json/Tanakh/Prophets/Hosea/English/Tanakh The Holy Scriptures, published by JPS.json

{
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Hosea",
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    "versionTitle": "Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, published by JPS",
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    "license": "CC-BY-NC",
    "shortVersionTitle": "JPS, 1985",
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    "purchaseInformationURL": "https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/jps/9780827602526/",
    "actualLanguage": "en",
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    "heTitle": "הושע",
    "categories": [
        "Tanakh",
        "Prophets"
    ],
    "text": [
        [
            "The word of the L<small>ORD</small> that came to Hosea son of Beeri, in the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah, and in the reign of King Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel.<br>",
            "When the L<small>ORD</small> first spoke to Hosea, the L<small>ORD</small> said to Hosea, “Go, get yourself <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Force of Heb. uncertain.</i>a wife of whoredom and children of whoredom; for the land will stray<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “whore away.”</i> from following the L<small>ORD</small>.”<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup>",
            "So he went and married Gomer daughter of Diblaim. She conceived and bore him a son,",
            "and the L<small>ORD</small> instructed him, “Name him Jezreel; for, I will soon punish the House of Jehu<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel”; cf. next note.</i> for the <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See 1 Kings 21.1–24; 2 Kings 9.21–35. Emendation yields “the Baal days”; cf. 2.15.</i>bloody deeds at Jezreel<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup> and put an end to the monarchy of the House of Israel.",
            "In that day, I will break the bow of Israel in the Valley of Jezreel.”",
            "She conceived again and bore a daughter; and He said to him, “Name her Lo-ruhamah;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., “Not-accepted”; cf. 2.3, 6, and 25.</i> for I will no longer accept the House of Israel <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “but will disown them”; cf. 9.15 and elsewhere.</i>or pardon them.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup> ",
            "(But I will accept the House of Judah. And I will give them victory through the L<small>ORD</small> their God; I will not give them victory with bow and sword and battle, by horses and riders.)”",
            "After weaning Lo-ruhamah, she conceived and bore a son.",
            "Then He said, “Name him Lo-ammi;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., “Not-My-People.”</i> for you<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., you and your fellow countrymen.</i> are not My people, and <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. 2.25.</i>I will not be your [God].”<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-i</sup>"
        ],
        [
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Vv. 1–3 anticipate the conclusion of the chapter.</i>The number of the people of Israel shall be like that of the sands of the sea, which cannot be measured or counted; and instead of being told, “You are Not-My-People,”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See 1.9.</i> they shall be called Children-of-the-Living-God.",
            "The people of Judah and the people of Israel shall assemble together and appoint one head over them; and they shall rise from the ground<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning, perhaps, “from their wretched condition,” or “to ascendancy over the land.”</i>—for marvelous shall be <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., the day when the name Jezreel will convey a promise (2.23–25) instead of a threat (1.4–5).</i>the day of Jezreel!<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup>",
            "Oh, call<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">The Lord addresses Hosea and his fellow North Israelites; see 1.9. The mother is the nation; her children the individual North Israelites.</i> your brothers “My People,”<br>And your sisters “Lovingly Accepted!”<br>",
            "Rebuke<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">The Lord addresses Hosea and his fellow North Israelites; see 1.9. The mother is the nation; her children the individual North Israelites.</i> your mother, rebuke her—<br>For she is not My wife<br>And I am not her husband—<br>And let her put away her harlotry from her face<br>And her adultery from between her breasts.",
            "Else will I strip her naked<br>And leave her as on the day she was born:<br>And I will make her like a wilderness,<br>Render her like desert land,<br>And let her die of thirst.",
            "I will also disown her children;<br>For they are now a harlot’s brood,",
            "In that their mother has played the harlot,<br>She that conceived them has acted shamelessly—<br>Because she thought,<br>“I will go after my lovers,<br>Who supply my bread and my water,<br>My wool and my linen,<br>My oil and my drink.”<br>",
            "Assuredly,<br>I will hedge up her<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Heb. “your.” Vv. 8–9 would read well after v. 15.</i> roads with thorns<br>And raise walls against her,<br>And she shall not find her paths.",
