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Isobutyronitrile is a complex organic molecule that has recently been found in several meteorites arrived from space. The singularity of this chemical is due to the fact that it is the only one among the molecules arriving from the universe that has a branched, rather than straight, carbon backbone. The backbone is als... | {
"page_id": 48102075,
"title": "Isobutyronitrile"
} |
molecules really are in our Galaxy is one of the questions raised by this new discovery. == Composition and structure == Isobutyronitrile (C3H7CN) contains a carbon atom bounded by a simple link to two methyl (-CH3) structures and to a cyano group (–CN). The cyano group is constituted by a triple link bond between one ... | {
"page_id": 48102075,
"title": "Isobutyronitrile"
} |
CCC and the CN bond is 53.8º. Two different torsional modes were observed, according to the relative intensities of the excited state lines, the frequencies of which were, respectively, 200±20 and 249±10 cm−1. This could give an idea of the internal rotation energy of this molecule, which has been found to be of 3.3 Kc... | {
"page_id": 48102075,
"title": "Isobutyronitrile"
} |
for various applications such as: Working as an extraction solvent for fatty acids, oils and unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are also good solvents for spinning and casting and extractive distillation based on its selective miscibility with organic compounds and can act as removing agents of colouring matters and aromat... | {
"page_id": 48102075,
"title": "Isobutyronitrile"
} |
Dawsonia campanulata is an organic-walled Palaeozoic organism of unknown affinity. It resembles a shell or purse. == References == | {
"page_id": 20183742,
"title": "Dawsonia campanulata"
} |
A dermestarium (pl. dermestaria) is a room, container, or terrarium where taxidermists let invertebrates - typically beetle larvae - remove (eat) flesh and other soft parts from animal carcasses or parts of animal carcasses, such as skulls. The purpose is to expose and clean individual bones or entire skeletons for stu... | {
"page_id": 76151489,
"title": "Dermestarium"
} |
Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities. The technique involves the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (often mercury) at high pressure into a material t... | {
"page_id": 3799749,
"title": "Porosimetry"
} |
In molecular biology mir-374 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-374 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371144,
"title": "Mir-374 microRNA precursor family"
} |
The molecular formula C7H6N2O5 (molar mass: 198.13 g/mol) may refer to: 3-Amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid 2,4-Dinitroanisole Dinitro-ortho-cresol | {
"page_id": 24378056,
"title": "C7H6N2O5"
} |
Sliding is a type of motion between two surfaces in contact. This can be contrasted to rolling motion. Both types of motion may occur in bearings. The relative motion or tendency toward such motion between two surfaces is resisted by friction. This means that the force of friction always acts on an object in the direct... | {
"page_id": 12253897,
"title": "Sliding (motion)"
} |
of kinetic friction, and N is the normal force. == Examples of sliding friction == Sledding Pushing an object across a surface Rubbing one's hands together (The friction force generates heat.) A car sliding on ice A car skidding as it turns a corner Opening a window Almost any motion where there is contact between an o... | {
"page_id": 12253897,
"title": "Sliding (motion)"
} |
θ {\displaystyle F_{k}=\mu _{k}\cdot mg\cos {\theta }} To find the coefficient of kinetic friction on an inclined plane, one must find the moment where the force parallel to the plane is equal to the force perpendicular; this occurs when the block is moving at a constant velocity at some angle θ {\displaystyle \theta... | {
"page_id": 12253897,
"title": "Sliding (motion)"
} |
Glycogenase may refer to one of two enzymes: α-Amylase β-Amylase | {
"page_id": 39058124,
"title": "Glycogenase"
} |
The International Year of Biodiversity (IYB) was a year-long celebration of biological diversity and its importance, taking place internationally in 2010. Coinciding with the date of the 2010 Biodiversity Target, the year was declared by the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2006. It was meant to h... | {
"page_id": 24574669,
"title": "International Year of Biodiversity"
} |
Biodiversity (2011–20) International Year of Forests (2011) Convention on Biological Diversity COP10 Nagoya Protocol (2010) 2010 in science == References == The information above, for the most part, is based on the official websites of the Convention on Biological Diversity and of the International Year of Biodiversity... | {
"page_id": 24574669,
"title": "International Year of Biodiversity"
} |
The kinetic theory of gases is a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases. Its introduction allowed many principal concepts of thermodynamics to be established. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to be seen with a microscope, in constant, random motion. These particles are... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
