---
language:
- kab
- ber
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- tokenizer
- bpe
- kabyle
- taqbaylit
- tamazight
- nlp
library_name: tokenizers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
---

# Kabyle BPE Tokenizer v2

A clean, production-ready BPE tokenizer for the Kabyle language (Taqbaylit), built from scratch with proper Unicode handling and a CLDR-grounded alphabet.

## Overview

| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Language | Kabyle / Taqbaylit (`kab`) |
| Script | Latin (Mammeri orthography) |
| Algorithm | Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) |
| Vocab size | 48,000 |
| Normalizer | NFC + Lowercase |
| Pre-tokenizer | Metaspace + Punctuation split |
| Model max length | 512 |

## Usage

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer

tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("boffire/Kabyle-BPE-Tokenizer-v2")

text = "Taqbaylit d tutlayt tameẓẓyant yellan deg tmurt n Leqbayel."
ids = tok.encode(text)
tokens = tok.convert_ids_to_tokens(ids)
print(tokens)
# ['▁taqbaylit', '▁d', '▁tutlayt', '▁tameẓẓyant', '▁yellan',
#  '▁deg', '▁tmurt', '▁n', '▁leqbayel', '.']
```

## Design Decisions

### 1. NFC Unicode Normalization
Kabyle special characters (ẓ, ɣ, ɛ, ḥ…) can be encoded in two ways in UTF-8: as a single precomposed codepoint, or as a base character + combining diacritic. Without normalization, the same word can produce different token sequences depending on how the source file was saved. NFC normalization is applied before tokenization to guarantee consistency.

### 2. Metaspace Pre-tokenizer
Instead of ByteLevel BPE (used by GPT-2-based tokenizers), this tokenizer uses a Metaspace pre-tokenizer. Word-initial spaces are marked as `▁`, and all Unicode characters — including Kabyle-specific extended Latin letters — remain as single atomic units. This eliminates the byte-level garbling (`áºĵ` for `ẓ`, `ÉĽ` for `ɛ`) seen in byte-level tokenizers.

### 3. Hyphen Preserved as Morphological Marker
In Kabyle, the hyphen (`-`) is a morphological connector, not punctuation. It marks clitic attachment (verbal object clitics: `yewwi-t-id`), directional clitics (`yeffeɣ-d`), and possessive suffixes (`tamurt-nneɣ`). The punctuation splitter explicitly excludes `-` so these forms are pre-tokenized as single units and BPE can learn them correctly.

### 4. CLDR-Grounded Alphabet
The `initial_alphabet` is derived exclusively from the [Unicode CLDR `kab.xml`](https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/main/kab.xml) exemplar character set:

**Core:** `a b c č d ḍ e ɛ f g ǧ ɣ h ḥ i j k l m n p q r ṛ s ṣ t ṭ u w x y z ẓ`

**Auxiliary:** `o v`

Every character in this set is guaranteed to exist as an atomic token in the vocabulary, regardless of its frequency in the training corpus.

### 5. Distinct Special Tokens
Each special token has exactly one role:

| Token | Role |
|---|---|
| `<s>` | Beginning of sequence |
| `</s>` | End of sequence |
| `<unk>` | Unknown token |
| `<pad>` | Padding |
| `<mask>` | Masked token (for MLM) |

## Benchmark

Comparison against 3 other publicly available Kabyle tokenizers on 10 morphologically complex Kabyle sentences (verbal clitics, negation, construct state, pronominal suffixes, dense special characters, aspectual contrast):

| Tokenizer | Vocab | Avg fertility ↓ | Design |
|---|---|---|---|
| `boffire/kabyle-gpt2-tokenizer` | 50,257 | 2.058 | ByteLevel BPE, broken Kabyle chars |
| `Hillal-titouh/kabyle-bpe-tokenizer` | 50,257 | 1.887 | No NFC, no mask token |
| **`boffire/kabyle-bpe-tokenizer-v2`** | **48,000** | **1.736** | ✅ NFC, CLDR alphabet, clean punctuation |
| `boffire/bpe-tokenizer-for-kabyle` | 48,000 | 1.476 | Absorbs punctuation into words |

> **Note on BPE (boffire) fertility:** Its lower fertility is structural — it absorbs punctuation marks into word tokens (e.g. `berra.` as a single token), which reduces the token count but makes punctuation boundaries invisible to the model. This tokenizer separates punctuation cleanly, which costs ~10 tokens across the benchmark but produces linguistically correct segmentation.

### Sample tokenization

```
Yewwi-t-id ukan i gma-s.
→ ▁yewwi- | t- | id | ▁ukan | ▁i | ▁gma- | s | .

Ur iẓri ara acu i d-yuɣen ɣer taddart-nneɣ.
→ ▁ur | ▁iẓri | ▁ara | ▁acu | ▁i | ▁d | - | yu | ɣen | ▁ɣer | ▁taddart- | n | neɣ | .

Yessekcem-it deg taddart imi yeffeɣ-d ɣer berra.
→ ▁yessekcem- | it | ▁deg | ▁taddart | ▁imi | ▁yeffeɣ- | d | ▁ɣer | ▁berra | .
```

## Training Data

Trained on a curated Kabyle text corpus (~20 MB, ~212,000 word-level units after pre-tokenization). The corpus covers written Kabyle in the standard Mammeri Latin orthography.

## Limitations

- **Lowercase only.** The normalizer lowercases all input. Kabyle capitalization is positional (sentence-initial) and carries no morphological information, so this is lossless for NLP tasks. Casing cannot be recovered from token IDs.
- **Corpus size.** At 20 MB, some low-frequency morpheme combinations (e.g. the possessive suffix `-nneɣ` after varied stems) may not have been merged and will be split across 2–3 tokens. A larger corpus will improve this.
- **No Tifinagh or Arabic script support.** This tokenizer covers the Latin orthography only.

## Citation

If you use this tokenizer in your work, please cite it as:

```bibtex
@misc{boffire2026kabyle,
  author    = {boffire},
  title     = {Kabyle BPE Tokenizer v2},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  url       = {https://huggingface.co/boffire/Kabyle-BPE-Tokenizer-v2}
}
```

## License

[Apache 2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)