"""
Heuristic Optimizer — Extracts "winning heuristics" from high-reward trajectories.

This is the self-improvement engine. It takes successful trajectories and distills
them into reusable heuristics that update the agent's long-term memory.

The key insight (from CER arxiv:2506.06698 and MUSE arxiv:2510.08002):
  - Don't store raw trajectories in the prompt (context bloat)
  - DISTILL them into abstract, reusable patterns
  - Use {variable} placeholders so heuristics generalize
  - Deduplicate and merge similar heuristics to prevent memory drift

The Optimizer produces three types of heuristics (MUSE 3-tier):
  1. STRATEGIC: High-level <Dilemma, Strategy> pairs (e.g., "When stuck on X, try Y")
  2. PROCEDURAL: Step-by-step SOPs for specific task patterns
  3. TOOL: Per-action tips based on observed usage patterns
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import json
import logging
from typing import Any

from purpose_agent.types import (
    Heuristic,
    MemoryTier,
    Trajectory,
    TrajectoryStep,
)
from purpose_agent.llm_backend import ChatMessage, LLMBackend

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Distillation Prompts (inspired by CER Appendix A.1 + MUSE Section 3.2)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

DISTILL_SYSTEM_PROMPT = """\
You are a HEURISTIC EXTRACTOR. Given a successful task trajectory, you extract
reusable lessons that will help an agent perform better on FUTURE similar tasks.

## Output Format
You produce three types of heuristics:

### 1. STRATEGIC (high-level wisdom)
Format: {"pattern": "When <situation>", "strategy": "Do <approach>"}
- Abstract away specific details — use {variable} placeholders
- Focus on dilemmas and decision points, not routine steps
- Example: {"pattern": "When facing {task_type} with multiple valid approaches",
            "strategy": "Start with the simplest approach that could work, escalate only if it fails"}

### 2. PROCEDURAL (step-by-step SOPs)
Format: {"pattern": "To accomplish {task_pattern}", "strategy": "Follow these steps",
         "steps": ["Step 1: ...", "Step 2: ..."]}
- Include concrete action names and parameter patterns
- Use {variable} placeholders for task-specific values
- Example: {"pattern": "To search for {item} in {environment}",
            "steps": ["Check {most_likely_location} first", "If not found, expand search radius", ...]}

### 3. TOOL (per-action tips)
Format: {"pattern": "When using action {action_name}", "strategy": "Remember to {tip}"}
- Based on action successes and failures in the trajectory
- Focus on non-obvious gotchas and best practices
"""

DISTILL_TRAJECTORY_PROMPT = """\
## Task Description
{task_description}

## Purpose
{purpose}

## Trajectory Summary
Total steps: {num_steps}
Success rate: {success_rate:.1%}
Cumulative reward: {cumulative_reward:.2f}
Net state improvement: {total_delta:.2f}

## Step-by-Step Trajectory
{trajectory_steps}

## Existing Heuristics (do NOT duplicate these)
{existing_heuristics}

Extract the winning heuristics from this trajectory. Focus on:
1. What decisions led to the highest-scoring steps?
2. Were there any mistakes that were corrected? What was learned?
3. Are there any patterns that would generalize to similar tasks?

Respond with a JSON array of heuristics, each with:
- "tier": "strategic" | "procedural" | "tool"
- "pattern": When/what this applies to (use {{variable}} placeholders)
- "strategy": What to do
- "steps": (optional, for procedural only) List of step strings
"""

DISTILL_SCHEMA: dict[str, Any] = {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
        "heuristics": {
            "type": "array",
            "items": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "tier": {
                        "type": "string",
                        "enum": ["strategic", "procedural", "tool"],
                    },
                    "pattern": {"type": "string"},
                    "strategy": {"type": "string"},
                    "steps": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {"type": "string"},
                    },
                },
                "required": ["tier", "pattern", "strategy"],
            },
        }
    },
    "required": ["heuristics"],
}


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Merge / Dedup Prompts
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

MERGE_SYSTEM_PROMPT = """\
You are a HEURISTIC DEDUPLICATOR. Given a list of heuristics, merge any that
are semantically similar into a single, more general heuristic.