motion, or motion heat (though in some respects this be true), but that the very essence of heat ... is motion and nothing else." "not a ... motion of the whole, but of the small particles of the body." In 1623, in The Assayer, Galileo Galilei, in turn, argued that heat, pressure, smell and other phenomena perceived by... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
would deny that the leaves of trees move when rustled by a wind, despite it being unobservable from large distances? Just as in this case motion remains hidden due to perspective, it remains hidden in warm bodies due to the extremely small sizes of the moving particles. In both cases, the viewing angle is so small that... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
connected their research with the development of mechanical explanations of gravitation. In 1856 August Krönig created a simple gas-kinetic model, which only considered the translational motion of the particles. In 1857 Rudolf Clausius developed a similar, but more sophisticated version of the theory, which included tr... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
of the transport properties of dilute gases, and became known as Chapman–Enskog theory. The framework was gradually expanded throughout the following century, eventually becoming a route to prediction of transport properties in real, dense gases. == Assumptions == The application of kinetic theory to ideal gases makes ... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
are included, so they are often neglected as a simplifying assumption in derivations (see below). More modern developments, such as the revised Enskog theory and the extended Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model, relax one or more of the above assumptions. These can accurately describe the properties of dense gases, and gases w... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
d t = m L i t 2 = m v i 2 L i . {\displaystyle F_{i}={\frac {\mathrm {d} p_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {mL_{i}}{t^{2}}}={\frac {mv_{i}^{2}}{L_{i}}}.} Now consider a large number, N {\displaystyle N} , of gas particles with random orientation in a three-dimensional volume. Because the orientation is random, the average ... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
mass density of a gas ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is expressed through the total mass of gas particles and through volume of this gas: ρ = N m V {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {Nm}{V}}} . Taking this into account, the pressure is equal to P = ρ v 2 3 . {\displaystyle P={\frac {\rho v^{2}}{3}}.} Relativistic expression for thi... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
the ideal gas law's absolute temperature. From equations (1) and (3), we have Thus, the product of pressure and volume per mole is proportional to the average translational molecular kinetic energy. Equations (1) and (4) are called the "classical results", which could also be derived from statistical mechanics; for mor... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
J per molecule: 5.65 zJ = 35.2 meV. At higher temperatures (typically thousands of kelvins), vibrational modes become active to provide additional degrees of freedom, creating a temperature-dependence on D and the total molecular energy. Quantum statistical mechanics is needed to accurately compute these contributions.... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
a height of v cos ( θ ) d t {\displaystyle v\cos(\theta )dt} and a volume of v cos ( θ ) d A d t {\displaystyle v\cos(\theta )\,dA\,dt} . The total number of particles that reach area d A {\displaystyle dA} within time interval d t {\displaystyle dt} also depends on the velocity distribution; All in all, it calcula... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
<\pi } , 0 < ϕ < 2 π {\displaystyle 0<\phi <2\pi } . The momentum transfer to the container wall from particles hitting the area d A {\displaystyle dA} with speed v {\displaystyle v} at angle θ {\displaystyle \theta } from the normal, in time interval d t {\displaystyle dt} is: [ 2 m v cos ( θ ) ] × n v cos ( θ ) d... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
Φ effusion = P A 2 π m k B T . {\displaystyle \Phi _{\text{effusion}}={\frac {PA}{\sqrt {2\pi mk_{\mathrm {B} }T}}}.} The above expression is consistent with Graham's law. To calculate the velocity distribution of particles hitting this small area, we must take into account that all the particles with ( v , θ , ϕ ) {\d... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
d θ d ϕ = 1 2 π ( m k B T ) 2 e − m v 2 2 k B T ( v 3 sin θ cos θ d v d θ d ϕ ) ; v > 0 , 0 < θ < π 2 , 0 < ϕ < 2 π {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f(v,\theta ,\phi )\,dv\,d\theta \,d\phi &={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\left({\frac {m}{k_{\mathrm {B} }T}}\right)^{2}e^{-{\frac {mv^{2}}{2k_{\mathrm {B} }T}}}(v^{3}\sin {\theta }\... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
