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OK.

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So welcome to Section Six point.

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Actually just corrected it from the last section I had a six point seven here.

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My bad.

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So this section deals with a regularisation which was a very important concept.

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Also you're going to understand what overfitting is and why it's bad and why we need to have a model.

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Generalize well and you understand basically what a tested assets.

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I think I mentioned it previously but I'll go into it a bit more here.

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Effectively we want to know how or what when and how our trade model becomes good.

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So what makes a good model.

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Now this is a very very basic explanation of what makes a good model good model is accurate generalizes

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well and does not overfit would have these kind of I mean the same thing.

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You'll understand that's shortly.

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And I deliberately made a slight vague because accuracy all depends on your domain.

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You're looking at sometimes you won ninety nine point ninety nine percent accuracy.

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Sometimes you can.

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You can be happy with 80 percent accuracy.

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It all depends on the application.

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So let's look at the models here.

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Let's look at these two classes one in green one in blue.

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And this is a model a model B model see the red line here is basically the decision boundary for each

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data set of data here.

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Which model I should say so.

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What's happening here is that how do you know which model intuitively what would you say is a best model

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here.

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Now let's look at Mullaly closely.

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Muddly actually separates all the data accurately.

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It sees a blue ball over here and actually adjust its decision boundary to encapsulate it Model B.

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Basically it doesn't do that model B basically does it nice smooth curve here it doesn't push itself

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all the way out here to capture this blue ball and basically it forms a nice clean decision boundary

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here.

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Model C takes a much more simplistic approach giving you a straight line separating these boundaries

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here.

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Now what would you say is a best model here.

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Now I would say B and I'll tell you why even though B doesn't capture the blue ball here as you can

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see from the nature of this data the blue ball technically is in the Green Zone.

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Yeah.

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So this ball here is an anomaly.

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He's basically an outlier.

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He contends that he may have ended up here from being mislabeled.

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Maybe he was supposed to be agreeable or maybe he just highly unusual.

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And generally we don't want our models to basically cover this blue ball here.

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This is called overfitting and it's bad because in all in most likely case a most likely scenario.

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Green balls are going to be right here.

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So what happens when a green ball is Heyliger unseen.

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GREENE Well in the future where we give it the fetus green ball is x y coordinates that is right here

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into this model.

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This overfitting model is going to label it as blue.

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Unfortunately when in reality if you see it here this nice clean model B boundary it is supposed to

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be green green glass.

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So that's an example of a model that is overfit probably too complicated for its own good as opposed

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to a Model B which generalizes Well model C in it.

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On the other hand is way too general and it's not going to be a good model.

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As I explained before this model fits this model this ideal of balance.

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And this is what it's called unbefitting.

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He doesn't fit the data.

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Well he just gives you a generic boundary and tells you.

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Yeah I tried my best but it's under fitting.

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So let's go into overfitting overfitting is what leads to poor models.

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And that's one of the most common problems faced in machine learning and that's a problem I face continuously

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when training my convolutional neural nets.

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It always happens it always tends to overfit when the training data.

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And we will we will experience that later on in discourse.

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But what it means basically is overfitting is when all muddled fits perfectly still treating it as in

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He has very high accuracy when the data he was trained on maybe even high 90s and then nine point nine

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something.

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However on the test dataset which is the unseen data he is going to be perform poorly because he has

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no basically modeled after detecting data but can't generalize well to data he hasn't seen.

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So what happens when you try to pass and you point to this position here.

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Exactly what I mentioned before.

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It's true colors are supposed to be green but it will be classified as blue.

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Models don't necessarily need to be too complex to be good.

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They need to generalize well so how do you know if you're overfit.

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Well that's why I mentioned testier previously in the beginning of the slide.

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We need to test a model on test data and an all machine learning algorithms and stuff.

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We always use a test data set.

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And basically if we have entire data sets save for 2000 images we take seven hundred and vitrine and

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those 700 labeled images and we reserve tree hundred as tested.

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200 is critical because it tells us how well or algorithm or model performs on data.

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The model has never seen before.

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This is a very common case of AMSAT overfitting 95 percent plus accuracy.

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But on test data you get like 70 percent.

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It's a perfect example of overfitting.

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So overfitting that graphically.

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Here's what happens.

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Mumblin mentioned ebox No.

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1 indice in this chapter I discuss it discuss exactly what ebox are.

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It's basically every time we send the full treating the research into our training algorithm it's we.

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We have completed one IPAC and we need to train for maybe hundreds of ebox sometimes to get a good model.

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Usually that's not the case.

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Usually you can get away with treating 22:00 ebox but generally that's what we have to do to get the

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best models.

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So this is an illustration of what overfitting looks like.

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So look at treating loss here in red and accuracy losses going down quite well accuracy is going up

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close to 100 percent.

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The scale of accuracy is and decide and losses and decide and ebox or X and all look at the test the

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test loss between us fluctuates above between 1 to 1.5 and actually goes up in the end.

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It's not good at all.

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And look at our test accuracy he's hovering at abysmal rates of like below 50 percent.

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And while his training data is at 100 percent that is a very this is actually extreme overfitting to

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be fair doesn't actually have to get this bad.

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At least I've never gotten it to be disbarred.

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That is a good example of what we actually see happening in the real world.

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Good training accuracy Porchester accuracy and that's overfitting.

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So how do we avoid overfitting.

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Are many techniques to avoid it.

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And I'll discuss it slowly soon.