Rules:
- If two heuristics describe the same strategy for similar situations, MERGE them
- The merged heuristic should be MORE general (wider applicability)
- Keep the higher Q-value when merging
- Preserve concrete action names and step details
- Do NOT merge heuristics from different tiers
"""


MERGE_PROMPT = """\
## Heuristics to Merge/Deduplicate
{heuristics_json}

Return a JSON array of the deduplicated heuristics. If two are similar,
combine them into one. Keep all unique heuristics.
"""


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Optimizer Class
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class HeuristicOptimizer:
    """
    Extracts reusable heuristics from high-reward trajectories and manages
    the heuristic library (dedup, merge, Q-value updates).
    
    This is the "learning" module — it reads trajectories from Experience Replay
    and produces heuristics that update the Actor's memory.
    
    The optimization loop (called by Orchestrator after each task):
      1. Get top trajectories from Experience Replay
      2. Distill each into candidate heuristics via LLM
      3. Merge/deduplicate with existing heuristic library
      4. Update Q-values based on usage success/failure
      5. Push updated heuristics to Actor's memory tiers
    
    Args:
        llm: LLM backend for distillation (can be same or different from Actor/Critic)
        min_reward_threshold: Minimum cumulative reward to consider a trajectory
        max_heuristics_per_tier: Cap on heuristics per tier to prevent context bloat
        merge_similarity_threshold: How similar two heuristics must be to merge
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        llm: LLMBackend,
        min_reward_threshold: float = 1.0,
        max_heuristics_per_tier: int = 20,
    ):
        self.llm = llm
        self.min_reward_threshold = min_reward_threshold
        self.max_heuristics_per_tier = max_heuristics_per_tier
        self.heuristic_library: list[Heuristic] = []

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Core: Distill Trajectory → Heuristics
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def distill_trajectory(
        self,
        trajectory: Trajectory,
        existing_heuristics: list[Heuristic] | None = None,
    ) -> list[Heuristic]:
        """
        Extract heuristics from a single trajectory via LLM distillation.
        
        Uses the CER (arxiv:2506.06698) distillation prompt pattern:
        - Abstract away specifics with {variable} placeholders
        - Separate into Dynamics (what was learned) and Skills (how to act)
        - Skip heuristics that duplicate existing ones
        """
        if trajectory.cumulative_reward < self.min_reward_threshold:
            logger.info(
                f"Optimizer: Skipping trajectory {trajectory.id} "
                f"(reward={trajectory.cumulative_reward:.2f} < threshold)"
            )
            return []

        existing = existing_heuristics or self.heuristic_library

        # Format trajectory steps for the prompt
        step_lines = []
        for step in trajectory.steps:
            score_info = ""
            if step.score is not None:
                score_info = (
                    f" → Φ: {step.score.phi_before:.1f}→{step.score.phi_after:.1f} "
                    f"(Δ={step.score.delta:+.2f})"
                )
            step_lines.append(
                f"Step {step.step_index}: "
                f"Action={step.action.name}({json.dumps(step.action.params, default=str)})\n"
                f"  Thought: {step.action.thought[:150]}\n"
                f"  State before: {step.state_before.describe()[:200]}\n"
                f"  State after: {step.state_after.describe()[:200]}\n"
                f"  Score{score_info}"
            )

        existing_str = "None" if not existing else "\n".join(
            f"- [{h.tier.value}] {h.pattern}: {h.strategy}" for h in existing[:20]
        )

