---
license: apache-2.0
language:
  - en
tags:
  - large-language-model
  - multi-agent-systems
  - reinforcement-learning
  - agentic-ai
  - code
  - math
---

# MetaAgent-X: Breaking the Ceiling of Automatic Multi-Agent Systems via End-to-End Reinforcement Learning

[Paper 📑](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14212)

[Codebase 🚗](https://github.com/pettingllms-ai/PettingLLMs)

[Project Page 🏆](https://mercury7353.github.io/MetaAgent-X-Page/)

## Overview

**MetaAgent-X** is an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework for autonomous multi-agent systems.

Unlike conventional automatic MAS methods that rely on frozen models, hand-crafted prompts, or search-based workflows, MetaAgent-X trains one shared model to both **design** a multi-agent system and **execute** it. The model learns to generate task-adaptive agent roles, collaboration structures, and execution strategies through reinforcement learning.

MetaAgent-X demonstrates strong cross-domain adaptation and achieves state-of-the-art performance across both **code** and **math** benchmarks.

## Key Features

- **One model for both design and execution**: the same model acts as both the MAS designer and the task executor.
- **End-to-end reinforcement learning**: the model is optimized directly from downstream task outcomes.
- **Autonomous multi-agent system generation**: the model learns to construct and execute agent swarms for complex reasoning tasks.
- **Cross-domain generalization**: strong performance on both coding and mathematical reasoning benchmarks.

## Results

The following table reports the performance of **MetaAgent-X<sub>RL</sub>**.  
Numbers in parentheses denote absolute gains over the single-agent baseline.

| Domain | Benchmark | MetaAgent-X<sub>RL</sub> |
|---|---:|---:|
| Code | LiveCodeBench | **41.00**  |
| Code | APPS | **38.00**  |
| Code | CodeContests | **17.00**  |
| Math | AIME24 | **40.00**  |
| Math | AIME25 | **33.33**  |
| Math | OlympiadBench | **61.00**  |
| Overall | Average | **38.33** |

## Citation
```
@misc{zhang2026metaagentxbreakingceiling,
      title={MetaAgent-X : Breaking the Ceiling of Automatic Multi-Agent Systems via End-to-End Reinforcement Learning}, 
      author={Yaolun Zhang and Yujie Zhao and Nan Wang and Yiran Wu and Jiayu Chang and Yizhao Chen and Qingyun Wu and Jishen Zhao and Huazheng Wang},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2605.14212},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14212}, 
}
```