            "Pursue her lovers as she will,<br>She shall not overtake them;<br>And seek them as she may,<br>She shall never find them.<br>Then she will say,<br>“I will go and return<br>To my first husband,<br>For then I fared better than now.”",
            "And she did not consider this:<br>It was I who bestowed on her<br>The new grain and wine and oil;<br>I who lavished silver on her<br>And gold—which they used for Baal.",
            "Assuredly,<br>I will take back My new grain in its time<br>And My new wine in its season,<br>And I will snatch away My wool and My linen<br>That serve to cover her nakedness.",
            "Now will I uncover her shame<br>In the very sight of her lovers,<br>And none shall save her from Me.",
            "And I will end all her rejoicing:<br>Her festivals, new moons, and sabbaths—<br>All her festive seasons.",
            "I will lay waste her vines and her fig trees,<br>Which she thinks are a fee<br>She received from her lovers;<br>I will turn them into brushwood,<br>And beasts of the field shall devour them.",
            "Thus will I punish her<br>For the days of the Baalim,<br>On which she brought them offerings;<br>When, decked with earrings and jewels,<br>She would go after her lovers,<br>Forgetting Me<br>—declares the L<small>ORD</small>.<br>",
            "Assuredly,<br>I will speak coaxingly to her<br>And lead her through the wilderness<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., her ravaged land (see vv. 5, 10–11, 14); so Ibn Ezra.</i><br>And speak to her tenderly.",
            "I will give her her vineyards from there,<br>And the Valley of Achor<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">A desolate region; cf. Isa. 65.10; see further Josh. 7.25–26.</i> as a <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Connecting pethaḥ with pittaḥ “to plow” (see Isa. 28.24). Meaning of Heb. uncertain; others “door of hope.”</i>plowland of hope.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-i</sup><br>There she shall respond as in the days of her youth,<br>When she came up from the land of Egypt.",
            "And in that day<br>—declares the L<small>ORD</small>—<br>You will call [Me] Ishi,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Both Ishi and Baali mean “my husband,” but the latter also means “my Baal.”</i><br>And no more will you call Me Baali.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Both Ishi and Baali mean “my husband,” but the latter also means “my Baal.”</i>",
            "For I will remove the names of the Baalim from her mouth,<br>And they shall nevermore be mentioned by name.<br>",
            "In that day, I will make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the creeping things of the ground; I will also banish<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “break.”</i> bow, sword, and war from the land. Thus I will let them lie down in safety.<br>",
            "And I will espouse you forever:<br>I will espouse you <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\">As the bride-price which the bridegroom will pay, He will confer these qualities on her, so that she will never offend again.</i>with righteousness and justice,<br>And with goodness and mercy,",
            "And I will espouse you with faithfulness;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-l</sup><br>Then you shall be devoted to the L<small>ORD</small>.",
            "In that day,<br>I will respond<br>—declares the L<small>ORD</small>—<br>I will respond to the sky,<br>And it shall respond to the earth;",
            "And the earth shall respond<br>With new grain and wine and oil,<br>And they shall respond to Jezreel.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., “God sows.” The names of Hosea’s children (1.3–8) are applied here to Israel.</i>",
            "I will sow her in the land as My own;<br>And take Lo-ruhamah back in favor;<br>And I will say to Lo-ammi, “You are My people,”<br>And he will respond, “[You are] my God.”"
        ],
        [
            "The L<small>ORD</small> said to me further, “Go, <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">For “befriend,” see Deut. 10.19. For God’s befriending Israel, see Hos. 2.10.</i>befriend a woman who, while befriended by a companion, consorts with others, just as the L<small>ORD</small> befriends the Israelites,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup> but they turn <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “‘to other gods.’ And so I befriended a woman of lust.”</i>to other gods and love the cups of the grape.”<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup>",
            "Then I hired her for fifteen [shekels of] silver, a <i>ḥomer</i> of barley, and <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Septuagint reads “a jar of wine.”</i>a <i>lethech</i> of barley;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-c</sup>",
            "and I stipulated with her, <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “for me.”</i>“In return,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup> you are to go a long time without either fornicating or marrying; even I [shall not cohabit] with you.”",
            "For the Israelites shall go a long time without king and without officials, without sacrifice<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “altar.”</i> and without cult pillars, and without ephod and teraphim.",
            "Afterward, the Israelites will turn back and will seek the L<small>ORD</small> their God and David their king—and they will thrill over the L<small>ORD</small> and over His bounty in the days to come."
