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of Information, Press Bulletin, published in Polish Fortnightly Review, 15 December 1942, concerning Jewish Food Situation. (USA 287).....VII *L-180 Report by SS Brigade Commander Stahlecker to Himmler, "Action Group A", 15 October 1941. (USA 276).....VII 978 *R-135 Letter to Rosenberg enclosing secret reports from Kub... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XII - The Persecution of the Jews | 14,400 | 14,624 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 1 Chapter XIII - Germanization... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 0 | 500 |
Government-General many hundreds of thousands of Jews, members of the Polish intelligentsia, and other noncompliant elements. The Jews deported to the Government-General were doomed to speedy annihilation. Moreover, since the conspirators felt that members of the Polish intelligentsia could not be Germanized and might ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 450 | 950 |
of all workers for work within Germany, reduction oft he entire Polish economy to absolute minimum necessary for bare existence of the population, closing of all educational institutions, especially technical schools and colleges in order to prevent the growth of the new Polish intelligentsia. 'Poland shall be treated ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 900 | 1,400 |
Dr. Frank, as approved by the Fuehrer, Warsaw shall not be rebuilt nor is it the intention of the Fuehrer to rebuild or reconstruct any industry in the Government-General." (EC-411) (2) Deportation and Resettlement. The Academy of German Law in January 1940 prepared a secret report on plans for the mass migration of Po... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Reich, and thereby hamper their native biological propagation. (Their assimilation into the old Reich must be prevented.) * * *" (661-PS) Finally, the report stated: "Strictest care is to be taken that secret circulars, memoranda and official correspondence which contain instructions detrimental of the Poles are kept s... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 1,800 | 2,300 |
overrun. In this speech Himmler said: "Very frequently the member of the Waffen-SS thinks about the deportation of this people here. These thoughts came to me today when watching the very difficult work out there performed by the Security Police, supported by your men, who help them a great deal. Exactly the same thing... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 2,250 | 2,750 |
the following statements: "The removal of foreign races from the incorporated Eastern Territories is one of the most essential goals to be accomplished in the German East. This is the chief national political task, which has to be executed in the incorporated Eastern Territories by the Reichsfuehrer SS, Reich Commissio... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 2,700 | 3,200 |
effect, an elaborate classification of persons deemed to be of German blood, and contained provisions setting for the some of the rights, privileges, and duties of the persons in each classification. Persons were classified into four groups: (1) Germans who had actively promoted the Nazi cause. (2) Germans who had been... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 3,150 | 3,650 |
are to be taken." (2916-PS) The basic idea of creating a racial register for persons of German extraction was later incorporated into a decree of 3 March 1941, signed by Himmler Frick, and Hess. This decree is set forth in the 1941 Reichsgesetzblatt Part I, page 118. The entire apparatus the SS was thrown behind the vi... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 3,600 | 4,100 |
and cannot be included in the resettlement action, her name, too, is to be turned over to the competent State Police (Superior) Office with a view to imprisoning her in a concentration camp. In such cases the children are to be separated from their parents and to be dealt with according to III, paragraph 2 of this decr... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 4,050 | 4,550 |
first five-year plan for re-settlement after the war the new German Eastern territories should first be filled; afterwards it is intended to provide at this time the Crimea and the Baltic countries with a German upper-class at least. Into the Government-General perhaps further German Island Settlements should be newly ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 4,500 | 5,000 |
prisoners busy. This too can be done without further delay since enough land can be made available for the purpose. The owners of the plots are all Poles." "I had the following discussion with the head of the labor office in Bielitz: "The lack of agricultural laborers still exists in the old Reich. The transfer of the ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 4,950 | 5,450 |
of Germanism" required its seizure. On 15 April 1941, on paper bearing the letterhead of the Reich Leader SS, Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood, instructions were given "for internal use on the application of the law concerning property of the Poles of 17 September 1940." The following is an excer... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 5,400 | 5,900 |
Party agencies, industrial circles, as well as agencies of the central authorities of Berlin have had difficulties about the solution of the Czech problem. "After ample deliberation, the Reich Protector Expressed his views about the various plans in a memorandum. In this way, three ways of solution were indicated: "a. ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 5,850 | 6,350 |
