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amount of time spent at that altitude is important. The experimental subjects themselves did not suffer such pain for two reasons: First of all they were never at such an altitude so long, and in the second place even if they had been there that long they had altitude sickness and did not therefore register any pain. Q... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,935,000 | 1,935,500 |
he almost looks dead. If, as a lay-man, one looks at the picture one says to oneself the face of Romberg is so distorted that it can never become a normal face again. Nevertheless the man felt nothing in the experiments and the girl, who was also in the picture, who was also so terribly distorted momentarily daring the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,935,450 | 1,935,950 |
merely using it to illustrate the testimony of the witness? DR. SAUTER:Only for the latter purpose, only to be able to show it to the witness. BY DR. SAUTER: Q.Dr. Ruff, you signed an affidavit, I believe it was in October of 1945, Document No. 437, Prosecution Exhibit No. 42, this is in Document Book 2 on page 46. The... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,935,900 | 1,936,400 |
crews from high altitude, were properly prepared and properly carried out, do you believe that three deaths or five deaths would be possible? A.No, that would have been quite impossible. It is, of course, not entirely impossible that one death could have occurred by an unfortunate accident or a special circumstance, bu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,936,350 | 1,936,850 |
with this secrecy to avoid any results of these experiments turning up without his name being mentioned. On the one hand, he and Himmler demanded strict secrecy; and, on the other hand, he tried to have these results published. Later I also learned from Rascher that he had sent his own father to a concentration camp, o... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,936,800 | 1,937,300 |
was impossible to carry out the experiments properly. Even under the conditions prevailing at the time under the power of the commandant or Himmler I would have been able to refuse these experiments without any personal danger to myself by saying, "We cannot use involuntary subjects. It may be all very well from the le... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,937,250 | 1,937,750 |
We have only a few questions yet to put. Aside from the high altitude experiments with the low pressure chamber Dr. Rascher carried out numerous other experiments, for example the freezing experiments, the low temperature experiments, etc., which lead to many deaths or to severe damage to the subject's health; when and... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,937,700 | 1,938,200 |
Schroeder; Professor Rose very slightly, we had seen each other once or twice; Dr. Romberg, of course; Dr. Becker Fryseng, Professor Weltz and Dr. Schaeffer. I met Dr. Schaeffer in 1945. I knew by name Professor Brandt, Professor Handloser and Professor Rostock, also Professor Gebhardt and Sievers, and otherwise no one... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,938,150 | 1,938,650 |
report, these minutes should have been sent to me, because as I said before our Institute never concerned itself with any of the questions involved in sea distress, in other words, they did not concern themselves with making sea water potable. QDid Professor Strughold's Institute concern itself with that? AYes, they di... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,938,600 | 1,939,100 |
wanted me to carry out experiments in the concentration camp of Dachau; it would be well if specialists in this field would help in these experiments, and for this reason Weltz got in touch with me. "That is what you said in this affidavit; now, in your direct examination you explained this statement by saying that the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,939,050 | 1,939,550 |
the low pressure chambers and also to suggest any technical improvements that should be carried out on the low pressure chambers. Then, in connection with the report that the Medical Inspectorate received, Dr. Becker-Freyseng was assigned to carry out these technical improvements and it was on this occasion that I resu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,939,500 | 1,940,000 |
the Luftwaffe. QThis is the firm Zeurtzen? AYes. QThank you. Now a further question, Dr. Ruff did you know the socalled Medical Experience reports and when were these reports introduced? AI know of them, they were issued monthly by the troop doctors with the flight units and they reported on anything that was interesti... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,939,950 | 1,940,450 |
QDid the lectures that were delivered at such conferences have to be submitted to the medical inspectorate for approval before they were delivered? ASince these were conferences on the Medical Inspectorate itself, it was not necessary in this case to submit the entire draft of the lecture for approval before hand, eith... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,940,400 | 1,940,900 |
reports that were made on the basis of this assignment were in part secret, namely, these that contained simply accident statistics, where every accident was listed, its cause, the number of deaths, number of wounded. Then in the second part the experiences that could be derived from these accidents were listed: and th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,940,850 | 1,941,350 |
