json/Tanakh/Prophets/Hosea/English/merged.json

{
    "title": "Hosea",
    "language": "en",
    "versionTitle": "merged",
    "versionSource": "https://www.sefaria.org/Hosea",
    "text": [
        [
            "The word of G<small>OD</small> that came to Hosea son of Beeri, in the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah, and in the reign of King Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel.",
            "When G<small>OD</small> first spoke to Hosea, G<small>OD</small> said to Hosea, “Go, get yourself a wife of whoredom and children of whoredom; for the land will stray<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>stray </b>Lit. “whore away.”</i> from following G<small>OD</small>.”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>a wife of whoredom and children of whoredom; for the land will stray from following G<small>OD</small> </b>Force of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "So he went and married Gomer daughter of Diblaim. She conceived and bore him a son, ",
            "and G<small>OD</small> instructed him, “Name him Jezreel; for, I will soon punish the House of Jehu<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Jehu </b>Emendation yields “Israel”; cf. next note.</i> for the bloody deeds at Jezreel<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>bloody deeds at Jezreel </b>See 1 Kings 21.1–24; 2 Kings 9.21–35. Emendation yields “the Baal days”; cf. 2.15.</i> and put an end to the monarchy of the House of Israel. ",
            "In that day, I will break the bow of Israel in the Valley of Jezreel.”",
            "She conceived again and bore a daughter; and he was told, “Name her Lo-ruhamah;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Lo-ruhamah </b>I.e., “Not-accepted” or “Unpitied”; cf. 2.3, 6, 25.</i> for I will no longer accept the House of Israel or pardon them.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>or pardon them </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “but will disown them”; cf. 9.15 and elsewhere.</i> ",
            "(But I will accept the House of Judah. And I will give them victory through the E<small>TERNAL</small> their God; I will not give them victory with bow and sword and battle, by horses and riders.)”",
            "After weaning Lo-ruhamah, she conceived and bore a son. ",
            "Then [God] said, “Name him Lo-ammi;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Lo-ammi </b>I.e., “Not-My-People.”</i> for you<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>you </b>I.e., you and your fellow countrymen.</i> are not My people, and I will not be your [God].”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>I will not be your [God] </b>Cf. 2.25.</i> "
        ],
        [
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Vv. 1–3 anticipate the conclusion of the chapter.</i> The number of the people of Israel shall be like that of the sands of the sea, which cannot be measured or counted; and instead of being told, “You are Not-My-People,”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>You are Not-My-People </b>See 1.9.</i> they shall be called Children-of-the-Living-God. ",
            "The people of Judah and the people of Israel shall assemble together and appoint one head over them; and they shall rise from the ground<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>from the ground </b>Meaning, perhaps, “from their wretched condition,” or “to ascendancy over the land.”</i> —for marvelous shall be the day of Jezreel!<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>the day of Jezreel </b>I.e., the day when the name Jezreel will convey a promise (2.23–25) instead of a threat (1.4–5).</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Oh, call</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>call </b>G<small>OD</small> addresses Hosea and his fellow North Israelites; see 1.9. The mother is the nation; her children the individual North Israelites.</i> your brothers “My People,”<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And your sisters “Lovingly Accepted!”</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See preceding note. In this passage, G<small>OD</small> speaks as if in a family quarrel, or in a court of law.</i> </span>Remonstrate your mother, remonstrate her—<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For she is not My wife</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I am not her husband</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>she is not My wife / And I am not her husband </b>A declaration of divorce.</i> —<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And let her put away her whoredom from her face</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And her adultery from between her breasts.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Else will I strip her naked</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And leave her as on the day she was born:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will make her like a wilderness,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Render her like desert land,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And let her die of thirst.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will also disown her children;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For they are now a whore’s brood,</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In that their mother has played the whore,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">She that conceived them has acted shamelessly—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because she thought,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“I will go after my lovers,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Who supply my bread and my water,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My wool and my linen,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My oil and my drink.”</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Assuredly,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will hedge up her</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>her </b>Heb. “your.” Vv. 8–9 would read well after v. 15.</i> roads with thorns<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And raise walls against her,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And she shall not find her paths.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Pursue her lovers as she will,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">She shall not overtake them;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And seek them as she may,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">She shall never find them.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Then she will say,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“I will go and return</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To my first husband,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For then I fared better than now.”</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And she did not consider this:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It was I who bestowed on her</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The new grain and wine and oil;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I who lavished silver on her</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And gold—which they used for Baal.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Assuredly,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will take back My new grain in its time</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And My new wine in its season,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will snatch away My wool and My linen</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That serve to cover her nakedness.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Now will I uncover her shame</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In the very sight of her lovers,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And not one of them shall save her from Me.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will end all her rejoicing:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Her festivals, new moons, and sabbaths—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All her festive seasons.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will lay waste her vines and her fig trees,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Which she thinks are a fee</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">She received from her lovers;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will turn them into brushwood,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And beasts of the field shall devour them.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Thus will I punish her</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For the days of the Baalim,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">On which she brought them offerings;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When, decked with earrings and jewels,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">She would go after her lovers,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Forgetting Me</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAllDouble\">—declares </span> G<small>OD</small>.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Assuredly,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will speak coaxingly to her</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And lead her through the wilderness</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>wilderness </b>I.e., her ravaged land (see vv. 5, 10–11, 14); so Ibn Ezra.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And speak to her tenderly.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will give her her vineyards from there,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And the Valley of Achor</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Valley of Achor </b>A desolate region; cf. Isa. 65.10; see further Josh. 7.25–26.</i> as a plowland of hope.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>plowland of hope </b>Connecting <i>pethaḥ</i> with <i>pittaḥ</i> “to plow” (see Isa. 28.24). Meaning of Heb. uncertain; in contrast to others “door of hope.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">There she shall respond as in the days of her youth,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When she came up from the land of Egypt.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And in that day</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAllDouble\">—declares </span> G<small>OD</small> —<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You will call [Me] Ishi,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Ishi </b>I.e., “my husband.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And no more will you call Me Baali.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Baali </b>Like Ishi, Baali means “my husband,” but it also means “my Baal.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For I will remove the names of the Baalim from her mouth,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they shall nevermore be mentioned by name.</span><br>",