number density n {\displaystyle n} is defined as the number of molecules per (extensive) volume, or n = N / V {\displaystyle n=N/V} . The collision cross section per volume or collision cross section density is n σ {\displaystyle n\sigma } , and it is related to the mean free path ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } by ℓ = 1 n σ 2... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
with distance y {\displaystyle y} above the lower plate. The non-equilibrium flow is superimposed on a Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium distribution of molecular motions. Inside a dilute gas in a Couette flow setup, let u 0 {\displaystyle u_{0}} be the forward velocity of the gas at a horizontal flat layer (labeled as y =... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
2 π {\displaystyle 0<\phi <2\pi } yields the forward momentum transfer per unit time per unit area (also known as shear stress): τ ± = 1 4 v ¯ n ⋅ m ( u 0 ± 2 3 ℓ d u d y ) {\displaystyle \tau ^{\pm }={\frac {1}{4}}{\bar {v}}n\cdot m\left(u_{0}\pm {\frac {2}{3}}\ell {\frac {du}{dy}}\right)} The net rate of momentum per... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
⋅ M R T σ N A {\displaystyle \eta _{0}={\frac {2}{3{\sqrt {\pi }}}}\cdot {\frac {\sqrt {mk_{\mathrm {B} }T}}{\sigma }}={\frac {2}{3{\sqrt {\pi }}}}\cdot {\frac {\sqrt {MRT}}{\sigma N_{\text{A}}}}} and M {\displaystyle M} is the molar mass. The equation above presupposes that the gas density is low (i.e. the pressure is... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
rough estimate for the kinetic radius. However, using this estimate will typically lead to an erroneous temperature dependency of the viscosity. For such interaction potentials, significantly more accurate results are obtained by numerical evaluation of the required collision integrals. The expression for viscosity obt... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
interval d t {\displaystyle dt} is n v cos ( θ ) d A d t × ( m 2 π k B T ) 3 / 2 e − m v 2 2 k B T ( v 2 sin ( θ ) d v d θ d ϕ ) {\displaystyle nv\cos(\theta )\,dA\,dt\times \left({\frac {m}{2\pi k_{\mathrm {B} }T}}\right)^{3/2}e^{-{\frac {mv^{2}}{2k_{\text{B}}T}}}(v^{2}\sin(\theta )\,dv\,d\theta \,d\phi )} These m... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
y + − q y − = − 1 3 v ¯ n m c v ℓ d T d y {\displaystyle q=q_{y}^{+}-q_{y}^{-}=-{\frac {1}{3}}{\bar {v}}nmc_{v}\ell \,{\frac {dT}{dy}}} Combining the above kinetic equation with Fourier's law q = − κ d T d y {\displaystyle q=-\kappa \,{\frac {dT}{dy}}} gives the equation for thermal conductivity, which is usually denot... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
molecular motions. Let n 0 {\displaystyle n_{0}} be the number density of the gas at an imaginary horizontal surface inside the layer. The number of molecules arriving at an area d A {\displaystyle dA} on one side of the gas layer, with speed v {\displaystyle v} at angle θ {\displaystyle \theta } from the normal, in ti... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
molecular transfer from above is in the − y {\displaystyle -y} direction, and therefore the overall minus sign in the equation. The net diffusion flux across the imaginary surface is thus J = J y + − J y − = − 1 3 v ¯ ℓ d n d y {\displaystyle J=J_{y}^{+}-J_{y}^{-}=-{\frac {1}{3}}{\bar {v}}\ell {\frac {dn}{dy}}} Combini... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
the gas. === Onsager reciprocal relations === The mathematical similarities between the expressions for shear viscocity, thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient of the ideal (dilute) gas is not a coincidence; It is a direct result of the Onsager reciprocal relations (i.e. the detailed balance of the reversible d... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
District School Board Java animation illustrating the kinetic theory from University of Arkansas Flowchart linking together kinetic theory concepts, from HyperPhysics Interactive Java Applets allowing high school students to experiment and discover how various factors affect rates of chemical reactions. https://www.you... | {
"page_id": 64204,
"title": "Kinetic theory of gases"
} |
In molecular biology mir-383 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-383 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371153,
"title": "Mir-383 microRNA precursor family"
} |
The Marian Smoluchowski Medal is a Polish annual science award conferred by the Polish Physical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Fizyczne, PTF) for contributions in the field of physics. == Description == The medal was established in 1965 and is the highest award presented by the Polish Physical Society. It was named in ho... | {
"page_id": 63175378,
"title": "Marian Smoluchowski Medal"
} |