work on centrifugal seats was, as far as I know, never secret, because this was a new rescue instrument, from the use of which you could draw deductions about anything else concerning technical developments in aviation; and so far as one could not draw deductions from the use of this rescue material about other matters... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,941,300 | 1,941,800 |
is correct. Together with a certain Dr. Gauer and myself, Becker-Freyseng carried out experiments on himself. These were experiments in which he stayed for a considerable length of time at 12,000 meters altitude, At that time we did not know what results the Americans had achieved in this field; and we had several very... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,941,750 | 1,942,250 |
in which one experiences high altitude sickness. Q.Was it necessary that the experiments carried out in Dachau within the framework of your program all had to load to high altitude sickness? A.Yes, in all cases there was altitude sickness that lasted for a greater or shorter length of time. Q.You said that during altit... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,942,200 | 1,942,700 |
other words you know even at that time this and didn't find it out here? AYes, that is so. QNow, regarding the dangerousness of these experiments, an I to believe that the experiments that are the most painful are not also the most dangerous? AYes, that is so. You have to distinguish in such experiments between subject... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,942,650 | 1,943,150 |
were accustomed to carry out. Were the Dachau experiments more dangerous than other high altitude experiments you were accustomed to carry out? AOn the average they were certainly no more dangerous than experiments we carried out at our institute. QWere they more dangerous than those carried out at the Aero Medical Cen... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,943,100 | 1,943,600 |
make his thesis to be a lecturer - in the field of high altitude experiments? Is that correct? A.Yes, that is correct. Q.Did Rascher at that time show that, apart from the high altitude experiments, he also had to make experiments in order to he able to write his thesis in this field? A.I don't know anything about that... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,943,550 | 1,944,050 |
low pressure chamber was, in fact, removed from Dachau earlier than Rascher actually intended it to be? AYes, I believe that that is proved by the documents we have here too. QDo you also believe that by Romberg's presence in Dachau, Rascher was impeded in his experiments or, at least, limited, and up to a certain poin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,944,000 | 1,944,500 |
shorten it? AWe shortened it. QDid that not endanger the result of the whole experiment? ANo, the result was not endangered. The experiments were not shortened to that extent. We would merely dispense with a few minor things which were not essential. QWhat was your first reaction when you heard about the first fatality... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,944,450 | 1,944,950 |
the inside of the chamber is sealed hermetically against the air from outside. In the chamber itself there are benches and tables to accommodate the person conducting the experiment and the subject, and also in the chamber, for each person, there is a supply of oxygen. There is a so-called "lung automat" - that is, a a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,944,900 | 1,945,400 |
room which has room for 10 or perhaps as many as 12 persons. In this big chamber no explosive decompression tests can be carried out. For such tests there is in addition to the big chamber a small chamber which can hold two people at the most. The two people sit on a small bench facing each other. The small chamber is ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,945,350 | 1,945,850 |
the conditions of practice. Now, to get back to our experiment, the explosive decompression follows; this is brought about in the following way between the big chamber and the small chamber, the big valve is opened. The air is suddenly drawn from the small chamber into the big chamber. The pressure between these two ch... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,945,800 | 1,946,300 |
manipulated a lever which in the experiment represented the rip cord of the parachute. In manipulating this lever the experiment was actually ended, and then the chamber was brought down to zero meters. That actually had nothing to do with the experiment. Q.From the time that you would embark on one of these experiment... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,946,250 | 1,946,750 |
if I should give the minimum personnel, we needed a doctor to observe the subject and one technician to manipulate the chamber to take care of the pumps, to be in the machine room, etc. The observing doctor, if it was an experiment on the small chamber, could look from the window into the chamber and with his left hand... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,946,700 | 1,947,200 |
period, this of course varies depending on the individual. Q.In these experiments that were conducted, either the explosive decompression tests or the slow ascents, what opportunity was there in either of these chambers for self rescue by that I mean to say if the experimental subject felt that he was losing control of... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,947,150 | 1,947,650 |