            "In that day, I will make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the creeping things of the ground; I will also banish<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>banish </b>Lit. “break.”</i> bow, sword, and war from the land. Thus I will let them lie down in safety.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will espouse you forever:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will espouse you with righteousness and justice,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And with goodness and mercy,</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will espouse you with faithfulness;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>with righteousness and justice,…with goodness and mercy,…with faithfulness </b>As the bride-price to be paid upon marriage, the bridegroom (G<small>OD</small>) will confer these qualities on the bride (the people of Israel), which she had lacked during their first marriage, so that their second one will last forever.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Then you shall be devoted to </span> G<small>OD</small>.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In that day,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will respond</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAllDouble\">—declares </span> G<small>OD</small> —<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will respond to the sky,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And it shall respond to the earth;</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And the earth shall respond</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">With new grain and wine and oil,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they shall respond to Jezreel.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Jezreel </b>I.e., “God sows.” The names of Hosea’s children (1.3–8) are applied here to Israel.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will sow her in the land as My own;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And take Lo-ruhamah back in favor;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will say to Lo-ammi, “You are My people,”</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And he will respond, “[You are] my God.”</span><br>"
        ],
        [
            "G<small>OD</small>\n said to me further, “Go, befriend a woman who, while befriended<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>befriend…befriended </b>For this sense, see Deut. 10.19.</i> by a companion, consorts with others, just as G<small>OD</small> befriends the Israelites,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>just as G<small>OD</small> befriends the Israelites </b>See Hos. 2.10.</i> but they turn to other gods and love the cups of the grape.”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>to other gods and love the cups of the grape </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “‘to other gods.’ And so I befriended a woman of lust.”</i> ",
            "Then I hired her for fifteen [shekels of] silver, a <i>ḥomer</i> of barley, and a <i>lethech</i> of barley;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>a <i>lethech</i> of barley </b>Septuagint reads “a jar of wine.”</i> ",
            "and I stipulated with her, “In return,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>In return </b>Lit. “for me.”</i> you are to go a long time without either fornicating or marrying; even I [shall not cohabit] with you.”",
            "For the Israelites shall go a long time without king and without officials, without sacrifice<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>sacrifice </b>Emendation yields “altar.”</i> and without cult pillars, and without ephod and oracle idols. ",
            "Afterward, the Israelites will turn back and will seek the E<small>TERNAL</small> their God and David their king—and they will thrill over G<small>OD</small> and over God’s bounty in the days to come."
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Hear the word of </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">O people of Israel!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For </span> G<small>OD</small> has a case<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Against the inhabitants of this land,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because there is no honesty and no goodness</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And no devotion to God in the land.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[False] swearing, dishonesty, and murder,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And theft and adultery are rife;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Crime follows upon crime!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For that, the earth is withered:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Everything that dwells on it languishes—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Beasts of the field and birds of the sky—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Even the fish of the sea perish.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“Absolutely no one shall rebuke; none shall protest!”</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For this, your people has a grievance against [you], O priest!</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>For this, your people has a grievance against [you], O priest! </b>For failing to reprove; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">So you shall stumble by day,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And by night a prophet</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>a prophet </b>Emendation yields “your children”; cf. v. 6 end.</i> shall stumble as well,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will destroy your kindred.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>kindred </b>Lit. “mother.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My people is destroyed for the lack of devotion!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because you have rejected devotion,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I reject you as My priest;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because you have spurned the teaching of your God,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I, in turn, will spurn your children.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The more they increased, the more they sinned against Me:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will change their dignity to dishonor.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They feed on My people’s purgation offerings,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And so they desire its iniquity.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Therefore, the people shall fare like the priests:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will punish it for its conduct,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will requite it for its deeds.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Truly, they shall eat, but not be sated;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall swill,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>swill </b>For this meaning of <i>hiznah</i> cf. v. 18.</i> but not be satisfied,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because they have forsaken </span> G<small>OD</small> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To practice</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>practice </b>Cf. 12.7.</i> ",
            "lechery.<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Wine</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Wine </b>Emendation yields “New grain”; cf. 7.14; 9.1–2.</i> and new wine destroy<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The mind of </span>",
            "My people:<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It consults its stick,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>stick </b>I.e., its phallus, meaning “its lust.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Its rod</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>rod </b>I.e., its phallus, meaning “its lust.”</i> directs it!<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">A lecherous impulse has made them go wrong,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they have strayed</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>strayed </b>See note at 1.2.</i> from submission to their God.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They sacrifice on the mountaintops</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And offer on the hills,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Under oaks, poplars, and terebinths</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Whose shade is so pleasant.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That is why their</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>their </b>Heb. “your,” here and through v. 14.</i> daughters fornicate<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And their daughters-in-law commit adultery!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will not punish their daughters for fornicating</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Nor their daughters-in-law for committing adultery;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For they themselves turn aside</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>turn aside </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> with whores<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And sacrifice with female consecrated workers,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>female consecrated workers </b>Or “female retainers”; meaning of Heb. <i>qedeshot</i> uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And a people that is without sense</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>without sense </b>Cf. vv. 11–12.</i> must stumble.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">If you are a lecher, Israel—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Let not Judah incur guilt—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Do not come to Gilgal,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Do not come to Gilgal </b>One who participates in the debaucheries of the open-air shrines is not fit to visit a temple building.