"""
Experience Replay — Trajectory storage and retrieval.

Stores completed trajectories with their scores and supports retrieval
ranked by a combination of:
  1. Semantic similarity (embedding-based) — from MemRL (arxiv:2601.03192)
  2. Learned Q-value utility scores — from REMEMBERER (arxiv:2306.07929)

The two-phase retrieval (recall by similarity → re-rank by Q-value) separates
"semantically similar" from "functionally useful" — a key insight from MemRL.

This module is the "database" — it stores but doesn't analyze. The Optimizer
module reads from here and writes heuristics back.
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import json
import logging
import math
import os
import time
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any

from purpose_agent.types import (
    Heuristic,
    MemoryRecord,
    MemoryTier,
    Trajectory,
    TrajectoryStep,
)

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class ExperienceReplay:
    """
    Experience Replay buffer with two-phase retrieval.
    
    Phase 1 (Recall): Retrieve top-k records by semantic similarity to query
    Phase 2 (Re-rank): Re-order by learned Q-value utility scores
    
    The buffer supports:
    - Adding trajectories with automatic scoring
    - Retrieving similar past experiences for the Actor's context
    - Q-value updates after heuristics are applied (Bellman-style)
    - Persistence to disk (JSON)
    - Capacity management (evict lowest Q-value records when full)
    
    Args:
        capacity: Maximum number of records to store
        similarity_weight: λ in retrieval score = λ·similarity + (1-λ)·q_value
        persistence_path: If set, auto-save/load buffer to this file
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        capacity: int = 500,
        similarity_weight: float = 0.6,
        persistence_path: str | Path | None = None,
    ):
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.similarity_weight = similarity_weight
        self.persistence_path = Path(persistence_path) if persistence_path else None
        self.records: list[MemoryRecord] = []

        # Load from disk if available
        if self.persistence_path and self.persistence_path.exists():
            self._load()

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Core Operations
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def add(self, trajectory: Trajectory) -> MemoryRecord:
        """
        Add a completed trajectory to the buffer.
        
        Automatically computes a task embedding (simple TF-IDF-style hash)
        and initial Q-value based on trajectory performance.
        """
        # Compute initial Q-value from trajectory performance
        initial_q = self._compute_initial_q(trajectory)

        record = MemoryRecord(
            trajectory=trajectory,
            heuristics=[],
            task_embedding=self._compute_embedding(trajectory.task_description),
            retrieval_q_value=initial_q,
        )

        # Capacity management: evict lowest Q-value if full
        if len(self.records) >= self.capacity:
            self._evict()

        self.records.append(record)
        logger.info(
            f"Experience Replay: Added trajectory '{trajectory.id}' "
            f"(q={initial_q:.3f}, steps={len(trajectory.steps)}, "
            f"Σreward={trajectory.cumulative_reward:.2f})"
        )

        if self.persistence_path:
            self._save()

        return record

    def retrieve(
        self,
        query: str,
        top_k: int = 5,
        min_q_value: float = 0.0,
    ) -> list[MemoryRecord]:
        """
        Two-phase retrieval (per MemRL arxiv:2601.03192):
        
        Phase 1: Recall candidates by semantic similarity
        Phase 2: Re-rank by Q-value utility
        
        Returns top-k records sorted by combined score.
        """
        if not self.records:
            return []

        query_embedding = self._compute_embedding(query)

        # Phase 1: Compute similarity scores for all records
        scored: list[tuple[float, MemoryRecord]] = []
        for record in self.records:
            if record.retrieval_q_value < min_q_value:
                continue
            sim = self._cosine_similarity(
                query_embedding, record.task_embedding or []
            )
            # Phase 2: Combined score
            combined = (
                self.similarity_weight * sim
                + (1 - self.similarity_weight) * record.retrieval_q_value
            )
            scored.append((combined, record))

        # Sort descending by combined score
        scored.sort(key=lambda x: -x[0])

        results = [record for _, record in scored[:top_k]]
        logger.debug(
            f"Experience Replay: Retrieved {len(results)} records for query "
            f"(top score={scored[0][0]:.3f})" if scored else "no records"
        )
        return results

    def update_q_value(
        self,
        record_id: str,
        reward: float,
        alpha: float = 0.1,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Update a record's retrieval Q-value using Monte Carlo update.
        