was from the remaining subjects that the experimental subjects could be used. As far as I recall, the witness Neff saw such people as could be used and asked them which one of them wanted to be in an experiment that day. Then from the limited group Neff brought the one who wanted to be in the experiment on that particu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,947,600 | 1,948,100 |
A.It is possible to vary this ascent to a Certain extent by the valves. The normal speed of an ascent with which we carried out such experiments was a thousand meters per minute. This was, so to speak, the standard speed because the altitude which can be reaching without oxygen depends to a certain extent upon the asce... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,948,050 | 1,948,550 |
knowledge, had Dr. Rascher any experience in the field of high altitude research? A.You mean Rascher and myself? Q.No, I will repeat. Prior to the time that you and Romberg entered the Dachau picture did Rascher ever have any experience in high altitude research work? A.Rascher had been assigned to Weltz's institute fo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,948,500 | 1,949,000 |
no legal misgivings because I knew that the State official who had approved these experiments was Himmler. Himmler was then in tho Ministry of the Interior. He was Chief of the Police and the highest executive officer in the State. Therefore, I had no misgivings of legal nature. It is another question, of course, from ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,948,950 | 1,949,450 |
for the use of the low pressure chamber for this. Q.As a matter of fact, Hippke had talked to Rascher and Weltz prior to the time he visited you, that is Weltz visited you, isn't that right? A.Yes, Hippke told me that, namely that a few months ago Rascher and Koppenhoff, I do not know whether Weltz took part, had a dis... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,949,400 | 1,949,900 |
my institute received visitors, let us say Professor Wendt and Lutz, and we had something to discuss then I should have thought it a matter of course to ask my collaborators who were in the same room to leave the room. I think that is so a matter of course the two wouldn't have to do much talking about it. QThat's very... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,949,850 | 1,950,350 |
field of high altitude research, had such strenuous Misgivings about conducting experiments at Dachau? A.Let me point out first of all that, at that time, I did not know that these two gentlemen had allegedly received an offer from Weltz to carry out such experiments and had refused. I still doubt that. And I believe t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,950,300 | 1,950,800 |
then, at the beginning of March, the experiments really began. That is what I know on the basis of the documents and Neff's testimony. Of my own knowledge I don't know that. Q.Well now, the volunteers were selected after the pressure chamber had arrived at Dachau, is that right? In other words, the experiments began so... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,950,750 | 1,951,250 |
you couldn't foresee when the chamber would arrive. Rascher was not at Dachau but was either in Munich or Schongau, and while we were discussing these things the camp commander asked whether the drivers were informed what sort of experiments were to take place. We, of course, denied that because it was not our custom t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,951,200 | 1,951,700 |
here in this courtroom the opinion of Professor Leibbrandt, Rose, Sievers and others as to the capacity of a person incarcerated to volunteer for an experiment; what is your moral attitude about the capacity of a prisoner to volunteer for an experiment? A.It is my opinion that a prisoner is altogether in a position to ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,951,650 | 1,952,150 |
he promised these people that after the experiments they would be pardoned. Q.Now, inasmuch as you and Romberg were involved in these experiments, did you yourself make any attempt to investigate the status of a prisoner after he had been subjected to the experiments in the high altitude research work? A.After carrying... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,952,100 | 1,952,600 |
be seen , these experiments were not dangerous to life. When Romberg went to Dachau, he told the experimental subjects precisely just what the nature of the experiments was to be. This was necessary so that the subjects would be in position to participate in a sensible manner in these experiments, namely should be able... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,952,550 | 1,953,050 |
find their seats. The Honorable, the Judges of Military Tribunal I. Military Tribunal I is now in session. God save the United States of America and this honorable Tribunal. There will be order in the courtroom. THE PRESIDENT:Mr. Marshal, you ascertain if the defendants are all present in court. THE MARSHAL:May it plea... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,953,000 | 1,953,500 |
by a regular court to be kept in jail for the general good of society. Q.Now I notice on page 89 of document book number 2 which is the report signed by Ruff, Romberg, and Rascher signed the draft thereof, which is documentNO-402, and on page 14 of the original copy of that particular report, which is your report, ther... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,953,450 | 1,953,950 |
of that profession explains why he asked if he could slice something such as wurst or.... Q. (Interrupting) How will did you know this particular man, Doctor? A.I personally didn't know him at all. Q.You didn't know whether or not he was just a delicatessen dealer who was perhaps put into the Dachau concentration camp ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,953,900 | 1,954,400 |
