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talked with tho experimental subjects. Most of them were seriously ill. Two experimental subjects were brought to me, one after the other, who were not sick, which I already mentioned. They had gone through their typhus sickness before being sentenced in the pre-trial prison, but again I cannot recall that I actually s... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,890,000 | 1,890,500 |
next page, you will see that subsequently, all the experimental persons were infected with typhus, and that as a result of the experiment, four persons died. Now isn't it a fact that you made this vaccine available to Ding for that series of experiments? AI have already discussed this question in my direct examination.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,890,450 | 1,890,950 |
if there is a possibility that you had the vaccine in your hands, is it not also possible, as it says in the Ding diary, that you sent the vaccine to Ding to be tested in Buchenwald? A.I think that is altogether improbable, since I had no direct contacts with Ding at all. Q.Did you have any indirect contacts with him? ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,890,900 | 1,891,400 |
Ding? A.No, I just said that I consider that highly improbable. Q.Well, if you sent vaccine to Mrugowsky, and asked him to test it, just what did you think he would do with the vaccine, unless he sent it to Buchenwald? A.I reiterate, that I consider it highly improbable that I sent it to Mrugowsky; moreover, Mrugowsky ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,891,350 | 1,891,850 |
the same extent, but to no greater extent, than they embrace the other perhaps 14,999 letters in which the Tribunal is not interested. Q.You cannot remember whether you were connected, directly or indirectly, with the typhus experiments in Buchenwald -- is that what you want to say? That is something that slipped your ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,891,800 | 1,892,300 |
in Florence. Now, since I was so incautious, so inclusions as to say that I had no correspondence with him in 1941, you then produced a letter from Schilling's files which was dated 1941; and then after I had seen this letter, I, of course, recalled the affair. Now, since that already happened to me once that I committ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,892,250 | 1,892,750 |
could you write a letter telling the medical officers in the Luftwaffe not to use the Bucharest vaccine, although it was being tested in Buchenwald, unless you knew it was being tested in Buchenwald? A.I remember no such letter. Q.May be I misunderstood you; I thought that was just what you said. A.No, no, I said just ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,892,700 | 1,893,200 |
a vaccine to Mrugowsky? A.No, I cannot remember that. Q.And you are supported in that by Frau Block in that testimony? A.Yes, I believe she said something to that effect. Q.Well, what he out the Copenhagen vaccine that you got; you got that in 1944 -- that's only about two and a half years ago. Do you - A.You arc in er... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,893,150 | 1,893,650 |
sent this report to Ding. Q.No, I didn't but Haagen is not included in that list either, as I recall, is he? A.Your recollection has deceived you. Haagen is listed there or his Strasbourg Institute. Let me just find the document. This is Document 22, Exhibit 21. The list of those to whom it was distributed is on pages ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,893,600 | 1,894,100 |
particular pestilence of rats in tho case of tho Weil Disease. These people I have just mentioned are in especial danger and are consequently vaccinated whereas other people are not. Q.Professor, let's not wander off the point. I am not interested in all of this, but do I understand you to say that a sample of the Cope... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,894,050 | 1,894,550 |
him, he could have made an official trip to Copenhagen within the framework of his normal activities. He simply would have had to apply for permission to go and take a look at something up there and he would have got permission. Q.Well, Can you tell the Tribunal what happened to this Copenhagen vaccine? I don't know my... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,894,500 | 1,895,000 |
I am asking you to tell the truth about it. If you gave any vaccine to Mrugowsky and Ding, Copenhagen or Bucharest vaccine you would remember it? ATo the best of my knowledge I have answered all these questions here. I never run over anybody 40 years ago with an automobile, but I grant you I should probably remember it... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,894,950 | 1,895,450 |
for human being experiments in Buchenwald, but I do admit that a man like Ding, who hated me so violently because of my criticism of his work, as Kogan here described it, and hesitated to repeat the phrasing that Ding used to describe me, as I say he did say that Ding was glad that ho had received a vaccine to which I ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,895,400 | 1,895,900 |
called by telephone after Professor Dr. Rose's return. Dr. Mrugowsky will not yet be in Berlin in June. His deputy, Dr. Bing, is informed. 20 May 1942." It becomes apparent from that letter that Dr. Mrugowsky once informed me that the Reichsarzt SS and Police had consented to the testing of typhus vaccines. He then ask... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,895,850 | 1,896,350 |