        ],
        [
            "Hear the word of the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>O people of Israel!<br>For the L<small>ORD</small> has a case<br>Against the inhabitants of this land,<br>Because there is no honesty and no goodness<br>And no obedience to God in the land.",
            "[False] swearing, dishonesty, and murder,<br>And theft and adultery are rife;<br>Crime follows upon crime!",
            "For that, the earth is withered:<br>Everything that dwells on it languishes—<br>Beasts of the field and birds of the sky—<br>Even the fish of the sea perish.<br>",
            "“Let no man rebuke, let no man protest!”<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">For failing to reprove; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>For this your people has a grievance against [you],<br>O priest!<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup>",
            "So you shall stumble by day,<br>And by night <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “your children”; cf. v. 6 end.</i>a prophet<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup> shall stumble as well,<br>And I will destroy your kindred.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “mother.”</i>",
            "My people is destroyed because of [your] disobedience!<br>Because you have rejected obedience,<br>I reject you as My priest;<br>Because you have spurned the teaching of your God,<br>I, in turn, will spurn your children.",
            "The more they increased, the more they sinned against Me:<br>I will change their dignity to dishonor.",
            "They feed on My people’s sin offerings,<br>And so they desire its iniquity.",
            "Therefore, the people shall fare like the priests:<br>I will punish it for its conduct,<br>I will requite it for its deeds.",
            "Truly, they shall eat, but not be sated;<br>They shall swill,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">For this meaning of hiznah cf. v. 18.</i> but not be satisfied,<br>Because they have forsaken the L<small>ORD</small><br>To practice<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. 12.7.</i>",
            "lechery.<br>Wine<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “New grain”; cf. 7.14; 9.1–2.</i> and new wine destroy<br>The mind of",
            "My people:<br>It consults its stick,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., its phallus, meaning “its lust.”</i><br>Its rod<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., its phallus, meaning “its lust.”</i> directs it!<br>A lecherous impulse has made them go wrong,<br>And they have strayed<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See note b at 1.2.</i> from submission to their God.",
            "They sacrifice on the mountaintops<br>And offer on the hills,<br>Under oaks, poplars, and terebinths<br>Whose shade is so pleasant.<br>That is why their<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Heb. “your,” here and through v. 14.</i> daughters fornicate<br>And their daughters-in-law commit adultery!",
            "I will not punish their daughters for fornicating<br>Nor their daughters-in-law for committing adultery;<br>For they themselves <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>turn aside<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-j</sup> with whores<br>And sacrifice with prostitutes,<br>And a people that is without sense<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. vv. 11–12.</i> must stumble.",
            "If you are a lecher, Israel—<br>Let not Judah incur guilt—<br>Do not come to Gilgal,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\">One who participates in the debaucheries of the open-air shrines is not fit to visit a temple building.</i><br>Do not make pilgrimages to Beth-aven,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “House of Delusion,” substituted for Bethel (cf. Amos 4.4).</i><br>And do not swear by the L<small>ORD</small>!<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., you are not fit to profess His religion; see Jer. 12.16.</i><br>",
            "Ah, Israel has balked<br>Like a stubborn cow;<br>Therefore,<br>The L<small>ORD</small> will graze him<br>On the range, like a sheep.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Instead of giving them fodder in return for their work; cf. Isa. 30.23–24.</i>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of vv. 17–19 uncertain in part.</i>Ephraim is addicted to images—<br>Let him be.",
            "They drink to excess—<br>Their liquor turns against them.<br>They “love” beyond measure—<br>Disgrace is the “gift”",
            "Which the wind <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">q</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “has bound up in the corners of its garment”; see note at Mal. 3.20.</i>is bringing;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-q</sup><br>They shall garner shame from their sacrifices."
        ],
        [
            "Hear this, O priests,<br>Attend, O House<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “prophets.”</i> of Israel,<br>And give ear, O royal house;<br>For right conduct is your responsibility!<br>But you have been a snare to Mizpah<br>And a net spread out over Tabor;",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>For when trappers dug deep pitfalls,<br>I was the only reprover of them all.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup>",
            "Yes, I have watched Ephraim,<br>Israel has not escaped my notice:<br>Behold, you have fornicated, O Ephraim;<br>Israel has defiled himself!",
            "Their habits do not let them<br>Turn back to their God;<br>Because of the lecherous impulse within them,<br>They pay no heed to the L<small>ORD</small>.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">This passage would read well after 5.15; cf. 5.6 with 6.6.</i>Israel’s pride shall be humbled before his very eyes,<br>As Israel and Ephraim fall because of their sin<br>(And Judah falls with them).",
            "Then they will go with their sheep and cattle<br>To seek the L<small>ORD</small>, but they will not find Him.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-c</sup><br><br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>He has cast them off:<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup>",
            "[Because] they have broken faith with the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>Because <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “He has.”</i>they have<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup> begotten<br>Alien children.<br>Therefore, <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>the new moon<br>Shall devour their portion.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup><br>",
            "Sound a ram’s horn in Gibeah,<br>A trumpet in Ramah;<br>Give the alarm in Beth-aven;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">The three towns named, in the territory of Benjamin, are now being wrested from Israel by Judah; see v. 10.</i><br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Stir up.”</i>After you,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup> Benjamin!",
            "Ephraim is stricken with horror<br>On a day of chastisement.<br><br>Against the tribes<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., the kingdoms of Judah and Israel (Ephraim).</i> of Israel<br>I proclaim certainties:",
            "The officers of Judah have acted<br>Like shifters of field boundaries;<br>On them I will pour out<br>My wrath like water.",
            "Ephraim is defrauded,<br>Robbed of redress,<br>Because he has witlessly<br>Gone after futility.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Targum and Septuagint; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>",
            "For it is I who am like rot to Ephraim,<br>Like decay to the House of Judah;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel.”</i>",
            "Yet when Ephraim became aware of his sickness,<br>Judah<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel.”</i> of his sores,<br>Ephraim repaired to Assyria—<br>He sent envoys to a patron<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Compare the verb ryb in the sense of “to champion, uphold the cause of,” in Isa. 1.17; 3.13; 19.20 end; 51.22.</i> king!<br>He will never be able to cure you,<br>Will not heal you of your sores.",
            "No, I will be like a lion to Ephraim,<br>Like a great beast to the House of Judah;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel.”</i><br>I, I will attack and stride away,<br>Carrying the prey that no one can rescue;",
            "And I will return to My abode—<br>Till they realize their guilt.<br>In their distress, they will seek Me<br>And beg for My favor."