did it happen that they volunteered? What was the particular surroundings of this volunteer business? A.In my direct examination I have already explained that a number of persons volunteered for these experiments and one of the prisoners told me that it was approximately sixty. Of those sixty, the experimental subjects... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,954,350 | 1,954,850 |
Q.Of course, that is argumentative and we will leave that for argument in briefs, Doctor. Let's go on. Now, after you had had this meeting in Dachau and it had been established that the experiments were to take place and the concentration camp commandant had offered to supply the electricity, etc., you then returned to... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,954,800 | 1,955,300 |
Now, the second part of these experimental series concerned heights from 12 to 20 kilometers and, so far as this particular series was carried out in Dachau, it included the experimental testing of the question up to what height a parachute descent with or without oxygen, with parachute unfolded or not can be carried o... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,955,250 | 1,955,750 |
were most severe headaches as though the skull were being burst apart. The pains became continually more severe, so that at last the discontinuance of the experiment became necessary." Well, now, didn't Rascher and Romberg have to quit after they had reached 12,500 or 13,500 meters, respectively? A.That is so, and agai... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,955,700 | 1,956,200 |
such as the pain they felt when they had entered per day several times in order to observe the experimental subjects. Q.Then it was a time factor that was involved? A.It was to be cleared up whether the pain that the people conducting the experiments felt depended on the number of ascents per day or whether the length ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,956,150 | 1,956,650 |
arised. I am not quite sure whether I make myself clear on this. Q.That is quite clear. Now, this particular phononoma of a gas bubble in the blood stream, you say perhaps is the cause of death of that first person in the Rascher experiment; anyone would not be able to determine that when it happens, that you only lear... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,956,600 | 1,957,100 |
I am getting at is, can you diagnose it; for instance is pain a proof of air embolism? A.A general air embolism does not cause pain. Q. ISee, well suppose you are looking at one of the subjects; how can you determine whether or not they are suffering from air embolism; what would be your way to diagnose this condition?... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,957,050 | 1,957,550 |
read this to you, Doctor, and see if you can help us with this problem. "The third experiment of this type took such an extraordinary course that I called an SS physician of the camp as witness, since I had worked on these experiments all by myself. It was a continuous experiment without oxygen at the height of 12 km c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,957,500 | 1,958,000 |
can be made into a blood vessel without the experimental subject noticing anything at all. In other words, the effect of air in the blood stream depends entirely where that air gets to. Q.Would you kindly pass back that photograph? I want to show it to the Tribunal, so that they can get a picture of just what this cond... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,957,950 | 1,958,450 |
recuperation from such a parachute descending test had taken place, however before regaining of consciousness, some experimental persons were kept under water until they died. When the skull and cavities of the breast and of the abdomen had been opened under water, an enormous amount of air embolism was found in the ve... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,958,400 | 1,958,900 |
into the blood stream, and it was then observed that even large amounts of air, such as 100 cubic centimeters could be absorbed by the experimental subject with no danger or damage to himself at all. However, this experiment did not prove that 100 cubic centimeters of air in the blood stream are always harmless, becaus... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,958,850 | 1,959,350 |
he autopsied them, and that appears to me to be a crime in itself, and it appears from your testimony you were not involved in these matters. Now were you interested in finding out whether or not air embolism was one of the causes for the pressure fall sickness? A.That pressure fall sickness has something to do with th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,959,300 | 1,959,800 |
I have gathered from what you have told me that in your experiments on rescue from high altitudes you were not particularly interested in collecting data on pressure drop sickness or air embolism, were you? A.That is correct. Q.Hell, now did the problem of pressure drop sickness or air embolism enter at all into your r... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,959,750 | 1,960,250 |
here that this report is addressed to the Reichsfuehrer-SS, Berlin, and it states, "Inclosed we submit copies No. 2, 3, and 4 of the report on the experiments on rescue from high altitude for your files." And your signature appears. Well now, you were not connected with the Reichsfuehrer-SS. Your experiments were separ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,960,200 | 1,960,700 |