and the forcible removal of the Czechs from that area to Bohemia. Moravia lies between Bohemia and Slovakia. Thus, solution (a) would have involved the erection of a German state between Bohemia and Slovakia, and would have prevented effective inter-communications between the Czechs and the Slovaks. In this manner, the... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 6,300 | 6,800 |
the materials which were to be removed to Germany. This region had previously supplied the northern area of the Soviet Union, which the conspirators called the "Forest Zone". The latter zone embraced some of the leading industrial areas of the Soviet Union, including Moscow and Leningrad. B. They deliberately and syste... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 6,750 | 7,250 |
formulated plans for the economic administration of Russia. The report begins by a recitation of figures pertaining to the production of agricultural products in the Soviet Union. It states that the grain surplus of Russia is determined by the level of domestic consumption and that this fact affords the basis upon whic... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 7,200 | 7,700 |
over for products for the producer (grain, potatoes, etc.) Moreover, discontinuance of fodder for that area will lead to the collapse of the dairy production and pig producing in that territory. "b. Germany is not interested in the maintenance of the productive power of these territories, except for supplying the troop... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 7,650 | 8,150 |
these measures will not avert famine. Many tens of millions of people in this area will become redundant and will either die or have to emigrate to Siberia. Any attempt to save the population there from death by starvation by importing surpluses from the black soil zone would be at the expense of supplies to Europe. It... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 8,100 | 8,600 |
premeditated murder on a scale so vast as to stagger human imagination. This plan was the logical culmination of general objectives clearly announced by Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf. (See Section 6 of Chapter IX.) A top secret memorandum, dated 16 July 1941, of a conference at the Fuehrer's headquarters concerning the wa... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 8,550 | 9,050 |
same way the former Austrian part of Galicia will become Reich territory. "Our present relations with Roumania are good, but nobody knows what they will be at any future time. This we have to consider, and we have to draw our frontiers accordingly. One ought not to be dependent on the good will of other people. We have... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 9,000 | 9,500 |
German colonies. This point is reinforced by a directive entitled, "Instruction for a Reich Commissar in the Baltic Countries and White Russia," which states: "The aim of a Reich Commissar for Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and White Russia [last two words added in pencil] must be to strive to achieve the form of a Germa... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 9,450 | 9,950 |
even they are subject to the principle expressed in paragraph I. "III. The main emphasis of all economic work rests with the production of food and raw materials. "The highest possible production surplus for the supply of the Reich and of other European countries is to be attained by cheap production based on the maint... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 9,900 | 10,400 |
according to this guiding principle. "The regulations of the Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which concern the administration of a country occupied by a foreign belligerent power, are not applicable, since the USSR is to be considered dissolved, and therefore the Reich has the obligation of exercising all governmenta... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 10,350 | 10,850 |
thank you very much for your kind letter of the 14th of this month with which you made me very happy. At the same time, I am enclosing a list with the total amount of funds made available to you in your special tasks and to be able to provide some small relief for you in your still further extended sphere of duties. "W... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 10,800 | 11,300 |
As Goering told General Thomas: "The Fuehrer is firmly convinced that he will succeed in reaching a decision in the year 1940 by a big attack in the West. He reckons that Belgium, Holland, and Northern France will get into our possession and had figured out that the industrial areas of Douai and Lens and those of Luxem... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 11,250 | 11,750 |
reflect the windfall to the Reich resulting from the substantial over-valuation of the Reichsmark, particularly in the case of Frances and Belgium. (EC-86) A few illustrative examples of specific items, taken from the report of the German Military Commander for France of 10 September, 1942 (EC-267), will serve to show ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 11,700 | 12,200 |