Emotional selection is a psychological theory of dreaming that describes non-REM dreams as modifying mental schemas and REM dreams as testing prior non-REM modifications. The schemas modified and tested by emotional selection are those essential for meeting human needs, such as those defined by Abraham Maslow and Henry... | {
"page_id": 75037396,
"title": "Emotional selection (dreaming)"
} |
its emotional response. If the prior accommodations alleviate anxiety, frustration, sadness, or in other ways appear emotionally adaptive during the REM dream test, the accommodations are selected for retention. Those accommodations that exacerbate the emotional response are abandoned or further modified and tested. Em... | {
"page_id": 75037396,
"title": "Emotional selection (dreaming)"
} |
The molecular formula C13H10N2 may refer to: Aminoacridines 2-Aminoacridine 3-Aminoacridine 4-Aminoacridine 9-Aminoacridine Diazodiphenylmethane | {
"page_id": 24378069,
"title": "C13H10N2"
} |
Manitoba is home to a variety of ecosystems across the province that need to be considered in development and conservation plans. There are terrestrial ecosystems, which includes prairies, boreal forest, and tundra. Manitoba is also the home to a number of aquatic ecosystems, including wetlands, rivers, and lakes. Ther... | {
"page_id": 64027350,
"title": "Biodiversity and conservation in Manitoba"
} |
Climate change Pollution prevention Pesticide use Management of protected areas Protection of at-risk species Biodiversity conservation Management of invasive species Ecological reserve programs Storage and handling of hazardous products like petroleum == References == Benitez-lopez, A., Alkemade, R., & Verweij, P. (20... | {
"page_id": 64027350,
"title": "Biodiversity and conservation in Manitoba"
} |
BioLegend is a global developer and manufacturer of antibodies and reagents used in biomedical research located in San Diego, California. It was incorporated in June 2002 and has since expanded to include BioLegend Japan KK, where it is partnered with Tomy Digital Biology Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, BioLegend Europe in the Uni... | {
"page_id": 23526104,
"title": "BioLegend"
} |
Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height. For example, for a fluid flowing horizontally Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure: Ch.3 : 156–164, § 3.5 The principle is named after the Swiss mathe... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, with... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
static pressure at the chosen point, and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid. Bernoulli's equation and the Bernoulli constant are applicable throughout any region of flow where the energy per unit mass is uniform. Because the energy per unit mass of liquid in a well-mixed rese... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
pressure p and dynamic pressure q). The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalized. A common approach is in terms of total head or energy head H: H = z + p ρ g + v 2 2 g = h + v 2 2 g , {\displaystyle H=z+{\frac {p}{\rho g}}+{\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}=h+{\frac {v^{2}}{2g}},} The above equations suggest there is a fl... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
where the term pressure alone is used it refers to this static pressure.": § 3.5 The simplified form of Bernoulli's equation can be summarized in the following memorable word equation:: § 3.5 Every point in a steadily flowing fluid, regardless of the fluid speed at that point, has its own unique static pressure p and d... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
which is a Bernoulli equation valid also for unsteady—or time dependent—flows. Here ∂φ/∂t denotes the partial derivative of the velocity potential φ with respect to time t, and v = |∇φ| is the flow speed. The function f(t) depends only on time and not on position in the fluid. As a result, the Bernoulli equation at s... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
the gas. In this case, Bernoulli's equation in its incompressible flow form cannot be assumed to be valid. However, if the gas process is entirely isobaric, or isochoric, then no work is done on or by the gas (so the simple energy balance is not upset). According to the gas law, an isobaric or isochoric process is ordi... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
2 + ∫ p 1 p d p ~ ρ ( p ~ ) + Ψ = constant (along a streamline) {\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{2}}+\int _{p_{1}}^{p}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\tilde {p}}}{\rho \left({\tilde {p}}\right)}}+\Psi ={\text{constant (along a streamline)}}} where: p is the pressure ρ is the density and ρ(p) indicates that it is a function of pressu... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
2 + Ψ + w = constant . {\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{2}}+\Psi +w={\text{constant}}.} Here w is the enthalpy per unit mass (also known as specific enthalpy), which is also often written as h (not to be confused with "head" or "height"). Note that w = e + p ρ ( = γ γ − 1 p ρ ) {\displaystyle w=e+{\frac {p}{\rho }}~~~\lef... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