no occasion to incorporate these death cases in that report for two reasons: one, that they did not occur during our experiments; and, secondly, the other experiments were only known to me in very broad outlines and I only knew about a part of these experiments. You can see from Rascher's intermediate reports that he h... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,960,650 | 1,961,150 |
fact that Mr. Rascher, Mr. Romberg, and Mr. Ruff had their heads together in each and every one of these experiments? AI didn't understand the question. QWell, first of all, tho first sentence says that "a large number of the experiments found the cause of the severe mental disturbances and body failures" and then you ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,961,100 | 1,961,600 |
an expression is introduced into a document which is not contained in the original, and it must of necessity mislead any person reading that document. I don't think that this is a tenable situation where such an erroneous expression gets into a document which is available to the Tribunal and upon which the Tribunal has... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,961,550 | 1,962,050 |
in what other experiments did it appear? A.In the case of these drop experiments from a 15 kilometer altitude during which these more severe symptoms of altitude sickness appeared, and which are explained in detail in this report. It seemed as if during this sickness the lack of oxygen and the pressure drop sickness co... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,962,000 | 1,962,500 |
up, but these were extremely dangerous; were they not, these experiments? A.These are two different matters, the ignorance whether one can ascend to those limits or not and the danger which may be incurred through the experiments. They have nothing to do with one another. I should like to give you an example, I should ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,962,450 | 1,962,950 |
before you experimented on animals; Lutz and Wendt used animals, you did not even go that far. A.I was just saying that naturally we were carrying out experiments on animals before the experiments on human beings, in order to clarify the trend to which these experiments would have to be molded. Yesterday, I tried to ex... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,962,900 | 1,963,400 |
the report from Romberg about this then what did you do? A.I already stated what we considered about the matter. We came to the conclusion that it would be best to conclude the experiments as quickly as possible. I had reported this matter to Hippke and Romberg returned to Dachau in order to conclude the experiments, s... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,963,350 | 1,963,850 |
this chamber was removed from Dachau, which meant that Rascher was deprived of the opportunity of carrying out future experiments. Q.Now, did Romberg report any other deaths to you? A.Yes, that is right. QWhen? AAs I said already during my direct examination that during the time which elapsed between the return of Romb... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,963,800 | 1,964,300 |
G in order to supervise and observe the experimental subjects. Before the beginning of the experiments he registered the heart of the experimental subjects. QThat is right. Lot's look at Mr. Romberg's affidavit, which is documentNO 476, on page 2 of Document Book 2. This is the paragraph No. 6 in the affidavit, No. 6: ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,964,250 | 1,964,750 |
of which Dr. Ruff was speaking, according to German law, could only be used in the case of professional criminals, and was ordered by the court. Protective custody on the other hand, which is a very similar expression, although containing a different content, has nothing whatsoever to do with justice or any court. It w... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,964,700 | 1,965,200 |
A.This is no doubt correct. Q.Dr. Ruff, upon a question by the prosecutor, you said--or at least you said when he asked you--that you didn't know who exactly told you that these persons at Dachau were volunteers. That is, at any rate, how your answer sounded, even though you may protest against it at the moment. You we... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,965,150 | 1,965,650 |
to the Reichsfuehrer SS. It is dated the 11th of May 1942. If you will look at the second paragraph, you will find that it starts with the words, "tonight..." and there you will find the sentence and I quote: "He(and that means a certain Dr. Fahrenkamp) intends to report to you about his own opinion regarding my heart ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,965,600 | 1,966,100 |
the truth. Please answer the question, if today from the point of view of your conscience you are now judging your acts at that time, if you yourself take your conscience into account do you feel today that you acted correctly, or is it your feeling today that you committed crimes; that you committed an error? Mill you... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,966,050 | 1,966,550 |
correct. In addition, caisson disease is defined on page 448 as, and it states, "it is due to the release of bubbles of atmospheric gases in the body." Now, this caisson disease is also synonomous with your pressure drop disease, both of which are caused by decompression. Then you find decompression defined on page 410... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,966,500 | 1,967,000 |