war material orders were likewise treated as war booty. Even goods in transit were arbitrarily placed in this category (EC-422). Machinery and equipment affixed to the realty were seized and shipped to Germany in willful disregard of the limitations of the Hague Regulations authorizing seizure only of chattels. (EC-84)... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 12,150 | 12,650 |
the Hague Regulations were inapplicable because the Allies had destroyed a number of German scientific installations in the Reich through bombing, which therefore had to be replaced from the occupied territories, and that "in a total war, no consideration could be given to the cited articles of the Hague Regulations". ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 12,600 | 13,100 |
WABO. This drive was pursuant to Hitler's order to Speer to procure Christmas packages for the soldiers. The O. Todt Cantine accepted offers of sale on the black market and Pimetex did the buying. Special Drive LOWA (Degenkolb locomotive program). The purchase were made by Pimetex. (ECH-7) As of 15 January 1943, black ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 13,050 | 13,550 |
imprisonment for violations. (3609-PS) For the first two years of the occupation, German control was exercised mainly though prohibitions and restrictions, that is, by a priority system (ECH-4), although even then important sectors of the Belgian economy, notably textiles and leather products, were controlled by "posit... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 13,500 | 14,000 |
aimed at obtaining permanent ownership and domination of European industry to the fullest extent possible, and embarked on program to that end even during the progress of the war. (1) The Nazi conspirators established a program to acquire for German interests ownership of Belgian, Dutch, and French participations durin... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 13,950 | 14,450 |
in which "first of all, enterprises should be taken over through banks, thereupon the plants should be managed as a matter of trusteeship for the Reich with the aim that the Reich (Reich Marshal Goering)" undertake handing them over to private industry. (EC-43) (2) The Nazi conspirators carried out this program by comp... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 14,400 | 14,900 |
Generale on the transfer of approximately 25% of the capital of the Banque Generale du Luxmbourg are about to be concluded. Through this deal the Deutsche Bank together with the other German groups obtains the absolute majority of the Luxembourger Bank (approximately 70% of the shares). The Deutsche Bank gets the right... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 14,850 | 15,350 |
Requisition of Gold and Foreign Exchange in Amounts Far in Excess of the Needs of the Occupation Armies. Except for the early period of the occupation, during which Reichskreditkassen certificates were issued to finance the needs of the occupation troops (Lemkin, Axis Rule In Occupied Europe, p. 329), the Nazis obtaine... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 15,300 | 15,800 |
Reich Minister for Economic Affairs (primarily for the buying agency, "Roges," also for the purchase of securities and devisen)....RM 1,518,000,000 A II. Foreign Office (for propaganda purposes in France)....27,000,000 A III. Payment of support to dependents of laborers recruited in Frances for work in Germany....1,500... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 15,750 | 16,250 |
according to whether "the products purchased or produced on orders of the armed forces of the Netherlands (nonoccupation cost)" (ECR-174). During the 20-month period from March 1941 to October 1942, inclusive (the only period for which figures are available), out of the total occupation charges of 1,545,500,000 gulden,... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 16,200 | 16,700 |
it makes easier cooperation with my office, a fact which deserves special mention in consideration of the frequently observed passive conduct of the Netherlands agencies before the entrance into office of the new President. I consider as a fortunate solution the fact that the Reichskommissar for the Occupied Dutch Area... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 16,650 | 17,150 |
published to the Belgians by proclamation of the Military Commander of 10 July 1940 (EC-604;3608-PS). (b) "Since it was to be foreseen that as the result of the increased deliveries from Belgium to the Reich, which were not matched by opposite accounts, particularly in the early period, the clearing status would develo... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 17,100 | 17,600 |
The nature of this pressure is explicitly shown in the following communication from the Commissar to the President of the Emmission Bank dated 29 October 1942: "The Military Commander has ordered me to inform you of the following: "The requested extension of time for the resumption of business relations with the Armed ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 17,550 | 18,050 |
foreign exchange" which led to a "considerable straining of the reserves" (EC-401), the "Reich Government felt itself required to lay claim to the gold of the National Bank for the Reich" (ECR-149). A decision to proceed by requisitioning under paragraph 52 of the Hague Regulations (EC-401) was not executed, apparently... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 18,000 | 18,500 |