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Do not make pilgrimages to Beth-aven,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Beth-aven </b>Lit. “House of Delusion,” substituted for Bethel (cf. Amos 4.4).</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And do not swear by </span> G<small>OD</small> !<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>do not swear by G<small>OD</small> </b>I.e., you are not fit to profess this religion; see Jer. 12.16.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ah, Israel has balked</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a stubborn cow;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Therefore,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\"> \nG<small>OD</small>\n </span> will graze him<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">On the range, like a sheep.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">q</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>graze him / On the range, like a sheep </b>Instead of giving them fodder in return for their work; cf. Isa. 30.23–24.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">r</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of vv. 17–19 uncertain in part.</i> </span>Ephraim is addicted to images—<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Let him be.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They drink to excess—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their liquor turns against them.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They “love” beyond measure—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Disgrace is the “gift”</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That the wind is bringing;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">s</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>is bringing </b>Lit. “has bound up in the corners of its garment”; see note at Mal. 3.20.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall garner shame from their sacrifices.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Hear this, O priests,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Attend, O House</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>House </b>Emendation yields “prophets.”</i> of Israel,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And give ear, O royal house;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For right conduct is your responsibility!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But you</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>For right conduct is your responsibility! / But you </b>Or “This verdict pertains to you. / You.”</i> have been a snare to Mizpah<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And a net spread out over Tabor;</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of verse uncertain.</i> </span>For when trappers dug deep pitfalls,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I was the only reprover of them all.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Yes, I have watched Ephraim,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel has not escaped my notice:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Behold, you have fornicated, O Ephraim;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel has defiled himself!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their habits do not let them</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Turn back to their God;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because of the lecherous impulse within them,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They pay no heed to </span> G<small>OD</small>.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel’s pride shall be humbled before his very eyes,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As Israel and Ephraim fall because of their sin</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">(And Judah falls with them).</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Then they will go with their sheep and cattle</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To seek </span> G<small>OD</small> —whom they will not find.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Israel’s pride … will not find </b>This passage would read well after 5.15; cf. 5.6 with 6.6.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have been cast off:</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>They have been cast off </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[Because] they have broken faith with </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because they have</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>they have </b>Emendation yields “[God] has.”</i> begotten<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Alien children.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Therefore, the new moon</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Shall devour their portion.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Therefore, the new moon / Shall devour their portion </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Sound a ram’s horn in Gibeah,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">A trumpet in Ramah;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Give the alarm in Beth-aven;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Gibeah…Ramah…Beth-aven </b>The three towns named, in the territory of Benjamin, are now being wrested from Israel by Judah; see v. 10. On the latter town’s name, see second note at 4.15.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">After you,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>After you </b>Emendation yields “Stir up.”</i> Benjamin!",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim is stricken with horror</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">On a day of chastisement.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Against the tribes</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>tribes </b>I.e., the kingdoms of Judah and Israel (represented by Ephraim).</i> of Israel<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I proclaim certainties:</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The officers of Judah have acted</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like shifters of field boundaries;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">On them I will pour out</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My wrath like water.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim is defrauded,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Robbed of redress,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because he has witlessly</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Gone after futility.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>futility </b>Cf. Targum and Septuagint; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For it is I who am like rot to Ephraim,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like decay to the House of Judah;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Judah </b>Emendation yields “Israel.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Yet when Ephraim became aware of his sickness,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Judah</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Judah </b>See note at v. 12.</i> of his sores,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim repaired to Assyria—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He sent envoys to a patron</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>patron </b>Compare the verb <i>ryb</i> in the sense of “to champion, uphold the cause of,” in Isa. 1.17; 3.13; 19.20 end; 51.22.</i> king!<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He will never be able to cure you,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Will not heal you of your sores.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">No, I will be like a lion to Ephraim,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a great beast to the House of Judah;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Judah </b>See note at v. 12.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I, I will attack and stride away,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Carrying the prey that no one can rescue;</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will return to My abode—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Till they realize their guilt.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In their distress, they will seek Me</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And beg for My favor.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">As anticipated at the end of chapter 5, Israel seeks G<small>OD</small>’s favor; the answer begins with v. 4.</i> </span>“Come, let us turn back to G<small>OD</small>:<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The One who attacked, and so can heal us;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Who wounded, and so can bind us up.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In two days [God] will make us whole again,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And on the third day raise us up;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">God’s favor will make us whole.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Let us pursue devotion to </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And we shall become devout.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As sure as daybreak is God’s appearance,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Which will come to us like rain,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like latter rain that refreshes</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>refreshes </b>Taking <i>yoreh</i> as equivalent of <i>yarweh</i>.</i> the earth.”",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">What can I do for you, Ephraim,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">What can I do for you, Judah,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Judah </b>Emendation yields “Israel”; cf. “Ephraim…Israel” in v. 10.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When your goodness is like morning clouds,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like dew so early gone?</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That is why I have hewn down the prophets,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>the prophets </b>Emendation yields “your children”; cf. 9.13.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Have slain them with the words of My mouth:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And the day that dawned [brought on] your punishment.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>And the day that dawned [brought on] your punishment </b>Cf. v. 3; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For I desire goodness, not sacrifice;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Devotion to God, rather than burnt offerings.