        Q_new = Q_old + α * (reward - Q_old)
        
        From REMEMBERER (arxiv:2306.07929): α = 1/N where N = number of
        updates. We use a fixed α for simplicity; override for REMEMBERER-exact.
        """
        for record in self.records:
            if record.id == record_id:
                old_q = record.retrieval_q_value
                record.retrieval_q_value += alpha * (reward - old_q)
                record.retrieval_q_value = max(0.0, min(1.0, record.retrieval_q_value))
                logger.debug(
                    f"Experience Replay: Q-value update for {record_id}: "
                    f"{old_q:.3f} → {record.retrieval_q_value:.3f}"
                )
                if self.persistence_path:
                    self._save()
                return
        logger.warning(f"Experience Replay: Record {record_id} not found for Q-update")

    def attach_heuristics(
        self, record_id: str, heuristics: list[Heuristic]
    ) -> None:
        """Attach extracted heuristics to a memory record."""
        for record in self.records:
            if record.id == record_id:
                record.heuristics = heuristics
                if self.persistence_path:
                    self._save()
                return

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Statistics & Queries
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def get_top_trajectories(
        self,
        n: int = 10,
        min_success_rate: float = 0.5,
    ) -> list[Trajectory]:
        """Get the n best trajectories by cumulative reward."""
        candidates = [
            r.trajectory for r in self.records
            if r.trajectory.success_rate >= min_success_rate
        ]
        candidates.sort(key=lambda t: -t.cumulative_reward)
        return candidates[:n]

    def get_all_heuristics(self, tier: MemoryTier | None = None) -> list[Heuristic]:
        """Get all extracted heuristics, optionally filtered by tier."""
        heuristics = []
        for record in self.records:
            for h in record.heuristics:
                if tier is None or h.tier == tier:
                    heuristics.append(h)
        return heuristics

    @property
    def size(self) -> int:
        return len(self.records)

    def clear(self) -> None:
        """Reset the replay buffer. Removes all records and persists the empty state."""
        self.records.clear()
        if self.persistence_path:
            self._save()
        logger.info("Experience Replay: cleared all records")

    @property
    def stats(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
        if not self.records:
            return {"size": 0}
        q_values = [r.retrieval_q_value for r in self.records]
        rewards = [r.trajectory.cumulative_reward for r in self.records]
        return {
            "size": len(self.records),
            "avg_q_value": sum(q_values) / len(q_values),
            "max_q_value": max(q_values),
            "avg_cumulative_reward": sum(rewards) / len(rewards),
            "total_heuristics": sum(len(r.heuristics) for r in self.records),
        }

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Embedding & Similarity (lightweight — no external deps)
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def _compute_embedding(text: str) -> list[float]:
        """
        Lightweight text embedding using character n-gram hashing.
        
        This is intentionally simple — for production, swap in a real
        embedding model (sentence-transformers, OpenAI embeddings, etc.).
        
        To use real embeddings, subclass ExperienceReplay and override
        _compute_embedding() and _cosine_similarity().
        """
        # Character trigram hashing into a fixed-size vector
        dim = 128
        vec = [0.0] * dim
        text_lower = text.lower()
        for i in range(len(text_lower) - 2):
            trigram = text_lower[i:i + 3]
            h = hash(trigram) % dim
            vec[h] += 1.0

        # L2 normalize
        magnitude = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in vec))
        if magnitude > 0:
            vec = [x / magnitude for x in vec]
        return vec

    @staticmethod
    def _cosine_similarity(a: list[float], b: list[float]) -> float:
        """Cosine similarity between two vectors."""
        if not a or not b or len(a) != len(b):
            return 0.0
        dot = sum(x * y for x, y in zip(a, b))
        mag_a = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in a))
        mag_b = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in b))
        if mag_a == 0 or mag_b == 0:
            return 0.0
        return dot / (mag_a * mag_b)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Initial Q-Value Estimation
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def _compute_initial_q(trajectory: Trajectory) -> float:
        """
        Compute initial Q-value from trajectory performance.
        