along the German-Dutch borders (EC-468). This provided, inter-alia, that RM 1,000 or its equivalent in gulden could be taken across the German-Dutch border by travelers or in border trade without permit, and permitted Germans to transfer to Holland up to 5,000 RM per person per month for any purpose except purchase of ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 18,450 | 18,950 |
free payments traffic, the Netherlands Bank had a total stock of about 83 million RM of Reichsmark credits, on 30 April 1941 of about 213 million RM, and on 31 May 1941 of about 366 million RM. Thus, in the two months after the removal of the foreign exchange frontier, it has taken up about 283 million RM, the gulden e... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 18,900 | 19,400 |
choice is without legal significance. The civil administration of an occupied country, it may be confidently asserted, has no independent legal status whatever. (1) The acts of the Nazi conspirators as revealed by the evidence are prohibited by the Hague Regulations. (a) The forcible removal of machinery, foodstuffs, a... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 19,350 | 19,850 |
for the transmission of news, or for the transport of persons or things, exclusive of cases governed by naval law, depots of arms and, generally, all kinds of munitions of war, may be seized even if they belong to private individuals, but must be restored and compensation fixed when peace is made." This Article, it may... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 19,800 | 20,300 |
German interest save to cease operations. And even this alternative was not available, since the power to appoint a commissar in case of recalcitrant plants was expressly reserved. Article 53, which is limited to chattels and has no relation to the demanding of personal services in any event, provides not even a remote... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 20,250 | 20,750 |
resulting in a loan or merely in an exchange, constitute a contribution of money for nonoccupation purposes. It may be assumed that they were carried out "voluntarily" while the Netherlands Bank was under the immediate direction of Rost Van Tonningen. This circumstance is immaterial, however, since Van Tonningen was a ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 20,700 | 21,200 |
or private property" within the meaning of Article 6 (B) of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal. Save as they may be authorized by International Law (and hence "consented" to by the occupied countries), the acts complained of are of a character condemned by the criminal code of the occupied countries and... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 21,150 | 21,650 |
in Rosenberg's "Russia File". (USA 145)....III 690 *1058-PS Excerpt from a speech, 20 June 1941, by Rosenberg before people most intimately concerned with Eastern Problem, found in his "Russia File". (USA 147)...III 716 *1352-PS Reports concerning the confiscation of Polish agricultural properties, 16 and 29 May 1940, ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 21,600 | 22,100 |
1940, from Official Gazette of Military Commander in Belgium and Northern France....VI 317 3609-PS Decree for execution of rationing decree in Belgium, 5 November 1940, from Official Gazette of Military Commander in Belgium and Northern France....VI 318 3610-PS Decree regarding Plant Commissars, 29 April 1941, from Off... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 22,050 | 22,550 |
EC-263 Note on draft of decree on confiscation of private Polish property.....VII 373 EC-267 Development and Position of French Industry in area of Military Commander, France, in 1941, from Report on Economy by Military Commander, France.....VII 376 *EC-305 Minutes of meeting on 12 February 1940, under Chairmanship of ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 22,500 | 23,000 |
Letter from Military Commander in Belgium and Northern France, 1 May 1942........VII 584 EC-605 Letter of the Commissar with the Emission Bank in Brussels, 29 October 1942, with enclosure........VII 585 EC-606 Minutes concerning conference with Field Marshal Goering at Karinhall, 30 January 1940.......VII 588 EC-613 Me... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 22,950 | 23,450 |
Belgian National Bank on Clearing Transfers, 24 March 1941.......VII 642 ECR-24 Annual report of the Commissar at the National Bank of Belgium, covering period May 1940 - May 1941.....VII 642 ECR-32 Memorandum from Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich Commissioner for the Four Year Plan, 11 June 1941, on occupatio... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 23,400 | 23,900 |
June 1941, concerning occupation costs.....VII 735 ECR-178 Letter from RKK Amsterdam to Central Administration of RKK Berlin, 25 July 1941, concerning occupation costs....VII 735 ECR-179 Letter from RKK Amsterdam to Central Administration of RKK Berlin, 28 August 1941, concerning occupation costs.....VII 735 ECR-180 Le... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 23,850 | 24,350 |
to Himmler, 20 November 1940. (USA 312)......VIII 61 *R-112 Orders issued by Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German nationhood, 16 February 1942, 1 July 1942, 28 July 1942. (USA 309).....VIII 108 *R-114 Memoranda of conferences, 4 and 18 August 1942, concerning directions for treatment of deported Alsatians... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIII - Germanization and Spoliation | 24,300 | 24,442 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 1 Chapter XIV - The Plunder of... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 0 | 500 |