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of vv. 7–11 unclear in part.</i> </span>But they, as human beings [are wont to do],<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>human beings [are wont to do] </b>Or “at Adam,” a town in central Transjordan; cf. Josh. 3.16.</i> have transgressed the Covenant.<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">This is where they have been false to Me:</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Gilead is a city of evildoers,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Tracked up with blood.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The gang of priests is</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like the ambuscade of bandits</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Who murder on the road to Shechem,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For they have encouraged</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>encouraged </b>Heb. “done”; cf. 5.1–3.</i> depravity.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In the House of Israel</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>the House of Israel </b>Emendation yields “Beth-shean.”</i> I have seen<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">A horrible thing;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim has fornicated there,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel has defiled himself.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">(Even Judah has reaped a harvest of you!)</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>(Even Judah has reaped a harvest of you!) </b>Cf. 5.9–10; but meaning of clause uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I would restore My people’s fortunes,</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I would heal Israel,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The guilt of Ephraim reveals itself</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And the wickedness of Samaria.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For they have acted treacherously,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">With thieves breaking in</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And bands raiding outside.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they do not consider</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That I remembered all their wickedness.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Why, their misdeeds have been all around them,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>them </b>Emendation yields “Me.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have been ever before Me.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Vv. 3–6 would read well in the order 4, 6, 3, 5.</i> </span>In malice they make a king merry,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And officials in treachery.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They commit adultery,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>commit adultery </b>Emendation yields “rage.”</i> all of them,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like an oven fired by a baker,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Who desists from stoking only</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">From the kneading of the dough to its leavening.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The day they made our king sick</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[And] officials with the poison of wine,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He gave his hand to traitors.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>He gave his hand to traitors </b>I.e., he trusted traitors; but meaning of verse uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For they approach their ambush</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">With their hearts like an oven:</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>For they approach … like an oven </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Through the night</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their baker</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>baker </b>Emendation yields “rage.”</i> has slept;<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In the morning, it flares up</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a blazing fire.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They all get heated like an oven</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And devour their rulers—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">None of them calls to Me.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All their kings have fallen [by their hand].</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of verse uncertain.</i> </span>Ephraim is among the peoples;<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He is rotting away.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim is like a cake—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Incapable of turning.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Strangers have consumed his strength,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But he has taken no notice;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Also, mold</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>mold </b>Like Akkadian <i>shību</i>; in contrast to others “gray hairs.”</i> is scattered over him,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But he has taken no notice.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Though Israel’s pride has been humbled</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Before his very eyes,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have not turned back</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To their God </span> the E<small>TERNAL</small> One —<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Whom they have not sought</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Despite everything.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Instead, Ephraim has acted</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a silly dove with no mind:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have appealed to Egypt!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have gone to Assyria!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When they go, I will spread</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My net over them,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will bring them down</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like birds of the sky;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will chastise them</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I hear their bargaining.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>I will chastise them / When I hear their bargaining </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Woe to them</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For straying from Me;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Destruction to them</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For rebelling against Me!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For I was their Redeemer;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Yet they have plotted treason against Me.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">This verse would read well after 8.2.</i> </span>But they did not cry out to Me sincerely<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As they lay wailing.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>lay wailing </b>Like true penitents; cf. Isa. 58.5.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They debauch</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>debauch </b>Cf. Aramaic <i>gar</i>/<i>yegur</i> “to commit adultery”; for the thought, cf. 4.11.</i> over new grain and new wine,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They are faithless</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>faithless </b>Taking <i>yasuru</i> as equivalent to <i>yasoru</i>, from <i>sarar</i>; cf. 9.15 end.</i> to Me.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"> <i>I</i> </span> braced, <i>I</i> strengthened their arms,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they plot evil against </span> <i>Me</i> !",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They come back;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have been of no use,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>They have been of no use </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a slack bow.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their officers shall fall by the sword,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because of the stammering</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>stammering </b>Cf. Arabic <i>zaghūm</i> and <i>zughmūm</i> “a stammerer.”</i> of their tongues.<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Such shall be [the results of] their jabbering</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>jabbering </b>I.e., the negotiations conducted in the Egyptian language.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In the land of Egypt.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[Put] a ram’s horn to your mouth—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like an eagle</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Like an eagle </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> over the House of G<small>OD</small>;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>G<small>OD</small> </b>Emendation yields “Israel.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because they have transgressed My covenant</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And been faithless to My teaching.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel cries out to Me,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“O my God, we are devoted to You.”</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Following this verse, 7.14 would read well.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel rejects what is good;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">An enemy shall pursue him.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>An enemy shall pursue him </b>Emendation yields “They pursue delusion.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have made kings,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But not with My sanction;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have made officers,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But not of My choice.