        Uses a combination of:
        - Success rate (fraction of steps that improved state)
        - Total delta (net improvement)
        - Trajectory length efficiency (shorter = better for same delta)
        """
        if not trajectory.steps:
            return 0.3  # Uninformative prior

        success_rate = trajectory.success_rate
        total_delta = trajectory.total_delta
        length = len(trajectory.steps)

        # Normalize total_delta to 0-1 (assuming max meaningful delta is ~10)
        delta_normalized = max(0.0, min(1.0, total_delta / 10.0))

        # Efficiency bonus: more progress per step = higher Q
        efficiency = delta_normalized / max(length, 1)

        q = 0.4 * success_rate + 0.4 * delta_normalized + 0.2 * min(efficiency * 5, 1.0)
        return max(0.0, min(1.0, q))

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Capacity Management
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def _evict(self) -> None:
        """Evict the lowest Q-value record."""
        if not self.records:
            return
        worst = min(self.records, key=lambda r: r.retrieval_q_value)
        self.records.remove(worst)
        logger.debug(
            f"Experience Replay: Evicted record {worst.id} "
            f"(q={worst.retrieval_q_value:.3f})"
        )

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Persistence
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def _save(self) -> None:
        """Save buffer to disk as JSON."""
        if not self.persistence_path:
            return
        self.persistence_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

        data = []
        for record in self.records:
            data.append({
                "id": record.id,
                "retrieval_q_value": record.retrieval_q_value,
                "task_embedding": record.task_embedding,
                "trajectory": {
                    "id": record.trajectory.id,
                    "task_description": record.trajectory.task_description,
                    "purpose": record.trajectory.purpose,
                    "created_at": record.trajectory.created_at,
                    "cumulative_reward": record.trajectory.cumulative_reward,
                    "total_delta": record.trajectory.total_delta,
                    "success_rate": record.trajectory.success_rate,
                    "num_steps": len(record.trajectory.steps),
                },
                "heuristics": [
                    {
                        "id": h.id,
                        "pattern": h.pattern,
                        "strategy": h.strategy,
                        "steps": h.steps,
                        "tier": h.tier.value,
                        "q_value": h.q_value,
                        "times_used": h.times_used,
                        "times_succeeded": h.times_succeeded,
                    }
                    for h in record.heuristics
                ],
            })

        with open(self.persistence_path, "w") as f:
            json.dump(data, f, indent=2, default=str)

    def _load(self) -> None:
        """Load buffer from disk."""
        if not self.persistence_path or not self.persistence_path.exists():
            return
        try:
            with open(self.persistence_path) as f:
                data = json.load(f)

            for entry in data:
                traj_data = entry["trajectory"]
                trajectory = Trajectory(
                    task_description=traj_data["task_description"],
                    purpose=traj_data["purpose"],
                    id=traj_data["id"],
                    created_at=traj_data.get("created_at", time.time()),
                )
                heuristics = [
                    Heuristic(
                        id=h["id"],
                        pattern=h["pattern"],
                        strategy=h["strategy"],
                        steps=h["steps"],
                        tier=MemoryTier(h["tier"]),
                        q_value=h["q_value"],
                        times_used=h.get("times_used", 0),
                        times_succeeded=h.get("times_succeeded", 0),
                    )
                    for h in entry.get("heuristics", [])
                ]
                record = MemoryRecord(
                    id=entry["id"],
                    trajectory=trajectory,
                    heuristics=heuristics,
                    task_embedding=entry.get("task_embedding"),
                    retrieval_q_value=entry.get("retrieval_q_value", 0.5),
                )
                self.records.append(record)

            logger.info(f"Experience Replay: Loaded {len(self.records)} records from disk")
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Experience Replay: Failed to load from disk: {e}")