the caisson disease, rather the symptoms that result from caisson disease, result from the change of pressure. Now, the confusion of these two terms in this dictionary shows that the editor of this particular definition was not an expert in this field. QWell, now, these three dictionaries, the two I called to your atte... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,966,950 | 1,967,450 |
that is air embolism. Q.Well, let us go on and get your opinion of this other definition in another dictionary. This is Taber's Encyclopaedia Medical dictionary, and under bends, on page B 20, records: "Bends (caisson disease)" and then it states as follows: "Pain and weakness caused by increased atmospheric pressure. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,967,400 | 1,967,900 |
This, however, is contrary to the adaptability of body fluids to pressure and does not agree with experimental evidence. The gas emboli theory is now generally accepted. According to this theory, blood in compressed air absorbs an increased amount of oxygen and nitrogen, which under compression is distributed to the fl... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,967,850 | 1,968,350 |
do that a later date, Your Honor. At this time I merely wanted to point out that it is consistently in most dictionaries a synonomous term. THE PRESIDENT:We understand that. We understand your position, but the question is whether or not the witness, having had these translations read to him only, whether he thoroughly... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,968,300 | 1,968,800 |
Q.Did you also receive one? A.No, I didn't. Q.Who recommended Romberg for the War Merit Cross? Did you recommend him? A.No. Q.Well, who recommended him? A.I have seen from the documents that that on Rascher's suggestion, at least, I think that's to be found in a document; namely, Sievers made this recommendation. I am ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,968,750 | 1,969,250 |
direct examination and in my cross-examination by you this morning I said several times that in 1941, about December, Professor Weltz visited me in Berlin in my institute. Q.Well, had it not been for Professor Weltz' visit you would not have gone to Dachau, is that right? A.That's possible yea. Q.No further questions, ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,969,200 | 1,969,700 |
me either, Your Honor, and I obviously went along the same course, but not intentionally. REDIRECT EXAMINATION BY DR. SAUTER:Dr. Ruff, at the end of the cross-examination you were asked by the prosecutor about your responsibility for the defendant Dr. Romberg. You were shown Romberg's affidavit of 1 November 1946, #6. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,969,650 | 1,970,150 |
like to bring up something else, Dr. Ruff. You signed the one report officially which Romberg and Rascher drew up. You co-signed this report, and you told us this morning that you thus undertook a certain responsibility for this report. I believe you said that you took the responsibility for this report. I believe you ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,970,100 | 1,970,600 |
the experiments in Dachau should be carried out? AI have described already several times how these experiments came to be carried out. Dr. Weltz was not my superior. He visited me as chief of the Munich Institute in my institute. We discussed scientific questions and came to speak of the question of rescue from great a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,970,550 | 1,971,050 |
he can have had nothing to do with the planning of those experiments and certainly not with the carrying cut of them. QDid Sievers have anything to do with making the low pressure chamber available? ANo, certainly not. QDo you know whether Sievers had anything to do with the choice of Dr. Rascher as the person in charg... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,971,000 | 1,971,500 |
that any experiment was badly prepared, scientifically or technically, considering the seriousness of the situation. I cannot imagine that Dr. Ruff risked human lives in Dachau in a frivolous and unscrupulous manner, when making experiments in aviation medicine." So, for the quotation. I ask you to take notice of the r... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,971,450 | 1,971,950 |
detail. This is as brilliant a characterization of Dr. Ruff's character as was made by all the ether witnesses. MR. HARDY:Your Honor, might I ask counsel that this notation on the back by Dr. Marx has to do with the authenticity of the signature of the affiant, if it was made at the same time, or later here in Nuernber... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,971,900 | 1,972,400 |
proceed. DR. SAUTER:Thank you very much. This witness, endowed with special qualifications, Dr. Gauer states in this affidavit, which he made immediately before his departure for the United States, a number of matters referring to the personality of Dr. Ruff. I shall skip the first part since it entirely conforms with ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,972,350 | 1,972,850 |
who was best acquainted with the development of the stratosphere and rocket aircraft. As the whole problem of rescue from stratosphere aircraft was a very special science, a short explanation is given, as far as seems necessary to judge the experiments on which the indictment is based. "The problem of rescue from strat... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,972,800 | 1,973,300 |
two questions to answer; "Firstly, are human beings able to endure explosive decompression? "Secondly, if so, is there a possibility of surviving the lack of oxygen after leaving the 'plane'? "The first question has been ackled since 1939 in different institutes by self-experiments." Now there follow a number of tables... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,973,250 | 1,973,750 |