        ],
        [
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">As anticipated at the end of chapter 5, Israel seeks the Lord’s favor; His answer begins with v. 4.</i>“Come, let us turn back to the L<small>ORD</small>:<br>He attacked, and He can heal us;<br>He wounded, and He can bind us up.",
            "In two days He will make us whole again;<br>On the third day He will raise us up,<br>And we shall be whole by His favor.",
            "Let us pursue obedience to the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>And we shall become obedient.<br>His appearance is as sure as daybreak,<br>And He will come to us like rain,<br>Like latter rain that refreshes<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Taking yoreh as equivalent of yarweh.</i> the earth.”<br>",
            "What can I do for you, Ephraim,<br>What can I do for you, Judah,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel”; cf. “Ephraim…Israel” in v. 10.</i><br>When your goodness is like morning clouds,<br>Like dew so early gone?",
            "That is why I have hewn down <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “your children”; cf. 9.13.</i>the prophets,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup><br>Have slain them with the words of My mouth:<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. v. 3; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>And the day that dawned [brought on] your punishment.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup>",
            "For I desire goodness, not sacrifice;<br>Obedience to God, rather than burnt offerings.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of vv. 7–11 unclear in part.</i>But they, to a man, have transgressed the Covenant.<br>This is where they have been false to Me:",
            "Gilead is a city of evildoers,<br>Tracked up with blood.",
            "The gang of priests is<br>Like the ambuscade of bandits<br>Who murder on the road to Shechem,<br>For they have encouraged<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Heb. “done”; cf. 5.1–3.</i> depravity.",
            "In <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Beth-shean.”</i>the House of Israel<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-h</sup> I have seen<br>A horrible thing;<br>Ephraim has fornicated there,<br>Israel has defiled himself.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. 5.9–10; but meaning of clause uncertain.</i>(Even Judah has reaped a harvest of you!)<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-i</sup><br>When I would restore My people’s fortunes,"
        ],
        [
            "When I would heal Israel,<br>The guilt of Ephraim reveals itself<br>And the wickedness of Samaria.<br>For they have acted treacherously,<br>With thieves breaking in<br>And bands raiding outside.",
            "And they do not consider<br>That I remembered all their wickedness.<br>Why, their misdeeds have been all around them,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Me.”</i><br>They have been ever before Me.<br>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Vv. 3–6 would read well in the order 4, 6, 3, 5.</i>In malice they make a king merry,<br>And officials in treachery.",
            "They <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “rage.”</i>commit adultery,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-c</sup> all of them,<br>Like an oven fired by a baker,<br>Who desists from stoking only<br>From the kneading of the dough to its leavening.",
            "The day they made our king sick<br>[And] officials with the poison of wine,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., he trusted traitors; but meaning of verse uncertain.</i>He gave his hand to traitors.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>For they approach their ambush<br>With their hearts like an oven:<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup><br>Through the night<br>Their baker<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “rage.”</i> has slept;<br>In the morning, it flares up<br>Like a blazing fire.",
            "They all get heated like an oven<br>And devour their rulers—<br>None of them calls to Me.<br>All their kings have fallen [by their hand].<br>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>Ephraim is among the peoples;<br>He is rotting away.<br>Ephraim is like a cake—<br>Incapable of turning.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup>",
            "Strangers have consumed his strength,<br>But he has taken no notice;<br>Also, mold<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Like Akkadian sh™†bu; others “gray hairs.”</i> is scattered over him,<br>But he has taken no notice.",
            "Though Israel’s pride has been humbled<br>Before his very eyes,<br>They have not turned back<br>To their God the L<small>ORD</small>;<br>They have not sought Him<br>In spite of everything.",
            "Instead, Ephraim has acted<br>Like a silly dove with no mind:<br>They have appealed to Egypt!<br>They have gone to Assyria!",
            "When they go, I will spread<br>My net over them,<br>I will bring them down<br>Like birds of the sky;<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>I will chastise them<br>When I hear their bargaining.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup>",
            "Woe to them<br>For straying from Me;<br>Destruction to them<br>For rebelling against Me!<br>For I was their Redeemer;<br>Yet they have plotted treason against Me.<br>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">This verse would read well after 8.2.</i>But they did not cry out to Me sincerely<br>As they <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., in penitence; cf. Isa. 58.5.</i>lay wailing.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-h</sup><br>They debauch<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Aramaic gar/yegur “to commit adultery”; for the thought, cf. 4.11.</i> over new grain and new wine,<br>They are faithless<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Taking yasuru as equivalent to yasoru, from sarar; cf. 9.15 end.</i> to Me.<br>",
            "<i>I</i> braced, <i>I</i> strengthened their arms,<br>And they plot evil against <i>Me</i>!",
            "They come back;<br>They have been of no use,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i><br>Like a slack bow.<br>Their officers shall fall by the sword,<br>Because of the stammering<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Arabic zaghu†m and zughmu†m “a stammerer.”</i> of their tongues.<br>Such shall be [the results of] their jabbering<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., the negotiations conducted in the Egyptian language.</i><br>In the land of Egypt."