        messages = [
            ChatMessage(role="system", content=DISTILL_SYSTEM_PROMPT),
            ChatMessage(role="user", content=DISTILL_TRAJECTORY_PROMPT.format(
                task_description=trajectory.task_description,
                purpose=trajectory.purpose,
                num_steps=len(trajectory.steps),
                success_rate=trajectory.success_rate,
                cumulative_reward=trajectory.cumulative_reward,
                total_delta=trajectory.total_delta,
                trajectory_steps="\n\n".join(step_lines),
                existing_heuristics=existing_str,
            )),
        ]

        try:
            result = self.llm.generate_structured(messages, schema=DISTILL_SCHEMA)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Optimizer: Distillation failed ({e}), attempting text fallback")
            raw = self.llm.generate(messages, temperature=0.5)
            result = self._parse_distillation_text(raw)

        new_heuristics = []
        for h_data in result.get("heuristics", []):
            tier_str = h_data.get("tier", "strategic")
            try:
                tier = MemoryTier(tier_str)
            except ValueError:
                tier = MemoryTier.STRATEGIC

            heuristic = Heuristic(
                pattern=h_data.get("pattern", ""),
                strategy=h_data.get("strategy", ""),
                steps=h_data.get("steps", []),
                tier=tier,
                source_trajectory_id=trajectory.id,
                q_value=trajectory.success_rate,  # Initial Q from trajectory success
            )
            new_heuristics.append(heuristic)

        logger.info(
            f"Optimizer: Distilled {len(new_heuristics)} heuristics from "
            f"trajectory {trajectory.id}"
        )
        return new_heuristics

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Merge & Deduplicate
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def merge_heuristics(
        self,
        new_heuristics: list[Heuristic],
    ) -> list[Heuristic]:
        """
        Merge new heuristics into the library, deduplicating similar ones.
        
        Per MUSE (arxiv:2510.08002) post-task distillation:
        - Merge similar heuristics into more general ones
        - Keep the higher Q-value
        - Cap per-tier to prevent context bloat
        """
        # Add new heuristics to library
        combined = self.heuristic_library + new_heuristics

        if not combined:
            return []

        # Group by tier
        by_tier: dict[MemoryTier, list[Heuristic]] = {}
        for h in combined:
            by_tier.setdefault(h.tier, []).append(h)

        # Deduplicate within each tier
        merged_library: list[Heuristic] = []
        for tier, heuristics in by_tier.items():
            if len(heuristics) <= self.max_heuristics_per_tier:
                merged_library.extend(heuristics)
                continue

            # Use LLM to merge if over capacity
            try:
                merged = self._llm_merge(heuristics, tier)
                merged_library.extend(merged[:self.max_heuristics_per_tier])
            except Exception as e:
                logger.warning(f"Optimizer: LLM merge failed ({e}), using Q-value sort")
                # Fallback: keep highest Q-value heuristics
                heuristics.sort(key=lambda h: -h.q_value)
                merged_library.extend(heuristics[:self.max_heuristics_per_tier])

        self.heuristic_library = merged_library
        logger.info(
            f"Optimizer: Library updated — {len(self.heuristic_library)} heuristics "
            f"({sum(1 for h in self.heuristic_library if h.tier == MemoryTier.STRATEGIC)} strategic, "
            f"{sum(1 for h in self.heuristic_library if h.tier == MemoryTier.PROCEDURAL)} procedural, "
            f"{sum(1 for h in self.heuristic_library if h.tier == MemoryTier.TOOL)} tool)"
        )
        return self.heuristic_library

    def _llm_merge(
        self,
        heuristics: list[Heuristic],
        tier: MemoryTier,
    ) -> list[Heuristic]:
        """Use LLM to merge similar heuristics."""
        h_dicts = [
            {
                "id": h.id,
                "pattern": h.pattern,
                "strategy": h.strategy,
                "steps": h.steps,
                "q_value": h.q_value,
            }
            for h in heuristics
        ]

        messages = [
            ChatMessage(role="system", content=MERGE_SYSTEM_PROMPT),
            ChatMessage(role="user", content=MERGE_PROMPT.format(
                heuristics_json=json.dumps(h_dicts, indent=2)
            )),
        ]

        result = self.llm.generate_structured(messages, schema=DISTILL_SCHEMA)

        merged = []
        for h_data in result.get("heuristics", []):
            merged.append(Heuristic(
                pattern=h_data.get("pattern", ""),
                strategy=h_data.get("strategy", ""),
                steps=h_data.get("steps", []),
                tier=tier,
                q_value=max(
                    (h.q_value for h in heuristics
                     if h.pattern == h_data.get("pattern")),
                    default=0.5,
                ),
            ))
        return merged