experimenting. An experienced altitude research worker is able to judge the actual condition of the experimental subject from the state of breathing and the activity of the heart, and in case of a life-endangering disturbance to stop the experiment by increasing the pressure and administering oxygen. The observer knows... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,973,700 | 1,974,200 |
stage of the high altitude sickness the respiratory and circulatory centers are paralyzed as by an over-dose of narcosis. In the initial stage of unconsciousness frequent cramps of various kinds can be observed. Unvoluntary contractions of the facial muscles, leading to grimaces, weeping, laughing, etc. may also occur.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,974,150 | 1,974,650 |
will ask you to take notice of that affidavit; and I shall dispense with reading it since by and large it conforms completely with observations which other witnesses have made of Dr. Ruff's personality and his behavior. As a further document I offer to you under Exhibit Ruff Number 16, in Document Book Ruff, page 63, D... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,974,600 | 1,975,100 |
Ruff basically was performing all the experiments himself as self experiments and then used his collaborators as volunteer subjects. He says that Ruff was very hard on himself but just as considerate and careful towards his collaborators. He says he was a researcher who was very considerate and conscious of his respons... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,975,050 | 1,975,550 |
he describes the participation of Ruff in the high altitude experiments with low pressure chamber, of cold going down to minus 15 degrees. Then he concludes his affidavit on his last page with the words: "For ten years all of us in the Institute for Aviation Medicine volunteered for all experiments, and primarily our c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,975,500 | 1,976,000 |
I shall abide by your suggestion and I shall revert to this matter in my final plea when I shall show you what the conception of unobjectional physicians on the Anglo-Saxon side on these experiments. I shall corroborate that in my final plea. The next document, Your Honor, which I am going to submit to you can be found... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,975,950 | 1,976,450 |
to say that the initiator of these experiments at Dachau was Dr. Rascher - the mental originator of these experiments. And then he speaks about the quality of the experimental subjects. That is on page 3 of the original, first paragraph. I quote: "In order to clarify and to stop such accidents in the future a number of... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,976,400 | 1,976,900 |
rejected, they at least made a voluntary, modest contribution for Germany with their own person, and that thereby they wanted to prove their good will which really existed. Thereupon Himmler promised them to use his influence with the Fuehrer to obtain their release and the front assignment they wanted. It results, for... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,976,850 | 1,977,350 |
I think this is Exhibit #8 if I'm not mistaken. Yes, I think it is #8. MR. HARDY:No. 8 is another one. That is the affidavit of Schroeder. This one here has not been introduced yet. JUDGE SEBRING:Counsel for the prosecution is referring to .......... MRHARDY (Interrupting): Document 19. JUDGE SEBRING:Document #5, I thi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,977,300 | 1,977,800 |
ruled on this point, denying the application made for the defendant Ruff, and the Tribunal is of the same view. The application is denied. The Tribunal will now recess Until 9:30 o'clock tomorrow morning. (A recess was taken until 0930 hours, 1 May 1947). OFFICE OF US CHIEF OF COUNSEL EVIDENCE DIVISION LIBRARY BRANCH T... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,977,750 | 1,978,250 |
in Berlin and while going to school my main fields of interest were medicine and technique. I decided to choose the medical profession, and from 1929 to 1935 I studied at the Universities of Berlin and Innsbruck, In tho spring of 1935 I took my state examination at Berlin and then proceeded to work as an interne at the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,978,200 | 1,978,700 |
first phase of my activity in the combat of accidonts was concluded in the spring of 1940 with the report which was already mentioned by Dr. Ruff regarding high-altitude sickness and high-altitude death. I specialized in tho field of high altitude research, and carried out many low pressure experiments concerning flyin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,978,650 | 1,979,150 |
were to be continued after the Dachau experiments? AYes. QThat the Dachau experiments merely constituted an excerpt from a large scale experimental plan? AYes, that is true. QWhat were your reasons to accept Dachau? AOne can only explain that decision considering the situation as it prevailed at that time. It was the w... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,979,100 | 1,979,600 |
and just as many experiments on other people who belonged to the circle of our Institute. All these people volunteered as experimental subjects, but that was done within the framework of the research of our Institute. I participate in experiments for Ruff and my own work, and I am sure that if any stranger would have a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,979,550 | 1,980,050 |
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