materials specified in the original Hitler Order (171-PS), but the seizure of private art treasures (1015-B-PS), public art treasures (055-PS0, and household furnishings. (L-188) C. Cooperating Agencies. On 5 July 1940 Keitel (Chief of the OKW) informed the Chief ot he Army High Command (OKH) and the Chief of the Armed... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 450 | 950 |
"* * * It is understood that the confiscations are not executed by the regional authorities but that this is conducted by the Security Service as well as by the police. it has been communicated to me in writing by a Gauleiter, that the chief office of the Reich Security (RSHA) of the SS has claimed the following from t... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 900 | 1,400 |
These seizures were carried out on the basis of preliminary exhaustive investigations into the address lists of the French Police authorities, on the basis of Jewish handbooks, warehouse inventories and order books of French shipping firms as well as on the basis of French art and collection catalogs. "* * * The seizur... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 1,350 | 1,850 |
states that 470 cases of books had already been packed and reports materials seized from 92 separate lodges of the "Droit Human", the "Groot Oosten", the "IOOF" and the "Rotary Club". An additional 776 cases containing approximately 160,000 volumes were seized from the International Institute for Social History at Amst... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 1,800 | 2,300 |
131 cases containing: 10,186 books, the catalog of the "East" library, art folios, samples of magazines, Bolshevist pictures, and Bolshevist films. Utikal also stated: "Moreover an essential part of the prehistoric museum was transported away." (035-PS) Another report on the shipment of works of art from the Ukraine, 1... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 2,250 | 2,750 |
the above figures would be increased since seizures in the West were not yet completed and it had not been possible to make a scientific inventory of part of the seized objects because of the lack of exports. (1015-B-PS) As early as 28 January 1941, Rosenberg stated, with reference to properties seized in France alone:... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 2,700 | 3,200 |
collection of Gobelins and Persian tapestries contains numerous world-famous objects. The collection of handicraft works and the Rothschild collection of renaissance jewelry is valuable beyond comparison." (1015-B-PS) The report refers to 25 portfolios of pictures of the most valuable works of the art collections seize... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 3,150 | 3,650 |
"a. Paintings. "b. Sculpture. "c. Products of handicraft (for instance antique furniture, chinaware, glass, golden and silver objects, Gobelins, rugs, embroideries, lacework, parchmente, etc.). "d. Drawings, engravings, etc. "e. Rare manuscripts, musical manuscripts, autographs, book-paintings, miniatures, prints, cove... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 3,600 | 4,100 |
is indicated in a report by Dr. Hans Posse, Director of the Dresden State Picture Gallery: "I was able to gain some knowledge on the public and private collections as well as clerical property in Cracow and Warsaw. It is true that we cannot hope too much to enrich ourselves from the acquisition of great Art works, of p... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 4,050 | 4,550 |
are catalogued, many of the items including a large number of separate objects treated under a single catalogue heading. (1709-PS) The value of the objects seized from 22 collections is stated to be 9,437,000 Zloty. The materials referred to are only a portion of those selected as being of secondary importance. No valu... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 4,500 | 5,000 |
were turned over to Architect Koettgen. The items listed include, in addition to paintings, tapestries, etc., plates, dishes, cups and saucers, vases, cream pitchers, glasses, a bread basket, a service tray, and other items of table service. These objects were turned over to Architect for the purpose of furnishing the ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 4,950 | 5,450 |
during the trial but was not formally received in evidence, for the reason given in parentheses following the description of the document. The USA series number, given in parentheses following the description of the document, is the official exhibit number assigned by the court. *015-PS letter and report of Rosenberg t... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 5,400 | 5,900 |
art objects - attached to a report (Document 1015-B-PS).....III 671 1099-PS Letter from Kube, General Commissar White Ruthenia, to Rosenberg, 28 September 1941....III 781 1107-PS Office memorandum, 17 May 1944, in Rosenberg Ministry concerning the Wehrmacht's function in removing treasures from the USSR...III 789 1109-... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol1): Chapter XIV - The Plunder of Art Treasures | 5,850 | 6,207 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 2 Chapter XV Part1 Chapter XIV... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 0 | 500 |