Bucharest vaccine among others and says in the diary that the vaccine was obtained from you; and Mrugowsky in this letter asked you to send him the vaccines which you have mentioned in your previous letter. There's really no doubt about it, is there, Professor? A.This possibly becomes apparent. Q.And was this person Os... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,896,300 | 1,896,800 |
vaccine which I did not remember up to this point. Q.And you asked him to test the vaccine in Buchenwald, didn't you? A.This question is dealt with here whether this vaccine can be tested in Buchenwald. Q.Do you see the name "Ding" written at the botton of the letter? A.Yes, you can see it at the botton of the page. Q.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,896,750 | 1,897,250 |
the State. At that moment I was in a position which perhaps corresponds to a lawyer who is, perhaps a basical opponent of execution, or death sentence. On occasion when he is dealing with leading members of the government, or with lawyers during public Congresses or meetings, he will do everything in his power to maint... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,897,200 | 1,897,700 |
quite logical such a conference must have taken place; but who participated in such a conference I do not know. At least I cannot tell you that today, from my own knowledge. Whether Gildemeister at that time reported any further details to me about that or concerning that Conti bad made a decision, I do not know today ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,897,650 | 1,898,150 |
from which it becomes apparent that your Tropical Medical Department at the Robert Koch Institute was sending Anopheles eggs to Schilling. That was nothing new. This was known to all the participants in this trial. The only thing that I noticed was the Professor Schilling apparently changed the name of the malaria stra... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,898,100 | 1,898,600 |
would be the first one to give exact statements as to the period of time. However, the most essential points in this connection are not the dates, hut the facts. Q.Professor, have you still the documents before you which were introduced by the Prosecutor yesterday? A.Oh, yes, I brought them along today. Q.Would you ple... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,898,550 | 1,899,050 |
of a person who either died of malaria or who was suffering from chronic maleria but died of some other disease. For instance, somebody who died as a result of cancer but simultaneously was suffering with chronic malaria. This is in answer to the first question, what a malaria spleen was. The second question whether it... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,899,000 | 1,899,500 |
children is used, who had died as a result of hereditary syphilis. These livers contained the syphilis germs to the same extent as it is found in bacteriological culture. There are still institutes today who are working according to this original method of Professor Wasserman, although in the meantime, this procedure h... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,899,450 | 1,899,950 |
learned this morning that an affidavit of one of the assistants of Professor Haagen, Fraulein Grodel, has been received hero, from which one can see the correctness of the description as you gave it. This affidavit is going to be submitted to the Tribunal; but I have another question to this document. The Prosecutor as... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,899,900 | 1,900,400 |
25 April 47.) THE MARSHAL:The Tribunal is again in session. May it please your Honor, Defendant Brack having been excused, he is now absent. THE PRESIDENT:The Secretary-General will note the absence of the Defendant Brack, pursuant to excuse by the Tribunal. Counsel may proceed. GERHARD ROSE - Resumed REDIRECT EXAMINAT... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,900,350 | 1,900,850 |
Q.Witness, I have one question here. What happens if carbon tetrachloride is heated? A.You must not heat carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride is CCL4 and if you bring that into juxtaposition with oxygen and heat it phosgene gas, which is a poison, is created. The toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in practical use ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,900,800 | 1,901,300 |
beg your pardon. I don't have the letter. Q.I am going to read an excerpt from it. In this letter it states: When the typhus vaccine from mouse livers was being considered it would be desirable to know whether in tho experiments in Buchenwald there were the same protective results as were obtained from vaccines from cl... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,901,250 | 1,901,750 |
put on the German word "Probe", and Mr. McHaney proved with a dictionary that it could mean both "sample" and "experiment". Now I have had another affidavit given to me by the man who made this affidavit, who certainly must have known just what he meant, and he certifies in the last paragraph that when he spoke of "Vir... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,901,700 | 1,902,200 |
the original and thus assure itself of the authenticity of this letter. THE PRESIDENT:That is not the basic reason for the objection. The letter is an ex parte statement written without any responsibility not under oath at all. And, if the Tribunal would admit such letters as this we would very likely be swamped with l... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,902,150 | 1,902,650 |