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Of their silver and gold</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have made themselves images,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To their own undoing.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I reject</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>I reject </b>Heb. “He rejects.”</i> your calf, Samaria!<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I am furious with them!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Will they never be capable of purity?</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For it was Israel’s doing;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>purity? / For it was Israel’s doing </b>Emendation yields “understanding, / That House of Israel?”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It was only made by a joiner,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It is not a god.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">No, the calf of Samaria shall be</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Reduced to splinters!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They sow wind,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they shall reap whirlwind—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Standing stalks devoid of ears</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And yielding no flour.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">If they do yield any,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Strangers shall devour it.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel is bewildered;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>bewildered </b>A play on words: The Heb. verb <i>balaʻ</i>, which means “bewildered” here (cf. Isa. 28.7), is a homonym of the verb that means “devour” in the preceding verse.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have now become among the nations</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like an unwanted vessel,</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[Like] a lonely wild ass.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For they have gone up to Assyria,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim has</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Ephraim has </b>Emendation yields “In Egypt they have.”</i> courted friendship.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And while they are courting among the nations,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">There I will hold them fast;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>There I will hold them fast </b>Cf. 9.6; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they shall begin to diminish in number</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">From the burden of king [and] officers.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>And they shall begin … officers </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For Ephraim has multiplied altars—for guilt;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His altars have redounded to his guilt:</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The many teachings I wrote for him</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Have been treated as something alien.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When they present sacrifices to Me,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>When they present sacrifices to Me </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It is but flesh for them to eat:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\"> \nG<small>OD</small>\n </span> has not accepted them.<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Behold, their iniquities will be remembered,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their sins will be punished:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Back to Egypt with them!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel has ignored his Maker</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And built temples</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">(And Judah has fortified many cities).</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">So I will set fire to his cities,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And it shall consume their fortresses.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Rejoice not, O Israel,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As other peoples exult;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For you have strayed</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Away from your God:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You have loved a prostitute’s fee</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">By every threshing floor of new grain.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Threshing floor and winepress</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Shall not join them,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And the new wine shall betray her.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>You have loved a prostitute’s fee / By every threshing floor of new grain. / Threshing floor and winepress / Shall not join them, / And the new wine shall betray her </b>Emendation and rearrangement yield: “You have loved fornication / By every threshing floor and press; / The new grain shall not join them, / And the new wine shall fail them.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall not be able to remain</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In G<small>OD</small>’s land.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But Ephraim shall return to Egypt</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And shall eat impure food in Assyria.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>eat impure food in Assyria </b>The lands of the heathen and the food there are impure; cf. Ezek. 4.13; Amos 7.17.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It shall be for them like the food of mourners,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All who partake of which are defiled.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They will offer no libations of wine to </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And no sacrifices of theirs will please;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But their food will be only for their hunger,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It shall not come into the House of </span> G<small>OD</small>.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">What will you do about feast days,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">About the festivals of </span> G<small>OD</small> ?",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Behold, they have gone from destruction</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>from destruction </b>Emendation yields “to Assyria.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[With] the silver they treasure.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Egypt shall hold them fast,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>hold them fast </b>Cf. 8.10.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Moph</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Moph </b>Believed to be Memphis, elsewhere called Noph.</i> shall receive them in burial.<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Weeds are their heirs;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Prickly shrubs occupy their [old] homes.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The days of punishment have come</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For your heavy guilt;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The days of requital have come—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Let Israel know it!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The prophet was distraught,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The inspired man driven mad</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">By constant harassment.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim watches for my God.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As for the prophet,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>my God. / As for the prophet </b>Emendation yields “the prophet of my God.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Fowlers’ snares are on all his paths,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Harassment in the House of his God.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have been as grievously corrupt</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As in the days of Gibeah;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>the days of Gibeah </b>See Judg. 19–20.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[God] will remember their iniquity,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And will punish their sins.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I found Israel [as pleasing]</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As grapes in the wilderness;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Your ancestors seemed to Me</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like the first fig to ripen on a fig tree.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Like the first fig to ripen on a fig tree </b>Emendation yields “like a ripe fig in a waterless waste”; cf. 13.5.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But when they came to Baal-peor,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They turned aside to shamefulness;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>shamefulness </b>Cf. Num. 25.1–3.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Then they became as detested</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As they had been loved.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Then they became … loved </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">From birth, from the womb, from conception</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim’s glory shall be</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like birds that fly away.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">V. 16 would read well after this verse.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Even if they rear their infants,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will bereave them of everyone.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Woe to them indeed</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I turn away from them!</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Woe to them indeed / When I turn away from them! </b>Emendation yields: “Even if they wean their babes, / They shall be dismayed because of them.