        ],
        [
            "[Put] a ram’s horn to your mouth—<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>Like an eagle<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup> over the House of <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel.”</i>the L<small>ORD</small>;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup><br>Because they have transgressed My covenant<br>And been faithless to My teaching.",
            "Israel cries out to Me,<br>“O my God, we are devoted to You.”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See note g at 7.14.</i><br>",
            "Israel rejects what is good;<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “They pursue delusion.”</i>An enemy shall pursue him.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup>",
            "They have made kings,<br>But not with My sanction;<br>They have made officers,<br>But not of My choice.<br>Of their silver and gold<br>They have made themselves images,<br>To their own undoing.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “I reject.”</i>He rejects<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup> your calf, Samaria!<br>I am furious with them!<br>Will they never be capable of <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “understanding, / That House of Israel?”</i>purity?",
            "For it was Israel’s doing;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup><br>It was only made by a joiner,<br>It is not a god.<br>No, the calf of Samaria shall be<br>Reduced to splinters!<br>",
            "They sow wind,<br>And they shall reap whirlwind—<br>Standing stalks devoid of ears<br>And yielding no flour.<br>If they do yield any,<br>Strangers shall devour it.",
            "Israel is bewildered;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">A play on words: The Heb. root bala‘, which means “bewildered” here (cf. Isa. 28.7), means “devour” in the preceding verse.</i><br>They have now become among the nations<br>Like an unwanted vessel,",
            "[Like] a lonely wild ass.<br>For they have gone up to Assyria,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “In Egypt they have.”</i>Ephraim has<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-h</sup> courted friendship.",
            "And while they are courting among the nations,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. 9.6; but meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>There I will hold them fast;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-i</sup><br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>And they shall begin to diminish in number<br>From the burden of king [and] officers.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup><br>",
            "For Ephraim has multiplied altars—for guilt;<br>His altars have redounded to his guilt:",
            "The many teachings I wrote for him<br>Have been treated as something alien.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>When they present sacrifices to Me,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup><br>It is but flesh for them to eat:<br>The L<small>ORD</small> has not accepted them.<br>Behold, He remembers their iniquity,<br>He will punish their sins:<br>Back to Egypt with them!",
            "Israel has ignored his Maker<br>And built temples<br>(And Judah has fortified many cities).<br>So I will set fire to his cities,<br>And it shall consume their fortresses."
        ],
        [
            "Rejoice not, O Israel,<br>As other peoples exult;<br>For you have strayed<br>Away from your God:<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation and rearrangement yield: “You have loved fornication / By every threshing floor and press; / The new grain shall not join them, / And the new wine shall fail them.”</i>You have loved a harlot’s fee<br>By every threshing floor of new grain.",
            "Threshing floor and winepress<br>Shall not join them,<br>And the new wine shall betray her.<sup>a</sup>",
            "They shall not be able to remain<br>In the land of the L<small>ORD</small>.<br>But Ephraim shall return to Egypt<br>And shall eat unclean food in Assyria.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">The lands of the heathen and the food there are unclean; cf. Ezek. 4.13; Amos 7.17.</i>",
            "It shall be for them like the food of mourners,<br>All who partake of which are defiled.<br>They will offer no libations of wine to the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>And no sacrifices of theirs will be pleasing to Him;<br>But their food will be only for their hunger,<br>It shall not come into the House of the L<small>ORD</small>.",
            "What will you do about feast days,<br>About the festivals of the L<small>ORD</small>?",
            "Behold, they have gone <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “to Assyria.”</i>from destruction<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-c</sup><br>[With] the silver they treasure.<br>Egypt shall <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. 8.10.</i>hold them fast,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup><br>Moph<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Believed to be Memphis, elsewhere called Noph.</i> shall receive them in burial.<br>Weeds are their heirs;<br>Prickly shrubs occupy their [old] homes.",
            "The days of punishment have come<br>For your heavy guilt;<br>The days of requital have come—<br>Let Israel know it!<br><br>The prophet was distraught,<br>The inspired man driven mad<br>By constant harassment.",
            "Ephraim watches for <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “the prophet of my God.”</i>my God.<br>As for the prophet,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup><br>Fowlers’ snares are on all his paths,<br>Harassment in the House of his God.",
            "They have been as grievously corrupt<br>As in the days of Gibeah;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See Judg. 19–20.</i><br>He will remember their iniquity,<br>He will punish their sins.<br>",
            "I found Israel [as pleasing]<br>As grapes in the wilderness;<br>Your fathers seemed to Me<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “like a ripe fig in a waterless waste”; cf. 13.5.</i>Like the first fig to ripen on a fig tree.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-h</sup><br>But when they came to Baal-peor,<br>They turned aside to shamefulness;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Num. 25.1–3.</i><br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>Then they became as detested<br>As they had been loved.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-j</sup>",
            "From birth, from the womb, from conception<br>Ephraim’s glory shall be<br>Like birds that fly away.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">V. 16 would read well after v. 11.</i>",
            "Even if they rear their infants,<br>I will bereave them of men.<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields: “Even if they wean their babes, / They shall be dismayed because of them.”</i>Woe to them indeed<br>When I turn away from them!<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-l</sup>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>It shall go with Ephraim<br>As I have seen it go with Tyre,<br>Which was planted in a meadow;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-j</sup><br>Ephraim too must bring out<br>His children to slayers.",
            "Give them, O L<small>ORD</small>—give them what?<br>Give them a womb that miscarries,<br>And shriveled breasts!",
            "All their misfortune [began] at Gilgal,<br>For there I disowned them.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\">The specific allusion is uncertain.</i><br>For their evil deeds<br>I will drive them out of My House.<br>I will accept them no more;<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “They are all.”</i>All their officials are<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-n</sup> disloyal.<br>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">V. 16 would read well after v. 11.</i>Ephraim<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Targum reads “Their crown,” i.e., of a tree.</i> is stricken,<br>Their stock is withered;<br>They can produce no fruit.<br>Even if they do bear children,<br>I will slay their cherished offspring.<br>",
            "My God rejects them<br>Because they have not obeyed Him,<br>And they shall go wandering<br>Among the nations."