stirred hate, a thousand Kaltenbrunners and Franks tortured and killed, a thousand Schachts and Speers and Funks administered, financed, and supported the movement. The Nazi movement was an integrated force in city and county and hamlet. The party power resulting from this system of organizations first rivaled, and the... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 450 | 950 |
devotees felt no personal sense of guilt as they went from one extreme measure to another. On the other hand, they developed a contest in cruelty and a competition in crime. Ohlendorf from the witness stand accused other SS commanders, whose killings exceeded his, of "exaggerating" their figures. There could be no just... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 900 | 1,400 |
the whole German people except 22 men in the dock. The wrongs that have been done to the world by these defendants and their top confederates was not done by their will or by their strength alone. The success of their designs was made possible because great numbers of Germans organized themselves to become the fulcrum ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Condemning Organizations. It was obvious that the conventional litigation procedures could not, without some modification, be adapted to this task. No system of jurisprudence has yet evolved any satisfactory technique for handling a great multiplicity of common charges against a multitude of accused persons. The number... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 1,800 | 2,300 |
not be questioned." Unquestionably, it would be competent for the Charter to have declared flatly that membership in any of these named organizations is criminal and should be punished accordingly. If there had been such an enactment, it would not have been open to an individual who was being tried for membership in th... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 2,250 | 2,750 |
as a crime "membership in categories of a criminal group or organization declared criminal by the International Military Tribunal." A purpose to inflict punishments without a right of hearing cannot be spelled out of the Charter, and would be offensive to both its letter and its spirit. And I do not find in Control Cou... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 2,700 | 3,200 |
to "categories of membership declared criminal." This language recognizes a power in this Tribunal to limit the effect of its declaration. I do not think, for reasons I will later state, that this should be construed or availed of so as to try here any issues as to sub-groups or sections or individuals, which can be tr... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 3,150 | 3,650 |
in Germany. It appealed to the same hates, practiced the same extra-legal coercions, and likewise terrorized by weird nighttime ceremonials. Like the Nazi Party it was composed of a core of fanatics, but enlisted support of some respectable persons who knew it was wrong, but thought it was winning. It eventually provok... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 3,600 | 4,100 |
subversive organizations a crime. Membership of the criminal gang is a crime in itself. (Articles 265-268, French Penal Code, "Association de Malfaiteurs"; Garaud, Precis de Droit Criminel, 1934 Edition Sirey, p. 1518 and seq. See also Act of December 18, 1893.) For German precedents, it is neither seemly nor necessary... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 4,050 | 4,550 |
are strikingly like the principles that govern our Anglo-American law of conspiracy. Among them were these: 1. "It is a matter of indifference whether all the members pursued the forbidden aims. It is enough if a part exercised the forbidden activity." (R.G. VIa 97/22 of the 8.5.22.) 2. "It is a matter of indifference ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 4,500 | 5,000 |
the nature of the social problem, rather than controlled by refinements of any local law. Now, except for procedural difficulties arising from their multitude, there is no reason why every member of any Nazi organization accused here could not have been indicted and convicted as a part of the conspiracy under Article 6... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 4,950 | 5,450 |
of criminal organizations or conspiracies who personally commit crimes are individually punishable for those crimes exactly as are those who commit the same offenses without organizational backing. But the very gist of the crime of conspiracy or membership in a criminal association is liability for acts one did not per... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 5,400 | 5,900 |
outline of the contours of a conspiracy to do what the organization actually did. It is the only one workable at this stage of the trial. It can work no injustice because before any individual can be punished, he can submit the facts of his own case to further and more detailed judicial scrutiny. While the Charter does... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 5,850 | 6,350 |
think are not relevant before this Tribunal, some of which are mentioned in the specific questions asked by the Tribunal. Only a single ultimate issue is before this Tribunal for decision. That is whether accused organizations properly may be characterized as criminal ones or as innocent ones. Nothing is relevant here ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 6,300 | 6,800 |