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It shall go with Ephraim</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As I have seen it go with Tyre,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Which was planted in a meadow;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>It shall go … in a meadow </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim too must bring out</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His children to slayers.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Give them, O </span> E<small>TERNAL</small> One —give them what?<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Give them a womb that miscarries,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And shriveled breasts!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All their misfortune [began] at Gilgal,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For there I disowned them.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>them </b>The specific allusion is uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For their evil deeds</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will drive them out of My House.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will accept them no more;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All their officials are</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>All their officials are </b>Emendation yields “They are all.”</i> disloyal.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Ephraim </b>Targum reads “Their crown,” i.e., of a tree.</i> is stricken,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their stock is withered;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They can produce no fruit.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Even if they do bear children,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will slay their cherished offspring.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My God rejects them</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because they have not obeyed,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And they shall go wandering</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Among the nations.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel is a ravaged vine</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And its fruit is like it.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When his fruit was plentiful,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He made altars aplenty;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When his land was bountiful,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Cult pillars abounded.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Now that his boughs</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>boughs </b>Cf. 2 Sam. 18.14, where the word is rendered “thick growth.”</i> are broken up,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He feels his guilt;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He himself pulls apart his altars,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Smashes his pillars.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Truly, now they say,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“We have no king;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For, since we do not fear </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">What can a king do to us?”</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">So they conclude agreements and make covenants</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">With false oaths,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And justice degenerates into poison weeds,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Breaking out</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>degenerates into poison weeds, / Breaking out </b>Cf. Amos 6.12; lit. “breaks out like poison weeds.”</i> on the furrows of the fields.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The inhabitants of Samaria fear</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For the calf of Beth-aven;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Beth-aven </b>See the second note at 4.15.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Indeed, its people and priestlings,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Whose joy it once was,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Whose joy it once was </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Mourn over it for the glory</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That is departed from it.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It too shall be brought to Assyria</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As tribute to a patron</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>patron </b>See the second note at 5.13.</i> king;<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim shall be chagrined,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Israel shall be dismayed</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because of his plans.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>plans </b>Emendation yields “image,” referring to the calf.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Samaria’s monarchy</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>monarchy </b>The Heb. verb agrees with this word, not with “Samaria.”</i> is vanishing<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like foam upon water,</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ruined shall be the shrines of [Beth-]aven,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>[Beth-]aven </b>See the second note at 4.15.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That sin of Israel.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Thorns and thistles</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Shall grow on their altars.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall call to the mountains, “Bury us!”</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To the hills, “Fall on us!”</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You have sinned more, O Israel,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Than in the days of Gibeah.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>the days of Gibeah </b>See note at 9.9.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">There they stand [as] at Gibeah!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Shall they not be overtaken</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">By a war upon scoundrels</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As peoples gather against them?</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>There they stand … gather against them </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I chose [them], I broke them in,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Harnessing them for two furrows.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim became a trained heifer,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But preferred to thresh;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I placed a yoke</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Upon her sleek neck.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>placed a yoke / Upon her sleek neck </b>Lit. “passed over the comeliness of its neck.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will make Ephraim do advance plowing;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>do advance plowing </b>Taking <i>rkb</i> in the sense of the Arabic <i>krb</i>.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Judah</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Judah </b>Emendation yields “Israel.”</i> shall do [main] plowing!<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Jacob shall do final plowing!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“Sow righteousness for yourselves;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Reap the fruits of</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>the fruits of </b>Lit. “according to.”</i> goodness;<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Break for yourselves betimes fresh ground</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Of seeking </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">So that you may obtain a teacher</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>a teacher </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain; Septuagint reads “the fruits.”</i> of righteousness.”",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You have plowed wickedness,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You have reaped iniquity—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[And] you shall eat the fruits of treachery—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because you relied on your way,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>way </b>Septuagint reads “chariots.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">On your host of warriors.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But the din of war shall arise in your own people,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And all your fortresses shall be ravaged</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As Beth-arbel was ravaged by Shalman</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">q</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Shalman </b>Perhaps identical with the Shallum of 2 Kings 15.10ff.; cf. the atrocities of Shallum’s rival in 15.16.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">On a day of battle,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When mothers and babes were dashed to death together.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">This is what Bethel has done to you</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">r</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>is what Bethel has done to you </b>Emendation yields “will I do to you, O House of Israel.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For your horrible wickedness:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">At dawn</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">s</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>At dawn </b>Meaning, perhaps, “swiftly as the dawn”; cf. v. 7 above, “like foam upon water.”</i> shall Israel’s monarchy<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Utterly perish.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I fell in love with Israel</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When he was still a child;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I have called [him] My son</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ever since Egypt.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of parts of vv. 2–7 uncertain.</i> </span>Thus were they called,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But they went their own way;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They sacrifice to Baalim</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Baalim </b>Emendation yields “calves”; cf. 8.4–6; 13.2.