        ],
        [
            "Israel is a ravaged vine<br>And its fruit is like it.<br>When his fruit was plentiful,<br>He made altars aplenty;<br>When his land was bountiful,<br>Cult pillars abounded.",
            "Now that his boughs<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. 2 Sam. 18.14, where the word is rendered “thick growth.”</i> are broken up,<br>He feels his guilt;<br>He himself pulls apart his altars,<br>Smashes his pillars.<br>",
            "Truly, now they say,<br>“We have no king;<br>For, since we do not fear the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>What can a king do to us?”",
            "So they conclude agreements and make covenants<br>With false oaths,<br>And justice <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Amos 6.12; lit. “breaks out like poison weeds.”</i>degenerates into poison weeds,<br>Breaking out<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup> on the furrows of the fields.<br>",
            "The inhabitants of Samaria fear<br>For the calf of Beth-aven;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See note m at 4.15.</i><br>Indeed, its people and priestlings,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>Whose joy it once was,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-d</sup><br>Mourn over it for the glory<br>That is departed from it.",
            "It too shall be brought to Assyria<br>As tribute to a patron<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See note j at 5.13.</i> king;<br>Ephraim shall be chagrined,<br>Israel shall be dismayed<br>Because of his plans.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “image,” referring to the calf.</i>",
            "Samaria’s monarchy<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">The Heb. verb agrees with this word, not with “Samaria.”</i> is vanishing<br>Like foam upon water,",
            "Ruined shall be the shrines of [Beth-]aven,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See note m at 4.15.</i><br>That sin of Israel.<br>Thorns and thistles<br>Shall grow on their altars.<br>They shall call to the mountains, “Bury us!”<br>To the hills, “Fall on us!”<br>",
            "You have sinned more, O Israel,<br>Than in the days of Gibeah.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">See note at 9.9.</i><br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>There they stand [as] at Gibeah!<br>Shall they not be overtaken<br>By a war upon scoundrels",
            "As peoples gather against them?<sup>d</sup><br><br>When I chose [them], I broke them in,<br>Harnessing them for two furrows.",
            "Ephraim became a trained heifer,<br>But preferred to thresh;<br>I <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “passed over the comeliness of its neck.”</i>placed a yoke<br>Upon her sleek neck.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-i</sup><br>I will make Ephraim <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Taking rkb in the sense of the Arabic krb.</i>do advance plowing;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-j</sup><br>Judah<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Israel.”</i> shall do [main] plowing!<br>Jacob shall do final plowing!",
            "“Sow righteousness for yourselves;<br>Reap <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “according to.”</i>the fruits of<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-l</sup> goodness;<br>Break for yourselves betimes fresh ground<br>Of seeking the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>So that you may obtain <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain; Septuagint reads “the fruits.”</i>a teacher<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-m</sup> of righteousness.”",
            "You have plowed wickedness,<br>You have reaped iniquity—<br>[And] you shall eat the fruits of treachery—<br>Because you relied on your way,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Septuagint reads “chariots.”</i><br>On your host of warriors.",
            "But the din of war shall arise in your own people,<br>And all your fortresses shall be ravaged<br>As Beth-arbel was ravaged by Shalman<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">o</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Perhaps identical with the Shallum of 2 Kings 15.10 ff.; cf. the atrocities of Shallum’s rival, ibid., v. 16.</i><br>On a day of battle,<br>When mothers and babes were dashed to death together.",
            "This <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">p</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “will I do to you, O House of Israel.”</i>is what Bethel has done to you<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-p</sup><br>For your horrible wickedness:<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">q</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning, perhaps, “swiftly as the dawn”; cf. v. 7 above, “like foam upon water.”</i>At dawn<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-q</sup> shall Israel’s monarchy<br>Utterly perish."