Book III. This is an affidavit by the physician Dr. Karl Muchlens of 13 February 1947 which I offer as Rose Exhibit 47. It is on pages 78 to 80 of the Document Book. It concerns itself with Professor Rose's criticism. I shall not bother to read this document either. This, I believe, is all the Rose Documents and this c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,902,600 | 1,903,100 |
the prosecution and the Court on Monday. THE PRESIDENT:The Tribunal has no supplementary document book. DR. SAUTER:Here they come. (Document books were presented to the Tribunal by the Secretary General). And the two witnesses whom I intend to call, assuming that they get here from Berlin, are Dr. Freitag and Fohmeiste... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,903,050 | 1,903,550 |
not have any legal status of its own. It was one of many institutes that were included under the term "DVL", namely, Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fuer Luftfahrt. At the end of the war there were about twelve or fourteen such institutes within the framework of the DVL. Q.What was the managing board of the DVL? A.The DVL was... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,903,500 | 1,904,000 |
Aviation Medicine, had a particular position with the D.V.L. to the extent that we were subordinate to the Medical Inspectorate of the Luftwaffe and had to report to it and receive orders from it. However, the orders which we did receive from the Medical Inspector to concerned only technical matters. In other words, it... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,903,950 | 1,904,450 |
Bonn University. This alone shows that party political consideration did not lead to Dr. Ruff's appointment, but exclusively scientific considerations, and especially the fact that he, as an enthusiastic and extremely gifted pilot, seemed to be particularly suited to understand the problems, which arose during actual f... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,904,400 | 1,904,900 |
which might have resulted in a desire to alter his way of life or to push himself into the limelight. For these mentioned reasons I consider it absolutely impossible for Dr. Ruff to have committed a crime against the law and against humanity. b) Dr. Ruff seemed to me at no time so enamoured of national socialistic ideo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,904,850 | 1,905,350 |
No. 4, which is to be found in Document volume Ruff, which you will find on Page 12 of the Document Book. This will be Exhibit No. 2. It is an affidavit of a certain architect called Hermann Brenner, who from the year 1928 until April of 1945 was a member of that Institute. In other words, for seventeen years he was in... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,905,300 | 1,905,800 |
rector of that University. The other was Professor Strughold, who was at that time the head of the Aviation Medical Institute of Berlin and is at present ordinarius for physiology at the University of Heidelberg and scientific collaborator of the Aero Medicine Center, U.S. Army Airforce. The third was Professor Knothe,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,905,750 | 1,906,250 |
28 January 1947, to be found in Document Volume Ruff, Document 9, on pages 31 to 34. This affidavit was certified in the customary manner by the competent officer of the Air Medical Center in Heidelberg, and I shall read it because it is of special significance when judging the character of Dr. Ruff and because this Pr... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,906,200 | 1,906,700 |
and what should simply be submitted in evidence, when submitted to the Tribunal for consideration. Of course, character witnesses testify only for the defendants; these affidavits, concerning the character of a defendant, are not particularly helpful when read into the record. It is quite proper for counsel for the def... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,906,650 | 1,907,150 |
order to oblige the Prosecution. For the same reason I am not going to read figure I, where it is explained what scientific achievements the defendant Ruff has to show. I should only like to read one sentence in Figure I. Here it says: "It is noteworthy that he, Dr. Ruff, carried out on himself all important extreme ex... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,907,100 | 1,907,600 |
of the knowledge of the caurs of air accidents. In the institute inself there were three main spheres of work, one was pure air accident science. This included air accident statistics from a medical point of view, and in the second sphere of work, the special questions of speed in air flight was worked upon, and in the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,907,550 | 1,908,050 |
a day. The pilot on those occasions was present, being the man in charge of the experiment, and the experimental subject, and another experimental subject was seated on the second seat. While the experimental subject who sat in the co-pilot's seat changed with someone else after a certain number of tests, the pilot, as... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,908,000 | 1,908,500 |
out to the limits of what was necessary for practical flying. Furthermore experiments were carried out in the question of what would happen if in the pressure cabin of a plane -- this is a cabin where the crew of a stratospheric flight plane are being housed. This has the pressure which corresponds to do out 3000 meter... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,908,450 | 1,908,950 |
were carried on at Dachau in the year of 1942? A.In the entire German Aviation Medicine, although thousands and thousands of experiments were carried out, we only had two fatal cases. One occurred in the year of 1937 in the Himalayas where one aero medical scientist when carrying out medical experiments in the mountain... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,908,900 | 1,909,400 |