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And offer to carved images.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I have pampered Ephraim,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Taking them in My</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>My </b>Heb. “his.”</i> arms;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>pampered Ephraim, / Taking them in My arms; </b>Or “taught Ephraim to walk, / Taking him by his arms.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But they have ignored</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">My healing care.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I drew them with human ties,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>human ties </b>Perhaps the ropes with which parents gently teach their children to walk; cf. Rashi, Kimhi.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">With cords of love;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But I seemed to them as one</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Who imposed a yoke on their jaws,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Though I was offering them food.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>But I seemed to them as one / Who imposed a yoke on their jaws, / Though I was offering them food. </b>Or “I became to them like those / Who lift the harness from their mouths, / And I stooped and fed them.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">No!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They return to the land of Egypt,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And Assyria is their king.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Because they refuse to repent,</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">A sword shall descend upon their towns</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>towns </b>Emendation yields “bodies,” lit. “skins”; cf. Job 18.13.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And consume their limbs</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And devour [them] because of their designs.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>[them] because of their designs </b>Emendation yields “their bones.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For My people persists</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In its defection from Me;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When it is summoned upward,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It does not rise at all.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>For My people … rise at all </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">How can I give you up, O Ephraim?</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">How surrender you, O Israel?</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">How can I make you like Admah,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Render you like Zeboiim?</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Admah…Zeboiim </b>Towns that were destroyed along with neighboring Sodom and Gomorrah; cf. Gen. 10.19; 14.2, 8; Deut. 29.22.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I have had a change of heart,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All My tenderness is stirred.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will not act on My wrath,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Will not turn to destroy Ephraim.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For I am God—not human—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The Holy One in your midst:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will not come in fury.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>The Holy One … in fury </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"> \nG<small>OD</small>\n </span> will roar like a lion—<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Whom they shall march behind;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">With that roar, God’s children shall come</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Fluttering out of the west.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall flutter from Egypt like sparrows,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">From the land of Assyria like doves;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And I will settle them in their homes</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAllDouble\">—declares </span> G<small>OD</small>."
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim surrounds Me with deceit,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The House of Israel with guile.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>surrounds Me … with guile </b>I.e., the deceit and guile that they practice on each other (below vv. 8–9) is constantly noted by G<small>OD</small>.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">(But Judah stands firm with God</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And is faithful to the Holy One.)</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>(But Judah … the Holy One.) </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim tends the wind</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And pursues the gale;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He is forever adding</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Illusion to calamity.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>calamity </b>Septuagint reads “futility.”</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Now they make a covenant with Assyria,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Now oil is carried to Egypt.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Now they make a covenant with Assyria / Now oil is carried to Egypt </b>I.e., they foolishly depend on alliances instead of on G<small>OD</small>; cf. 5.13; 7.10–11.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">  G<small>OD</small>  </span> once indicted Judah,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Judah </b>Presumably the patriarch Judah. Emendation would yield “Israel”; cf. next note.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And punished Jacob for his conduct,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Requited him for his deeds.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In the womb he tried to supplant his brother;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Grown to manhood, he strove with a divine being,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Gen. 25.26; 32.29.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He strove with an angel and prevailed—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The other had to weep and implore him.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">At Bethel [Jacob] would meet him,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">There to commune with him.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>him </b>Heb. “us.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Yet </span> the E<small>TERNAL</small>, the God of Hosts,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Must be invoked as “</span> G<small>OD</small>.”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>as “G<small>OD</small>” </b>I.e., one should not invoke any of the angelic hosts.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You must return to your God!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Practice goodness and justice,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And constantly trust in your God.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">A trader who uses false balances,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Who loves to overreach,</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim thinks,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“Ah, I have become rich;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I have gotten power!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">All my gains do not amount</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">To an offense that is real guilt.”</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>All my gains … real guilt </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I </span> the E<small>TERNAL</small> have been your God<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ever since the land of Egypt.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will let you dwell in your tents</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>in your tents </b>I.e., securely; see 2 Kings 13.5.</i> again<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As in the days of old,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>old </b>Lit. “a fixed season.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I spoke to the prophets;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For I granted many visions,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And spoke parables through the prophets.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">As for Gilead, it is worthless;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And to no purpose</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>And spoke parables … no purpose </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> have they<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Been sacrificing oxen in Gilgal:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The altars of these are also</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like stone heaps upon a plowed field.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Like stone heaps upon a plowed field </b>I.e., the cults of Gilead and Gilgal are as worthless as that of Bethel.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Then Jacob had to flee</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>had to flee </b>This is the punishment mentioned in v. 3.</i> to the land of Aram;<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">There Israel served for a wife,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For a wife he had to guard [sheep].</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But when </span> G<small>OD</small> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Brought Israel up from Egypt,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">It was through a prophet;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>through a prophet </b>I.e., not through an angel.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Through a prophet</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Through a prophet </b>See previous note.</i> they were guarded.",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">q</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of this verse and the next uncertain.