        ],
        [
            "I fell in love with Israel<br>When he was still a child;<br>And I have called [him] My son<br>Ever since Egypt.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of parts of vv. 2–7 uncertain.</i>Thus were they called,<br>But they went their own way;<br>They sacrifice to Baalim<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “calves”; cf. 8.4–6; 13.2.</i><br>And offer to carved images.",
            "I have pampered Ephraim,<br>Taking them in My<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Heb. “his.”</i> arms;<br>But they have ignored<br>My healing care.",
            "I drew them with human ties,<br>With cords of love;<br>But I seemed to them as one<br>Who imposed a yoke on their jaws,<br>Though I was offering them food.",
            "No!<br>They return to the land of Egypt,<br>And Assyria is their king.<br>Because they refuse to repent,",
            "A sword shall descend upon their towns<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “bodies,” lit. “skins”; cf. Job. 18.13.</i><br>And consume their limbs<br>And devour <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “their bones.”</i>[them] because of their designs.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>For My people persists<br>In its defection from Me;<br>When it is summoned upward,<br>It does not rise at all.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup><br>",
            "How can I give you up, O Ephraim?<br>How surrender you, O Israel?<br>How can I make you like Admah,<br>Render you like Zeboiim?<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Admah and Zeboiim were destroyed with neighboring Sodom and Gomorrah; cf. Gen. 10.19; 14.2, 8; Deut. 29.22.</i><br>I have had a change of heart,<br>All My tenderness is stirred.",
            "I will not act on My wrath,<br>Will not turn to destroy Ephraim.<br>For I am God, not man,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>The Holy One in your midst:<br>I will not come in fury.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup><br>",
            "The L<small>ORD</small> will roar like a lion,<br>And they shall march behind Him;<br>When He roars, His children shall come<br>Fluttering out of the west.",
            "They shall flutter from Egypt like sparrows,<br>From the land of Assyria like doves;<br>And I will settle them in their homes<br>—declares the L<small>ORD</small>."
        ],
        [
            "Ephraim surrounds Me with deceit,<br>The House of Israel with guile.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., the deceit and guile they practice on each other (below vv. 8–9) is constantly noted by the Lord.</i><br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>(But Judah stands firm with God<br>And is faithful to the Holy One.)<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup>",
            "Ephraim tends the wind<br>And pursues the gale;<br>He is forever adding<br>Illusion to calamity.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Septuagint reads “futility.”</i><br>Now they make a covenant with Assyria,<br>Now oil is carried to Egypt.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., they foolishly depend on alliances instead of on the Lord; cf. 5.13; 7.10–11.</i><br>",
            "The L<small>ORD</small> once indicted Judah,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Presumably the patriarch Judah. Emendation would yield “Israel”; cf. next note.</i><br>And punished Jacob for his conduct,<br>Requited him for his deeds.",
            "In the womb he tried to supplant his brother;<br>Grown to manhood, he strove with a divine being,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Cf. Gen. 25.26 and 32.29.</i>",
            "He strove with an angel and prevailed—<br>The other had to weep and implore him.<br>At Bethel [Jacob] would meet him,<br>There to commune with him.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">g</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Heb. “us.”</i>",
            "Yet the L<small>ORD</small>, the God of Hosts,<br>Must be invoked as “L<small>ORD</small>.”<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">h</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., one should not invoke any of the angelic hosts.</i>",
            "You must return to your God!<br>Practice goodness and justice,<br>And constantly trust in your God.<br>",
            "A trader who uses false balances,<br>Who loves to overreach,",
            "Ephraim thinks,<br>“Ah, I have become rich;<br>I have gotten power!<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>All my gains do not amount<br>To an offense which is real guilt.”<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup>",
            "I the L<small>ORD</small> have been your God<br>Ever since the land of Egypt.<br>I will let you dwell in your tents<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">i</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., securely; see 2 Kings 13.5.</i> again<br>As in the days of old,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">j</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “fixed season.”</i>",
            "When I spoke to the prophets;<br>For I granted many visions,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>And spoke parables through the prophets.",
            "As for Gilead, it is worthless;<br>And to no purpose<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup> have they<br>Been sacrificing oxen in Gilgal:<br>The altars of these are also<br>Like stone heaps upon a plowed field.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">k</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., the cults of Gilead and Gilgal are as worthless as that of Bethel.</i><br>",
            "Then Jacob had to flee<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">l</sup><i class=\"footnote\">This is the punishment mentioned in 12.3.</i> to the land of Aram;<br>There Israel served for a wife,<br>For a wife he had to guard [sheep].",
            "But when the L<small>ORD</small><br>Brought Israel up from Egypt,<br>It was through a prophet;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., not through an angel.</i><br>Through a prophet<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">m</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., not through an angel.</i> they were guarded.",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">n</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of 12.15–13.1 uncertain.</i>Ephraim gave bitter offense,<br>And his Lord cast his crimes upon him<br>And requited him for his mockery."
