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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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task_categories:
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- question-answering
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- visual-question-answering
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- music
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- music-understanding
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- sheet-music
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- abc-notation
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- benchmark
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- multimodal
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pretty_name:
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size_categories:
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- n<
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configs:
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- config_name:
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- config_name: flat
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data_files:
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- split: test
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path: nested/test-*
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dataset_info:
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splits:
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- name: test
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num_bytes: 2427705035
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num_examples: 1800
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download_size: 2171477267
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dataset_size: 2427705035
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- config_name: nested
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features:
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- name: song_id
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dtype: string
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- name: abc_notation
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dtype: string
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- name: pdf
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dtype: binary
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- name: images
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list: image
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- name: questions
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struct:
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- name: level
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list: int32
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- name: question
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list: string
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- name: answer
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list: string
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splits:
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- name: test
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num_bytes: 209552791
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num_examples: 150
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download_size: 207988689
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dataset_size: 209552791
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---
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# MSU-Bench: Musical Score Understanding Benchmark
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**Evaluating Large Language Models' Comprehension of Complete Musical Scores**
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> Accepted to **ACL 2026 Main Conference**
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---
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## Overview
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| **Level 3** - Chord & Harmony | Harmonic structures and progressions | Chord qualities, inversions, cadences, modulations, pedal points |
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| **Level 4** - Texture & Form | Large-scale structural analysis | Melodic motifs, thematic organisation, texture types, formal design |
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## Dataset
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| Column | Type | Description |
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|--------|------|-------------|
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| `song_id` | `string` | Unique identifier derived from the score filename |
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| `abc_notation` | `string` | Full ABC notation
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| `pdf` | `binary` | The original rendered PDF of the score |
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| `images` | `list[image]` | Individual page images (PNG)
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| `
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### Modalities for Evaluation
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## Usage
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### Loading the
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("Krinos/MSU-Bench", split="test")
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# Access a sample
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sample = ds[0]
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print(sample["song_id"])
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print(sample[
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print(len(sample["images"])) # number of page images
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print(sample["questions"]) # {'level': [...], 'question': [...], 'answer': [...]}
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```
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###
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```python
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#
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"answer": a,
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"abc_notation": sample["abc_notation"],
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})
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print(f"Total QA pairs: {len(flat_data)}") # 1800
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```
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### Visual QA with Page Images
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```python
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# Get page images for a score
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sample = ds[0]
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for i, img in enumerate(sample["images"]):
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img.save(f"page_{i}.png")
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```
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## Evaluation Protocol
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We adopt an **LLM-as-a-judge** framework using majority voting across three models (ChatGPT-5, Claude Sonnet 4, Gemini 2.5 Pro) to evaluate semantic correctness. This approach handles equivalent musical terminology (e.g., "V-I" vs. "authentic cadence") better than strict string matching.
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**Inter-judge agreement:** 83.33% (95% CI: 79.44%-87.22%)
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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task_categories:
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- question-answering
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- visual-question-answering
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- music
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- music-understanding
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- sheet-music
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- abc-notation
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- benchmark
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- multimodal
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pretty_name: "MSU-Bench: Musical Score Understanding Benchmark"
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size_categories:
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- 1K<n<10K
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configs:
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- config_name: nested
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data_files:
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- split: test
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path: nested/test-*
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- config_name: flat
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data_files:
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- split: test
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path: flat/test-*
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default: true
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dataset_info:
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- config_name: nested
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features:
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- name: song_id
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dtype: string
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- name: abc_notation
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dtype: string
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- name: pdf
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dtype: binary
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- name: images
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sequence: image
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- name: questions
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struct:
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- name: level
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sequence: int32
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- name: question
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sequence: string
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- name: answer
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sequence: string
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splits:
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- name: test
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num_examples: 150
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- config_name: flat
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features:
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- name: song_id
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dtype: string
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- name: abc_notation
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dtype: string
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- name: pdf
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dtype: binary
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- name: images
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sequence: image
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- name: level
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dtype: int32
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- name: question
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dtype: string
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- name: answer
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dtype: string
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splits:
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- name: test
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num_examples: 1800
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---
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# MSU-Bench: Musical Score Understanding Benchmark
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**Evaluating Large Language Models' Comprehension of Complete Musical Scores**
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---
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## Overview
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| **Level 3** - Chord & Harmony | Harmonic structures and progressions | Chord qualities, inversions, cadences, modulations, pedal points |
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| **Level 4** - Texture & Form | Large-scale structural analysis | Melodic motifs, thematic organisation, texture types, formal design |
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## Dataset Configs
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The dataset is available in two configurations:
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### `flat` (default) — 1 question per row, 1,800 rows
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Each row contains a single question-answer pair alongside the full score data. Best for evaluation pipelines.
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| Column | Type | Description |
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|--------|------|-------------|
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| `song_id` | `string` | Unique identifier derived from the score filename |
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| `abc_notation` | `string` | Full ABC notation (text-based symbolic representation) |
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| `pdf` | `binary` | The original rendered PDF of the score |
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| `images` | `list[image]` | Individual page images (PNG), 1–35 pages per score |
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| `level` | `int32` | Difficulty level (1–4) |
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| `question` | `string` | The question text |
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| `answer` | `string` | The reference answer |
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### `nested` — 12 questions per score, 150 rows
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Each row contains one complete score with all 12 questions nested in a struct. Best for per-score analysis.
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| Column | Type | Description |
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|--------|------|-------------|
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| `song_id` | `string` | Unique identifier |
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| `abc_notation` | `string` | Full ABC notation |
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| `pdf` | `binary` | The original rendered PDF |
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| `images` | `list[image]` | Individual page images (PNG) |
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| `questions` | `struct{level, question, answer}` | 12 questions (3 per difficulty level) with reference answers |
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### Modalities for Evaluation
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## Usage
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### Loading the Flat Config (default)
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Default config: flat (1 question per row)
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ds = load_dataset("Krinos/MSU-Bench", split="test")
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print(len(ds)) # 1800
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sample = ds[0]
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print(sample["song_id"])
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print(f"Level {sample['level']}: {sample['question']} -> {sample['answer']}")
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```
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### Loading the Nested Config
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```python
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# Nested config: 12 questions per score
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ds = load_dataset("Krinos/MSU-Bench", "nested", split="test")
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print(len(ds)) # 150
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sample = ds[0]
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for lvl, q, a in zip(
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sample["questions"]["level"],
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sample["questions"]["question"],
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sample["questions"]["answer"],
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):
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print(f" L{lvl}: {q} -> {a}")
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```
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### Visual QA with Page Images
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```python
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sample = ds[0]
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for i, img in enumerate(sample["images"]):
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img.save(f"page_{i}.png")
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```
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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