were not carried out for purposes of research but in order to teach the crews which had to fly in high altitude, soldiers were furnished to us by the Luftwaffe, and we carried out high altitude experiments with them in order to show them what effects high altitude has on human organisms. To a very slight extent we also... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,909,350 | 1,909,850 |
shall read the paragraph before the last. Here the witness says from his own experience, and I quote: "The danger of the different experimental conditions could never be settled ahead. We therefore always proceeded with the greatest possible care and took all imaginable precautions. The demands were only increased grad... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,909,800 | 1,910,300 |
its entirety. I shall only read a few paragraphs on pages 2 and 3. This Doctor Scheiber, from whom this affidavit originates, is a physician who ever since 1936, that is, for a period of eight years, had collaborated with Dr. Ruff, and had had occasion to make his very close acquaintance. In his affidavit he at first d... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,910,250 | 1,910,750 |
This heart defect caused us frequently to ask him to take more care of himself, but we could not influence his actions at all. I was never of the impression that an unsatiable urge for knowledge or personal ambition made him pursue the experiments to the utmost limit of scientific possibility. Cruelty or force towards ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,910,700 | 1,911,200 |
problems. Why did you apply the possibility of the experiments on animals to such a small degree, and what is the situation of animal experiments in that special field of aviation research? A.In the entire aviation medicine and that not only in Germany but in all other nations, the use of animals in experiments is very... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,911,150 | 1,911,650 |
pressure chamber we had a second very small low pressure chamber for experiments with sudden drop in pressure. These experiments are carried out in order to perform very speedy ascents into high altitudes. High altitude ascents as they occur in airplanes with so-called pressure cabins. If such a plane is flying, say, a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,911,600 | 1,912,100 |
and his memory are decreasing. His attention, his power of concentration, and his power to carry out criticism decreases as soon as altitude increases. His emotional life, too, undergoes a strong change. In few cases we have a depression but in most cases we have an euphory which is the opposite of a depression - an el... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,912,050 | 1,912,550 |
of cramp - high altitude cramps, epileptic cramps, or therapeutic cramps - the person concerned does not notice anything. He has lost his consciousness. I was just saying that in an altitude of approximately 4,000 meters one can see the first symptoms. For that reason, it is a regulation in all states who carry on avia... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,912,500 | 1,913,000 |
subject is again capable to act in an altitude which can be compared with the altitude where air sickness started when the plane ascended. If, during an ascent, there was unconsciousness at 7,000 metersaltitude, and then the person was brought up to 12,000 meters altitude in this unconscious condition, his awakening wi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,912,950 | 1,913,450 |
to be within ten seconds. A.Dr. Ruff, did you often perform these experiments which you just described to us--including altitude sickness, etc--upon yourself? And I want to ask you: Can you tell us from your own experience that these altitude sicknesses, this unconsciousness, these cramps, which occur--are without any ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,913,400 | 1,913,900 |
he is also of the opinion that the problems in question can only be carried out by performing experiments on human beings." Dr. Rascher, in parentheses, adds: "As experimental material, feeble-minded people could also be used." How, I am asking you, Dr. Ruff, when in December 1941 you were at first concerned with the p... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,913,850 | 1,914,350 |
A.During those experiments we needed the cooperation of the experimental subjects. During the experiment, the experimental subject had to carry out reasonable reactions, and these are matters for which feeble-minded people could not be used. Q.Dr. Ruff, Mrs. Rascher has stated in a letter, which was already submitted h... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,914,300 | 1,914,800 |
he was also the head of the testing station for the effects of high altitude or the Aviation Medical Institudo at Munich, both of us belonged to the Luftwaffe. As a scientist, Professor Weltz enjoyed the highest reputation within Aviation Medical and also within the x-ray research work. His own scientific work, as well... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,914,750 | 1,915,250 |
at the experimental institute. QProfessor Hippke, who after all was your highest superior; didn't he discuss with you what kind of experimental subjects you were to use; did Professor Hippke know who was to be used and did you say anything to him about that? AProfessor Hippke told me on the occasion of this conversatio... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,915,200 | 1,915,700 |
