional annotations of agriculturally important animals, plants, microbes and parasites. AgBase biocurators provides annotation of Gene Ontology terms and Plant ontology terms for gene products. By 2011 AgBase provided information for 18 organisms including horse, cat,...	{ "page_id": 31521569, "title": "AgBase" }
Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a subjective perception. A lower bound to temperature is absolute zero, defined as 0.00 K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, −459.67 °...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
heat is transferred from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant. Laser cooling and magnetic evaporative cooling are techniques used to reach very low temperatures. == History == === Early history === In ancient times, ice was not adopted for food preservation but used to cool wine which the Romans ha...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
but this fact was not known till the 17th century. === From the 17th century === Shachtman says that King James VI and I supported the work of Cornelis Drebbel as a magician to perform tricks such as producing thunder, lightning, lions, birds, trembling leaves and so forth. In 1620 he gave a demonstration in Westminste...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
of ice until a drastic change in religious opinions in the 17th century. The intellectual barrier was broken by Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle who followed him in this quest for knowledge of cold. Boyle did extensive experimentation during the 17th century in the discipline of cold, and his research on pressure and vol...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
compressed air as a refrigerants were invented. === 20th century === Iceboxes were in widespread use from the mid-19th century to the 1930s, when the refrigerator was introduced into the home. Most municipally consumed ice was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in ice houses, and deliver...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
of this has been found, although the disease, alongside influenza and others, does increase in prevalence with colder weather. == Notable cold locations and objects == The National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado using a new technique, managed to chill a microscopic mechanical drum to 360 mic...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
via passive and active cooling. Absent any other source of heat, the temperature of the Universe is roughly 2.725 kelvins, due to the Cosmic microwave background radiation, a remnant of the Big Bang. Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of 38.15 K (−235 °C, −391 °F) Uranus with a black-body temperature of 58...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
the southern border of the Tibetan plateau; however this mountain range is also the reason for the monsoon rain fall in the Indian subcontinent. This zone is located in an elevation of about 3,000 m, and covers Ladakh, Lahaul, Spiti and Pooh. In addition, there are inner valleys within the main Himalayas such as Chamol...	{ "page_id": 19725090, "title": "Cold" }
Robert Graham Clark is an Australian physicist. He was appointed Professor and Chair of Energy Strategy and Policy at University of New South Wales (UNSW) in 2012. Prior to this he was Chief Defence Scientist from 2008 to 2011 and Professor of Experimental Physics at University of New South Wales, where he established ...	{ "page_id": 47119138, "title": "Robert Clark (physicist)" }
An overlayer is a layer of adatoms adsorbed onto a surface, for instance onto the surface of a single crystal. == On single crystals == Adsorbed species on single crystal surfaces are frequently found to exhibit long-range ordering; that is to say that the adsorbed species form a well-defined overlayer structure. Each ...	{ "page_id": 3799847, "title": "Overlayer" }
of the overlayer ( 0 {\displaystyle 0} subscripts). This notation can only describe commensurate overlayers however, while matrix notation can describe both. === Matrix notation === Matrix notation differs from Wood's notation in the second term, which is replaced by the G {\displaystyle G} matrix that describes the ov...	{ "page_id": 3799847, "title": "Overlayer" }
Viral transport medium (VTM) is a solution used to preserve virus specimens after collection so that they can be transported and analysed in a laboratory at a later time. Unless stored in an ultra low temperature freezer or in liquid nitrogen, virus samples, and especially RNA virus samples, are prone to degradation. H...	{ "page_id": 67500842, "title": "Viral transport medium" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on barium oxide. == Material Safety Data Sheet == SDS from Millipore Sigma == Structure and properties == == Thermodynamic properties == == Spectral data == == References == Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Dat...	{ "page_id": 3013420, "title": "Barium oxide (data page)" }
TB3Cs2H1 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB3Cs2H1 is predict...	{ "page_id": 21560109, "title": "TB3Cs2H1 snoRNA" }

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