the unsteady momentum conservation equation ∂ v → ∂ t + ( v → ⋅ ∇ ) v → = − g → − ∇ p ρ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\vec {v}}}{\partial t}}+\left({\vec {v}}\cdot \nabla \right){\vec {v}}=-{\vec {g}}-{\frac {\nabla p}{\rho }}} With the irrotational assumption, namely, the flow velocity can be described as the gradi... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the surfaces of the wing will be lower above than below. This pressure difference results in an upwards lifting force. Whenever the distribution of speed past the to... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
§ 3.8 A De Laval nozzle utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by turning pressure energy generated by the combustion of propellants into velocity. This then generates thrust by way of Newton's third law of motion. The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi meter or an orifice ... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
== Misconceptions == === Airfoil lift === One of the most common erroneous explanations of aerodynamic lift asserts that the air must traverse the upper and lower surfaces of a wing in the same amount of time, implying that since the upper surface presents a longer path the air must be moving over the top of the wing f... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
the bottom. Another problem is that when the air leaves the demonstrator's mouth it has the same pressure as the surrounding air; the air does not have lower pressure just because it is moving; in the demonstration, the static pressure of the air leaving the demonstrator's mouth is equal to the pressure of the surround... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
lower pressure". == See also == Torricelli's law Coandă effect Euler equations – for the flow of an inviscid fluid Hydraulics – applied fluid mechanics for liquids Navier–Stokes equations – for the flow of a viscous fluid Teapot effect Terminology in fluid dynamics == Notes == == References == == External links == The ... | {
"page_id": 64219,
"title": "Bernoulli's principle"
} |
Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics (Traditional Chinese: 浙江大學近代物理中心, Simplified Chinese: 浙江近代物理中心) is a research center for theoretical physics. It is part of the Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China. == Introduction == The institute was formally founded in 1991, due to the encouragement of American Nobel ... | {
"page_id": 17824477,
"title": "Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics"
} |
In molecular biology mir-384 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-384 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371167,
"title": "Mir-384 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Internal oxidation, in corrosion of metals, is the process of formation of corrosion products (e.g. a metal oxide) within the metal bulk. In other words, the corrosion products are created away from the metal surface, and they are isolated from the surface. Internal oxidation occurs when some components of the alloy ar... | {
"page_id": 34732769,
"title": "Internal oxidation"
} |
The Journal of the Electrochemical Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of electrochemical science and technology. It is published by the Electrochemical Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 3.1. == History == The journal was est... | {
"page_id": 32307940,
"title": "Journal of the Electrochemical Society"
} |
Dynamin Superfamily Protein (DSP) is a protein superfamily includes classical dynamins, GBPs, Mx proteins, OPA1, mitofusins in Eukaryote, and bacterial dynamin-like proteins (BDLPs) in Prokaryote. DSPs mediate eukaryotic membrane fusion and fission necessary for endocytosis, organelle biogenesis and maintenance, Mitoch... | {
"page_id": 68352741,
"title": "Dynamin superfamily"
} |
CYBATHLON, a project of ETH Zurich, acts as a platform that challenges teams from all over the world to develop assistive technologies suitable for everyday use with and for people with disabilities. The driving force behind CYBATHLON is international competitions and events, in which teams consisting of technology dev... | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
and technical leads from 2020 suggests considerable success in including pilots in a user-centered design process. Daily life usage of the new assistive technology was less frequent. Both daily life usage and prolonged user involvement were found to be related to race performance at the competition. == Background == Th... | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
varies from one competition to the next, with the rule book for the competition being published years in advance to allow time for development. The 2016 and 2020 events included six disciplines. Two further disciplines, Assistance Robot Race and Vision Assistance Race, were added for 2024. Teams compete on courses desi... | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