of at first 16 thousand meters. On the basis of this stage of technical development, there was the energetic demand to clarify the question of how human beings could, be saved from high altitudes up to 20,000 meters. The technical development had gone beyond the results obtained in aviation medicine; and as I said befo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,915,650 | 1,916,150 |
be any question of coincidence or accidental result since, otherwise, the technical developments for the apparatus would be put into false channels. Accidental results would result in directives for the aviators which might be false, and they might lead to accidents, even to fatal accidents. In order to safeguard such ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,916,100 | 1,916,600 |
volunteers was impossible because in the time of 1942, there was no one in Germany in the age group any more which we needed and in the physical constitution which we needed. All these people were either in the army, or were working at something which, of course, made it impossible for them to be available to us for an... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,916,550 | 1,917,050 |
new types. In the years 1941-42 the fighter aircraft Me (Messerschmidt) 163 was tried out in action. It was a small single seater rocket plane using liquid fuels which gave a quite extraordinary performance although later, after a long period of development, it gained no great importance in action. The rocket engine wa... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,917,000 | 1,917,500 |
of new types of aircraft can be based upon this medical knowledge." This affidavit in essence confirms what the defendant has already said and is sworn to before the competent authorities. I ask you to take judicial notice of the entire contents. BY DR. SAUTER: Q.Now, Dr. Ruff, I come now to your talks with Dr. Rascher... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,917,450 | 1,917,950 |
the medical chief would not ask me to work with a man if he had any objections to this man's qualifications as to character or personality. Moreover, Rascher knew Prof. Weltz. He worked at Prof. Weltz's institute in Munich; and this again could not give me the impression that Weltz would offer me for collaboration a ma... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,917,900 | 1,918,400 |
camp. There when we met the camp commandant and discussed with him the experiments. He asked about their dangerousness. We told him that so far asit was humanely possible to judge one would not have to expect deaths, or any other damage. Since he had no doubt been oriented beforehand about these experiments, he said th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,918,350 | 1,918,850 |
but it takes its course independent of the will of the experimental subject. In experiments such as we carried out in our institute, and such as were carried out in Dachau, the person in charge of the experiment is dependent on the good will and cooperation of the experimental subject. If it is not possible to interest... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,918,800 | 1,919,300 |
is, the fact whether the facilities were big enough for the number of inmates of the concentration camp I could not judge at the time, and I can not judge today. Since I don't know how many inmates the camp had, the whole camp of which we saw only a very small part was clean and in good order. We saw a shelter in one o... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,919,250 | 1,919,750 |
were professional criminals in Dachau and then you said that you were told that they were "Sicherheitsverwahrte-Verbrecher", do you know what that term meant, what does it mean to you professional criminals and "Sicherheitsverwahrte-Verbrecher"? A In broad outline it was no doubt known that every one know? what profess... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,919,700 | 1,920,200 |
have had to find some responsible person to whom they could give the keys and the papers. They could not go into the camp proper since they had to have passes issued to them personally for that purpose which could not be issued by the Camp Commandant at Dachau but only by the Reichsfuehrer SS. In the discussion of all ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,920,150 | 1,920,650 |
Later it had to be taken by railroad. 6550 Q Then later did you discuss anything with any one about the quality of the experimental subjects, or was nothing more said about that? A The statement about the quality of the experimental subjects, that is that they would be professional criminals, that they would be allowed... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,920,600 | 1,921,100 |
then I shall be in a position to read excerpts from these two testimonies. MR. HARDY:Your honors, I don't know whether defense counsel knows tho procedure necessary, for the introduction of the testimony before the Tribunal Number II will only necessitate him receiving a copy of the record and having the record certifi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,921,050 | 1,921,550 |
affidavit by Herbert Wilschewske which can be found in Document Book Ruff, Document No. 11 on page 45, and which was already submitted to the IMT during the case against the SS. This document will receive the exhibit number 10. This Herbert Wilschewske from whom this affidavit originates was a Polish Communist. He went... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,921,500 | 1,922,000 |