</i> </span>Ephraim gave bitter offense,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And his Lord cast his crimes upon him</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And requited him for his mockery.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When Ephraim spoke piety,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He was exalted in Israel;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">But he incurred guilt through Baal,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Baal </b>I.e., Baal-peor; cf. 9.10.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And so he died.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And now they go on sinning;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They have made them molten images,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Idols, by their skill, from their silver,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Wholly the work of artisans.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Yet for these they appoint people to sacrifice;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Yet for these they appoint people to sacrifice </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They are wont to kiss calves!</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Assuredly,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall be like morning clouds,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like dew so early gone;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like chaff whirled away from the threshing floor.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And like smoke from a lattice.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Only I </span> the E<small>TERNAL</small> One have been your God<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ever since the land of Egypt;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You have never known a [true] God but Me,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You have never had a helper other than Me.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I looked after you in the desert,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">In a thirsty land.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When they grazed, they were sated;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When they were sated, they grew haughty;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And so they forgot Me.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">So I am become like a lion to them,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a leopard I lurk on the way;</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Like a bear robbed of her young I attack them</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And rip open the casing of their hearts;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will devour them there like a lion,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>I will devour them there like a lion </b>Emendation yields “There dogs shall devour them”; cf. Septuagint.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The beasts of the field shall mangle them.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of verse uncertain.</i> </span>You are undone, O Israel!<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">You had no help but Me.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Where now is your king?</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Let him save you!</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Where are the chieftains in all your towns</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">From whom you demanded:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“Give me a king and officers”?</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I give you kings in My ire,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And take them away in My wrath.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim’s guilt is bound up,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His sin is stored away.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>stored away </b>For future retribution.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Pangs of childbirth assail him,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And the babe is not wise—</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For this is no time to survive</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">At the birthstool of babes.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>And the babe … birthstool of babes </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\"><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">This verse would read well before 14.5.</i> </span>From Sheol itself I will save them,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Redeem them from very Death.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Where, O Death, are your plagues?</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Your pestilence where, O Sheol?</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Revenge shall be far from My thoughts.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Revenge shall be far from My thoughts </b>Lit. “Satisfaction (for this meaning of <i>nḥm</i> see Deut. 32.36; Isa. 1.24) shall be hidden from My eyes.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For though he flourish among reeds,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">A blast, a wind of </span> G<small>OD</small>,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Shall come blowing up from the wilderness;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His fountain shall be parched,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His spring dried up.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">That [wind] shall plunder treasures,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Every lovely object.</span>"
        ],
        [
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Samaria must bear her guilt,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For she has defied her God.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall fall by the sword,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Their infants shall be dashed to death,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And their women with child ripped open.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Return, O Israel, to </span> the E<small>TERNAL</small> your God,<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For you have fallen because of your sin.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Take words with you</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And return to </span> G<small>OD</small>.<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Say:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“Forgive all guilt</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">And accept what is good;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Instead of bulls we will pay</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">[The offering of] our lips.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Forgive … lips </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Assyria shall not save us,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">No more will we ride on steeds;</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>No more will we ride on steeds </b>I.e., we will no longer depend on an alliance with Egypt; cf. 2 Kings 18.24 (Isa. 36.9); Isa. 30.16.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Nor ever again will we call</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Our handiwork our god,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Since in You alone orphans find pity!”</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>pity </b>I.e., parental compassion (cf. Ps. 103.13) or legal affiliation (cf. Hos. 2.6, 25).</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will heal their affliction,</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>affliction </b>For this meaning of <i>meshubah</i> see Jer. 2.19; 3.22.</i> <br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Generously will I take them back in love;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For My anger has turned away from them.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>them </b>Heb. “him.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I will be to Israel like dew;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He shall blossom like the lily,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">He shall strike root like a Lebanon tree.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Lebanon tree </b>Emendation yields “poplar.”</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His boughs shall spread out far,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His beauty shall be like the olive tree’s,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His fragrance like that of Lebanon.</span>",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They who sit in his shade shall be revived:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall bring to life new grain,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">They shall blossom like the vine;</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">His scent shall be like the wine of Lebanon.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Lebanon </b>Emendation yields “Helbon”; cf. Ezek. 27.18.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Ephraim [shall say]:</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">“What more have I to do with idols?</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">When I respond and look to [God],</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">I become like a verdant cypress.”</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">Your fruit is provided by Me.</span><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\"><b>Your fruit is provided by Me </b>Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i> ",
            "<span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The wise will consider these words,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The prudent will take note of them.</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">For the paths of </span> G<small>OD</small> are smooth;<br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">The righteous can walk on them,</span><br><span class=\"poetry indentAll\">While sinners stumble on them.</span>"
        ]
    ],
    "versions": [
        [
            "THE JPS TANAKH: Gender-Sensitive Edition",
            "https://jps.org/books/the-jps-tanakh-gender-sensitive-edition/"
        ]
    ],
    "heTitle": "הושע",
    "categories": [
        "Tanakh",
        "Prophets"
    ],
    "sectionNames": [
        "Chapter",
        "Verse"
    ]
}