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Q-Value Management
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def update_heuristic_usage(
        self,
        heuristic_id: str,
        was_successful: bool,
        alpha: float = 0.1,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Update a heuristic's Q-value based on whether it helped.
        
        Called by the Orchestrator when a heuristic was in the Actor's
        context and the task succeeded/failed.
        """
        for h in self.heuristic_library:
            if h.id == heuristic_id:
                h.times_used += 1
                if was_successful:
                    h.times_succeeded += 1
                reward = 1.0 if was_successful else 0.0
                h.update_q_value(reward, alpha=alpha)
                logger.debug(
                    f"Optimizer: Heuristic {heuristic_id} updated "
                    f"(success={was_successful}, q={h.q_value:.3f})"
                )
                return

    def get_heuristics_by_tier(self, tier: MemoryTier) -> list[Heuristic]:
        """Get all heuristics for a specific memory tier, sorted by Q-value."""
        return sorted(
            [h for h in self.heuristic_library if h.tier == tier],
            key=lambda h: -h.q_value,
        )

    def prune_low_quality(self, min_q: float = 0.2, min_uses: int = 3) -> int:
        """Remove heuristics that have been tried and consistently fail."""
        before = len(self.heuristic_library)
        self.heuristic_library = [
            h for h in self.heuristic_library
            if h.times_used < min_uses or h.q_value >= min_q
        ]
        pruned = before - len(self.heuristic_library)
        if pruned:
            logger.info(f"Optimizer: Pruned {pruned} low-quality heuristics")
        return pruned

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Full Optimization Cycle
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def optimize(
        self,
        trajectories: list[Trajectory],
    ) -> list[Heuristic]:
        """
        Run the full optimization cycle:
        1. Filter trajectories by minimum reward
        2. Distill each into candidate heuristics
        3. Merge with existing library
        4. Prune low-quality heuristics
        
        Returns the updated heuristic library.
        """
        all_new: list[Heuristic] = []

        for traj in trajectories:
            if traj.cumulative_reward >= self.min_reward_threshold:
                new = self.distill_trajectory(traj, self.heuristic_library)
                all_new.extend(new)

        if all_new:
            self.merge_heuristics(all_new)
            self.prune_low_quality()

        logger.info(
            f"Optimizer: Cycle complete — processed {len(trajectories)} trajectories, "
            f"library size: {len(self.heuristic_library)}"
        )
        return self.heuristic_library

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Fallback Parser
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def _parse_distillation_text(raw: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Best-effort extraction of heuristics from free-form text."""
        import re

        heuristics = []

        # Try to find JSON array in text
        json_match = re.search(r'\[.*\]', raw, re.DOTALL)
        if json_match:
            try:
                parsed = json.loads(json_match.group())
                if isinstance(parsed, list):
                    return {"heuristics": parsed}
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                pass

        # Fall back to extracting patterns from text
        pattern_matches = re.findall(
            r'(?:pattern|when|if)\s*[:\-]\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)',
            raw, re.IGNORECASE
        )
        strategy_matches = re.findall(
            r'(?:strategy|do|then)\s*[:\-]\s*(.+?)(?:\n|$)',
            raw, re.IGNORECASE
        )

        for pattern, strategy in zip(pattern_matches, strategy_matches):
            heuristics.append({
                "tier": "strategic",
                "pattern": pattern.strip(),
                "strategy": strategy.strip(),
            })

        return {"heuristics": heuristics}