be navigated with any kind of control. It can be either body- or externally powered. Leg Prosthesis Race: In this race, pilots using a leg prosthesis on one or both sides, including a knee joint, have to perform various movements. Tasks such as standing up and sitting down and walking on uneven terrain involve aspects ... | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
For example, in the category of "hand prostheses", competitors attempted several food-related fine motor tasks and in the category "Neuro" the participants managed avatars in a specially designed computer game. The winners: Brain-Computer Interface Race: Numa Poujouly - Team Brain Tweakers (Switzerland) Functional Elec... | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
-- BeAGain (South Korea) Arm Prosthesis Race: Min Xu -- HANDSON (China) Exoskeleton Race: Seunghwan Kim -- KAIST (South Korea) Leg Prosthesis Race: Andrea Modica -- REHAB TECH LEG (Italy) Wheelchair Race: Jaimie Borisoff -- BCIT MAKE+ (Canada) Assistance Robot Race: Mattias Atzenhofer -- EDAN (Germany) Vision Assistanc... | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
unique global competition. == References == == External links == Official website YouTube channel "Cybathlon 2016: first 'Olympics' for bionic athletes". Wired UK. 27 March 2014. | {
"page_id": 42334950,
"title": "Cybathlon"
} |
Glucocerebroside (also called glucosylceramide) is any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose. Research conducted on glucocerebrosides has shown that glucocerebrosides help support cellular functions in humans, such as signaling pathways as well as being possibly linked to diseases. Certa... | {
"page_id": 3341031,
"title": "Glucocerebroside"
} |
Rosa's rule, also known as Rosa's law of progressive reduction of variability, is a biological rule that observes the tendency to go from character variation in more primitive representatives of a taxonomic group or clade to a fixed character state in more advanced members. An example of Rosa's rule is that the number ... | {
"page_id": 42138344,
"title": "Rosa's rule"
} |
Katherine Barbeau is a professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography known for her work on trace metals and the linkages between trace metals and biology. == Education and career == Barbeau graduated from Mercy High School in Middleton, Connecticut. She has a B.S. from Southampton College (1991), and then moved to t... | {
"page_id": 70580969,
"title": "Katherine Barbeau"
} |
A. (2001). "Photochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean mediated by microbial iron(iii)-binding ligands". Nature. 413 (6854): 409–413. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..409B. doi:10.1038/35096545. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11574885. S2CID 4333988. Barbeau, Katherine; Zhang, Guangping; Live, David H.; Butler, Alison (2002-01-01)... | {
"page_id": 70580969,
"title": "Katherine Barbeau"
} |
The Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis in 18 issues per year. It covers electromagnetic wave theory and its applications, including but not limited to wave propagation, antenna theory, photonics, and electromagnetic compatibility. The ed... | {
"page_id": 67107560,
"title": "Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications"
} |
Large dense core vesicle (LDCVs) are lipid vesicles in neurons and secretory cells which may be filled with neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines or neuropeptides. LDVCs release their content through SNARE-mediated exocytosis similar to synaptic vesicles. One key difference between synaptic vesicles and LDCVs is th... | {
"page_id": 78445291,
"title": "Large dense core vesicles"
} |
The heat capacity rate is heat transfer terminology used in thermodynamics and different forms of engineering denoting the quantity of heat a flowing fluid of a certain mass flow rate is able to absorb or release per unit temperature change per unit time. It is typically denoted as C, listed from empirical data experim... | {
"page_id": 8387306,
"title": "Heat capacity rate"
} |
imposed near the limits of operability— for example, an air-cooled engine in a desert climate on a very hot day. If the hot fluid had a much larger heat capacity rate, then when hot and cold fluids went through a heat exchanger, the hot fluid would have a very small change in temperature while the cold fluid would heat... | {
"page_id": 8387306,
"title": "Heat capacity rate"
} |
This is the list of chemical engineering societies in the world. They are sorted by continent and alphabetically. They include national or international ones, but not student societies or those otherwise restricted to a particular university or institution. == Africa == Ethiopian Society of Chemical Engineers (ESChE), ... | {
"page_id": 10484461,
"title": "List of chemical engineering societies"
} |
of Uruguay, Uruguay == References == | {
"page_id": 10484461,
"title": "List of chemical engineering societies"
} |