so-called pre-mobilisation which is the peculiar incident where the human being when descending from high altitude regains his full consciousness at the point where when ascending he lost his consciousness. In the case of this assignment with which Romberg went to Dachau we were concerned with a very clearly limited or... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,921,950 | 1,922,450 |
by having a person parachute from high altitude, remained within normal reactions of a human being and the practical question is whether the human person would awaken from its altitude sickness early enough to carry out his decision to unfold the parachute entirely. It is important that in this group of physiological e... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,922,400 | 1,922,900 |
for our experiments were housed together at that experimental station. They all wore a badge which was the same in the case of all them. It was the green badge belonging to the criminal. Q Did you find, out, through conversation, for what crimes these people had been incarcerated? A Romberg, as well as Rascher, told me... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,922,850 | 1,923,350 |
professional criminals and I therefore had no occasion to discuss that question with them. However, I asked one of these people since I was interested in that subject - how many had volunteered or rather, how many had reported for these experiments, and he said that this was a number of sixty-seven and that Stabsarzt R... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,923,300 | 1,923,800 |
Ruff, were not performed by yourself, but by the co-defendant, Dr. Romberg, and by the repeatedly mentioned Dr. Rascher. What was the relation of subordination? Was Dr. Romberg subordinate to Dr. Rascher during those experiments, or was Dr. Rascher subordinate to Dr. Romberg? Was this question of subordination ever dis... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,923,750 | 1,924,250 |
that he be detailed to the DVL at Dachau. No such branch over existed. At no time was there a branch of the DVL at Dachau or in any other concentration camp. In the year 1942 there was no branch of the DVL at all, with the exception of an institute for seaplanes, which was located at Hamburg. Rascher, before the experi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,924,200 | 1,924,700 |
occasion he observed the experiments." How often were you really in Dachau in order to look at the experiments? AFor the purpose of observing the experiments I went to Dachau once. In spite of that fact, however, both testimonies are correct when Heff says that he saw me in Dachau on one occasion when I looked at the e... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,924,650 | 1,925,150 |
the entire series. The amount of these experimental subjects ranged between ten to fifteen persons. QDr. Ruff, we know today on the basis of the documents which have been submitted that during the Dachau highaltitude experiments - and I am speaking quite generally fatalities occurred. When and in what manner did you fo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,925,100 | 1,925,600 |
camp at Dachau at all, if you hadn't done it through the trick you have described? AI don't believe I need to go into that at all, that neither Romberg or I would have been in a position to act against the will of Himmler and Rascher to remove anything out of the concentration camp, and certainly not the low pressure c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,925,550 | 1,926,050 |
different opinion today for the following reason: In the American Airforce, as well as in the German Airforce, these tests at 12,000 meters were carried out for training purposes with a very small difference in the method. In these tests the American Airforce, to which the soldiers were ordered just like in the German ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,926,000 | 1,926,500 |
death, then you gave instructions to stop the experiments and to return the chamber to Berlin, that is where we stopped. In addition to this the instruction which you gave Dr. Romberg, did you do anything else, for example, to avoid independent action of Rascher or to prevent further deaths, etc., what else did you do?... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,926,450 | 1,926,950 |
and he was going to report this to Milch. Q.If I understood you correctly, Dr. Ruff, do you mean to say that the first visit which you paid Hippke was before the 20 May, 1942, about the 12th May? A.Yes, it was before the 20 May, 1942, probably about the 13th or 14th. Q.And the second visit? A.That was at the beginning ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,926,900 | 1,927,400 |
in German. The whole book would first have to be translated and that really isn't worth all of that work, but nevertheless I consider it important that this book, which I showed to the defendant last night, can be used as evidence, because it has great value as evidence to prove the truth of what the defendant Ruff has... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,927,350 | 1,927,850 |
a document certifying to these two entries, the two extracts of the original, I will have no objection to them being introduced in evidence. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, you heard the offer of the Prosecution. If you have the two entries you mentioned copied and certified they may be submitted in evidence without objection. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,927,800 | 1,928,300 |
23, Exhibit 10. This Dr. Matthes also worked at the Institute which was headed by the defendant Dr. Ruff. In April 1933 he already met Dr. Ruff, as a definite opponent of the SS and then -- I did not intend to read this document -- but he described in February 1942 he was assigned to the Institute and he says that Rasc... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,928,250 | 1,928,750 |