in addition to the general charge of membership in a criminal organization. Therefore, it is wholly immaterial that one or more members of the organizations were themselves allegedly innocent of specific wrongdoing. The purpose of this proceeding is not to reach instances of individual criminal conduct, even in subsequ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 6,750 | 7,250 |
of such questions and is likely to be so general as to comprehend persons who on more detailed inquiry will prove to be outside of it. An effort by this Tribunal to try questions of exculpation of individuals, few or many, would unduly protract the trial, transgress the limitation of the Charter, and quite likely do so... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 7,200 | 7,700 |
that section of criminal responsibility if its activities contributed to the accomplishment of the criminal enterprise. E. Further Steps Before This Tribunal. Over 45,000 persons have joined in communications to this Tribunal asking to be heard in connection with the accusations against organizations. The volume of the... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 7,650 | 8,150 |
evidence on the general issue triable here. They assert that the writer has neither committed, witnessed, nor known of the crimes charged against the organization. On a proper definition of the issues such an application is insufficient on its face. A careful examination of the Tribunal's notice to which these applicat... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 8,100 | 8,600 |
Figures from German sources seriously exaggerate the number, because they do not take account of heavy casualties in the latter part of the war, and make no allowances for duplication of membership, which was large. For example, the evidence is to the effect that 75 percent of the Gestapo men also were members of the S... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 8,550 | 9,050 |
Reichsregierung, the very heart of Nazidom within the Government, is named. The armed forces are accused, but not the average soldier or officer, no matter how high ranking. Only the top policy-makers-the General Staff and High Command-are named. The police forces are accused, but not every policeman: not the ordinary ... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 9,000 | 9,500 |
- 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - © 2008 Lillian Goldman Law Library 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT 06511. Avalon Statement of Purpose Accessibility at Yale Contact Us Yale Law Library University Library Yale Law School Se... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 1 - The Law Under Which the Nazi Organizations Are Accused of Being Criminal | 9,450 | 9,515 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume 2 Chapter XV Part 2 Chapter XV... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 0 | 500 |
to be found in the 1943 edition of the Organization Book of the NSDAP, Dr. Robert Ley. The Reichsleitung of the Leadership Corps consisted of the Reichsleiter or Reich Leaders of the Party, the Hauptaemter (Main Offices) and the Aemter (or Offices). The Reichsleiter of the Party were, next to Hitler, the highest office... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 450 | 950 |
legislation violative of the rights of humanity, such as the legislation designed to stigmatize and eliminate the Jewish people of Germany and German-occupied Europe. As chief of the Party Chancellery, immediately under Hitler, Bormann was an extremely important force in directing the activities of the Leadership Corps... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 900 | 1,400 |
directives and in accordance with the program of the NSDAP the organs of the Reich Directorate directionally determine the political aims of the German people. It is in the Reich Directorate that the arteries of the organization of the German people and the State merge. It is the task of the separate organs of the Reic... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Party Directorate) included about eleven Hauptamter, or Main Offices, and about four Amter, or Offices. The Hauptamter of the Party included such main organizations as those for personnel, training, technology (headed by Speer), "Volkdom," (headed by Himmler), civil servants, communal policy, and the like. The Amter, o... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Reich and each Gauleiter became a Reich Defense Commissar (Decree of the Ministerial Council for the Defense of the Reich of 16 November 1942, 1942 Reichsgesetzblatt, Part I, page 649). In the course of the war, additional functions were entrusted to the Gauleiter so that at the end, with the exception of certain speci... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 2,250 | 2,750 |
more communes or, in a town, a certain district. The Ortsgruppe was composed of a combination of blocks and cells and, according to local circumstances, contained up to 1500 households. The Ortsgruppenleiter also had a staff of office leaders to assist him in the various functional activities of the Party. All other po... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 2,700 | 3,200 |
expressed duty of the Blockleiter to spy on the population. According to the Party Manual: "It is the duty of the Blockleiter to find people disseminating damaging rumors and to report them to the Ortsgruppe so that they may be reported to the respective State authorities. "The Blockleiter must not only be preacher and... | Yale Avalon (nca_vol2): Part 2 - The Nazi Party Leadership Corps | 3,150 | 3,650 |
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