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README.md
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license: mit
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| 1 |
---
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license: mit
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- reinforcement-learning
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- multimodal
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- agent
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- tool-use
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- orchestration
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- model-routing
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- qwen3-vl
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- grpo
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library_name: transformers
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pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
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base_model:
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- Qwen/Qwen3-VL-4B-Thinking
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metrics:
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- accuracy
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---
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<h1 align="center">
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MAESTRO-4B: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles
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</h1>
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<div align="center">
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<p>
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.22177">
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-arxiv%3A2605.22177-blue" alt="Paper"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://huggingface.co/papers/2605.22177">
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Daily%20Paper-HuggingFace-yellow" alt="HF Daily Paper"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://github.com/jinyangwu/Maestro">
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Code-GitHub-black" alt="Code"/>
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</a>
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</p>
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</div>
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## Overview
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**MAESTRO-4B** is the lightweight multimodal orchestrator used in **MAESTRO: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles**.
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Rather than solving every task with a single monolithic model, MAESTRO frames multimodal agent execution as a sequential decision-making problem over a hierarchical model-skill registry. At each reasoning step, the 4B orchestrator decides:
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- whether to invoke an external expert,
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- which expert model to call,
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- which task-specific skill to use,
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- and when to terminate with a final answer.
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The full MAESTRO system is available at [jinyangwu/Maestro](https://github.com/jinyangwu/Maestro). The repository includes example train/validation data under `data/` and skill implementations under `skills/`.
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> **Important**
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> This checkpoint is an **orchestrator policy**, not a standalone all-purpose VLM. To reproduce MAESTRO-style rollout, use this model together with the skill registry and auxiliary model services provided in the GitHub repository.
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## Key Features
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- **RL-trained orchestration policy**: Learns model-skill routing through outcome-based reinforcement learning.
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- **Hierarchical skill registry**: Selects coarse Level-1 skills and dispatches to fine-grained Level-2 solvers.
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- **Model-skill composition**: Treats expert model selection and skill invocation as a unified action.
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- **Plug-and-play extensibility**: Can exploit newly added experts and skills without retraining in the reported setup.
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- **Efficient 4B controller**: Uses a compact orchestrator to coordinate larger or specialized frozen expert models.
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## Performance Highlights
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The MAESTRO paper evaluates the full orchestration system across representative multimodal benchmarks covering mathematical reasoning, chart understanding, high-resolution perception, and domain-specific analysis.
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| Setting | Result |
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| --- | --- |
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| In-domain multimodal benchmarks | 70.1% average accuracy |
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| Closed-source reference baselines | GPT-5: 69.3%, Gemini-2.5-Pro: 68.7% |
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| Augmented out-of-domain registry without retraining | 59.5% average accuracy |
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| Average latency in the reported setup | 2.88s |
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These numbers describe the **full MAESTRO system** with its model-skill registry and external services, not isolated single-model inference from this checkpoint alone.
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## Quickstart
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### Load the orchestrator checkpoint
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Below is a minimal Transformers-style loading example. Full model-skill orchestration requires the MAESTRO repository and the auxiliary services described below.
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```python
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import torch
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from transformers import AutoProcessor, AutoModelForImageTextToText
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model_id = "Jinyang23/Maestro-4B"
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model = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(
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model_id,
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torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
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device_map="auto",
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trust_remote_code=True,
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)
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processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
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model_id,
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trust_remote_code=True,
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)
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```
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### Run the full MAESTRO framework
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Clone the project repository:
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/jinyangwu/Maestro
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cd Maestro
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```
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Create the Python environment and install dependencies:
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```bash
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conda create -n maestro python=3.10 -y
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conda activate maestro
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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```
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Set an OpenAI API key before training or rollout:
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```bash
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export OPENAI_API_KEY=<your_api_key>
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```
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Before training, deploy the auxiliary model services. Replace each `/path/to/<model>` placeholder with a local model directory or Hugging Face model id.
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Example:
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```bash
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vllm serve /path/to/Intern-S1-mini --served-model-name Intern-S1-mini --tensor_parallel_size 1 --max-num-seqs 512 --trust-remote-code --port 2368 --gpu_memory_utilization 0.9
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```
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Default service ports used by the skills:
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| Port | Model service |
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| --- | --- |
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| `2362` | `qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct` |
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| `2364` | `Chart-R1` |
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| `2368` | `Intern-S1-mini` |
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| `2369` | `medgemma-1.5-4b-it` |
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| `2370` | `DeepEyes-7B` |
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| `2376` | `GLM-4.6V-Flash` |
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| `2388` | `GLM-OCR` |
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| `2389` | `PR1-Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Detection` |
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Start training with:
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```bash
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bash train.sh
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```
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To train from a local checkpoint or a different model id, override `MODEL_NAME`:
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```bash
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MODEL_NAME=/path/to/Qwen3-VL-4B-Thinking bash train.sh
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```
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## Model Details
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- **Model name**: `Jinyang23/Maestro-4B`
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- **Role**: MAESTRO multimodal orchestration policy
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- **Base model**: `Qwen3-VL-4B-Thinking`
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- **Training method**: outcome-based reinforcement learning with GRPO-style optimization
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- **Action space**: latent reasoning, model-skill search actions, and terminal answers
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- **Skill interface**: hierarchical skill registry from the MAESTRO repository
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- **Expected usage**: high-level controller for external expert models and modular skills
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## Intended Use
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This model is intended for research on:
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- multimodal agent orchestration,
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- reinforcement learning for tool and skill use,
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- model routing and expert selection,
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- hierarchical skill libraries,
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- agentic evaluation across heterogeneous tasks.
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It is especially useful when integrated with the full MAESTRO framework, where the orchestrator can call external expert services during rollout.
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## Citation
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If you use this model or the MAESTRO framework in your research, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@misc{wu2026maestro,
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title={MAESTRO: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles},
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author={Jinyang Wu and Guocheng Zhai and Ruihan Jin and Yuhao Shen and Zhengxi Lu and Fan Zhang and Haoran Luo and Zheng Lian and Zhengqi Wen and Jianhua Tao},
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year={2026},
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eprint={2605.22177},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.LG},
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22177},
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}
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```
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## Links
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- Code: [https://github.com/jinyangwu/Maestro](https://github.com/jinyangwu/Maestro)
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- Model: [https://huggingface.co/Jinyang23/Maestro-4B](https://huggingface.co/Jinyang23/Maestro-4B)
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## Acknowledgement
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This project builds on open-source reinforcement learning and model-serving ecosystems, including `verl` and vLLM. We thank the authors and contributors of these projects, as well as the developers of the expert models and skill implementations used by MAESTRO.
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