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In the slide in this section now of overfitting as a consequence of our we it's always been tuned to

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fit our training data but don't fit over to you and in a way so that they don't perform well on testing.

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And we know we had a decent model just too sensitive to the training data.

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So is there a way to fix this.

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I mean way too sensitive.

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I mean it's just optimized exclusively for treating data

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so we can avoid well-fitting by using a smaller less deep model.

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Deeper models can sometimes find features or interpret noise to be important noise was example of this

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here.

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This clearly wasn't that important but yet a deep model will actually try to figure out and model this

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to do today.

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That's because a deeper ability is deeper that folks have abilities to memorize more complicated features

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and that's called the memorization cup capacity.

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But there's another way and that's called regularisation.

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I don't often recommend I shouldn't recommend using less models to get better more better results because

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there are other ways around that and you want to actually always have a deep enough model to have to

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represent complicated patterns in your data.

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So let's see what techniques we can use to regularize.

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So what is regularisation.

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It's a method of making all model more general to a data set.

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So basically regularisation will take a model that produces a decision boundary like this and sort of

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make it tweak it so that it becomes like this.

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And let's see now it's not actually doing it.

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That's the actual tomb of regularisation.

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We basically want to get a model like this and not like this.

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And let's find out how we do that.

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So there are a few types of regularisation you're actually more in this.

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But these are the basic types.

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There's L1 L2 regularisation cross-validation stopping dropout and data augmentation.

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So let's look at L1 L2 regularisation.

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These are techniques we use to penalize large weights large weights of gradients manifest themselves

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as abrupt changes in our models decision boundary and by penalizing them effectively making them small

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L2 is known as original Russian.

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L What is laso regression.

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No it is a lot more theory behind these things here.

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I'm just basically showing you the formulas of what they actually are.

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So as you can see this is basically what we're L2 is here.

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This is MSCE here.

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But we're actually doing something with it here.

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What are we doing.

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We're playing a constant here of two and some of the weights squared and L-1 is not square.

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It's just absolute value of some of the weight.

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So this promise here controls the penalty we apply via propagation to penalty under which it is applied

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to wait a bit.

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So the differences between them basically is that L-1 brings the widths of unimportant features to zero

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thus acting as a feature selection algorithm.

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You may not know what feature selection is but if you want to know what feature selection is it's basically

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trying to find out.

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We have like 20 inputs what input is most important to our.

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But it's also on the past models as well.

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Whereas L2 penalises even more Does that bring it down to zero.

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OK.

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So effectively what we're doing here disremember L1 L2 prevents it from being too large so that we don't

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have abrupt changes no model of abrupt changes basically mean things like go back to here.

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You basically try to make this instead of having this abrupt gritty and changes here.

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So let's go into cross-validation now.

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Cross-ventilation is something I rarely ever use because they're not used to using it to use to use

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it a lot.

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Doing previous machine learning stuff but in deep learning I don't use it often but if you want to know

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what it is it's quite simple actually basically cross-validation and that is key for the course validation

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is how we see is the way we split our data set are trying that a set into different folds and we train

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those fools and we basically test on the articles afterward.

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So let's look at to see if this here is or test full of allegations that no training set.

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So what happens is that we train on these four folds here and we test us then we train on these 4:48

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tests.

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And that's what this does is that we don't actually have any unseen data in this model.

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What we're doing is just we're continuously testing on segments of the data and then creating on segments

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of the data and testing on a different segment.

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It is a fitting Yes but it also slows down the training process.

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Now is nothing is something we can actually automatically do in Paris.

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Basically we can set something in Paris that tells us if all a loss tops decreasing stop stop reading.

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So if we set our model for 100 ebox but see it Epopt number two something it stops the last stop decreasing

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it's going to stop happening somewhere around here when he realizes that and is going to give you this

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model here.

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The best one with the best loss.

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The reason we do this stopping is that sometimes we keep continually training over and over number of

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books on our training data.

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It tends to basically fit on that data.

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So we need to actually stop it really sometimes.

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So that release that overfitting does not occur.

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And let's talk about drop out.

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It is actually very easy to implement and extremely useful.

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So drop out refers to dropping nodes.

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Hidden and visible in a neural network with him off reducing overfitting.

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What do you mean by dropping nodes.

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What it means is that in the training process certain parts of the network are ignored during a forward

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and back propagations.

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This is a way of actually making that work have some redundancy in a way but what it also does is that

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it actually adds regularisation to one that works.

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It helps reduce the interdependency between winning on your own as well.

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So it actually leads to more robust and meaningful features is in dropout.

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Does one prominent we use it's called P and P is a probability that the nodes are kept or dropped out

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in the training process.

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So one are the consequences of using dropout is that it almost doubles the training time to converge

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during training.

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So this is a good illustration of dropout.

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This is a standard neural networks when we train it.

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And after playing drop out let's say it was a fairly high value.

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These notes here are ignored.

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And these notes are used in training.

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And lastly was not the last method of regularisation but the last one I'll teach in the schools because

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the others are actually quite exotic and not commonly used.

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So this one is called the augmentation.

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Remember I said you need lots of data to train network.

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What if you don't have well incomplete vision especially It lends itself naturally to data augmentation.

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What we do is we take a dataset we have one picture of a dog.

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How about we just make some manipulations to this image.

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We can rotate it completely.

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We can I think this one is just mirrored back here and this one has actually zoomed in a bit as well.

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So that is where we can actually expand the desert.