In botany, the Cholodny–Went model, proposed in 1927, is an early model describing tropism in emerging shoots of monocotyledons, including the tendencies for the shoot to grow towards the light (phototropism) and the roots to grow downward (gravitropism). In both cases the directional growth is considered to be due to ... | {
"page_id": 35977966,
"title": "Cholodny–Went model"
} |
shoot to bend upward. The Cholodny–Went model for the phototropic movement of shoots was later extended to gravitropism of roots, where auxin was thought to inhibit rather than stimulate growth and to accumulate in the lower side of a root section, causing the root to bend downward. == Criticism == The theory was widel... | {
"page_id": 35977966,
"title": "Cholodny–Went model"
} |
(Boysen Jensen 1928). Experiments with tomato seedlings in 1989 by Harrison and Pickard led to the conclusion that the mechanism was also valid for dicotyledons. In 1990–1991 Moritoshi Iino in Tokyo made measurements of IAA (auxin) in maize coleoptiles in response to both light and gravity. He confirmed that auxin was ... | {
"page_id": 35977966,
"title": "Cholodny–Went model"
} |
be important in gravitropism in shoots, perhaps affecting sensitivity to auxin or its rate of transport. == References == Sources | {
"page_id": 35977966,
"title": "Cholodny–Went model"
} |
Mir-423 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-423 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36371183,
"title": "Mir-423 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Sulfur oxygenase may refer to: Sulfur dioxygenase, an enzyme Sulfur oxygenase/reductase, an enzyme | {
"page_id": 38337263,
"title": "Sulfur oxygenase"
} |
The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH), also referred to as aquatic ape theory (AAT) or the waterside hypothesis of human evolution, postulates that the ancestors of modern humans took a divergent evolutionary pathway from the other great apes by becoming adapted to a more aquatic habitat. While the hypothesis has some popul... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
subcutaneous fat, the regression of the olfactory organ, webbed fingers, direction of the body hair etc.) that could have derived from an aquatic past, quoting several other authors who had made similar speculations. As he did not believe human beings were apes, he believed this might have been during the Cretaceous, c... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
archaeology. In 1967, the hypothesis was mentioned in The Naked Ape, a popular book by the zoologist Desmond Morris, who reduced Hardy's phrase "more aquatic ape-like ancestors" to the bare "aquatic ape", commenting that "despite its most appealing indirect evidence, the aquatic theory lacks solid support". While tradi... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
to hunt for food, shell fish, sea-urchins etc., in the shallow waters off the coast. I suppose that they were forced into the water just as we have seen happen in so many other groups of terrestrial animals. I am imagining this happening in the warmer parts of the world, in the tropical seas where Man could stand being... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
2011: Waterside hypotheses of human evolution assert that selection from wading, swimming and diving and procurement of food from aquatic habitats have significantly affected the evolution of the lineage leading to Homo sapiens as distinct from that leading to Pan. == Reactions == The AAH is generally ignored by anthro... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
creationism, and should be similarly dismissed. In a 1997 critique, anthropologist John Langdon considered the AAH under the heading of an "umbrella hypothesis" and argued that the difficulty of ever disproving such a thing meant that although the idea has the appearance of being a parsimonious explanation, it actually... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
AAH claims that the alleged aquatic nature of humanity is responsible for human patterns of hair, fat, and sweat, but actually all of these things are similar in humans to other primates. To the extent they are exceptional in any primate relative to other primates, or in primates relative to other mammals, they are exc... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
and Morgan towards a more generalized emphasis on fishy things." In "The Waterside Ape", a pair of 2016 BBC Radio documentaries, David Attenborough discussed what he thought was a "move towards mainstream acceptance" for the AAH in the light of new research findings. He interviewed scientists supportive of the idea, in... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
written" and "a good piece of science". In 1995, paleoanthropologist Phillip Tobias declared that the savannah hypothesis was dead, because the open conditions did not exist when humanity's precursors stood upright and that therefore the conclusions of the Valkenburg conference were no longer valid. Tobias praised Morg... | {
"page_id": 64243,
"title": "Aquatic ape hypothesis"
} |
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