June and July there was no use for the chamber. Only in August the Luftwaffe group turned up and took over the chamber -- and they took it away in August. Q.I should like the Court in this connection to take notice of an affidavit of Dr. Kellersmann which is in Ruff Document Book, Document 14. That will be Exhibit 11. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,928,700 | 1,929,200 |
examined here in December spoke of five deaths which supposedly occurred during Rascher's experiments when Romberg was present. Did you hear anything about that? A.No. I did not hear anything about that. I heard about three deaths, and Romberg reported them to me. When Rascher was in Berlin to draw up the report he did... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,929,150 | 1,929,650 |
stand here. Q.Do you really believe that in this case one could speak of medical experiments or what is your opinion today, as an expert, about what Rascher's intention could have been in this action? A.In the low pressure chamber, when it was in Dachau, twelve people could be accommodated at the utmost. There was room... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,929,600 | 1,930,100 |
vessels, they must be people who died after a long stay at altitudes of more than at least 10,000 meters - probably more than 12,000 meters. These gas bubbles in the blood vessels develop at these altitudes normally above 12,000 meters - in the course of a longer stay at these altitudes, since these gas bubbles need a ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,930,050 | 1,930,550 |
not the subject of an experiment but were executed, and that it was not mentioned for this reason. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, the Tribunal will now be in recess until 9:30 o'clock tomorrow morning. (A RECESS WAS TAKEN UNTIL 0930 HOURS, "( APRIL 1947) Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,930,500 | 1,931,000 |
to ask you when did you learn of this secret report of Dr. Rascher for the first time? This is the secret report of the 5th of April 1942 which is signed by Rascher alone. AI saw this report for the first time when it was submitted by the prosecution here in the courtroom. QDr. Ruff, did you receive knowledge of these ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,930,950 | 1,931,450 |
that in this secret report which Rascher sent to Himmler fatal experiments are mentioned, that is, experiments which Rascher carried out alone, but that he does not mention this affair with the 16 Russians at all. Can you give us any explanation for this? How could this be explained in your opinion? AIt is difficult to... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,931,400 | 1,931,900 |
with his name he confirms the scientific accuracy of his associates, who, it is possible, no one in the scientific world or among superiors may know, he takes the responsibility for it. QIs that tho general custom in such scientific work? AIt is customary in such a report that the head of tho Institute countersigns. In... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,931,850 | 1,932,350 |
at the showing of this film.AS the documents show, this film showing had been arranged at Rancher's suggestion by Himmler with Milch and quite a number of people from Milch's office had been invited, but I was not among them. QIn your official report, which you also signed which was drawn up by Romberg and Rascher, the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,932,300 | 1,932,800 |
to report these incidents and accidents. QDo you believe, Dr. Ruff, that if these three deaths had been mentioned, let us say, that you would have had any official difficulties, that reproaches would have been made, or that you would have been called to account? AOf course, if these deaths had been listen or had to be ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,932,750 | 1,933,250 |
false report - I would have violated the most primitive principle of the research worker that is, the one that he must report the results of his experiments correctly and honestly. One forgives any scientist for drawing false conclusions from his results, but one never forgives a scientist if, in his work, he misrepres... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,933,200 | 1,933,700 |
judge the significance of this cold problem in connection with the high altitude experiments and how it was solved. Perhaps you can explain to us what tho practical value of your Dachau high altitude experiments was for the needs of aviation. That is, the practical value, although the problem of the effects of cold had... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,933,650 | 1,934,150 |
that we performed extensive experiments with cold. As is customary, a report was issued about these experiments too. QDo you have this report or was this report shown to you in your interrogations? ANo, it was not shown to me, but I have it in my possession. Q.Dr. Ruff, I see your official report of July 1942; I will a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,934,100 | 1,934,600 |
just about the same as barely perceptible rheumatic pain. It can be similar to a strong rheumatic pain, but again as in these two cases it may be quite extensive. But to cause this pain it is again necessary that the persons concerned, remain at this altitude for a considerable time. In these experiments of Romberg and... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,934,550 | 1,935,050 |
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