        ],
        [
            "When Ephraim spoke piety,<br>He was exalted in Israel;<br>But he incurred guilt through Baal,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., Baal-peor; cf. 9.10.</i><br>And so he died.",
            "And now they go on sinning;<br>They have made them molten images,<br>Idols, by their skill, from their silver,<br>Wholly the work of craftsmen.<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>Yet for these they appoint men to sacrifice;<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup><br>They are wont to kiss calves!",
            "Assuredly,<br>They shall be like morning clouds,<br>Like dew so early gone;<br>Like chaff whirled away from the threshing floor.<br>And like smoke from a lattice.",
            "Only I the L<small>ORD</small> have been your God<br>Ever since the land of Egypt;<br>You have never known a [true] God but Me,<br>You have never had a helper other than Me.",
            "I looked after you in the desert,<br>In a thirsty land.",
            "When they grazed, they were sated;<br>When they were sated, they grew haughty;<br>And so they forgot Me.",
            "So I am become like a lion to them,<br>Like a leopard I lurk on the way;",
            "Like a bear robbed of her young I attack them<br>And rip open the casing of their hearts;<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “There dogs shall devour them”; cf. Septuagint.</i>I will devour them there like a lion,<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-c</sup><br>The beasts of the field shall mangle them.<br>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>You are undone, O Israel!<br>You had no help but Me.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup>",
            "Where now is your king?<br>Let him save you!<br>Where are the chieftains in all your towns<br>From whom you demanded:<br>“Give me a king and officers”?",
            "I give you kings in my ire,<br>And take them away in My wrath.<br>",
            "Ephraim’s guilt is bound up,<br>His sin is stored away.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., for future retribution.</i>",
            "Pangs of childbirth assail him,<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>And the babe is not wise—<br>For this is no time to survive<br>At the birthstool of babes.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-b</sup><br>",
            "<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">This verse would read well before 14.5.</i>From Sheol itself I will save them,<br>Redeem them from very Death.<br>Where, O Death, are your plagues?<br>Your pestilence where, O Sheol?<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Lit. “Satisfaction (for this meaning of nḥm see Deut. 32.36; Isa. 1.24) shall be hidden from My eyes.”</i>Revenge shall be far from My thoughts.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-f</sup>",
            "For though he flourish among reeds,<br>A blast, a wind of the L<small>ORD</small>,<br>Shall come blowing up from the wilderness;<br>His fountain shall be parched,<br>His spring dried up.<br>That [wind] shall plunder treasures,<br>Every lovely object."
        ],
        [
            "Samaria must bear her guilt,<br>For she has defied her God.<br>They shall fall by the sword,<br>Their infants shall be dashed to death,<br>And their women with child ripped open.<br>",
            "Return, O Israel, to the L<small>ORD</small> your God,<br>For you have fallen because of your sin.",
            "Take words with you<br>And return to the L<small>ORD</small>.<br>Say to Him:<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>“Forgive all guilt<br>And accept what is good;<br>Instead of bulls we will pay<br>[The offering of] our lips.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup>",
            "Assyria shall not save us,<br>No more will we ride on steeds;<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">b</sup><i class=\"footnote\">I.e., we will no longer depend on an alliance with Egypt; cf. 2 Kings 18.24 (Isa. 36.9); Isa. 30.16.</i><br>Nor ever again will we call<br>Our handiwork our god,<br>Since in You alone orphans find pity!”",
            "I will heal their affliction,<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">c</sup><i class=\"footnote\">For this meaning of meshubah see Jer. 2.19; 3.22.</i><br>Generously will I take them back in love;<br>For My anger has turned away from them.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">d</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Heb. “him.”</i>",
            "I will be to Israel like dew;<br>He shall blossom like the lily,<br>He shall strike root like a <sup class=\"footnote-marker\">e</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “poplar.”</i>Lebanon tree.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-e</sup>",
            "His boughs shall spread out far,<br>His beauty shall be like the olive tree’s,<br>His fragrance like that of Lebanon.",
            "They who sit in his shade shall be revived:<br>They shall bring to life new grain,<br>They shall blossom like the vine;<br>His scent shall be like the wine of Lebanon.<sup class=\"footnote-marker\">f</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Emendation yields “Helbon”; cf. Ezek. 27.18.</i>",
            "Ephraim [shall say]:<br>“What more have I to do with idols?<br>When I respond and look to Him,<br>I become like a verdant cypress.”<br><sup class=\"footnote-marker\">a</sup><i class=\"footnote\">Meaning of Heb. uncertain.</i>Your fruit is provided by Me.<sup class=\"endFootnote\">-a</sup><br>",
            "He who is wise will consider these words,<br>He who is prudent will take note of them.<br>For the paths of the L<small>ORD</small> are smooth;<br>The righteous can walk on them,<br>While sinners stumble on them."
        ]
    ],
    "sectionNames": [
        "Chapter",
        "Verse"
    ]
}